Chapter 1

Optimal Boosting Label Weighting

Extreme Learning Machine for Mental
Disorder Prediction and Classification

E. Laxmi Lydia, C. S. S. Anupama, and N. Sharmili

Abstract Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) becomes a hot research topic

in the domain of biomedical and healthcare applications. Owing to the benefits
of handling massive and complicated data, XAI concept finds useful in several
applications, particularly health care. With the developments of machine learning
(ML) and XAI, healthcare service quality can be considerably improved. This article
designs an optimal boosting label weighting extreme learning machine for mental
disorder prediction and classification (OBWELM-MDC) technique. The goal of the
OBWELM-MDC technique is to determine the different levels of DAS. In addi-
tion, the OBWELM-MDC technique involves the design of boosting label weighted
extreme learning machine (BWELM) model for prediction process. Besides, the
BWELM model can be derived by the incorporation of the label weighted extreme
learning machine (LW-ELM) with boosted ensemble learning model. Moreover, the
parameter tuning of the BWELM model takes place by the use of chaotic star-
ling particle swarm optimization (CSPSO), where the inertia weight and acceler-
ation coefficient of the PSO algorithm are modified via logistic chaotic map. The
application of CSPSO algorithm has improved the predictive performance of the
BWELM model. The experimental result analysis of the OBWELM-MDC technique
takes place using benchmark dataset, and the results are examined under several
measures. The experimental results showcased that OBWELM-MDC technique has
accomplished maximum predictive outcomes over the other methods.

E. Laxmi Lydia (B)

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Vignan’s Institute of Information Technology
(Autonomous), Visakhapatnam, India
e-mail: elaxmi2002@yahoo.com
C. S. S. Anupama
Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, V. R. Siddhartha Engineering
College, Vijayawada 520007, India
e-mail: cssanupama@vrsiddhartha.ac.in
N. Sharmili
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of
Engineering for Women, Visakhapatnam, Andhra pradesh, India

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022 1
A. Khamparia et al. (eds.), Biomedical Data Analysis and Processing Using Explainable
(XAI) and Responsive Artificial Intelligence (RAI), Intelligent Systems Reference
Library 222, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1476-8_1
2 E. Laxmi Lydia et al.

Keywords Mental disorder · Medical data analysis · Machine learning ·

Explainable artificial intelligence · Health care

1.1 Introduction

Depressive, or depression disorders, is one of the widespread diseases. As per the

World Health Organization (WHO), more than one person with depressions has been
predicted about 300 million people affected around the world [1]. Depression might
seriously affect functioning and well-being at family, work, and school and results
in self-harm. Adolescent depression is related to mood disorders and serious mental
disorders in adult life [2]. Approximately, 0.8 million peoples commit suicide every
year and suicide is the fourth most common cause of death in 15–19-years old,
as per the report of WHO. Amongst the top-most disease causing incapability or
disability, five are mental disorders—depression being the predominant of these [3].
The occurrence of depression in elderly people is nearly 5% over cultures and 20%
in its milder form (i.e. probable depression, partial symptoms, and mild depression).
Amongst adults, people at risk are middle-aged persons. As well, the worldwide
prevalence of depression is growing, with an increase of 18% between 2005 and
2015. But, professional interference could resolve somatic challenges (e.g. sleeping
disorders and gastrointestinal problems) and enhance mental symptoms (e.g. lack of
rumination and self-confidence) in almost all cases [4].
Earlier diagnosis of depression symptoms, assessment, and treatment could
dramatically increase the chance for the underlying disease and curbing symp-
toms; alleviate negative implications for personal, economic, social life, health, and
well-being [5]. But, diagnosis of depression symptoms is resource demanding and
challenging. Existing methods are based mostly on questionnaire surveys and clin-
ical interviews by agencies or hospitals, whereas psychological assessment table is
employed for making predictions on mental disorders. This method is based mainly
on one-to-one questionnaires and could accurately detect the psychological disor-
ders for depression [6]. Another way to questionnaire or interview-based predic-
tion models of depression is the analyses of informal text given by users. Earlier,
researches in medical psychology have demonstrated that the relationships amongst
the user of a language (e.g. writer or speaker) and the texts are useful and have future
possibilities.
Current research by Havigerová et al. indicates a promising for text-based detec-
tions of persons at risk for depressions, with a sample of informal texts [7]. Therefore,
online data and records are seen increasingly as useful data sources in assisting health
care with decision support systems. The method to detect depression symptoms from
informal text is effective since it permits to get benefit from current advancements
in artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing [8]. Explainable artifi-
cial intelligence (XAI) is a novel technique which integrates traditional ML and AI
methods with explanatory approach for developing explainable solutions which have
proved to be effective in several fields of research. The current study has proposed that
1 Optimal Boosting Label Weighting Extreme Learning Machine … 3

XAI might be a potential avenue for guiding clinical interventions and fundamentals
of neural circuit manipulation.
Jesmin et al. [9] designed an AI-driven cloud-based self-stress recognition method
that takes physiological signals like peripheral capillary oxygen saturation, heart rate
variability, galvanic skin response to describe the stress levels. The sensor nodes are
embedded with wearable devices and collect physiological signals and thus recognize
stress level of a person. Nahian et al. [10] present an emotion-aware fall monitoring
architecture with big data analytics, IoT, and AI technique that would handle senti-
ment analysis of the elderly people, prediction regrading real-time fall monitoring,
and health conditions. In emergency settings, the presented architecture alerts about
a case of an emergency to the predetermined caregivers. A mobile clinic or smart
ambulance would reach the older adult locations at minimal time.
Deshpande and Rao [11] focus on employing NLP method on Twitter feeds to
conduct sentiment analysis. The individual tweet is categorized as negative or neutral,
according to curated word list to identify the tendency of depression. In the procedure
of class predictions, SVM and NB classification were employed. Ćosić et al. [12]
analysed the capacity to use GPS data, passively acquired from smartphones over
seven days, to identify PTSD diagnosis status amongst a cohort (N = 185) of higher-
risk, formerly traumatized women. With the maximum distance travelled and daily
time spent away from home as a source for feature engineering model, the result
suggests that diagnosis group status could be forecasted with higher efficiency.
In Li et al. [13], projected a DL-based integrated psychological activity monitoring
system (DLIPAMS) for predicting the depression and anxiety of an individual. For
predicting mental disorders, the nature of ML and AI methods is extensively used.
While executed in real time, this system could assist society by serving as moni-
toring tool for individuals with immoral behaviours. Pabreja et al. [14] analyses
stress amongst students of some educational institutions in India. The information
has been gathered from 650 respondents with Likert scale of 5. With the applica-
tions of distinct data visualization methods and RF regression algorithms, 15 main
contributing factors from a list of 25 characteristics have been recognized and the
predictions of stress level have been performed by an R-squared value of 0.8042.
This article designs an optimal boosting label weighting extreme learning machine
for mental disorder prediction and classification (OBWELM-MDC) technique. The
OBWELM-MDC technique involves the design of boosting label weighted extreme
learning machine (BWELM) model for the prediction process. In addition, the
BWELM model can be derived by the incorporation of the label weighted extreme
learning machine (LW-ELM) with boosted ensemble learning model. Furthermore,
the parameter tuning of the BWELM model takes place by the use of chaotic star-
ling particle swarm optimization (CSPSO), where the inertia weight and acceler-
ation coefficient of the PSO algorithm are modified via logistic chaotic map. The
experimental result analysis of the OBWELM-MDC technique takes place using the
benchmark dataset, and the results are investigated under several measures.
4 E. Laxmi Lydia et al.

1.2 The Proposed Model

This article has designed an effective OBWELM-MDC technique for mental disorder
prediction and classification. The OBWELM-MDC technique follows a three-
stage process, namely pre-processing, BWELM-based prediction, and CSPSO-based
parameter tuning. In addition, the parameter tuning of the BWELM model takes place
by the use of CSPSO, where the inertia weight and acceleration coefficient of the PSO
algorithm are modified via logistic chaotic map. Figure 1.1 showcases the process
of XAI proposed method.

1.2.1 Data Pre-processing

In an initial phase, the data pre-processed follows three states as data normalization,
class labelling, and format conversion. At present, the medical data in several formats
(i.e. csv) was changed to compatible. arff format. Next, data normalizing method

Fig. 1.1 Process of XAI

proposed model
1 Optimal Boosting Label Weighting Extreme Learning Machine … 5

was min–max procedure. At this point, the maximal and minimal values from the
data were achieved and the values were normalized effectually. The purpose is to
normalize the input values as to range of zero and one and disseminate other values
to planned range. The normalization technique was gained by employed in Eq. (1.1):

x − xmin
Min − Max.Norm = (1.1)
xmax − xmin

Finally, the class labelling technique was applied that the data samples under the
dataset are assigned for appropriating class labels like zero and one.

1.2.2 Process Involved in BWELM Model

At this stage, the pre-processed data is fed as input to the BWELM model for mental
disorder detection and classification. WELM method is considered as a cost-sensitive
learning version of ELM which is an efficient method to deal with imbalanced data
[15]. Like CS-SVM, the primary concept of WELM is to allocate distinct penalties
for several classes, whereas the minority class has a large penalty factor C. WELM
focuses on the training error of the minority instance, which makes a classification
hyperplane emerge in an impartial location. A weighted matrix W is utilized for
regulating the parameter C for distinct instances as

1 
N
1
minimalize L pELM = β2 + C W ξi 2 (1.2)
2 2 i=1

subjected to h(xi )β = tiT − ξiT , i = 1, 2, . . . , N ,

in which W represents an N × N diagonal matrix where all the existing values on the
diagonal represent the respective regulation weight of parameter. The two distinct
weighting approaches as follows:

1
WELM1 : Wii = ,
#(t )
 i
0.618
#(ti )
if #(ti ) > AVG(ti )
WELM2 : Wii = (1.3)
1
#(ti )
if #(ti ) ≤ AVG(ti )

Let Wii , #(ti ), AUG (ti ), and 0.618 be the weight of ith training sample, the
amount of instance belongs to the class ti , and the average amount of instances over
each class. In comparison with WELM2, WELM1 is popular and practical [16].
6 E. Laxmi Lydia et al.
 I −1
HT + WHHT WT, when N ≤ L
β= I C −1 T (1.4)
C
+ HWHT H W T, when N > L

Apparently, no matter which weight distribution approach is employed, some

kinds of instance would provide more weight. The user could determine Wii for each
instance χi to enhance the performances, hence consider creating new Wii -based
data distribution.
Assume that the LW-ELM approach only adapts the empirical weight assignment
by using the class imbalance ratio of all the labels; however, it neglects the distribution
of instance, and thus, the generalization capacity of the algorithm cannot be stronger
enough. For additionally improving the quality of LW-ELM, they incorporate LW-
ELM with the AdaBoost ensemble learning architecture. Firstly, consider that in [17]
LW2 ELM has provided the considerable superiority in comparison with LW1 ELM
on multi-label imbalance data; therefore, we adapt LW2 ELM rule for generating the
primary label weight to accelerate the training process of ensemble learners.
√
IRl , if xi ∈ Yl
til = (1.5)
−1, if xi ∈ / Yl
til
D1l (xi ) = (1.6)
Z 1l

whereas D1l (xi ) represents the primary label weight of the xi instance on the lth label,
N N 
 
and Z 1l = |til | signifies the standardization factor  D1l (xi ) = 1. In tth iteration
i=1 i=1
in the AdaBoost training process, D1l (xi ) and Z 1l are changed to be Dtl (xi ) and Z tl ,
correspondingly. Specifically, the first label weight of each instance on all the labels
has been scaled without the proportion variation as follows:


N
εrl = Dtl (xi ) (1.7)
i=1(xi )l =Yil

While N represents the amount of multi-label training samples, (xi )l and Yil
indicate the actual and predicted label status (inactive or active) of the sample xi on
the lth label, correspondingly. As per the concept of AdaBoost, we have the label
weight update parameter as follows:
N

i=1(xi )l =Yil Dt (x i )
l
1
αrl = ln  N (1.8)
i=1(xi )l =Y l Dt (x i )
2 l
i

in which αrl represents the label weight update parameter related to the lth label.
Generally, αtl represents a positive number for every classifier, and it could precisely
1 Optimal Boosting Label Weighting Extreme Learning Machine … 7

identify further instances when compared to imprecise classification. Then, the new
label weight of the (t + 1)th iteration is upgraded by
  
Dtl (xi ) exp(−αtl I t xi )l , Yil
l
Dt+1 (xi ) = (1.9)
Z rl

Here, I represents an indicator function,


  1, t (xi )l = Yil
I r (xi )l , Yil = (1.10)
0, t (xi )l = Yil

N 
 
and Z rl =  Dl (xi ) continue to perform as a standardization factor to ensure
t
i=1
N 
 
 Dl (xi ) = 1. That implies the classifier could focus gradually on complex
t+1
i=1
combination of class instance and label. From other perspectives, the algorithm could
adoptively examine the label weight distribution without evaluating the likelihood
density.
Lastly, the voting weight of every base classifier in the ensemble method could
be estimated as
⎛ |Y | ⎞
1  1−1 −  N
i=1(xi ) =Yi t
1 l D 1
(x i )
Wt = ln⎝ |Y | ⎠ (1.11)
2 11 =  N
l Dt (x i )
1
i=1(xi ) =Yi
1

as well as the active label of the future unseen instance is determined by weighted
voting.

1.2.3 Parameter Tuning Using CSPSO Algorithm

For optimally adjusting the parameters of the BWELM model, the CSPSO algorithm
is applied. PSO is the swarm intelligence algorithm stimulated by social behaviours
of bird flocking. In PSO, the population size of the particle is as follows as well as
the dimensions of the searching space are represented as D. All the particles i have
a location vector xi = {xi1 , xi2 , . . . , xi D }, a velocity vector νi = {νi1 , νi2 , . . . , νi D },
and an individual optimal location in history pi = { pi1 , pi2 , . . . , pi D }. The optimal
location found
 by each particle
 in the swarm named the global best is signified
as pg = pg1 , pg2 , . . . , pg D . In the iteration t, the novel upgraded location and
velocity of particle i are defined as follows:
8 E. Laxmi Lydia et al.
   
νi j (t + 1) = w ∗ νi j (t) + c1 ∗ r1 ∗ pi j (t) − xi j (t) + c2 ∗ r2 ∗ p+ j (t) − xi j (t) ,
(1.12)

xi j (t + 1) = xi j (t) + νi j (t + 1), (1.13)

whereas w represents the inertia weight, c1 and c2 denote the acceleration coefficient
controlling the step size as well as r1 and r2 indicate independently created arbitrary
numbers distributed uniformly amongst zero and one. The two end condition is
utilized. One is when a tolerance level was attained, and another one is when a
present maximal amount of iterations is obtained.
An extensive nonlinear phenomenon naturally has the features of ergodicity, sensi-
tivity, randomness to primary condition, etc. Because of randomness and ergodicity
characteristics, chaotic motion could traverse each state to a specific extent based
on their own laws without repetition. Hence, utilizing chaos variables for optimally
searching, we would undoubtedly have more benefits when compared to random
search. Chaos ergodicity characteristics are utilized for optimizing the search and
preventing falling into the local minimal; thus, chaos optimization search method-
ology has become a new optimization approach. Chaotic sequences produced by
distinct mappings are employed, i.e. tent map, sine map, logistic map, sinusoidal
map, and singer map. In this work, various chaotic maps are tried and the optimal
one was selected for combining the PSO approach. Based on the preliminary research,
logistic map has attained better outcomes.

xi+1 = uxi (1 − xi ) (1.14)

where u represents the control variable and u = 4. If u = 4, the logistic mapping

comes to a detailed chaotic state [18]. Let xi ∈ (0, 1) and xi = 0.25, 0.5, 0.75.
The primary particle position is mapped with the chaotic sequence which is created
based on (1.14), resulting in a respective chaotic bacterial population pch.

pch = xi ∗ θ (1.15)

Individual factor social factor and velocity of the previous iteration are employed
for updating velocity of the particles. Three variables, r1 , and r2 , control the rela-
tive contribution of the three elements. The inertia weight w controls the influ-
ences of the velocity of the preceding iteration. The cognitive coefficient c1 and c2
balances the contribution of the social and individual factors. Moreover, the accel-
eration coefficient r1 and r2 controls the proportion maintained in the social and
individual factors. All the parameters play a significant role in the velocity updating
and subsequently affect the particle location updating. Rather than utilizing fixed
value, logistic mapping is utilized for generating the acceleration coefficients r1 and
r2 in every generation. Also, the inertia weight is altered by exponential function.
The modification of this parameter has been demonstrated in the following:
1 Optimal Boosting Label Weighting Extreme Learning Machine … 9
 
r p (t + 1) = 4 ∗ r p (t) ∗ 1 − r p (t) , r p (t) ∈ (0, 1), p = 1, 2, (1.16)
 
−t
− tmax
w(t) = wmin + (wmax − wmin ) ∗ e −t
, (1.17)

whereas w min and w max represent the minimal and maximal of the inertia weights
and t max indicate the maximal amount of iterations.

1.3 Experimental Validation

The OBWELM-MDC technique has been simulated using three datasets, namely
depression, anxiety, and stress. All three dataset has 938 instances, 7 attributes, and
5 classes. Figure 1.2 illustrates the different DAS scales.
Figure 1.3 exhibits the confusion matrix of the OBWELM-MDC technique on
the test depression dataset. The figure reported that the OBWELM-MDC technique
has identified 707 instances under Normal, 59 instances into Mild, 59 instances into
Moderate, 19 instances into Severe, and 9 instances into Extreme classes.
Table 1.1 and Fig. 1.4 provide the classification result analysis of the OBWELM-
MDC technique on the depression dataset. The OBWELM-MDC technique has clas-
sified the samples into Normal class with accu y , precn , recal , spec y and Fscore of 93.28,
98.47, 93.15, 93.85, and 95.73%. Besides, the OBWELM-MDC system has classi-
fied the samples into Moderate class with accu y , precn , recal , spec y and Fscore of
97.44, 84.29, 81.94, 98.73, and 83.10%. Simultaneously, the OBWELM-MDC algo-
rithm has classified the samples into Extreme class with accu y , precn , recal , spec y
and Fscore of 99.25, 69.23, 75, 99.57, and 72%.
Figure 1.5 portrays the confusion matrix of the OBWELM-MDC method on the
test anxiety dataset. The figure stated that the OBWELM-MDC methodology has
identified 737 instances under Normal, 37 instances into Mild, 62 instances into
Moderate, 15 instances into Severe, and 3 instances into Extreme classes.
Table 1.2 and Fig. 1.6 offer the classification result analysis of the OBWELM-
MDC system on the anxiety dataset. The OBWELM-MDC technique has classified

Fig. 1.2 DAS scale

10 E. Laxmi Lydia et al.

Fig. 1.3 Confusion matrix of OBWELM-MDC technique on depression dataset

Table 1.1 Result analysis of OBWELM-MDC technique on depression dataset

Methods Accuracy Precision Recall Specificity F-score
Normal 93.28 98.47 93.15 93.85 95.73
Mild 94.56 60.20 83.10 95.50 69.82
Moderate 97.44 84.29 81.94 98.73 83.10
Severe 97.33 48.72 79.17 97.81 60.32
Extreme 99.25 69.23 75.00 99.57 72.00
Average 96.37 72.18 82.47 97.09 76.19

Fig. 1.4 Result analysis of

OBWELM-MDC technique
on depression dataset
1 Optimal Boosting Label Weighting Extreme Learning Machine … 11

Fig. 1.5 Confusion matrix of OBWELM-MDC technique on anxiety dataset

Table 1.2 Result analysis of OBWELM-MDC technique on anxiety dataset

Methods Accuracy Precision Recall Specificity F-Score
Normal 92.64 98.79 92.47 93.62 95.53
Mild 93.71 44.05 75.51 94.71 55.64
Moderate 97.76 82.67 88.57 98.50 85.52
Severe 98.19 51.72 83.33 98.48 63.83
Extreme 99.79 75.00 75.00 99.89 75.00
Average 96.42 70.45 82.98 97.04 75.10

Fig. 1.6 Result analysis of

OBWELM-MDC technique
on anxiety dataset
12 E. Laxmi Lydia et al.

the samples into Normal class with accu y , precn , recal , spec y and Fscore of 92.64,
98.79, 92.47, 93.62, and 95.53%.
Also, the OBWELM-MDC approach has classified the samples into Moderate
class with accu y , precn , recal , spec y and Fscore of 97.76, 82.67, 88.57, 98.50, and
85.52%. Concurrently, the OBWELM-MDC algorithm has classified the samples
into Extreme class with accu y , precn , recal , spec y and Fscore of 99.79, 75, 75, 99.89,
and 75%.
Figure 1.7 defines the confusion matrix of the OBWELM-MDC approach on
the test stress dataset. The figure obvious that the OBWELM-MDC technique has
identified 328 instances under Normal, 405 instances into Mild, 46 instances into
Moderate, 58 instances into Severe, and 25 instances into Extreme classes.
Table 1.3 and Fig. 1.8 give the classification result analysis of the OBWELM-
MDC method on the stress dataset. The OBWELM-MDC algorithm has classified the
samples into Normal class with accu y , precn , recal , spec y and Fscore of 95.32, 96.47,
90.86, 98, and 93.58%. Followed by, the OBWELM-MDC system has classified the

Fig. 1.7 Confusion matrix of OBWELM-MDC technique on stress dataset

Table 1.3 Result analysis of OBWELM-MDC technique on stress dataset

Methods Accuracy Precision Recall Specificity F-score
Normal 95.32 96.47 90.86 98.00 93.58
Mild 94.49 96.66 91.22 97.30 93.86
Moderate 95.74 63.89 75.41 97.11 69.17
Severe 94.70 60.42 81.69 95.74 69.46
Extreme 98.96 71.43 100.00 98.93 83.33
Average 95.84 77.77 87.84 97.42 81.88
1 Optimal Boosting Label Weighting Extreme Learning Machine … 13

Fig. 1.8 Result analysis of

OBWELM-MDC technique
on stress dataset

samples into Moderate class with accu y , precn , recal , spec y , and Fscore of 95.74, 63.89,
75.41, 97.11, and 69.17%. At last, the OBWELM-MDC approach has classified the
samples into Extreme class with accu y , precn , recal , spec y , and Fscore of 98.96, 71.43,
100, 98.93, and 83.33%.
Finally, a comparative result analysis of the OBWELM-MDC technique with other
recent methods is given in Table 1.4 [19, 20]. From the table, it can be observed that
the SVM and KNN models have obtained minimal classification performance. At the
same time, the DT, RF, and NB models have demonstrated moderate classification
results. However, the OBWELM-MDC technique has resulted in superior outcomes
over the other techniques. Therefore, it can be utilized as a proficient tool for the
detection and classification of mental disorders.

1.4 Conclusion

This article has designed an effective OBWELM-MDC technique for mental disorder
prediction and classification. The OBWELM-MDC technique follows a three-
stage process, namely pre-processing, BWELM-based prediction, and CSPSO-based
parameter tuning. In addition, the parameter tuning of the BWELM model takes place
by the use of CSPSO, where the inertia weight and acceleration coefficient of the
PSO algorithm are modified via logistic chaotic map. The utilization of CSPSO algo-
rithm has improved the predictive performance of the BWELM model. The exper-
imental result analysis of the OBWELM-MDC technique takes place using bench-
mark dataset, and the results are examined under several measures. The experimental
results showcased that OBWELM-MDC technique has accomplished maximum
predictive outcomes over the other methods. Therefore, the OBWELM-MDC tech-
nique can be utilized as an effective tool to predict and classify mental disorders. As
a part of future scope, the OBWELM-MDC technique can be extended to the design
of feature selection and feature reduction methodologies.
14 E. Laxmi Lydia et al.

Table 1.4 Comparative analysis of OBWELM-MDC technique in terms of different measures with
existing approaches
Classifier Dataset Accuracy Error Precision Recall Specificity F1
Score
Decision tree Anxiety 73.30 26.70 45.80 53.20 92.30 49.20
Depression 77.80 22.20 73.10 71.40 90.90 72.30
Stress 62.80 37.20 59.90 58.50 90.00 59.20
Random forest Anxiety 71.40 28.60 43.10 51.00 91.90 47.00
Depression 79.80 20.20 77.10 67.80 91.00 76.60
Stress 72.30 27.70 73.10 69.20 92.80 71.10
Naïve Bayes Anxiety 73.30 26.70 45.90 54.20 92.40 49.70
Depression 85.50 14.50 75.20 81.00 91.70 74.60
Stress 74.20 25.80 54.80 56.80 93.40 55.80
SVM model Anxiety 67.80 32.20 40.30 50.40 91.40 44.80
Depression 80.30 19.70 76.00 71.60 90.80 76.50
Stress 66.70 33.30 67.20 63.10 92.10 65.10
K nearest Anxiety 69.80 30.20 44.90 53.00 91.30 52.70
neighbour Depression 72.10 27.90 75.00 63.40 89.20 68.70
Stress 71.40 28.60 71.90 68.20 92.10 70.00
OBWELM-MDC Anxiety 96.42 3.58 70.45 82.98 97.04 75.10
Depression 96.37 3.63 72.18 82.47 97.09 76.19
Stress 95.84 4.16 77.77 87.84 97.42 81.88

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