Assignment Topic: Glycolysis

Submitted by: Muneeba Razzaq (36)

Student ID: bsf2202301
Submitted to: Dr. Saira Saleemi
Date of Submission: 09-December-2022
Program:Bs Chemistry
Course title: Principle of Animal life
 GLYCOLYSIS
Introduction:
 Glycolysis comes from a merger of two Greek words:
 Glykys=sweet
 Lysis=breakdown/splitting

 It is also known as “Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway” or EMP

pathway .
 During this process one molecule of glucose is degraded into two
molecules of pyruvate.
 Free energy is released in this process and is stored as two
molecules of “ATP” and two molecules of “NADH”.

Definition:
The breakdown of 6-C Glucose molecules into two 3-C Pyruvate
molecules through successive steps with the help of enzymes is known
as Glycolysis.
Phases of Glycolysis:
Glycolysis may be divided into two phases:
1. Preparatory phase
2. Oxidative phase

1.Preparatory phase:
 The 1st four steps (1-4) in the Glycolysis represent preparatory phase.
 In this phase breakdown of glucose and low energy phosphorylation
occurs.

2.Oxidative phase:
 The last (5-9) steps in glycolysis represents the Oxidative phase.
 In this phase high-energy phosphate bonds are formed and the energy is
stored.

Steps involved in Glycolysis:

1.PHOSPHORYLATION:-
 It is the first step in the breakdown of carbohydrates.
 The glucose is stable compound ,so it normally resist the breakdown.
  The activation of glucose molecule takes place by a reaction called oxidative
phosphorylation.
 A phosphate group is attached to glucose molecule by low energy
phosphate group and glucose-6-phosphate is formed.
 The reaction is facilitated by an enzyme called Hexokinase with mg+2 as an
activator.

 The phosphate group is derived from ATP which breakdown to ADP.

 The hormone insulin and estrogen promotes phosphorylation of blood
glucose to glucose-6-phosphate.

2.ISOMERIZATION:-
 Glucose-6-phosphate undergoes internal molecular rearrangement to form
Fructose-6-phosphate.
 The catalytic enzyme is phosphoglucoisomerase.
 No changes takes place in the low energy value of phosphate bond.

3.SECOND PHOSPHORYLATION:-
 Fructose-6-phosphate undergoes phosphorylation to form Fructose-1,6
diphosphate.
 The catalytic enzyme is phosphofructokinase.
 The phosphate group is derived from ATP which breakdown to ADP.

4.Cleavage:-
 Fructose-1,6-diphosphate splits into two halves between carbon atom 3
and 4 under the action of enzyme called Aldolase.
  The two halves phosphate,each contain 3 carbon atoms but are not
identical.
 The one half is dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and the other is 3-
phosphoglyceraldehyde.
 Theses molecules undergoes isomerization and become identical 3-
phosphoglyceraldehyde(PGAL) molecules.
 The catalyzing enzyme is Triose phosphate isomerase.

5.Phosphorylation and Oxidative

dehydrogenation:-
 The phosphoglyeraldehyde(PGAL) undergoes simultaneous
Phosphorylation and oxidative dehydrogenation .
 The (PGAL) molecule has a phosphate group attached to the one end by a
low energy bond ( -P ).
 During phosphorylation ,under the catalyzing action of enzyme
phosphotriose dehydrogenase, a second phosphate group is added to the
other end.
 The phosphorylating agent which provides the phosphate group is
phosphoric acid.
 Oxidative dehydrogenation takes place simultaneously.
 Two atoms of hydrogen are removed and accepted by NAD+ (Nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide which is converted into NADH + H + .
 The newly added phosphate group acquires a high energy phosphate bond
(~P). The end product is 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid ,an energy rich
component is formed.

6.ATP Generation:-
 1,3 diphosphoglyceric acid now transfer its phosphate with high energy bond
to ADP, 3-Phosphoglyceric acid (PGAL).
 The catalytic enzyme is phosphoglyceryl kinase.
 ADP acquires high energy Phosphate bond and becomes ATP.
7.Isomerization:-
 The 3-Phosphoglyceric acid molecule undergoes internal rearrangements
and becomes 2-Phosphoglyceric acid.
 The catalyzing enzyme is Phosphoglyceromutase.

8.Dehydration:-
 The 2 phosphoglyceric acid molecule loses hydrogen and oxygen in the
form of water (dehydration), to form phosphoenol pyruvic acid.
 The step is catalysed by an enzyme Enolase.

9.ATP Generation:-
 The phosphoenol pyruvic acid molecule transfers its high energy
phosphate bond to ADP, which is converted into ATP, and pyruvic acid is
formed.
 The reaction is catalysed by an enzyme pyruvate kinase.
 It should be noted that two molecules of pyruvic acid are formed per
molecules of glucose metabolised.
______________________________

 Biological significance:-
 In the absence of oxygen pyruvic acid is converted into either ethyl alcohol
or lactic acid.
 Pyruvic and lactic acids may be returned to the liver where they can be
resynthesized to form glucose or glycogen.
 Pyruvic and lactic acid may also be broken down in the liver to yield Carbon
dioxide and Water through Kreb’s cycle .
 References:-

1. Lehninger’s Principle of Biochemistry (5th Edition)_ David

L.Nelson & Michael M.Cox .

2. Fundamentals of Biochemistry _ J.L. Jain 2005 .

3. https://en.wikipedia.org./wiki/Glycolysis .