DUAL BAND ANTENNA FOR

A CUBESAT

By:

Muhammad Zaryab Ahmed

Gulbaz Khan

Supervisor

Warda Saeed

Co-Supervisor

Dr Faran Mahmood

Department of Electrical Engineering

Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad

2022
 DUAL BAND ANTENNA FOR

A CUBESAT

A thesis submitted to the

Institute of Space Technology
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Electrical Engineering

By

Muhammad Zaryab Ahmed

Gulbaz Khan

Supervisor

Warda Saeed

Co-Supervisor

Dr Faran Mahmood

Department of Electrical Engineering

Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad
2022

i
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad

Department of Electrical Engineering

Dual band Antenna for a CubeSat

By

Muhammad Zaryab Ahmed

Gulbaz Khan

APPROVAL BY BOARD OF EXAMINERS

Warda Saeed

ii
 AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
We take full responsibility of the research work conducted during the FYP Thesis titled
“Dual band Antenna for a CubeSat”

It is declared that the research and development work presented in the FYP Thesis is done
solely by me with no significant help from any other person; however small help where
ever taken is duly acknowledge. We have also written the complete thesis by our self.
Moreover, we have not presented this thesis (or substantially similar research and
development work) or any part of the thesis previously to any other degree awarding
institution within Pakistan or abroad.

We understand that the management of IST has a zero tolerance policy towards plagiarism.
Therefore, we as authors of the above mentioned thesis solemnly declare that no portion of
my thesis has been plagiarized and any material used in the thesis from other sources is
properly referenced. Moreover, the thesis do not contain any literal citing of more than 70
words even by giving a reference unless we have obtained the permission of the publisher
to do so. Furthermore, the work presented in our thesis is our original work and we have
positively cited the related work of the other researchers by clearly differentiating our work
from their relative work.

We further understand that if we are found guilty of any form of plagiarism in our thesis
work even after our graduation, the Institute reserves the right to revoke our BS degree.
Moreover, the Institute will also have the right to publish our names on its website that
keeps a record of the students who plagiarized in their thesis.

3
 Muhammad Zaryab Ahmed
BE-EE-17 180401014

Gulbaz Khan
BE-EE-17 180401067

I hereby agree that the submitted thesis is the final document and should be checked for
plagiarism in accordance with IST policy.

Supervisor

Warda Saeed

Dated:

Verified by Plagiarism Cell Officer

Dated:

4
Copyright © 2022
This document is jointly copyrighted by the authors and the Institute of Space Technology
(IST). Both the authors and IST can use, publish or reproduce this document in any form.
Under the copyright law no part of this document can be reproduced by anyone, except
copyright holders, without the permission of the authors.

5
 DEDICATION

This thesis is truly dedicated to the parents,

teachers and friends who helped throughout
the university life.

6
 ABSTRACT
The report contains the designing and fabrication of the Dual band Antenna which can be
operated in low earth orbits small satellites. The design which has been proposed is Patch
Antenna Patch antenna is known as patch antenna because it obtains the shape of patch.
The size of the antenna is considered to be important in this research. The finalize size of
patch antenna is 10*17.7 cm which is acceptable under the 3U CubeSat. In order to feed
the antenna coaxial feeding is used. The antenna would be able to work in range of Very
High Frequency band and Ultra High Frequency band with operating frequencies of 145
MHz and 435 MHz respectively. In order to design and simulate the antenna Computer Simulation
Technology (CST) will be used and method of shorting pins is used in order to reduce the
dimensions of patch antenna and after the simulation obtained measurements will be used
to fabricate antenna. After fabrication the antennas would undergo the hardware process.
In a nut shell, the antenna would be able to operate at desired frequencies.

vii
 Table of Contents
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION.......................................................................................... iii
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................... vii
Table of contents.............................................................................................................. viii
Table of Figures .................................................................................................................. x
List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... xi
1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1
1.1 CubeSat Mission .................................................................................................. 2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................... 3
2.1 Dual band Antenna ................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Micro strip Patch Antenna ........................................................................................ 3
2.3 Feeding Methods....................................................................................................... 6
2.3.1 Contacting feed .................................................................................................. 6
2.3.2 Feeding a micro strip: ........................................................................................ 6
2.3.3 Co-Axial Feeding............................................................................................... 6
2.4 Non-contacting feed.................................................................................................. 6
3. METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................... 7
3.1 Computer Simulation Technology(CST):................................................................. 7
3.2 Software Simulations................................................................................................ 7
3.2.1 Formulae ............................................................................................................ 7
3.3 Patch Antenna for Single Band................................................................................. 8
3.4 Patch Antenna for Multiband Antenna ..................................................................... 9
3.5 Size Limitations ...................................................................................................... 10
3.6 Shorting Pins........................................................................................................... 10
3.7 T-Shape Slot Technique.......................................................................................... 13
4. RESULTS ..................................................................................................................... 16
4.2 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio(VSWR): ................................................................. 16
4.3 Impedance Matching............................................................................................... 17
4.4 Surface Current ....................................................................................................... 17
4.4.1 At 435 MHz ..................................................................................................... 17
4.4.2 At 145 MHz ..................................................................................................... 18
4.5 Bandwidth............................................................................................................... 18
8
 4.6 Radiation Pattern..................................................................................................... 18
4.6.1 For 435 MHz.................................................................................................... 18
4.6.2 For 145 MHz............................................................................................... 19
5. HARDWARE ANALYSIS................................................................................... 20
5.1 Patch................................................................................................................... 20
5.2 Ground .................................................................................................................... 20
5.3 Results..................................................................................................................... 21
6. ERRORS....................................................................................................................... 23
7. FLOW DIAGRAM ....................................................................................................... 24
8. FUTURE WORK.......................................................................................................... 25
9. CONCLUSION............................................................................................................. 26
10. REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 27

9
 Table of Figures

Fig. 1.1 Missions for a CubeSat.......................................................................................... 2

Fig. 2.1 Top View for Patch Antenna................................................................................. 4
Fig. 2.2 Side view for Patch Antenna ................................................................................. 4
Fig. 2.3 Azimuthal Plane .................................................................................................... 5
Fig. 2.4 Elevation Plane...................................................................................................... 5
Fig. 3.1 Design and Simulation for Single Band Patch Antenna........................................ 9
Fig. 3.2 Design and Simulations for Multiband Antenna ................................................... 9
Fig. 3.3 Design and Simulation for 100 x 100 𝒎𝒎𝟐 ........................................................ 12
Fig. 3.4 Design and Simulations for 100 x 150 𝒎𝒎𝟐 ...................................................... 12
Fig. 3.5 Simulation after changing the shorting pin position............................................ 13
Fig. 3.6 Design and Simulation for T-Slot Patch Antenna ............................................... 13
Fig. 3.7 Top View for finalized design ............................................................................. 14
Fig. 3.8 Bottom View for finalized design ....................................................................... 14
Fig. 3.9 Side View for finalized design ............................................................................ 15
Fig. 4.1 S1,1 Parameter for finalized design..................................................................... 16
Fig. 4.2 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio for finalized design ............................................. 16
Fig. 4.3 Impedance Matching ........................................................................................... 17
Fig. 4.4 Surface Current for 435 MHz.............................................................................. 17
Fig. 4.5 Surface Current for 145 MHz.............................................................................. 18
Fig. 4.6 Bandwidth Graph................................................................................................. 18
Fig. 4.7 Radiation Pattern for 435 MHz ........................................................................... 18
Fig. 4.8 Far-Field for 435 MHz ........................................................................................ 19
Fig. 4.9 Radiation Pattern for 145 MHz ........................................................................... 19
Fig. 4.10 Far Field for 145 MHz....................................................................................... 19
Fig. 5.1 Top View for the Antenna................................................................................... 20
Fig. 5.2 Bottom View for Antenna ................................................................................... 20
Fig. 5.3 Simulation on Network Analyzer........................................................................ 21
Fig. 5.4 VSWR observed on Network Analyzer............................................................... 21
Fig. 5.5 Compared Results for Software and Hardware analysis ..................................... 22
Fig. 7.1 Flow Diagram ...................................................................................................... 24

1
0
 List of Tables

Table 1.1 Dimensions for CubeSat ..................................................................................... 1

1
1
 1. INTRODUCTION
CubeSat is a specialized particular for a little, minimal expense satellite that is generally
twofold the size of a Rubik's Cube. CubeSat are in the nanosatellite class and weigh
between 1-10kg (2-29lbs). This sort of measured satellite has a standard size of 10cm3 (1U)
and can circle the Earth 350 miles over the planet's surface as a free unit or as a feature of
a satellite multitude. The idea of CubeSat was created by Jordi Puig-Suari and Bob
Twiggs, teachers at Stanford University's Space program. In principle, a CubeSat can be
worked with business, off-the-rack (COTS) parts and be sent off into space for
under
$50,000. Interest in conveying this sort of low Earth circle (LEO) satellite has developed
as commonsense applications for the Internet of Things (IoT) and super low energy (ULE)
processing have become standard. As well as decreasing the dormancy that geostationary
satellites insight, CubeSat can likewise lessen the expense of arrangement by exploiting the
abundance limit bigger satellites and space vehicles require. It is normal for a CubeSat to
hitch a ride into space as a component of another person's payload. To additionally
diminish costs, a few kinds of CubeSat can circle the Earth in a sun-simultaneous way and
exploit sun-oriented power.

Table 1.1
Dimensions for CubeSat

CubeSat Dimensions Size (Max)

1U 10 cm × 10 cm × 11.35 cm 1 kg

2U 10 cm × 10 cm × 22.70 cm 2 kg

3U 10 cm x 10 cm x 30 cm 3 kg

6U 20 cm × 10 cm × 34.05 cm 6 kg

12U 20 cm × 20 cm × 34.05 cm. 12 kg

1
1.1 CubeSat Mission
CubeSat are supposed to give modest web inclusion across the globe. As per analysts,
the scope for extra LEO satellites that can proficiently deal with satellite-to-satellite (S2S)
and satellite-to-Earth (S2E) correspondences is emphatically lined up with the rollout of
5G and edge figuring, as well as the privatization of the avionic business. Since this kind
of satellite is so little and reasonable, it is frequently permitted to wreck in the climate when
its circle corrupts. During the previous 10 years, there has been a rising interest in involving
the Internet in Space to help Earth-bound applications in energy, the military, horticulture
and production network the executives.

Fig. 1.1 Missions for a CubeSat

2
 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
This research contains the previous working which has been done for this purpose. There
are many techniques which can be implied in order to make the Multiband Antenna. In
order to select method different articles, research was studied so that we may have
a constructive result.

2.1 Dual band Antenna

An antenna with various frequency bands of operation is referred to as a Dual band

antenna. One portion of a multiband antenna is active for one band while another portion is
active for a different band. In order to accommodate the numerous bands, multiband
antennas may either have lower-than-average gains or be physically larger than single-
band antennas. Simple multiband antennas have a few inches between the ends of the wires
and a short vertical distance between the wires in the center of the feed. With these
straightforward dimensions, it is possible to reduce antenna lengths for certain frequencies
and do away with the requirement for pruning.

2.2 Micro strip Patch Antenna

The ability to print Micro strip or patch antennas directly onto a circuit board makes
them more and more practical. The use of micro strip antennas in mobile phones is
expanding rapidly. Patch antennas are inexpensive, have a small profile, and are simple to
make.

A micro strip transmission line feeds the micro strip antenna in Figure 1 as an example.
High conductivity metal is used to make the patch antenna, micro strip transmission line,
and ground plane (typically copper). The patch has the following dimensions: L, W, and is
supported by a substrate (a dielectric circuit board) with the following thickness, h, and
permittivity, or dielectric constant. It is not significant how thick the ground plane or micro
strip is. The height h should not be much less than 0.025 wavelengths (1/40th of a
wavelength), else the antenna efficiency would suffer. Typically, the height h is
substantially smaller than the operating wavelength.

3
Top View

Fig. 2.1 Top View for Patch Antenna

Side View

Fig. 2.2 Side view for Patch Antenna

The micro strip antenna's width W regulates the input impedance. The bandwidth can
also be expanded by using wider widths. The input impedance for a square patch
antenna supplied in the way described above will be in the range of 300 Ohms. The width
can be expanded to reduce impedance. However, lowering the input impedance to 50
Ohms frequently necessitates using a very broad patch antenna, which consumes a
significant amount of space. The radiation pattern is also controlled by the width. The micro
strip antenna emits the most radiation when it is pointed broadside (perpendicular to
the substrate) and, in a perfect world, emits none when it is pointed end-fire (along
the substrate's surface). The micro strip antenna emits the most radiation when it is pointed
broadside (perpendicular to the substrate) and, in a perfect world, emits none when it is
pointed end-fire (along the substrate's surface). Typically, the size of the antenna is chosen

4
so that it resonates at the working frequency and creates a true input impedance.
This necessitates that the antenna's length, L, be around half a wavelength in the
dielectric medium for a rectangular micro strip antenna. The level of the input impedance,
on the other hand, is determined by the antenna's width, W. One example of an antenna is
the micro strip is imagine a square chamber with open sidewalls. The radiation is produced
by the fringing fields through the open sidewalls. However, with very little fringing
radiation, the structure is mostly a resonant cavity. As a result, the radiation's bandwidth is
inadequate when compared to the bandwidth of the antennas mentioned before. However,
a wide range of communication applications may be used with the little bandwidth.

Micro strip antennas have a low radiating capacity, making it possible for them to only
cover short wave transmission distances, such as those between nearby offices, shops, or
other interior sites. As a result, poor transmission cannot be tolerated over such a vast area
at a single place. A patch antenna is typically used to give hemispheric coverage at an angle
of 300 to 1800 at width from the mount.

Fig. 2.3 Azimuthal Plane

Fig. 2.4 Elevation Plane

5
2.3 Feeding Methods
The Microstrip antenna is feed via a variety of techniques. However, there are two
ways to category rise feeding techniques

2.3.1 Contacting feed

In this technique, the radiating element receives power directly. A coaxial wire or
micro strip is used for this.
There are so two varieties of feed:

2.3.2 Feeding a micro strip:

It is a conducting strip whose width is much smaller than the radiating element's width.
The feed line allows for simple etching on the substrate because the strip's dimensions are
narrow. The structure's feed line may be placed in one of three locations: the center, inset,
or off set.

2.3.3 Co-Axial Feeding

One of the often-employed techniques for feeding the antenna is coaxial feed. Feeding
through coaxial is given to the antenna in a way that connects the patch to the
inner conductor. while the ground plane is connected to the outer conductor. The impedance
varies along with the variation in the coaxial feed's position. Because the feed line can be
linked wherever on the patch, impedance matching is made easier. However, since this
requires drilling a hole in the substrate, connecting the feed line with the ground plane is a
little challenging.

2.4 Non-contacting feed

The radiating element receives energy from the feed line via electromagnetic coupling.

6
 3. METHODOLOGY
The project consists of two processes. In first process simulations would be done using
the software known as computer simulation technology (CST)

3.1 Computer Simulation Technology (CST):

Electromagnetic (EM) systems and components are developed, analyzed, and

optimized using the high-performance 3D EM analysis software CST Studio Suite®.

In a single user interface, CST Studio Suite offers electromagnetic field solutions
for applications across the EM spectrum. Due to the solvers' capacity to be coupled to carry
out hybrid simulations, engineers are free to swiftly and efficiently assess large systems
made up of several components. By co-designing with other SIMULIA products,
EM simulation may be incorporated into the design flow and act as the primary driver of
the development process from the very beginning. CST Studio Suite is used by top
engineering and technology companies all around the world. It enables shorter product
development cycles and cheaper development costs, offering important benefits for getting
a product to market. Simulators can be used to implement virtual prototyping. The device's
performance can be enhanced, potential compliance issues can be identified and resolved
early in the design phase, fewer physical prototypes are required, and the likelihood of test
failures and recalls can be reduced.

3.2 Software Simulations

Different designs have been made in order to simulate the multiband antenna for a
CubeSat. The simulations contain the patch and dipole antenna design.

3.2.1 Formulae
formulae are used in order to calculate the dimension of patch antenna

7
Where as the value of dielectric constant of substrate is 𝜀𝑟=4.3 considering FR-4 lossy
and height of substrate is h=1.5mm

Where 𝑓𝑟 is the Resonant frequency which is calculated as

435M𝐻𝑧 + 145M𝐻𝑧
𝑓𝑟 =
2

𝑓𝑟 = 290M𝐻𝑧

Similarly Width and length of the antenna is determined by above formulae.

𝑊 = 317.5mm

L= 249.2mm

After doing the optimization reduced dimensions comes out which are written below

𝑊 = 177mm

L= 100mm

3.3 Patch Antenna for Single Band

Following are designs which have been made in order to make antenna for a
single frequency for learning of CST software. In the design FR-4 lossy as a substrate has
been used while copper material is used at ground. Micro strip line has been fed for feeding
which can be seen below in the figure. It is a simple Micro strip patch antenna which is
design at a frequency of 435MHz. Waveguide port has been used for giving the input to the
Micro strip line

8
 Fig. 3.1 Design and Simulation for Single Band Patch Antenna

Above designing is showing simulations for single band operating at 435MHz. It is

clearly visible that S1,1 parameter is showing the dip at 445MHz at below -10db.

3.4 Patch Antenna for Multiband Antenna

Following initial design was made for the multiband antenna. In this design different
slots were made to tune to the desired frequencies which are 145 MHZ and 435 MHZ.

Fig. 3.2 Design and Simulations for Multiband Antenna

Two dips are coming one is on 435 MHz and other is coming reluctantly at 420 MHz
which is not giving the true results for our desired simulation. The dip coming at 420MHz
is not showing the good results in this case. It should be lesser that -10db while it is giving
higher value than -10db

9
3.5 Size Limitations
While simulations it has been observed that there is size limitation for a CubeSat.
Initially it was decided that the size of CubeSat would be 10*10 but in this case the
frequency of VHF which is 145 MHz is not tuned. Minimum frequency in this case is
coming 188MHz. In this situation it may be desirable to change the size of a CubeSat or
change the range of VHF. In order to resolve this issue, we made another design having
same size 10*10 but in this case coaxial feeding was used. Whereas the technique named
shorting pins is also used to reduce the dimensions of the patch antenna.

3.6 Shorting Pins

To design a dual band antenna with resonance frequency peaks at 145MHz and 435MHz.
the dimension can be calculated by formula or using online calculator whose dimensions
will be around 30 40 cm. So, in order to reduce the size of patch there are some techniques
which helps to get same results with half of original size of patch are even lower. One of
them is shorting pin technique The original size of antenna is slightly higher due to Fringing
effect comes due to electric field lines which makes the antenna size wider after excitation.
The main cause of fringing effect is due to width and position of feed in antenna.

A shorting pin can act like the feed line of the Micro strip antenna. Shorting pins are
added which connect patch and ground plane through substrate to create the direct flow of
current between patch and ground. This helps to get resonance peak or dip against the
original dimensions of antenna. So, we can get resonance frequency with small size of
design. The working frequency band is considered below -10db which means 90
percent of power antenna is radiating in the environment and 10 percent is loss. So, return
loss equal to -10db considered best where 95 percent is antenna radiating the waves.

So, in order to get high dB we use more than one shorting pin to increase the strength of
surface current flow from patch to ground and here placed in symmetric manner because as
we need to shift the resonance band it become easy. By moving along feeding coaxial port
we optimize to get the require resonance frequency. Actually, this can be observed with
surface current in CST. Shorting pins increase the flow of current so that force antenna

10
to resonate with less dimensions as compare to original dimensions that that optimize
position in this way, we can decrease the size of antenna.

Shorting pin can be used for three different purposes. Firstly, when shorting pin is used
near to feeding position about 3mm apart which enhance the db or dip improvement. With
slightly change in position or radius can optimize the resonance to the require frequency of
operation.

Second way is using shorting pin at diagonal of square patch and moving along diagonal
which helps to generate new resonance frequency and with the optimization of position and
radius of shorting pin can shift the band upto some extent. This diagonal movement of
shorting pin should be symmetric in order to get equal dip of each band.

Third way is moving shorting pin way from feeding position to words corner can shift
the frequency band with same dimension of antenna. So, everything has some limits can
shift the band upto certain frequency after that dip of band start decreasing so in this case,
we need to change substrate or increase the dimensions and optimize again.

As we say shorting pin force antenna to resonate at particular frequency without original
size of antenna for that frequency the gain of antenna is compromised, which is
more changes from directional to bidirectional or omni directional so due to side lobes
increases in results the forward gain reduced.

3.6.1 At 100 x 100 𝒎𝒎𝟐

Below designs showing the phenomenon of shorting pin in which shorting pin is used at
the corner. While coaxial feeding is used for that purpose in which outer conductor
is directly connected with the ground while inner conductor is connected to the patch. The
load matching is really important in this case and 50-ohm characteristic impendence is
considered in this design. The both dips are not coming on desired frequencies and the S1,1
parameter is showing the results above the -10db which can be seen in the figure.

11
Shorting pins are used at corner in this case and frequency band has been shifted.

Fig. 3.3 Design and Simulation for 100 x 100 𝒎𝒎𝟐

3.6.2 At 100 x 150 𝒎𝒎𝟐

It is necessary to increase the size of patch so that the frequency will shift towards
the desire one. But with moving shorting pins towards corner the frequency bands will
also shift accordingly in this case the increase of size of antenna and moving pin can
achieve the desired frequency band.

Fig. 3.4 Design and Simulations for 100 x 150 𝒎𝒎𝟐

These results are obtained when the pins is placed diagonally from center of patch here
can see we are getting three bands periodically Also the patch dimensions are no longer
square shape so diagonally placement of shorting pins technique no longer much effective.
Also, our interest is to get two bands with high dip of band so shorting pins are placed at
corner of patch which gives maximum shift in frequency in given dimensions. So as the
shorting pins are reached at corner the further length is increase to further shift the
frequency band.

12
 Fig. 3.5 Simulation after changing the shorting pin position

Above graph is showing the optimized results of 100 x 150 𝒎𝒎𝟐. We are getting the
dips below the -10db but not at desired frequencies bands.

3.7 T-Shape Slot Technique

Another technique is using L or T shape slot in patch and ground plane with
same dimensions. Moving it along patch dimensions and with optimizing the length of slot
with trial-and-error method can get the require band with little high bandwidth but the
technique requires a lot of simulations and experiment to get require band with even further
reduced size of patch as compare to using shorting pins. Results with slots are shown below

Fig. 3.6 Design and Simulation for T-Slot Patch Antenna

13
3.8 At 100 x 177 𝒎𝒎𝟐

Here is final optimize parameters for 145 and 435MHz frequency band. The feeding pin
is placed at 1/4th of patch are slightly moved. And shorting pins are placed symmetric space
between them because we are controlling one band 145MHz frequency band with shorting
pin. If we work on three band then these pins will not place symmetric manner. A
and 435MHz band is controlled with length dimensions 17.7 cm of patch

Top View

Fig. 3.7 Top View for finalized design

Top view is showing the three shorting pins present near the feeding point in order
for matching the impedance and placed in a symmetric order. As discussed earlier
coaxial feeding is used.

Bottom View

Fig. 3.8 Bottom View for finalized design

14
Side View

Fig. 3.9 Side View for finalized design

15
 4. RESULTS
Following are the results for the S Parameters.

4.1 S1,1 Parameter:

Fig. 4.1 S1,1 Parameter for finalized design

Above simulation has been showing excellent results and presenting the dips at desired
frequencies of 145MHz and 435MHz. Both the dips are present below the -10db which is
considered good.

4.2 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio(VSWR):

Fig. 4.2 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio for finalized design

The voltage standing wave ratio for the dips is in between 1 to 2 which is acceptable.
Here for 145MHz is 1.21 and 435MHz is 1.13 which is consider good. It is suggested that
the ratio of VSWR should be 1:1 and its range is in between one to infinity whereas one is
considered as ideal VSWR while infinity is considered to be useless. VSWR is a function
of reflection coefficient and can be determined mathematically in terms of reflection

16
coefficient. VSWR is directly proportional to the dip. Lower the dip, lower would be the
VSWR.

4.3 Impedance Matching

Fig. 4.3 Impedance Matching

It can be seen that the impedance has been matched at 50 ohm

4.4 Surface Current

4.4.1 At 435 MHz

Fig. 4.4 Surface Current for 435 MHz

Here in surface current can be observed by seeing the red color. Current movement
shows maximum strength of current. So, 435 MHz band resonance is dip obtained with
length of patch so which are distributed all along.

17
4.4.2 At 145 MHz

Fig. 4.5 Surface Current for 145 MHz

Unlike 435 MHz band here is 145 MHz band whose resonance is obtained with
shorting pins position and strength of current flow into ground plane so can see the
maximum strength.

4.5 Bandwidth

Fig. 4.6 Bandwidth Graph

Above figure is indicating the bandwidth for both frequencies. The bandwidth for 145
MHz(VHF) is about 2 MHz while bandwidth for 435 MHz (UHF)is 5 MHz.

4.6 Radiation Pattern

4.6.1 For 435 MHz

Fig. 4.7 Radiation Pattern for 435 MHz

18
 Fig. 4.8 Far-Field for 435 MHz
4.6.2 For 145 MHz

Fig. 4.9 Radiation Pattern for 145 MHz

Fig. 4.10 Far Field for 145 MHz

Both the radiation patterns have two lobes which indicates that it is the omni
directional antenna which is directive.

19
 5. HARDWARE ANALYSIS

In order to proceed from software simulations to hardware analysis, the process

of fabrication is considered to be really important. The fabrication of patch antenna is easy
and can easily be fabricated on printed circuit board (PCB). The PCB is designed in Lab.
FR-4 lossy as a dielectric material is used which is available commercially.

5.1 Patch

Fig. 5.1 Top View for the Antenna

5.2 Ground

Fig. 5.2 Bottom View for Antenna

The soldiering is done to ground the shorting pins while connector is used in
feeding point.

20
5.3 Results
The patch antenna is tested in the lab using network analyzer and results are shown
below.

Fig. 5.3 Simulation on Network Analyzer

Above simulation is showing the best approximate results to our software simulations.
It can be seen clearly that the dip for both the frequencies is coming below the -10db
which is quite good.

Fig. 5.4 VSWR observed on Network Analyzer

Above picture is showing the VSWR which is coming between the range of 1 to 2
which is standard.
21
5.4 Comparison:

Fig. 5.5 Compared Results for Software and Hardware analysis

Above picture is showing the comparison between software simulated results

and hardware simulation.

In both simulation acceptable standard results are coming.

22
 6. ERRORS

➢ There may be the error due to the substrate as the FR-4 lossy is the lossy material.

➢ There may also be chances of error to occur during the process of fabrication

like making of PCB and soldiering

23
 7. FLOW DIAGRAM
Following is the flow diagram for the project.

Fig. 7.1 Flow Diagram

24
 8. FUTURE WORK

➢ Bandwidth and Directivity can be increased using thick substrate with low dielectric

constant and parasitic patches .

➢ Gain can be increased by using good substrate because FR-4 substrate is lossy. Air

can be more effective as it has zero dielectric constant

25
 9. CONCLUSION
The world has been much advanced and therefore there is a need for advancement in the field of
Communication. The purpose of this project is to design the antenna which would be able to operate at
both frequencies and instead of using two different antennas it would be better to use only one
antenna which would be able to work on both frequencies. This antenna will work as a transmitter as
well as a receiver

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 10. REFERENCES
1. Y, R., 2022. What is Patch (Microstrip) Antenna? Construction, Working, Radiation Pattern
and Applications of Patch Antenna - Electronics Desk. [online] Electronics Desk. Available
at:
<https://electronicsdesk.com/patch-antenna.html>
2. 3ds.com. 2022. CST Studio Suite 3D EM simulation and analysis software. [online] Available
at:<https://www.3ds.com/products-services/simulia/products/cst
studiosuite/#:~:text=CST%20Studio%20Suite%C2%AE%20is,interface%20in%20CST%20S
tudio%20S uite.>
3. Bevelacqua, P., 2022. Antenna-Theory.com - Rectangular Microstrip (Patch) Antenna -
Feeding Methods. [online] Antenna-theory.com. Available at:
<https://www.antennatheory.com/antennas/patches/patch3.php>
4. Bevelacqua, P., 2022. Antenna-Theory.com - Rectangular Microstrip (Patch) Antenna -
Feeding Methods. [online] Antenna-theory.com. Available at:
<https://www.antennatheory.com/antennas/patches/patch3.php>

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