FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & COMPUTING

PROGRAMME : Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering with Honours

ACADEMIC YEAR : 2021

MODULE : Introduction to Electrical and Electronic Engineering

MODULE CODE : BME 1002

MODULE LEADER : Mr. Mohammad Hafizuddin bin Ameruddin

ASSIGNMENT TYPE : Laboratory 2

INTAKE/GROUP : Sep 2021

DISTRIBUTION DATE : Tuesday, 28 September 2021

SUBMISSION DATE : Friday, 5 October 2021

STUDENT NAME STUDENT ID CLASS CODE

Fow Seng Joe B1757 BME1002

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 Assignment Feedback Form

Module

Criteria A B C D F Comments
Task 1
Experimental
Results (70%)
Task 2
Graph
Drawing(10%)
Task 3
Report
Explanation (20%)

Marks: 100
General Comments:

Assessor’s Signature: Date:

Name:

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collusion.
Lab 2: Ohm’s Law & Resistance Measurement (Series & Parallel)

Objectives:
1. To verify Ohm’s Law , the mathematical relationship between current, voltage or potential difference
and resistance in a simple circuit.
2. To derive the V-I characteristic of linear resistors
3. To test Ohm’s Law by plotting V versus I to determine the value of a resistor
4. To calculate the equivalent resistance of two resistors in series
5. To calculate the equivalent resistance of two resistors

BACKGROUND

I.1 Ohm's Law.

Ohm's law states that the voltage and current in a resistor are directly proportional. Resistors
that obey the Ohm's law are called linear or ohmic resistors. In an ohmic resistor the ratio of
the resistor voltage to the resistor current is independent of the voltage and current. This ratio
is defined as the resistance of the resistor and it is measured Ohm's law. This equation is the
terminal equation of a linear resistor.
(1)
V=R I

Equation (1) can also be written as in (2):

I =G V (2)4

Where G=1/R is the conductance of the resistor (measured in Siemens, S).

Representation of the terminal equation of a resistor in the form of (1) is called
resistance or impedance representation. Representation in the form of (2) is called
conductance or admittance representation.

Resistors whose resistance varies with the voltage or the current in the resistor are
called non- linear resistors. Non-linear resistors are described by a non-linear
relation between their voltage and current.

I.2 The Voltage versus Current Characteristic of Linear Resistors.

The graph of the voltage v. the current of a linear resistor is a line called the V-I
characteristic. With reference to Figure A, the V-I characteristic of the resistor
always passes through the origin. Its slope is the resistance of the resistor. Its
reciprocal slope is the conductance of the resistor. An ohmic resistor characteristic
occupies only the first and third quadrant of the V-I plane. Thus, an ohmic resistor
dissipates energy at any point of its characteristic.

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I.3 Series and Parallel Circuits

1.3.1 Series Circuit Theory

A typical series circuit is shown in Figure below. This circuit is having four resistors, and a
power source.

The total resistance Rt in the circuit maybe calculated by a simple summation of the individual
resistors.

Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4

This may be extended for n number of resistors. From Ohm’s Law, the total current is the
circuit may be calculated.

Vs = It Rt
An important requirement of a series circuit is that the current is identical throughout the
circuit. This feature will be observed in this experiment.

1.3.2 Parallel Circuit Theory

A typical parallel circuit is shown in Figure below. This circuit is having four resistors, and
a power source.

The total resistance Rt in the circuit maybe calculated by a simple summation of the individual
resistors.

This may be extended for n number of resistors. From Ohm’s Law, the total voltage:
Vs = It Rt

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 An important requirement of a parallel circuit is that the voltage is identical throughout the
circuit. This feature will be observed in this experiment.
n

II. INSTRUMENTATION

Power supply, Tektronix CPS250. Multi-meter, Tektronix CDM250, Metex M-3800. RLC-
bridge, GenRad 1657. Decade resistor box 1432-L.

III. PROCEDURE
A. Measurement of the V-I Characteristic of Ohmic Resistors.
1. Pick two resistors rated at 1 kΩ and 3 kΩ. Measure their values on the RLC-bridge. 2.
Construct the circuit of Figure 1 using the 1 kΩ resistor.

Fig. 1. Arrangement to obtain the V-I characteristic of a resistor.

3. Vary the voltage of the supply by increments of 2 V until 6 V. For each setting of the
supply voltage measure the voltage and current indicated in Figure 1. Tabulate your
measurements in Table 1.

Table 1.
The V-I measurements for the 1 kΩ resistor [10 marks]

Vs = 2V Vs = 4V Vs = 6V
V 2V 4V 6V
I 2mA 4mA 6mA

Table 2.
The V-I measurements for the 3 kΩ resistor [10 marks]

Vs = 2V Vs = 4V Vs=6V
V 2V 4V 6V
I 0.667mA 1.334mA 2.001mA

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4. Plot the V-I characteristic of the 1 kΩ resistor and 3 kΩ resistor from the
measurements in a graph paper. Use appropriate scale and label both axes. Use
linear interpolation. [10 marks]

B. Series and Parallel Combinations of Resistors.

Voltage Test

Connect the variable DC power supply and using the DMM in voltmeter mode, adjust the output
to about 15 V. Measure and record the actual value from the DMM into Table 3.

Table 3[25 marks]

Quantity Measured value Calculated Values % Difference
from DMM
VS 15V 15V 0%
VR1 4.08V 4.08V 0%
VR2 4.92V 4.92V 0%
VR3 6V 6V 0%
Itotal 0.27A 0.27A 0%
I1 8.242mA 8.242mA 0%
I2 8.929mA 8.929mA 0%
I3 10mA 10mA 0%

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Parallel circuits

Table 4 [25 marks]

Quantity Measured Value Calculated Values %Difference
from DMM
Vs 15V 15V 0%
VRA 15V 15V 0%
VRB 15V 15V 0%
VRC 15V 15 V 0%
Ia 0.015A 0.015A 0%
Ib 0.018A 0.018A 0%
Ic 0.022A 0.022A 0%
ID 0.055A 0.055A 0%

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IV. REPORT:

For Part B Series and Parallel Combination of Resistors,

1) In the Series combination,
a. Compare the measurements with voltage division rule (VDR). [5 marks]
VR1 = (15) [680 / 680 + 820 + 1000] =4.08V
VR2 = (15) [820 / 680 + 820 + 1000] =4.92V
VR3 = (15) [1000 / 680 + 820 + 1000] =6V

b. Calculate the power consumed by each resistor based on the measurements. Discuss
your results. [5 marks]
PR1 = (15)2(680) =153kW
PR2 = (15)2(820) =184.5kW
PR3 = (15)2(1000) =225kW

2) In the Parallel combination,

a. Compare the measurements current division rule (CDR). [5 marks]
IR1 = (0.055) [680 / 680 + 820 + 1000] =0.015A
IR2 = (0.055) [820 / 680 + 820 + 1000] =0.018A
IR3 = (0.055) [1000 / 680 + 820 + 1000] =0.022A

b. Calculate the power consumed by each resistor based on the measurements and the
power delivered by the supply. Discuss your results. [5 marks]
PR1 = (15)2/ (680) =0.33W
PR2 = (15)2/ (820) =0.27W
PR3 = (15)2/ (1000) =0.225W

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 Learning Outcomes Assessment Question
1. Apply basic circuit concepts for both DC and Lab 2
AC circuits.

2. Apply Kirchhoff’s laws, analysis methods, and Lab 2

circuit theorems to solve various circuit
problems.

3. Analyse first-order circuits.

4. Explain the basic concept of electronic devices

in various electronic systems.

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