Environmental Software 7 (1992) 229--240

MIKE 21: a modelling system for estuaries,

coastal waters and seas

1. R. Warren
Danish ftydraulic Institute. Agern AII~ 5. 2970 Horsholm. Denmark

&

H. K. Bach
Water Quality Institute. Agern AIIb 11. 2970 Horsholm. Denmark

ABSTRACT

MIKE 21 is a comprehensive modelling system for the simulation of hydraulics and hydraulic-
related phenomena in estuaries, coastal waters and seas. It can be applied to any two-dimen-
sional free-surface flows where stratification can be neglected. The various modules of the
system simulate hydrodynamics, advection-dispersion, short waves, sediment transport, water
quality, eutrophication and heavy metals. The system has a wide range of engineering and
environmental applications in coastal hydraulics, oceanography, wave dynamics, harbours,
rivers, environmental hydraulics and sediment processes. An extensive pre- and post-process-
ing module allows analysis and graphical presentation of both data and model results, which
are stored in a simple data base. A flexible, interactive menu system facilitates data handling,
model input and program execution. It runs on UNIX work stations including PC's with SCO
UNIX operating system.

KEYWORDS: 2-D modelling system, hydraulics, water quality, sediment transport, waves,
UNIX.

SOFTWARE AVAILABILITY

Name: MIKE 21

Contact address:

Danish Hydraulic Institute

Agern All6 5, DK-2970 Horsholm, DENMARK

Fax: +45 42 86 79 51

Availability:

All modules are available and can be delivered at short notice.

229
Ejtvironmental Software 0266-9838/93/$06.00 ¢~ 1993 Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd
230 I.R. Warren, H. K. Bach

Hardware/Software Requirements:

UNIX work stations, PC's with 80386 or 80486 chip and SCO UNIX, minimum 8
MBytes DRAM, minimum 200 Bytes h ~ d disk, printer plotter.

Installation and Training:

Can be installed by the purchaser or DHI. A minimum training course together with
the installation is recommended.

Prices:

Available upon application to Danish Hydraulic Institute. 80% discount for univer-
sities.

Documentation:

Detailed users guides and scientific documentation are delivered with system. Built-in
help menu facilities.

INTRODUCTION tions performed in most of the other modules, for

MIKE 21 is a 2-dimensional microcomputer based
modelling system for estuaries, coastal waters and
seas. It is a professional engineering software pack-
age for the modelling of flows, water levels, waves,
sediment, pollutant transport and water quality.
The basic module of MIKE 21 contains hydrody-
namic modelling facilities, a simple data base, graph-
ical facilities and pre- and post-processing routines.
A range of add-on modules makes MIKE 21 an ideal
package for the coastal and environmental engineer.
Modules for advection-dispersion, short waves,
sediment transport, water quality, eutrophication and
the transport of heavy metals enable the user tO study
many of the problems which have become important
and sensitive issues in our society, see Fig. 1.
MIKE 21 is designed for use by engineers and tech-
nical staff with a sound background in hydraulics,
coastal engineering and/or environmental science,
that is, professionals who work at a high technologi-
cal level to solve complex and often multidisciplinary
problems.
THE BASIC HYDRODYNAMIC MODULE -
MIKE 2 1 H D
MIKE 21 HD simulates 2-dimensional free surface
flows where stratification can be neglected. It is the
basic module of the entire MIKE 21 system and
provides the hydrodynamic basis for the computa-
example the Advection-Dispersion, Water Quality
and Sediment Transport modules.
MIKE 21 HD simulates the water level variations
and flows in response to a variety of forcing func-
tions in lakes, estuaries, bays and coastal areas. The
water levels and flows are resolved on a rectangular
grid covering the area of interest when provided with
the bathymetry, bed resistance coefficients, wind
field, hydrographic boundary conditions, etc. The
module solves the vertically integrated equations of
continuity and conservation of momentum in two
horizontal dimensions. The following effects are
included in the equations:
• convective and cross momentum
• wind shear stress at the surface
• barometric pressure gradients
• Coriolis forces
• momentum dispersion ('eddy')
• sources and sinks (both mass and impulse)
• evaporation
The equations are solved with a high order accuracy,
fractioned step, alternating direction implicit
(ADI) finite difference method; Abbott et. al. (1981).
PRE- AND POST-PROCESSING MODULE
The MIKE 21 HD module includes a range of pre-
and post-processing software, which eases the input
of data and analysis of simulation results. The soft-
 M I K E 21: a modelling s)'stem ,/or estuaries, coastal waters and seas 231

Environmental Water | Tidal Coastal Hydraulics

Hydraulics quality | circulations and Oceanography
Oxygen
depletion Storm
surges
Salinity

Algal Dispersion Secondary

blooms

Cooling
water
lw- Quality AD Hydro-
Dynamics
\ flows

Tsunamis
wo
• HD
I Outfalls • "~'B' IL
• m MIKE J ~Modules Applications
I I Heav,, II • , i.,.--=.==~.~-,,=- =
-! Metals ME I 21 / I wave i
• ! ~,l ~ SW I disturbance •
Littoral / ~B- 1

I ~ / EU I ~ J' seiche I
I Morphology ~ " I ST X / I
~IL of coasts and ~ h . Eu.t.rophl- / X / Ship motion /
estuaries ~ cation / Sediment ~
I ~
~ // .lranspor~
.... i h~lP" Breakwater
Slurry ~ / ~ alignments A W
disposa, \ /
~ ~, Navigation AV
' l . Dredging I Dam break ~ c h a n n e l s ~
Sediment ~ plumes I X ~ Wave
Processes " ~ Reclamation I River ~ / Dynamics
~ ~ ~ " and Harbours

Rivers

Fig. 1 MIKE 21 application area and software modules.

ware can be applied both to the data and results of all stance in an aquatic environment under the influence
the MIKE 21 modules. of the fluid transport and associated natural disper-
sion processes. The substance may be a pollutant of
Some examples of the software capabilities are: any kind, conservative or non-conservative, inorganic
or organic: salt, heat, suspended cohesive sediment,
• Input of time series and 2-D data dissolved oxygen, inorganic phosphorous, nitrogen
• Isoline plots of any variable and other such water quality parameters.
• 2-D vector plots of current patterns
• Plots of the variation in space of a variable
Similar to the hydrodynamic stage, the concentration
along any line through the model
of the substance is calculated at each point of a rec-
• 3-D plots of bathymetries, surface levels,
tangular grid covering the area of interest. Informa-
concentrations
tion on the transport, i.e. currents and water depths
• Statistical analysis of time or space variation
at each point of the grid, are provided by the hydro-
of any variable
dynamic module. Other data required includes sub-
All graphical presentations can be made in colour, stance concentrations and discharge quantities at
produced with the UNIRAS graphics package. outfalls, together with concentrations at boundaries.

~~ON-DI~E~ION MODULE M21AD solves the so-called advection-dispersion

~ 2 1 ~ equation for dissolved or suspended substances using
a two-dimensional form of the QUICKEST finite
The advection-dispersion module of MIKE 21 simu- difference scheme; Leonard (1979), Ekebja~rg and
lates the spreading of a dissolved or suspended sub- Justesen (1990).
232 I.R. Warren. H. K. Bach

THE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MODULE
MIKE 21 ST
Non-Cohesive Sediments
The system includes a sediment transport module for
assessing rates of bed level changes in coastal areas
subject to the action of waves and currents. The
sediments are assumed to be non-cohesive, i.e. sand,
but may vary in grain size throughout the model
area. The currents may be due to tide, they may be
wind-driven or even wave-driven. The effect of both
non-breaking and breaking waves is included in the
module computations.
For given bathymetry, sediment type, water depth,
currents and wave pattern, the MIKE 21 ST module
calculates the sediment transport capacity at each
point of a rectangular grid covering the area of inter-
est. Erosion and deposition rates in the model area
are thereby estimated. The data concerning current
and: wave conditions is provided by other modules of
the MIKE 21 system and are prepared prior to the
simulations with MIKE 21 ST. The water depth and
current conditions due to tide and wind will be calcu-
lated- with the hydrodynamic module MIKE 21 HD
which can also give the wave-driven currents through
the inclusion of the wave radiation stresses. The
wave fields can be calculated by MIKE 21 SW, the
deterministic wave module, or by MIKE 21 NSW,
DHI's spectral wind-wave modelling system for near-
shore areas. See Fig. 2.
The core of the MIKE 21 ST is the calculation of the
sediment transport capacity as a function of the local
wave, current and sediment conditions. This calcu-
lates the time-varying distribution of suspended sedi-
ment and bed load over the wave period in combined
wave and current motion, including effects of wave
breaking if relevant; Deigaard et. al. (1986).
The rates of bed level changes are described by the
equation of continuity. This equation is solved by a
finite difference model.
Cohesive Sediment

MIKE 21 ST also encompasses the simulation of the

WAVE t erosion, transport and deposition of cohesive sedi-
I ~'~'~ l
~
I I ments using state-of-art descriptions of the important
t processes; Mehta et.al.(1988a and b). The sediment
is described by up to four layers or phases (Fig. 3):
MIKE 20 NS - NEAR SHORE WIND - WAVE MODEL

• suspended sediment (moves with the

wate0
* high concentration suspension or fluid
[ "'=~ i mud (stationary)
• consolidating (soft) deposit
MIKE 21 SW- DETERMINISTIC SHORT PERIOD
WAVE MODEL • settled (firm) consolidated bed

t Mathematical descriptions of both erosion and depos-

I I~D~ON ~ S E S J wAv1~
ition are based on critical shear stress concepts. For

f - I

MIKE 21 HO- 2- D HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL

I Suspension In Horlzonlal Transport I

I t t t
f Deposition Re-entrainment

[ I
MIKE 21 ST SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MODEL N
Fig. 3 Physical states and processes governing
Fig. 2 The interaction of MIKE 21 ST with other cohesive sediment transport (after Mehta
modules of the system et.al. 1982).
 M I K E 21: a modelling ,~:vstem Jbr esttulries, coastal waters and seas
erosion, the critical shear stress depends on the den-
sity of the sediment, which gradually increases in the
lower three layers. Deposition also depends on a
critical shear stress and a settling velocity for the
floes of suspended sediment. The bed shear stress is
that due to the action of both currents and waves
where, like non-cohesive sediments, the waves are
frequently the most important. The mathematical
descriptions are rather empirical, so use of this mod-
ule is heavily dependent on good field data.
The cohesive sediment computations are integrated
with the advection-dispersion module, which calcu-
lates the spreading of suspended sediment in the
ambient hydraulic flows.
Typical applications of the sediment transport module
are:
• coastal and river morphology.
• siltation in approach channels and harbour
basins.
• spreading of slurry discharges and sediment
from dredging operations and disposal.
• scour and sedimentation around structures.
THE SHORT WAVE MODULE - MIKE 21 SW
The short wave module, MIKE 21 SW, simulates the
propagation of short period waves in shallow to deep
water up to a maximum depth to deep water wave
length ratio h/L. ,, 0.50. MIKE 21 SW is capable of
reproducing the combined effects of most of the
wave phenomena of interest to the coastal engineer.
These include shoaling, refraction, diffraction and
partial reflection of directional, irregular, finite-ampl-
itude waves propagating over complex bathymetries.
The module is based on the time-dependent vertically
integrated Boussinesq equations of conservation of
mass and momentum, and is solved by implicit finite
difference techniques with the variables defined on a
space-staggered rectangular grid. The Boussinesq
equations include non-linearity as well as frequency
dispersion. Basically, the frequency dispersion is
introduced in the flow equation by taking into
account the effect that vertical acceleration (or the
curvature of the streamlines) has on the pressure
distribution.
MIKE 21 SW can be applied to the study of wave
dynamics in coastal zones and in harbours. This
includes studies of wave disturbance due to the pen-
233
etration of regular and irregular wave trains, studies
of harbour resonance and seiching due to long period
swell, studies of earthquake generated waves and
their runup at coasts, and studies of flood waves
introduced by dam breaks.
Pre- and post-processing software for short wave
application are included in the module. Some
examples of the short wave software capabilities are:
• generation of irregular wave input
with or without directional spreading
• generation of regular wave input
with or without directional spreading
• calculation of reflection coefficients.
• calculation of wave disturbance coefficients.
THE WATER QUALITY MODULE -
M I K E 21 W Q
The water quality module MIKE WQ is used to
investigate the environmental problems connected
with pollution sources such as domestic and industrial
sewage and agricultural run-off in coastal areas. The
model describes the resulting concentrations of
bacteria which threatens bathing water quality, oxy-
gen depletion due to the release of BOD (both sus-
pended and dissolved) excess concentrations of nutri-
ents and degradation of chemical substances. It is
integrated with the advection-dispersion module
which describes the physical transport processes at
each grid-point covering the area of interest. Other
data required are concentrations at model boundaries,
flow and concentrations from pollution sources,
water temperature, etc.
MIKE 21 WQ solves a system of ordinary differ-
ential equations describing the physical, chemical and
biological interactions involved in the survival of
bacteria, resulting oxygen conditions and excess
levels of nutrients in coastal areas. As a basis for the
description of the water quality conditions the MIKE
21 AD calculates the salinity, S, and water tempera-
ture, T; Malmgren-Hansen et.al. (1984).
The following parameters can be modelled:
Dissolved BOD BODd
Suspended BOD BOD.
Sedimented BOD BOI~,
Ammonia NI-I3
Nitrate NO3
Dissolved oxygen DO
234 1. R. Warren. H. K. Bach
Phosphorous PO4
Faecal coliforms CF
Total coliforms Ca.
One or more user defined pollutant (UDP,...)
The processes and concentrations of the parameters
are influenced by external factors such as incident
solar radiation and discharges.
THE EUTROPHICATION MODULE -
MIKE 21 EU
The eutrophication module of MIKE 21 is used in
investigations of eutrophication effects and as an
instrument in environmental impact assessments
considering:
• pollution sources such as domestic and
industrial sewage and agricultural run-off.
• cooling water outlets from power plants
resulting in excess temperatures.
• physical conditions such as sediment loads
and change in bed topography affecting,
especially, the benthic vegetation.
The aim of using eutrophication modelling as an
instrument in environmental impact assessment
studies is to obtain, most efficiently in relation to
economy and technology, the optimal solution with
regards to ecology and the human environment.
The eutrophication model describes nutrient cycling,
phytoplankton and zooplankton growth, growth and
distribution of benthic vegetation in addition to simu-
lating oxygen conditions. The model results are the
concentrations of phytoplankton, chlorophyll-a, zoo-
plankton, organic matter (detritus), organic and
inorganic nutrients, oxygen and the area-based
biomass of benthic vegetation. In addition to this a
number of derived values are stored: primary produc-
tion, total nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations,
sediment oxygen demand and secchi disc depth.
The MIKE 21 EU module is coupled to the MIKE 21
AD module in order to simulate the simultaneous
processes of transport, dispersion and biologi-
cal/biochemical reactions. The eutrophication pro-
cesses are described in a system of 12 differential
equations describing the variations for 12 compo-
nents. All except one of these 12 components are
treated in both the MIKE 21 AD and the MIKE 21
EU module. The 12th component is the benthic
vegetation attached to the sea bed, stones or the like.
It will, therefore, not be subject to transport by water
movements or to dispersion.
The simulated 12 components or the state variables
of the model are:
* Phytoplankton carbon (PC) (g/m3)
• Phytoplankton nitrogen (PN) (g/m3)
• Phytoplankton phosphorous (PP) (g/m3)
• Chlorophyll-a (CH) (g/m3)
* Zooplankton (ZC) (g/m~)
e Detritus carbon (DC) (g/m3)
• Detritus nitrogen (g/m3)
• Detritus phosphorous (g/m3)
• Inorganic nitrogen (IN) (g/m3)
• Inorganic phosphorous (IP) (g/m3)
• Dissolved oxygen (DO) (g/m3)
• Benthic vegetation carbon (BC) (g/m2)
The processes and transfer of carbon, nitrogen and
phosphorus in the eutrophication model system are
illustrated in Figure 4. Also included in the model is
an oxygen balance. The processes describing the
variations of the components in time and space are
dependent on some external factors such as the salin-
ity, water temperature, the light influx, and the dis-
charges.
The salinity and water temperature can be results of
MIKE 21 AD simulations or be user specified values.
The first possibility is especially relevant for cooling
water investigations whereas the latter possibility
often is used in areas where only natural variations in
temperature are seen.
The mathematical formulations of the biological and
chemical processes and transformations for each state
variable form a system of differential equations,
which are 1st order, ordinary and coupled. The
system is solved using a 4th order Runge-Kutta inte-
gration method in an integrated two-step procedure
with the advection-dispersion module.
The eutrophication module can be applied to a range
of environmental investigations:
• studies where the effects of alternative nutri-
ent loading situations are compared and/or
different waste water treatment strategies are
evaluated
• studies of the effects of the discharge of
cooling water.
 MIKE 21: a modelling .~3"stem.~or estuaries, coastal waters and seas 235

. OET.RITUS a .

5 13
' I ~ '

l, ,o
\, i , J/ /

1. IZroduction, phytoglankton 8. mineralisation of s u s p e n d e d detritus

2. sedimentation, phytoplankton 9. sedimentation of detritus

3. grazing 10. mineralisation of detritus

4. extinction, phytoplankton 1 1. accumulation in s e d i m e n t

5. excretion, zooplankton 12. production, benthlc/eelgrass vegetation

6. extinction, zooplankton 13. extinctlon,benthic/eelgrass vegetation

7. resoirat|on, zooplankton 14. exchange with surrounding waters.

Fig. 4 The principle o f the fluxes of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous in the eutrophication model.

• comparisons of the environmental conse-
quences of-different construction concepts
for harbours, bridges, etc.
• evaluation of the environmental conse-
quences of developing new urban and indus-
trial areas.
The bioavailability and toxicity of the heavy metals
are very dependent on the form of element or com-
pound to which the organisms are exposed. For that
reason the speciation of the metals is also very impo-
rtant when considering the effects of heavy metal
pollution.

THE HEAVY METAL MODULE - MIKE 21 ME The processes and reactions considered in the heavy
metal module are:
The heavy metal module describes the resulting adsorption (water --, suspended matter)
concentrations of heavy metals in water, suspended desorption (suspended matter --, water)
matter and biota based on an equilibrium assumption sedimentation (suspended matter --, sedi-
for the partition between dissolved and suspended ment)
matter. The concentration of suspended matter is bioaccumulation (water --, biota)
modelled as well. Data required are the concentration
of suspended matter and total heavy metal at the The dependent variables are concentrations of:
boundaries, flow and concentrations from pollution
sources and some specific heavy metal constants total heavy metal CT (mg/l)
(partition constants). dissolved heavy metal W (mg/l)
adsorbed heavy metal Cs (mg/l)
heavy metal in biota Ca mg/kg)
Heavy metals are distributed in aquatic systems by
suspended sediment SS mg/l)
means of advection-dispersion, sedimentation/resus-
pension and uptake/release/accumulation in biota. It is assumed that equilibrium exists between the
The metals can exist in the water phase as free ions, concentration of heavy metal in water and suspended
precipitated or absorbed to suspended matter. This is matter as well as between water and biota. See the
schematically illustrated in Fig. 5. general reference, lergensen (1979).
236 I.R. Warren, H. K. Bach

MIKE SHE - Simulation of all Processes in

l~JUmJE ~
the Hydrological Cycle
WIIM OWIIAN~ tJOANI~ FIELDMAN - D a t abase and Analysis SoR-
[ I~IEaPITATIEII ware for Field Data
I~JUStJEOOI~UD~I
•RIW m IJ(IANI~
APPLICATION TO THE VENICE LAGOON
AND LITTORAL ZONE

The city of Venice in Italy and its lagoon are subject

u $t~al~ to flooding from storm surges in the Adriatic Sea -
the so-called "aqua aim". At~er a very severe storm
• AgON
~ ~ oom~8 in 1966, a project was established to save Venice by
the construction of storm surge barriers in the three
. K ) N ~
entrances of the lagoon. The special law passed by
• ~TOOLAYIKUJOATIEII,
O T W ~ WI~a~AUl
the Italian parliament also stipulated that the con-
struction works should not have any detrimental
• AI)eOWI'IIK~TO~BOIJD8
effects on the lagoon ecosystem or the coastline
which includes the famous beaches of Lido and
Cavallino.
Fig. 5 Speciation of metals in the aquatic environ-
ment. The MIKE 21 system has been applied to many of
the investigations in connection with this mammoth
SOFTWARE FAMILY project and some results are briefly illustrated here.

MIKE 21 is a member of the software product family A 300 m grid model of the entire lagoon (50 km x
from DHI which presently also includes: I0 km) has been set-up and calibrated for a variety of
tidal and storm surge situations, Fig.6. This is the
MIKE 11 - River and Channel Modelling basic model for most of the studies. Fine grid models
MOUSE - Urban Sewer and Drainage (50 m) have been made of each of the entrances for
LITPACK - Littoral Zone Process studying the hydraulics and sediment transport, Fig.
SAW - Oil and Chemical Spill 7. Each layout of the surge barriers was tested in
Analysis these models to ensure smooth flow patterns, un-

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Fig. 6 The 300 m grid model bathymetry of Venice Lagoon.
 MIKE 21." a modelling system ./br estuaries, coastal waters and seas 237

changed flushing of the lagoon and suitable naviga-

tion conditions.

The 300 m grid model was also used with MIKE 21

AD for studying the spreading of pollutants from
various sources in the lagoon and the changes in
flushing caused by various construction works in the
lagoon itself, Fig. 8.

In certain areas, the bed of the lagoon has been

severely eroded during the last 20 years and an ex-
tensive study has been made of this phenomena and
how to restore the lagoon morphology. This included
a study of the erosion, transport and deposition of the
cohesive sediments which form the lagoon bed, Fig.
9. The erosion is closely related to the severe state of
pollution of the lagoon. The excessive nutrient con-
centrations cause dramatic macroalgae and
phytoplankton blooms each year and this kills all the
benthic vegetation which stabilizes the bed. The
MIKE 21 EU was applied to, among other things,
estimate the reduction of nutrient loadings which is
necessary to restore the lagoon ecosystem, Fig. 10.

The Venice project plans included some alternatives,

which involved extension of the entrance jetties and
construction of offshore breakwaters to protect the
50 60 70 80 90 100 110
entrances against wave penetration. Such structures
2 m/s should not cause sedimentation in the entrances nor
Fig. 7 Flow pattern in Lido entrance computed with cause the bathing beaches to erode and these prob-
M21 HD. lems have been studied with the MIKE system. For
(Gridspocing 300 m)

E
O
O
re)

t-
u
o
Q.
"t2

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Fig. 8 Spreading o f a conservative pollutant discharged at the Fusina sewage ouO~all s#e.
Computed with MIKE 21 AD.
238 I.R. Warren, H. K. Bach

(Gridspecing 300 m)

E
o
o
t,3
t3n

c)

o~

~I I I I I I l I I
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Fig. 9 Suspended sediment concentration during a Bora storm. Computed with MIKE 21 ST.

B!i ..... .~.~ ~.~.~:.

:iil
ll ~ 450

t~a

Fig. 10 Distribution of macro algae in June. Computed with MIKE 21 EU.

 MIKE 21: a modelling svslem lbr estuaries, coastal waters and seas 239

Surfoce Elev

I Above 2.00
r---1 t.20 - 2.00
0.70 - 1.20
I~l 0.30 - 0.70
0.20 - 0.30
0.10 - 0.20
0.05 - 0.10
0.00 - 0.05
I -oo5 - ooo
I -0.10 - -0.05
I -0.20 - -0.10
I -0.30 - -0.20
I -070- -030
I -1.20 - -0.70
I Below -1.20

Fig. 11 3-D illustration of wave penetration in Lido entrance. Computed with MIKE 21 SW.

(Gndspacing 50 m)

>

1 m3/m/hr
A
E
O m3/m/hr

¢.,..
I Above 1.00
I 0.50 - 1,00
0,25 - 0.50
0.15 - 0.25
.¢- 0.10 - 0.15
F~ o.o5 - 0,10
o.o I - 0.05
~0.01 - 0.01
[] -o.o5 - -o.ol
-0. I0 -0.05
-0,15 - -0.10
[~ -0.25 - -0.15
-0.50 -0.25
['---'1 - 1,oo - - 0 . 5 0
~w - 1.00

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Fig. 12 Sediment transport field averaged over the tMal cycle

240 I . R . Warren, H. K. Bach

(Gddspacing 50 m) flows. Part 1: The accumulation of the evi-

70- dence. Journal of Hydraulic Research, Vol. 23,
No. 4, pp. 309-326.
60-
. Deigaard, R.J. Fredsoe, I.B. Hedegaard (1986).
E" 50-
Suspended sediment in the surf zone.
.~ 4o- J. of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean
¢0
t'z
Engineering, ASCE, Vo. 112, No. 1.
o~

~30-
5. Ekebj=rg, L. and P. Justesen (1990). An
20- 0.020 explicit scheme for advection-diffusion
0.005
-0.~$ modelling in two dimensions. Comp. Meth.
10- z, -0.020
- 0.050
Appl. Mech. and Eng., Vol. 88, No.3, pp. 287-
I I I I I I I I I
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
297.

Fig. 13 Calculated initial bed level changes per year
corresponding to strong scirocco wind.
sediment transport it is necessary to know the wave
conditions in detail. MIKE 21 NSW was used to
calculate the storm wave climate in the nearshore
region and MIKE 21 SW in the entrances where
diffraction and reflection are important, Fig. 11.
. Hedegaard, I.B. (1985). Wave generated ripples
and resulting sediment transport in waves. Inst.
Hydrodynamics and Hydraulic Engng., Tech.
Univ. of Denmark, Ser. Paper 36.
. Jorgensen, S.E. (1979). Modelling the distribu-
tion and effect of heavy metals in an aquatic
ecosystem. Ecological Modelling, 6, pp. 199-
222.

Knowing the wave conditions and the currents due to . Leonard, B.P. (1979). A stable and accurate
tides, wind and waves, MIKE 21 ST was applied to convective modelling procedure based on quad-
calculate the non-cohesive sediment transport, Fig. ratic upstream interpolation. Comp. Meth. Appl.
12, and the resulting bed level changes, Fig. 13. Mech. and Eng., Vol. 19, pp. 59-98.

. Madsen, P.A. and I.R. Warren (1983). Per-

formance of a short-wave numerical model.
REFERENCES Coastal Engineering, Vol. 7.

. Abbott, M.B., A. McCowan, I.R. Warren 10. Malmgren-Hansen, A . , P. Mortensen, B.

(1981). Numerical modelling of free-surface M~ller (1984). Modelling of oxygen depletion
flows that are two-dimensional in plan. Trans- in coastal waters. War. $ci. Tech., Vol. 17, pp.
port Models for Inland and Coastal Waters. 967-978.
Academic Press, pp. 222-283.
11. Mehta, A.J. et.al. (1988a). Cohesive Sediment
. Abbott, M.B., A. McCowan, I.R. Warren Transport. I: Process Description. Journal of
(1984). Accuracy of short-wave numerical Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 115, No. 8, pp.
models. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 1076-1093.
110, No. 10.
12. Mehta, A.J. et. al. (1988b). Cohesive Sediment
3. Abbott, M.B., J. Larsen, J. Tao (1985). Transport. II: Application. Journal of Hydraulic
Modelling circulations in depth-integrated Engineering, Vol. 115, No..8, pp.1094-1112.