SHRI RAMSWAROOP MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY

PROBLEM SET –V
Session : 2022-23(Odd Semester : VII
Sem.)
Course : B.Tech Subject Code : BCS7002-DE-5
Branch : CS Subject Name : Semantic Web and
Web Services
Group : CS-(All) Name of Faculty : Mrs. Prabha Singh
member
Unit :V Topic Covered :All

1. What do mean by inference?

Ans. What do mean by inference
Ans Inference” means that automatic procedures can generate new relationships based on the
data and based on some additional information in the form of a vocabulary, e.g., a set of rules.

2. What are monotonic rules?

3. What are Non- Monotonic rules?

4. What is monotonic relationship?

Ans. The term monotonic relationship is a statistical definition that is used to describe a
scenario in which the size of one variable increases as the other variables also increases, or
where the size of one variable increases as the other variable also decreases. The rate at which
an increase or decrease occurs does not necessarily have to be the same for both variables. That
is to say that a monotonic relationship can be linear relationship such that the rate of increase or
decreases of both variables is the same.A monotonic relationship can also be non-linear with an
increase or decrease occurring at different rates between the two variables.

5. How many variables are in a first order predicate?

Ans. There are two types of variables in First-order logic which are given below:
Free Variable: A variable is said to be a free variable in a formula if it occurs outside the scope
of the quantifier. Example: ∀x ∃(y)[P (x, y, z)], where z is a free variable.
Bound Variable: A variable is said to be a bound variable in a formula if it occurs within the
scope of the quantifier. Example: ∀x [A (x) B( y)], here x and y are the bound variables.

6. How are quantifiers used in first order logic?

Ans. First-order logic uses quantified variables over non-logical objects, and allows the use of
sentences that contain variables, so that rather than propositions such as "Socrates is a man",
one can have expressions in the form "there exists x such that x is Socrates and x is a man",
where "there exists " is a quantifier, while x is a variable.

7. Is first order predicate logic complete?

Ans. The completeness theorem states that first-order predicate logic is complete. This means
that every true statement that can be formulated in predicate logic is provable using the rules of
a formal calculus.
8. How predicate logic is better than propositional logic give examples?
Ans. Propositional Logic has several limitations. One key limitation is that it applies only to
atomic propositions. There is no way to talk about properties that apply to categories of objects,
or about relationships between those properties. That's what predicate logic is for.
Predicate logic is a mathematical model for reasoning with predicates: functions that map
variables to truth values.
As in propositional logic, we can create logical expressions containing predicates, manipulate
those expressions according to the algebraic laws of predicate logic, and construct proofs using
rules of inference to deduce new facts from axioms. In fact, proofs in predicate logic (based
on unification) are a form of computation used in the programming language Prolog.
Although predicate logic is more powerful than propositional logic, it
too has its limits.

Supplementary Questions:
1. What is difference between Monotonic and non-monotonic rules?
Ans.

2. What different types of conflicts may arise with non-monotonic framework?

Ans. There are two different kinds of conflicts that can arise within a given non-monotonic
framework: (i) conflicts between defeasible conclusions and “hard facts,” some of which
possibly newly learned; and (ii) conflicts between one potential defeasible conclusion and
another (many formalisms, for instance, provide some form of defeasible inference rules, and
such rules may have conflicting conclusions). When a conflict (of either kind) arises, steps have
to be taken to preserve or restore consistency.

3. What is difference between simple sentence and complex sentence?

Ans. A simple sentence has one subject and a verb and expresses a single idea. A simple
sentence can stand on its own.
• A complex sentence is formed joining an independent clause (that can stand on its own) with a
dependent clause using a conjunction.
• Complex sentences have two or more verbs, two or more clauses and express more than one
idea.