WORKING

PRINCIPLE OF DC
MOTOR

A DC motor is an electrical machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
The basic working principle of the DC motor is that whenever a current carrying conductor places
in the magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force.

Fleming's left-hand rule and its magnitude decide the direction of this force.

Fleming's Left Hand Rule:

If we stretch the first finger, second finger and thumb of our left hand to be perpendicular to
each other, and first finger represents the direction of the magnetic field, the second finger
represents the direction of the current, then the thumb represents the direction of the force
experienced by the current carrying conductor.

F = BIL Newtons

Where,
B = magnetic flux density,
I = current and
L = length of the conductor within the magnetic field.
When armature winding is connected to a DC supply, an electric current sets up in the
winding. Permanent magnets or field winding (electromagnetism) provides the magnetic
field. In this case, current carrying armature conductors experience a force due to the
magnetic field, according to the principle stated above.

The Commutator is made segmented to achieve unidirectional torque. Otherwise, the

direction of force would have reversed every time when the direction of movement of the
conductor is reversed in the magnetic field. This is how a DC motor works!

Principle of Operation:
The principle of operation of dc motor is very simple
.If a current carrying conductor is placed in a
magnetic field, a mechanical force is experienced in
the conductor. Hence, the conductor moves in the
direction of the force. The magnitude of the
mechanical force experienced on the conductor is
given by

Working of DC Motor
Consider a part of a multipolar DC motor as shown in the figure below.
When the terminals of the motor are connected to an external source of DC
supply:
• the field magnets are excited developing alternate North and
South poles
• the armature conductors carry currents.
All conductors under North-pole carry currents in one direction while all the
conductors under South-pole carry currents in the opposite direction.
The armature conductors under N-pole carry currents into the plane of the
paper (denoted as ⊗ in the figure). And the conductors under S-pole carry
currents out of the plane of the paper (denoted as ⨀ in the figure).
Since each armature conductor is carrying current and is placed in the
magnetic field, a mechanical force acts on it.
On applying Fleming’s left-hand rule, it is clear that force on each
conductor is tending to rotate the armature in the anticlockwise direction. All
these forces add together to produce a driving torque which sets the
armature rotates.
When the conductor moves from one side of a brush to the other, the current
in that conductor is reversed. At the same time, it comes under the influence
of the next pole which is of opposite polarity. Consequently, the direction
of the force on the conductor remains the same.
It should be noted that the function of a commutator in the motor is the
same as in a generator. By reversing current in each conductor as it passes
from one pole to another, it helps to develop a continuous and
unidirectional torque
 BY – KISHAN DIXIT
SYSTEM ID - 2021001135