NASA SPACE

DESIGN CON

1 YOGESH
2 SHASHAANK
3 DAYANAND
4 SANDHIYA
5 HIMANSHU
6 VANISHREE
7 NITHIN S
8 MADHAV
8 RAGUL NITHIN

ASTR
ACKNOWEDGMENT

Framing the project ASTRODA would never have been framed

without the value guidance of so many people we take this opportunity
to convey our intense gratitude

first of all we would like thank our team members for their dedication
and innovative ideas towards ASTRODA next we thank to NASA for
implementing this unique platform of space settlement design
competition which changed our idea towards space then we also thank
our school principal SHAKINAWAHAB for her motivation and
encouragement for NASA

Our in charge of NASA ant thee mentor Mr. SARATH KOYI and Mr.
K CHENNAKESAVA for their supervision and their support

We than our parents for supporting us in this project and improving our
point of view towards the project and team work

We thank our dean MR RAMAKRISHNAN for academically

supporting and moral values towards space

Finally we thank our school management for expressing our talents and
views regarding NASA

We had an amazing experience in researching and compiling this

project with our team we are really blessed by all the people mentioned
above who lifted and supported us throughout the project

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INDEX:
Serial no Chapter page number
A Acknowledgment 3
chapter1.0 introduction 06 – 17
Ch 1.1 Executive summary 06 – 08
Ch 1.2 Astroda name 08
Ch 1,3 Space colony intoduction 09 -
Ch 1.4 Location 10 - 13
Ch 1.5 Construction materials 14 - 17
chapter 2.0 Structural overview 18 - 31
Ch 2.1 Introduction 18 - 19
Ch 2.2 Major components 20
Ch 2.4 Construction sequence 21 - 30
Ch 2.5 Lunar base 30-31
Chapter 3.0 Human life and design 32 - 49
Ch 3.1 Pseudogravity 33-34
Ch 3.2 Electricity generation 34-36
Ch 3.3 Environmental design 37-39
Ch 3.4 Agriculture activities 39-40
Ch 3.5 Health and diet 41-44
Ch 3.6 Extraction of gasses 44-48
Operations and automations 50-61
Ch 4.1 Controlling and monitoring 50
Ch 4.2 security 50-51
Ch 4.3 Transportation 51-53
Ch 4.4 Communication 54-55
Ch 4.5 Waster management 55-57
Ch 4.6 Robotics 57-61
Chapter 5.0 62 – 74
Ch5.1 Demography 63-64
Ch5.2 Constitution 64
Ch5.3 Preamble 65-66
Ch 5.4 Law and order 66
Ch 5.5 Political system 66-68
Ch 5.6 Employment opportunities 68-70
Ch 5.7 Education system 70
Ch 5.8 Health care 71-72
Ch 5.9 Recreation and 72-74

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 entertainment
Chapter 6 75 - 79
Ch 6.1 Revenue making 76
Ch 6.2 Development 76-77
Ch 6.3 Industrial 77
Ch 6.4 Business 77-78
Ch 6.5 Research development 79

Chapter 7 80 – 83
Ch 7.1 Cost and schedule 81-82
Ch 7.1 bibiliography 82-83

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6
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

AIM

To provide a excellent atmosphere out in space where life would exist

and to use the extraterrestrial resource

LOCATION

The construction of Astroda will be done near the moon in order to

utilize the lunar resources communicational satellites ///// and security
satellites RAPITOR and AQUILA. placed in

STRUCTURE

Everything around us , from huge mountains to the small grain of rock is all
composed by atoms the basic unit of life which further comprises the very being
that is humans on this earth .the infinite universe sounds everlasting and almost

7
beyond is in the first instance but, which can all be concentrated to a size of the
grain, after all it has emerged out of a much sized atom .the atom is further
comprised into electrons that are in continuous motion around their respective
orbits around the nucleus

ASTRODA is inspired by the smallest particles on earth by admiring the atomic

structure our design was created

LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM

ASTRODA has a fully functional life support system which will be

used to accomplish the aim of the settlement. Our colony is being
provided with a clean atmosphere and life supporting system and
electricity provisions like the piezo sheets and hyper ex solar panels

TRANSPORT AND RECREATION

Transportation in our space colony we are providing with a very

efficient, fast and secure transportation. Inside ASTRODA using
electric vehicles and hyperlops. And ASTRODA has sports facility like
spaceex football etc

COMMUNICATION

8
ASTRODA has a communication network with earth using our
communication satellite RAPITOR moon communication base and
AQUILA space orbiting communication satellite

1.1ASTRODA NAME DERIVATION

A - ALBERT EINSTEIN

S - SUNITHA WILLIAMS

9
T - THOMAS ALVA EDISION

R - ROBERT HOOK

O - OSWALD AVERY

D - DAVID BOHM

A - ABDUL KALAM

1.1What is space colony? Why do we need space colony?

The focus of the system is a space habitat but 1000 of people work raise families
and live out a normal. Space colony is a permanent human habitation the planet
earth.

The history of an idea space colony appeared in 1869 . When Edward described
how a colony in space happened.

In 1895 the space station concept was noticed from a more tectonically give point
in a science section story.

A story by Konslantion space Tsiolkousky . in 1903 Tsiolkousky expand his

description of the manned habitat was defined in the terms of some of its basic
element . The idea progressed slowly over the next 50 years then accelerated

10
No space colonies have been built so far. At present building the space colony
would setup a huge technologic and economic challenge . Space settlement would
have to provide nearly all materials required for 1000 of human in an
environment out in space that is very hostile to human Life .

Many arguments have been passed due to the favor of colonization in s pace and
against it. The common favor of colonization is survival of human civilization
and biosphere and for the availability of resources in space which would help in
expansion of human society and technology actually no space colonies have been
built so far at present building a colony in space would set a huge technological
and economical challenge include technologies, like controlled ecological life
support system

The construction of Astroda will start in 2041 in the earths geosynchronous orbit .
while it is still in its initial phases it will capture 3554 amun asteroid this asteroid
will be taken to lunar base for the further execution. Selling its resources can fetch
the settlement a potential $ 22 trillion if we sell them in earth.

The ASTRODA will be transferred to the areosynchonourous orbit of mars . this

location can empower us to expoit the resorce of mars and moon and earth.

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In an environment out in space which is very hostile to human life which should
In order to decide the most beneficial location for our settlement considering all
the various factors and analyze more possibilities

1.4.1 LEO LOWER EARTH ORBIT

It is the earths centered orbit with altitude less than 2000 km approximately one
third of the earths radius

Objects in lower earth orbit Experience a drag from the gases in exposphere or
thermosphere due to the atmospheric drag sateelites do not orbit below 300 km

Less amount of energy is required for the placement of satellite in the lower earth

orbit and thus it needs less power amplifiers

1.4.2MEO MIDDLE EARTH ORBIT

The common altitude is approximately 20,200km which yields an orbital period

of 12 hours as used for eg; by the global positioning system. (GPS) the orbital
periods of meo satellites range from about 2 to nearly 24 hours. The objective to
the meo is to understand the flux. Challenge of meo is drag challenge.

1.4.3GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT

Also known as geosynchronous equatorial orbit circular geosynchronous orbit

35786 kms above earths equator and following the direction of earths rotation . an
object in such an orbit has an orbital period equal to the earths rotational period

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one sidereal day and so to ground observes it appears motionless in affixed
position in the sky

1.5Important criteria for location

Distance from earth

Ease of acquiring raw materials

Existence of interplanetary dust

Stability of the placement

Space debris

Gravitational force

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1.6 LUNAR BENIFITS

A location near moon would help us

in supplying us a constant flow of
resources metals like iron, aluminum
and titanium and materials like
silicon and oxygen are available
which can be used for construction
and making of glass however there
isn’t enough carbon for the
construction of our colony we chose
a location near the moon as it would
set up a good source of supply

One of the best location for our colony is leo the lower earth orbit it has a
advantage of being located closely
to earth only about 2000 km from
earth .being sunlit continuously
because of the placement with in
the earths atmosphere orbits of
various satellites decay fastly to
avoid this gravitational pull of earth
an object situated in has to travel
constantly in the need of being pulled backed to its initial position which means
constant consumption of fuel is necessary to avoid an order keeping the

14
price as low as possible in the international space station is located here but for a
large objects like space colonies would lack in stability

High elliptical orbits isn’t a good pick as it is a very likely place for accidents to
occur so we had to chose l2

15
CARBON NANO TUBES

(CNTs)Carbon nantubes these tobes are made

up of carbon with radius measured in
nanometers or less

(SWCNTs)carbon nanotubes mostely refer to

single –wall carbon nanotubes with diameters
in a range of nanometers. Which was
discovered by Iijima and Ichihashi and
Bethune et al. In carbon arc chambers similar to those used to produce fullerenes.

SILICON CARBIDE

ASTRODA use carborundum which is

a semiconductor containing silicon and
carbon its is a extremely rare mineral
moissanite synthetic sic powder

16
has been mass produced since 1893 we use this as abrasive. And also
ASTRODA uses GRAINS OF SILICON CARBIDE which can be
bounded together by sintering to form very hard ceramics that are
widely used in applications requiring high endurance such as car bakes
car clutches that ceramics plates in bull proof vests.

LEAD GLASS : ASTRODA has lead

glass commonly called a crystal it is a
variety of glass in which lead replaces the
calcium content of a typical potash glass. We
use 80% to 40%of lead glass. modern lead
crystal , historically also known as fint glass
due to the original silica source contains a
minimum 24 % PbO.

TUNGSTEN : wolfram is used in Astroda . the free element is remarkable for its
robustness , we use this for the
melting. especially the fact that it
has melting Tungsten is an hard
material making it difficult to
work .steel the pure single
crystalline tungsten is more ductile
and can be cut with a hacksaw.

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TITANIUM CARBIDE :

It is an extremely hard refractory ceramic materials, similar to tungsten carbide.It

has an elastic modules of approximately 400GPa and shear modules of 188GPa
titanium carbide is also used as a heat shield coating for atmospheric reenty of
spacecrafts aluminum alloy AA7075 is almost as strong as steel but weighs one
third as much using thin AA7075 rods with TiC nanoparticles allows larger alloys
pieces to be welded without phase segregation included cracks

ALLUMINIUM OXYNITRIDE: ASTRODA have a ceramic which is

composed of aluminum, oxygen and nitrogen. We market it under the name of
along by suremet corporation. Alon is optically transparent (>80%) in the near
ultraviolet, visible and
midwave-infrated religions of
the electromagnetic spectrum. It
is four times harder than fused
silica glass,85% as hard as
sapphire,and early15% harder
than magnesium aluminate
spinel.since it has cubic spinel
structure,it can be fabricated to transparent windows ,plates, domes , rods , tubes
and other forms using congenital ceramic powder processing technicals. Alon is
the hardest polycrystalline transparent ceramic available commercially. Its
combination of optical and mechanical properties makes this material a leading
candidate for light weight high-performance transparent armor applications such
as bullet proof and blast –resistant windows and for many military infrared

18
opt electrons. Alones based armor has been shown to stop multiple armor-piercing
projectiles of upto 50BMG cal. It is commercially available in sizes has large as
18by35inches (460mm x 890mm) monolithic windows.

GRAPHENE

It is an allotrope of carbon in
the form of a single layer of
atoms in a two-dimensional
hexagonal lattice in which atom
forms each vertex. It is a basic
structural element of other
allotropes, including graphite,
charcoal, carbon nanotubes and
fullerenes. Graphene has a special set of properties which set it apart
from other allotropes of carbon. In proportion to its thickness, it is
about 100 times strongest steel. Scientist have theorized about graphene
for decades. It has likely been unknowingly produced in small
quantities for centuries, through the use of pencils and other similar
applications of graphite.

19
20
2.1 INTRODUCTION

ASTRODAs admiring design was

observed from the very small
particle to the very familiar sphere
to support life in the harsh and
inhabitable conditions in space to
improve the standard of life of
humans. ASTRODA has a well
planned structure for the housing of
a massive number of people we are
providing with comfort and
luxuries and spacious industrial
accommodations and feature filled

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2.2Major components

CENTRAL AXIS

SPHERE

TORUS 1

TORUS 2

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STEP-1

 This is the first step of the construction of our colony.

 This is the base cylinder on which our colony is built. All the
torus will rotate using this cylinder as axis
 The transportation of the energy being produced in the colony is
being transported through this cylinder.
 This step would include the construction of the most important
part of the colony it would be constructed using impenetrable
composite and coated with polystyrene

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CONSTRUCTION TIME

The port hub is connected to this cylinder. It would roughly take 2-3
years to build it

USES
 It acts like a pivot to the space colony for rotation
 Aircraft repair
 Monitoring system
 Recreation storage

DIMENSHIONS
 Volume= 7,85,000 ft 3
 Area =16,700 ft2

MATERIALS
 It is built with graphene which would be easy to transport to space

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STEP-2

 In this process our colonys base cylender is attached with two

hemisphers
 It is in the shape of a semi-sphere
 Two docking parts are attached one at the bottom of the cylender
and one t the top of the cylender
 They act as a security gate for entering the colony and for
importing raw materials and life sustaining products for
emergencies

Construction time

It would roughly take 1 year for building

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 Uses

It acts like a docking station and for entering the colony

Step 3

 This step is about placing the centre sphere which plays a major
role This acts as the centre of the torus which holds all the torus
together
 This sphere contains the control units of the space colony all the
surveillance is controlled in this sphere

CONSTRUCTION TIME

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It would take about 3 years to build this sphere

DIMENSIONS

 Sphere volume =13,67,784 ft3

 Surface area = 15,84,56,240

Uses

This is the central monitoring unit of the colony

Step 4

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  In this step 4 projections are the basic step for the building of the
torus it is the only way for transportation to the torus from the
center
CONSTRUCTION TIME
 It would roughly take about a year to build these projections it
should be built

STEP 5

In this step the first torus of the colony is builtthis torus contains

 the production unit of the colony

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CONSTRUCTION TIME

 It would roughly take about 3-5 years to build this torus this is the
inner torus of the colony

DIMENSIONS

Area of the inner torus = 25132.741

Volume of the inner torus = 6316546816

USES

This torus is the place for human beings to live.

This would be the exact place as there would be balanced gravity.

STEP 6

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  In this step four conecting rojections are attached to the inner
torus
 To build this attachers it would take about a year
 This would be the conecting part between the inner torus and and
outer torus

STEP 7

 In this step the outer torus is built this torus contains all life and
recreational facilities
 This step includes the attachment of the hyper ex solar pannels

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 CONSTRUCTION TIME

 We have alloted 5 years for building this torus .

DIMENSION S

Area of the outer torus = 1850550.825 ft2

Volume of the outer torus = 925,275,412 ft3

USES

This torus consists of the production units and the industries.

It even includes recreational and entertainment areas.

STEP 7

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  In this step the external loops are built
 These loops being built around the colony is used for building the
protection system of ASTRODA
 These loops being able to produce magnetic field around
 ASTRODA CONSTRUCTION TIME
 This process would take about 5 years

LUNAR BASE

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SHACKLETON CRATER

This crater is named after Antarctic explorer Earnest Shackleton, it is a

impact crater that lies in the south pole of the moon the parts around the
crater are exposed to continual sunlight

The location of the lunar base is near the Shackleton crater

The reason for selecting a location near Shackleton crater is for the
extraction of minerals from the moon and for the communication
purposes to create a 24 hours of communication with earth we are
building a lunar communication satellite

RAPITOR

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Rapitor meaning eagle is our lunar base it is placed near the shackleton crater to
receive sunlight and for extraction of minerals for the building of Astroda and
future business and for creating a network for communication with earth

LUNAR MINERALS

One of the major reason for choosing this location is for the availability
of minerals and resources in moon which are essential for the survival
of humans

Minerals like titanium-oxide silicon silicon dioxide chromium,

aluminum trioxide ,calcium , magnesium ,anorthite ,silicates ,olivine

MINING

Mining will be carried out in the lunar base by automations along with
the supervision of a crew mining is carried out by RAPITOR

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35
3.1 PSEUDOGRAVITY

An outstanding feature of a space is the absence of the sensation of weight . in

vessels moving freely in orbit objects exhibit in weightlessness they are said to be
in freefall or subject to zero of gravity . Weightlessness is a major potential
resource of space for it means humans can perform task impossible on earth.

HUMAN FACTORS

ASTRODA will provide all the important needs in space such as Air , water,
food, and even the sensation of weight all have to be provided to space colony.
We Provide physiological safety and comfort are essential but equally important
is to provide psychological safety but the Structure mass , and shape are sensitive
to the choice of design criteria . Rather substantial savings in structural mass, and
hence in cost and construction Time

LIFE SUPPORT

Astroda will have a gravity generation system for each area. Humans will be
provided with earth like gravity for their well – being. For generation of gravity,
Astroda will be rotated around the
central cylinder

Each part of the structure will

rotate independently at different

36
rpm according to the requirements. rotation would be done using solar electric
propellers.

According to NASA’s latest research the oxygen requirement per person would
be around 0.84 kg/day. Astroda has population of 3416640 persons who would
require around 13977.6 kg/day of oxygen. 6500 kg pe-r day can be produced
using either of these methods. The rest of the oxygen will is the oxygen pressure
at sea level.

3.2 ELECTRICITY GENERATION

COPPER SULPHADE NANOPARTICLES

These type of cell are made up of copper sulphide nanoparticlesa and a single
walled nano tubes which will absorb electricity which is then converted into
electricity in average these cells capture 75 % of light

Piezoletric plates

Pizo plates

These plates produce electricity when a amount

of pressure is applied. They can be used in the
pathways so every step can be turned into
electricity creating a efficient supply of
electricity these plates are made up of metal a
minimum of 50%of interior path ways will be
placed with these plates

Types of solar cell

Transparent solar cell

37
In this cell typed solar panel they do not block much light it clocks up to 70 %
efficient with the same appearance of glass this type of cell typed solar cell can be
used in illumination of windows and glass

Hyper ex solar cell

These solar cells consists of quantum

dots constructed in vacant it is coated in
the edges increasing the surface area
which can create highly efficient solar
panels

Energy backup

The backup technologies used in Astroda will be batteries that will be used only
when the entire primary systems fail

Storage of electricity

In Astroda the storage of electricity is done in magnetic super conductor coil

which can store high amounts of energy in a short period of time this type of
batteries has claimed to lose 1 volt of electricity in about more than 50 – 60 years

This superconductor once charged will circulate the energy within itself to form a
non decaying grid with minimal resistance this system can also handle loads of
energy

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Transmission of energy

Electricity transmission in ASTRODA is done through electromagnets to avoid

wires and cables to transmit electricity in this technology in order to make
transmission efficient resonance waves have been introducing this specifically
needs “tunnels” resonating the same frequency.

To satisfy the needs of people

Habitable environment is created with maximum efficiency and minimum mass

unless design criteria are carefully set, such environments may be so artificial .

3.3 COMBINED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STRESS

ASTRODA provides all the

physiological response to

39
every individual citizen . The long term , cumulative interactive effects of
biodynamic factors composition, pressure, temperature, radiation and
electromagnetic field strength emporospatial factors and other environmental
factors could be additive.

ASTRODA maintains life processes adequately to the human organisims

requires in atmosphere of acceptable composition and pressure. the atmosphere of
the space habitat must contain a partial pressure of oxygen for good respiration
yet low enough to avert losses in blood cell mass and large changes in the number
and distribution of micro organisms such as the growth of opportunistic bacteria.

ASTRODA would have a number of housing facilities each for a particular

economic group. The houses and apartments are divided into three categories
example : the business class, the executive class and the economy class.

MANSION

These will house the residents belonging to the

richer sections of the economy. It would have 3
rooms on each of its 2 floors. Villa These
would have 2 rooms on each of its 3 floors.

40
Bungalows

These buildings would have 2 rooms on each

of its 3 floors.

Executive Apartments

These building would have 3 rooms on each of

its 3 floors.

Economic class apartments

High Income Group These are the buildings

which will have 4 rooms on each floor. It will
have 5 floors .

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

For the construction of Houses, A beam rotating machine with a rotating

crocodile clamp capable of
free form 360o rotation would
be used. Along with the clamp,

41
heating, cooling, and high pressure polymer and adhesive maintenance chambers
would also be there

3.4 AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITES

Following the rules of food security, every settler in our colony are provided
according to their nutritional requirements to the habitants of ASTRODA

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Meat production: for meeting the meat requirements of the people living in
ASTRODA, in-vitro meat will be produced. In the production of in-vitro meat
cells from the animals whose meat is to be producers will be taken and then they
will be cultured and grown inside a bioreactor.

GROWING PLANTS

For growing plants, the techniques used in ASTRODA are

ZEOPONICS

 It is a type of cultivation which is used to make artificial soil made up

nafion, which has zeolites inside it.
 Plants grown in this method are
 Wheat, pulses,mize,fruit
 Zeolites is added in artificial soil

AEROPONICS

crops with hard roots will be grown on mesh like structure hung vertically.
Water will be converted into mist which will fill the chamber in roots

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 some of the aeroponics are

 Wheat
 Corn
 Potatoes
 Salad components
 Herb

STORAGE

The grains are stored according to the variety of crops. Grains are dried and
ventilated area so there are less chance of disease. Cold storage areas are being
allotted for fruits and vegetables.

3.5 HEALTH AND DIET

The diet chosen for an average settler with a age of 35 height of 1.70 and with a
weight of 70 kilos who does and average physical effort will be composed of

25 % of lipids 41

60% of carbohydrates

15% of protein

By knowing the percentages of nutrients and the caloric intake of 2500 kcal per
day we can calculate how many kilocalories of each category are needed. Thus

For proteins, for lipids, for carbohydrates

43
By using the required formulas we can now calculate the necessary amount in
grams

 For proteins
 For lipids
 For carbohydrates

HEALTH CONTROL SYSTEM

A typical diet for an ordinary inhabitant why not enough ?

First of all everyone is different designing one plant and expecting it to work
everyone is unrealistic on the other hand ones may have some problems or may
want to lose weight. So or is the solution for this ?

A very efficient solution to this matter implementing health control system which
in our vision would represent a method of remotely monitoring colonist in order
to comply with a plan for sustaining the health condition therefore the best option
to reach is conceiving a device based on nanotechnology which will aid the
inhabitance in order to test

In average a normal human needs about 3.1 kg per day to live a healthy life.

We know that all living humans need food. Food supplies proteins, minerals,
vitamins and carbohydrates, fats, all of which are require for body development
growth and health. Both plants and animals are major sources of food for us.

Food is the basic necessity of life. Food is defined as any substance of either plant
or animal origin consumed to provide nutritional support for an organisim . it
helps in normal growth and devolepment , repair the worn out tissues and protect
the body from diseases

44
Food contamination is a major source of illness either in the form of infction or
poison food safety is a major concern in colonies.

CLASSES OF NUTRIENTS

CARBOHYDRATES

Carbohydrates are essential nutrients which provides the chief source of energy to
the body. They are organic compounds composed of carbon, oxygen, and
hydrogen.

Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharide ( glucose), disaccharide (sucrose)

and polysaccharide ( cellulose).

The classification is based on the number of sugar molecules present in each

group.

PROTEINS

proteins are the building blocks of the body. They are the essential nutrients and
repair of body cells tissues. Proteins are made of amino acids. Amino acids are
those which cannot be biosynthesized by the body and must be obtained from
diet. The nine essential amino acids are phnylalanine , valine, threonine ,
tryptophan, and histidine .

FATS

Fats in the diet provides energy. They maintain cell structures and involved in
metabolic functions. Essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized in the body and
are provided through diet. Essential fatty acids required in human nutrition are
omega fatty acids .

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VITAMINS

Vitamins are the vital nutrients , required in minute quantities to perform

specific physiological and biochemical functions.

FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

 Vitamin (A)
 Vitamin (D)
 Vitamin (E)
 Vitamins (K)

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

 Vitamin (B1)
 Vitamin (B2)
 Vitamin (B3)
 Vitamin (B6)
 Vitamin (B12)
 Vitamin (C)

3.5 EXTRACTION OF GASSES

SPACE STATION LIFE SUPPORT

Oxygen generators on board the international space station produce oxygen from
water using producing electrolysis the hydrogen produced was previously
discarded in the space into space. As astronauts consume oxygen , carbon dioxide
is produced which must then be removed from the air and discarded as well .this
approach required copious amounts of water to be regularly transported to the

46
space station for oxygen generation in addition to that used for human
consumption hygiene and other uses a luxury that will not be able to future long
duration machines beyond earth orbit.

NASA is using the Sabatier reaction to require water from exhaled carbon dioxide
And the hydrogen previously discarded from electrolysis and international space
and possibly for future missions .

SABATIER REACTION

Sabatier reaction was discovered by the French chemist paul Sabatier in 1897. It
involves the reaction of hydrogen with carbon dioxide at elevated temperature in
the presence of a nickel catalyst to produce methane and water .optionally
ruthenium makes a more efficient catalyst . it is described by the following
exothermic reaction.

There is disagreement on weather the CO2 metha’/nation occurs by the first

associatively adsorbing an atom hydrogen and forming oxygen intermediates
before hydrogenation dissociating and forming a carbonyl before being
hydrogenated .

AMMONIA SYNTHESIS

In ammonia production CO and CO2 are considered poisons to most commonly

used catalyst. Methanation catalyst are added after several hydrogen producing
steps to prevent carbon oxide buildup in the ammonia synthesis loop as methane
does not have similar adverse effects on ammonia synthesis rates.

BOSCH REACTION

47
The Bosch reaction is a chemical reaction between carbon dioxide and hydrogen
that produces elemental carbon, water, and and 10% return of invested heat.

It is named after the German chemist Carl Bosch this reaction requires the
introduction of iron as a catalyst and requires a temperature level 530-730 degree
Celsius .

The overall reaction

CO2(g) + 2 H2(g) → C(s) + 2 H2O(g)

The over all reaction produces 2.3×103joules for every gram of carbon dioxide
reacted at 650oC reaction temperature are in the range of 450 to 600oC

The Bosch reaction is being investigated for use in maintaining space station life
support. Though the Bosch reaction would present a completely closed hydrogen
and oxygen cycle which only produces atomic carbon as waste, difficulties in
maintaining its higher required temperature and properly handling carbon deposits
mean that significantly more research will be required before a Bosch reactor can
become a reality. One problem is that the production of elemental carbon tends to
foul the catalyst's surface, which is detrimental to the reaction's efficiency.

OXYGEN

ASTRODA collects oxygen from lunar soil. Llmenite along with raw lunar soil
and rutile will be extracted from lunar soil, successive heating would separate
hydrogen from the lunar soil at 600 c and it would decompose into a mixture of
iron and rutile iron will melt and leave behind rutile which will decompose into
titanium and 0xygen at 1640 degree. Every 1000g of llmenite can produce 317.88
of oxygen.

GASES FROM MARS

48
Others than the moon mars too will be important for the extraction of gases. The
composition of mars atmosphere .

EXTRACTING OXYGEN

DAVIDS METHOD : Co2 can be decomposed using davis method in which argon
carbon dioxide mixture would be taken in a shock tube and would be heated to
6527 c . shock waves would be passed through the system which would lead to
decaying infrared emissions. Carbon dioxide would be decomposed into carbon
monoxide and oxygen. Carbon monoxide can be later released into martain
atmosphere.

ULTRASONIC ELECTROLYSIS: Ultrasonic sound with a frequency of 42.7 khz

would be passed through heated water making it unstable and dissociate it into O 2
and H2

EXTRACTING NITROGEN

Nitrogen extraction and helium isolation using molecular sieve

Amonia and helium would be separated from meteorite dust and martaian
atmosphere using alumino silicate molecular sieve ewith pore size of 0.3nm. both
of them would be later separated from each other using polysulphone amide
membrane.

SEPERATION OF AMONIA FRM MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE

Ammonia would be separated from air by using alumino silicate molecular sieve
with a pore of 0.3 nm. Ammonium obtained fro martain atmosphere would be
divided up a part of it would be separately pumped into a containment chamber

49
where it would be reserved to transport separately to the agriculture torus. The
ammonia produces nitrogen and hydrogen. These two are separated as distilation

TECNIQUES FOR EXTRACTION OF MULTIPLE GASES

VPSA (Vaccum pressure swing absorption)

DAVIDS METHOD: This method was developed by Ronald D. Davis after a

break through discovery enabled him to overcome

ELECTROLISIS

The energy efficiency of a water electrolysis has been considerably improved

in the presence of a ultrasonic field this was demonstrated by measuring the cell
voltage, efficiency and energy consumption of the generated gas from electrolysis
these measurements were carried out in alkaline solution use in linear sweep
voltammeter and galvanostatic polarization techniques

Large reduction of cell voltage was achieved under the ultrasonic field especially
at high current density low electrolyte concentration with the same current density
the cell voltage difference with and without the ultrasonic field

COMBUSTION OF METHANE

When we say that methane is combustible, it means that it is possible to burn it.
Chemically, this process consists of a reaction between methane and oxygen.
When this reaction takes place, the result is carbon dioxide (CO 2), water (H2O),
and a great deal of energy. Chemists would write the following to represent the
combustion of methane:

CH4[g] + 2 O2[g] -> CO2[g] + 2 H2O[l] + 891 kJ.

50
51
4.1 CONTROLING AND MONITORING

Controlling systems are needed for the proper functioning of our space

Settlement. We can program them to behave in ways we desire.

4.2 SECURITY

We provide through security 24 hours surveillance and this defense includes

detection, prevention and accidental threats.

 ASTRODA finger prints scanning. It is to find and identify the the

authority of our space colony
 ROBOT POLIS
 They are in charge of the maintenance of the rules and regulations of our
colony
 We have AI sensors to keep a colony safe from the approaching space junk.

PREVENTATIVE

 Advanced threat management

 Intrusion prevention system
 Application control
 Infinite web and email analysis
 Command encryption

52
DETECTIVE

 Network threat detection

 Host threat detection
 Disturbed denial of service
management
 Active cooperative intelligence

ACCESS AND AUTHENTICATION

 Identity management
 Multi factor authentication
 Virtue private network
 Network segmentation
 Active password management
 Secure commanding

MANAGEMENT

 Security event management

 Central access management
 Central endpoint management
 Advanced configuration
management

53
4.3 TRANSPORTATION

INTERNAL TRANSPORTATION

To provide very efficient and fast public

transportation we present the Hyperloop
which works in the idea of vacuum with
light speed transportation.

LUXURY

 This is a four wheel vehicle

designed for family purposes
 Luxury will be used by the
residents of ASTRODA for
short movement
 The maximum of 1 people can
board this vehicle
 Maximum speed is 250kmph for
this vehicle

MINIFO

 It is a two wheeled vehicle

designed for 2 members
 The maximum speed limit is 30
KMH

54
CARNIVAL

 It is four wheel drive vehicle

 A maximum number of 8 people
can board this vehicle

EXTERNAL TRANSPORTATION

The Space Transportation System (STS), also known internally to NASA as the

Integrated Program Plan  was a proposed system of reusable manned space
vehicles The purpose of the system was twofold: to reduce the cost of spaceflight
by replacing the current method of launching capsules on expendable rockets with
reusable spacecraft;

 A permanent space station module designed for 6 to 12 occupants, in a 270-

nautical-mile (500 km) low earth orbit and as a permanent lunar orbit station.
 A chemically fueled Earth-to-station shuttle
 A nuclear ferry using the NERVA engine, to move crew, spacecraft and
supplies between low Earth orbit and lunar orbit, geosynchronous orbit, or to
other planets in the solar system.

4.4 COMMUNICATION

55
How does NASA communicate with spacecraft?

ASTRODA Travels through space as radio waves, just like the radio waves that
you receive with a car radio. Spacecraft has a transmitter and a receiver for radio
waves as well as a way of interpreting the information received and acting on it.
Radio waves from a spacecraft need to be received on Earth, and are often quite
weak when they get there. NASA has huge radio receivers to gather information
from space missions. These must be precisely aimed so they can get the waves.
Likewise, NASA must precisely aim transmissions to spacecraft so that these
ships can hear the messages.

Each spacecraft has a transmitter and a receiver for radio waves as well
as a way of interpreting the information received and acting on it. Radio
waves from a spacecraft need to be received on Earth, and are often
quite weak when they get there. NASA has huge radio receivers to
gather information from space missions

COMMUNICATION SATELLITE

Astroda is being placed in such a orbit accepting all the favorable

conditions in space this location has its disadvantages , they are that
Astroda will not be able to communicate with the Earth at all times In
order to ensure a proper communication we are bringing up a
communication network

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AQUILA COMMUNICATION SATELITE

AQUILA the communication satellite which

is placed in a favorable location in between
lunar base and Astroda this satellite helps in
a better communication with earth

4.5 WASTE MANAGEMENT

Waste management are the activities and actions required to manage waste from

its inception to its final disposal . the collection, transport, treatment and disposal
of waste, together with monitoring and regulation of the waste management
process.in our colony waste is disposed through a method of

Waste can be solid, liquid, or gas and each type has different methods of disposal
and management. Waste management deals with all types of waste, including
industrial, biological and household.

WASTE PRODUCED

The waste produced in Astroda is recycled and utilized for agricultural purposes
and

WASTE SEPARATION

Waste will be separated into its various subtypes using following processes

 DRUM SCREENS

57
  EDDY CURRENT SEPARATOR
 INDUCTION SORTING
 NEAR INFRARED SENSORS
 X-RAY TECHNOLOGY

This will separated the waste into liquid and solid categories.

ORAGANIC WASTE AND HUMAN WASTE

 Human waste would be recycled by the process separation of the waste

water and solid waste

 Then the liquid waste will be sent to the fertilizer processor facility where it
will be treated to obtain fertilizer processor facility where it will be treated
to obtain fertilizers sent further to the agriculture torus.
 The liquid is processed then the solid will be sent to the bioreactor where
the solid waste is composted and sent to the agriculture torus.
 Organic waste is sent to the agriculture tubs where the waste is
composted through various methods like vermi-composting and ordinary
composting using saw dust

WAYS TO RECYCLE PLASTIC:

58
  Plasma process: in this process plastics are heated in high
temperature so that it recovers in re-usable which is moulded to
desired shapes.
 Liquid fuel: left over polymer will be used as a power supply to the
ASTRODA peoples

E –WASTE

 e-waste is derived from the used electronic articles.

 Electronic articles will be sent to the PCB e-waste recycling machine
which crushes all the materials and uses technologies like eddy
currents,screens,magnestism
 Metals like aluminium, steel, copper,chrome, iron, etc.
 These are recycled using y81-1350 hydraulic metal recycling
machine

4.6 ROBOTICS:

 robot is defined as a self-controlled device consisting of electronic, electrical or

mechanical units that can function in place of a living agent.

Robots play a vital role in ASTRODA exploring the hostile environment of outer
space. Besides the Earth, the Moon is the only celestial body that humans have
stepped on. However, advancements in research are making it possible for robotic
missions to reach space faster and gather more information than humans. Robots
don’t get tired, can operate in airless environment and do not get bored or
distracted, making them superior to humans in a lot of ways.

59
Space robots are of various sizes and shapes, which include robot arms, the Space
Shuttle Remote Manipulator System; rovers - Sojourner; landers - Mars
Pathfinder; atmospheric probes - Huygens Titan probe; orbiters - Galileo; and
planetary flyby probes - Voyagers 1 and 2.

In general, all space robots have the same components that include a power
supply, controller, actuators, sensors and radio communication unit. These sensors
collect information about the robot and its environment, the controller processes
the information and control instructions, and transmits the command signals to the
actuators. The actuators in turn convert the signals and execute the operation.

Autonomous robots are operated independently as the long transmission ranges of

radio waves prevent the remote control of such robots in real-time. Rovers that
encounter craters, cliffs, rocks and other dangers are operated based on this
concept.

Types of Space Robots :

 Remotely operated vehicles (ROV)
 remote manipulator system (RMS)

are the two major types of space robots.

A typical ROV can be a rover moving over the terrain upon landing, a lander
operated from a stationary point and is in contact with an extra-terrestrial plain or
an unmanned spacecraft. Besides being used by space researchers for terrain
exploration in space, ROVs are used by bomb squads to detect potentially
hazardous materials, in nuclear facilities and subsea.

60
RMS is the most common robotic device used in industry and manufacturing. It is
more like a robotic arm that recreates various movements of the human arm
including up-and-down, side-to-side and 360 degree circular motion. It can be
either computer-operated or manually controlled.

So far, RMS has performed various functions on NASA space missions, by acting
as a positioning and anchoring device, remote assembly device and grappler.

History of Unmanned Space Robots

Robotic spacecrafts are mainly used for space exploration activities taking place
where the distance and hostility deems the mission too unsafe to send humans.
From 1966 to 1968, a series of Surveyor spacecraft were sent to the Moon.

The surveyors triggered by remote control signals sent a number of images back
to Earth and analyzed solid samples collected using an extendible claw. The US
then planned its manned Apollo Moon missions based on this information.

The first mobile robot to investigate an extra-terrestrial region was the Soviet
Lunokhod 1 lunar rover. This rover landed in the surface of Moon in 1970, and it
was remote-controlled by the Soviet Technologists. One of the important
functions of this robot was its ability to autonomously detect an event of turnover
and stop and wait until it received signal from the Scientists.

ROBOTICS IN ASTRODA

 recreational and entertainment

robots are used to create a environment manipulating animal life in space

 in agricultural field

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 agriculture is not totally possible by humans in space ,humans can be
replaced with robots to

 personal health assistance

regular checks of health through

this robot they understand all human feelings and help improving the
condition

 security and safety

guard robots helping in maintaining the rules and regulations of the olony

 manipulating ai human life after death

stored emotions of humans

 research labs

advancement in technology

 construction

space construction is not possible by humans only

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 transportation

automated driving in space is done by robots

63
64
5.1 DEMOGRAPHY

ASTRODA focuses on life support and research in space for about 10000 people
will be transported from earth to Astroda ranging between just few months to 65
years.

DEMOGRAPHICAL FEATURES

ASTRODA will have large population. The citizen above 60 would be

considered as old people. As children in future will be trained physically as well
as mentally and socially that they are productive in future. Schools will be readily
available of this job .

Demography meaning the people graphy meaning writing. Demography is about

the structure and distribution of the population

It changes them in response to birth, migration age and death it can analyze any
kind of dynamic living population demography can cover whole society or group
defined by criteria such as education nationality religion ethnicity

Education field treats demography as an sociology

Though we have number of demographic independent department based on

demography the Earths population up to 2050-2100 can be estimated by
demographers. Social demographers relate about the relation between the social
culture. Biological process influencing population

65
DEMOGRAPHY IN SPACE

The aim of this study was to discus the for using the change in the probability of
space occupancy as a measure of ecological success in plant population biology
this will be done by demonstrating how the change in the probability of space
occupancy depends on the proceses of colonization and survival and
demonstrating how colonization and survival probability may be estimated from
repeated pin point recording at the same pin position further more it will be
demonstrated how to calculate the sensitivity and elasticity of the change in the
probability of space occupancy to colonization and survival probability

5.2 CONSTITUTION
Right against exploitation
The constitution of our settlement will follow
the system of democracy and equality. Every Right to liberty
person on ASTRODA shall be granted
Right to property
obligatory privileges, which will protect and
serve each person’s equality and self-respect. Right to freedom of thought
The following shows the obligatory privileges Right to freedom of religion
granted to every person.
Right to liberty
Constitution is an fundamental principle that
lead the legal basis of polity organization or other type of entity and commonly
determined how that entity is legal document these documents may be said to
everybody a written constitution if they are written constitution if they are written
down in single comprehensive document it is said to every body who defied
constitution some are uncodified but written in numerous fundamental acts of
legistrative court , treatment constitution concern different level of organization

66
from sorveign countries to company and un incorporated associations. A treaty
which established an international organization is also its constitution .

PREAMBLE The preamble of Astroda provides foundation of its constitution.

The preamble of Astroda is being provided with all basic requirements and oath
that every citizen on Astroda shall follow.

PREAMBLE
With determination to build a social and democratic settlement based
on the rules of laws,

To build a nation with obligatory pricileges available to every person,

With protection for human in ASTRODA

For the wellbeing of ASTRODA

To never indulge in any criminal activities that may harm the beautiful
environment of ASTRODA

For PEACE, well-being with a unity of deep sense, harmony and

cooperation, are among highest values of humanity.

We establish this constitution for a better, prosperous and worthy

country.

67
We establish this constitution for a better , prosperous and worthy
country

We the citizens of ASTRODA go by the rules and pledge not to

disobey the

5.2 LAW AND ORDER

All the citizens are equally important. Law is important for all the citizen which
serves rights to the people.

It provides proper guide lines and order upon the behavior for all citizen and to
sustain the equality.

ASTRODAS constitution consists of some basic rules and regulations which are
to be followed by all the citizens of Astroda

5.3 POLITICAL SYSTEM

A political science a political system defines the process for making an official
government decision.

ASTRODA will have government based on universal adult franchise.

Sovereignty will ultimately reside with the people

It is usually compared to the legal system economic system culture system and
other social system. However this is a very simplified view of a much more
complex system of a categories involving the questions of who should have
authority and what the government influence on its people and economy should.

SOCIOLOGY

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AUTHORITARIANISM:

In authoritarian governments the people have no power or representation and it is

characterized by absoulute or blind obedience to formal authority, against
individual freedom and related to expectation of unquestioning obedience. The
elite leaders handle all economic, military, and foreign ralations . a prime example
of authoritarianism is a dictorship.

Tolaritarinism is the most extreme form of authoritarianism because it controls all

aspects of life including between communication citizens, media censorship, and
threatens by means of terror

MONARCHY

A monarchy is a government controlled by a king or queen determined by a

predisposed line of sovereingnty. In other words it can be seen as a undivided rule
or absolute sovereignty by asingle person. In modern world there a two types of
monarchys

There are:

 ABSOLUTE MONARCHY
 CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

An absolute monarchy works like a dictiorship in the king complete rule over his
country. A constitutional monarchy gives the royal family limted powers and
usually works in accordance with an elected body of officials.

DEMOCRACY

A democracy is a form of government in which the citizens create and vote for
laws directly or indirectly via representatives. The idea of democracy stems back

69
from ancient Greece and the profound works of ancient academics. However the
presence of democracy does not always means citizens wishes will be equally
represented for example in many democratic countries immigrants, and racial and
ethnic minorities do not receive the same rights as the majorities receives.

JUDICIARY

The judiciary in ASTRODA will be termed as JC JUDICIARY COUNCEL .

There will be a single court in ASTRODA which will not be influenced by any
other part of the government. The judiciary in ASTRODA will be independent
and more powerful than legislative and the executive council. The judiciary will
decide whether a convicted person is guilty or not. The judiciary will consist of 7
judges who will be given the positions on the basis of their ranks in the JC
examination. The minimum age of giving this examination is 35 years and these
judges will retire at the age of 48. The judges will serve tenure of 4 years in the
court. When a person will clear this exam and will have a high rank, he/she will
be appointed as a judge in the court but when their tenure ends after 4 years; the
person shall be once again allowed to give the examination till he/she reaches the
age of 48 years. Once the person reaches the age of retirement 48 then he cannot
become the judge and he/she shall retire at the age of 48 and then retire in the
middle of their tenure.

The judiciary of ASTRODA shall resolve the conflicts and shall provide justice to
the people:

5.4 EMPLOYMENT OPPURTUNITIES

Employment is a relationship between two parties usually based on a contract

where work is paid for where one party which may be corporative for  for
profit, not-for-profit organization, co-operative or other entity is the employer and

70
the other is the employee.[1] Employees work in return for payment, which may be
in the form of an hourly wage, by piecework or an annual salary, depending on
the type of work an employee does or which sector they are working in.
Employees in some fields or sectors may receive gratuities, bonus
payment or stock options. In some types of employment, employees may receive
benefits in addition to payment. Benefits can include health
insurance, housing, disability insurance or use of a gym. Employment is typically
governed by employment laws, organisation or legal contracts.

EMPLOYEE AND EMPLOYER

An employee contributes labor and expertise to an endeavor of an employer or of

a person conducting a business or undertaking (PCB) [2] and is usually hired to
perform specific duties which are packaged into a job. In a corporate context, an
employee is a person who is hired to provide services to a company on a regular
basis in exchange for compensation and who does not provide these services as
part of an independent business

TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT

Training and development refers to the employer's effort to equip a newly hired

employee with necessary skills to perform at the job, and to help the employee
grow within the organization. An appropriate level of training and development
helps to improve employee's job satisfaction.

EMPLOYER BENIFITS

Employee benefits are various non-wage compensation provided to employee in

addition to their wages or salaries. The benefits can include: housing (employer-
provided or employer-paid), group insurance (health, dental, life etc.), disability
income protection, retirement benefits, daycare, tuition reimbursement, sick leave,

71
vacation (paid and non-paid), social security, profit sharing, funding of education,
and other specialized benefits. In some cases, such as with workers employed in
remote or isolated regions, the benefits may include meals. Employee benefits can
improve the relationship between employee and employer and lowers staff
turnover.

5.5 EDUCATION SYSTEM

s a division within a university that is devoted to scholarship in the field

of education, which is an interdisciplinary branch of the social
sciences encompassing sociology, psychology, linguistics, economics, political
science, public policy, history, and others, all applied to the topic
of elementary, secondary, and post-secondary education. The U.S. has 1,206
schools, colleges and departments of education and they exist in 78% of all
universities and colleges. According to the National Center for Education
Statistics, 176,572 individuals were conferred master's degrees in education by
degree-granting institutions in the United States in 2006–2007. The number of
master's degrees conferred has grown immensely since the 1990s and accounts for
one of the discipline areas that awards the highest number of master's degrees in
the United States. [2]

ASTRODA would have top class teaching facilities. Children will be taught with
best-in-class teachers while also maintaining their physical health. By training
those in the outer space

environment along with Earth like recreation and environment could nurture a
better yield of children leading to a brighter future.

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5.6 HEALTH CARE

Health care, health-care, or healthcare is the maintenance or improvement

of health via the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, illness, injury,
and other physical and mental impairments in people. Health care is delivered
by health professionals in allied health fields. Physicians and physician associates
are the part of these health professionals.

Dentistry, pharmacy, midwifery, nursing, medicine, optometry, audiology, psycho
logy, occupational therapy, physical therapy and other health professions are all
part of health care. It includes work done in providing primary care, secondary
care, and tertiary care, as well as in public health. Health care systems are
organizations established to meet the health needs of targeted populations.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a well-functioning health
care system requires a financing mechanism, a well-trained and adequately
paid workforce, reliable information on which to base decisions and policies, and
well maintained health facilities to deliver quality medicines and technologies.

An efficient health care system can contribute to a significant part of a

country's economy, development and industrialization. Health care is
conventionally regarded as an important determinant in promoting the
general physical and mental health and well-being of people around the world. An
example of this was the worldwide eradication of smallpox in 1980, declared by
the WHO as the first disease in human history to be completely eliminated by
deliberate health care interventions.

73
HEALTH CARE INDUSTRY

The health care industry incorporates several sectors that are dedicated to

providing health care services and products. As a basic framework for defining
the sector, the United Nations' International Standard Industrial
Classification categorizes health care as generally consisting of hospital activities,
medical and dental practice activities, and "other human health activities." The
last class involves activities of, or under the supervision of, nurses, midwives,
physiotherapists, scientific or diagnostic laboratories, pathology clinics,
residential health facilities, patient advocates or other allied health professions.

In addition, according to industry and market classifications, such as the Global

Industry Classification Standard and the Industry Classification Benchmark,
health care includes many categories of medical equipment, instruments and
services including biotechnology, diagnostic laboratories and substances, drug
manufacturing and delivery.

For example, pharmaceuticals and other medical devices are the leading high
technology exports of Europe and the United States. The United States dominates
the biopharmaceutical field, accounting for three-quarters of the world's
biotechnology revenues.

5.7 RECREATION AND ENTERTAINMENT

Entertainment is a form of activity that holds the attention and interest of

an audience or gives pleasure and delight. It can be an idea or a task, but is more
likely to be one of the activities or events that have developed over thousands of
years specifically for the purpose of keeping an audience's attention. [1] Although

74
people's attention is held by different things, because individuals have different
preferences in entertainment, most forms are recognisable and
familiar. Storytelling, music, drama, dance, and different kinds
of performance exist in all cultures, were supported in royal courts, developed
into sophisticated forms and over time became available to all citizens. The
process has been accelerated in modern times by an entertainment industry that
records and sells entertainment products. Entertainment evolves and can be
adapted to suit any scale, ranging from an individual who chooses a private
entertainment from a now enormous array of pre-recorded products; to
a banquet adapted for two; to any size or type of party, with appropriate music
and dance; to performances intended for thousands; and even for a global
audience.

The experience of being entertained has come to be strongly associated

with amusement, so that one common understanding of the idea is fun and
laughter, although many entertainments have a serious purpose. This may be the
case in the various forms of ceremony, celebration, religious festival, or satire for
example. Hence, there is the possibility that what appears as entertainment may
also be a means of achieving insight or intellectual growth.

An important aspect of entertainment is the audience, which turns a

private recreation or leisure activity into entertainment. The audience may have a
passive role, as in the case of persons watching a play, opera, television show,
or film; or the audience role may be active, as in the case of games, where the
participant/audience roles may be routinely reversed. Entertainment can be public
or private, involving formal, scripted performance, as in the case
of theatre or concerts; or unscripted and spontaneous, as in the case of children's
games. Most forms of entertainment have persisted over many centuries, evolving

75
due to changes in culture, technology, and fashion for example with stage magic.
Films and video games, for example, although they use newer media, continue
to tell stories, present drama, and play music. Festivals devoted to music, film,
or dance allow audiences to be entertained over a number of consecutive days.

Some entertainment, such as public executions, are now illegal in most countries.
Activities such as fencing or archery, once used in hunting or war, have
become spectator sports. In the same way, other activities, such as cooking, have
developed into performances among professionals, staged as global competitions
and then broadcast for entertainment. What is entertainment for one group or
individual may be regarded as work or an act of cruelty by another.

The familiar forms of entertainment have the capacity to cross over different
media and have demonstrated a seemingly unlimited potential for creative remix.
This has ensured the continuity and longevity of many themes, images, and
structures.

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77
6.1 REVENUE MAKING

INDUSTRIES

An industry is a sector that produces goods or related services within

an economy. The major source of revenue of a group or company is an indicator
of what industry it should be classified in.When a large corporate group has
multiple sources of revenue generation, it is considered to be working in different
industries. The manufacturing industry became a key sector of production and
labour in European and North American countries during the Industrial
Revolution, upsetting previous mercantile and feudal economies. This came
through many successive rapid advances in technology, such as the development
of steam power and the production of steel and coal.

Following the Industrial Revolution, possibly a third of the economic output came
from manufacturing industries. Many developed countries and many
developing/semi-developed countries (China, India etc.) depend significantly on
manufacturing industry.

6.2 DEVOLPMENT

The Industrial Revolution led to the development of factories for large-scale

production with consequent changes in society. Originally the factories were
steam-powered, but later transitioned to electricity once an electrical grid was
developed. The mechanized assembly line was introduced to assemble parts in a
repeatable fashion, with individual workers performing specific steps during the
process. This led to significant increases in efficiency, lowering the cost of the
end process. Later automation was increasingly used to replace human operators.
This process has accelerated with the development of the computer and the robot.

78
The Industrial Revolution led to the development of factories for large-scale
production with consequent changes in society. Originally the factories were
steam-powered, but later transitioned to electricity once an electrical grid was
developed. The mechanized assembly line was introduced to assemble parts in a
repeatable fashion, with individual workers performing specific steps during the
process. This led to significant increases in efficiency, lowering the cost of the
end process. Later automation was increasingly used to replace human operators.
This process has accelerated with the development of the computer and the robot.

6.3INDUSTRIAL LABOUR

In an industrial society, industry employs a major part of the population. This

occurs typically in the manufacturing sector. A labour union is an organization of
workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as
wages, hours, and other working conditions. The trade union, through its
leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members (rank and
file members) and negotiates labour contracts with employers.
This movement first rose among industrial workers.

6.4 BUISNESS

The main business of Astroda is importing and exporting the minerals mined
through t RAPITOR in the lunar base the research done in space
The main income is the mining in the lunar base

FINANCE

Finance is a field that deals with the study of investments. It includes the
dynamics of assets and liabilities over time under conditions of different degrees
of uncertainty and risk. Finance can also be defined as the science of money

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management. Finance aims to price assets based on their risk level and their
expected rate of return. Finance can be broken into three different sub
categories: public finance, corporate finance, and personal finance.

MANUFACTURING

Manufacturing is the production of merchandise for use or sale

using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or
formulation. The term may refer to a range of human activity,
from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied
to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished
goods on a large scale.

Marketing

Marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association as "the activity, set

of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and
exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society
at large." The term developed from the original meaning which referred literally
to going to a market to buy or sell goods or services. Marketing tactics
include advertising as well as determining product pricing.

With the rise in technology, marketing is further divided into a class called digital
marketing. It is marketing products and services using digital technologies.

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6.5 RESEARCH AND DEVOLEPMENT

g money by producing or buying and selling products (such as goods and

services). Simply put, it is "any activity or enterprise entered into for profit. It
does not mean it is a company, a corporation, partnership, or have any such
formal organization, but it can range from a street peddler to General Motors."

Having a business name does not separate the business entity from the owner,
which means that the owner of the business is responsible and liable for debts
incurred by the business. If the business acquires debts, the creditors can go after
the owner's personal possessions. A business structure does not allow for
corporate tax rates. The proprietor is personally taxed on all income from the
business.

The term is also often used colloquially (but not by lawyers or by public officials)
to refer to a company. A company, on the other hand, is a separate legal entity and
provides for limited liability, as well as corporate tax rates. A company structure
is more complicated and expensive to set up, but offers more protection and
benefits for the owner.

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COST AND
SCHEDULE

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 Operations and infrastructure units Cost ($)

radiation protection units 100 $5,58,106

Luxury 25 $21,65,335
Hyperloop 5 $5,52,47,782
elevators 20 $12, 32445
Industries 2 $1,52,10,00,112
Glass solar panels 25 $ 9,91,000
smart glass 10 $ 49, 48,000
Research labs 3 $12, 10,226
Electric sidewalk 30 $1,99,112
Electric cars 25 $21,34,56,

Total cost 145 $1,587,207,468 USD

Structural components units cost

Docking stations 2 $ 12,522,113
Torus (inner) 1 $ 150,792,000
Torus (outer) 1 $ 9,252,750,007
Spoke type A 4 $ 50,202,019
Spoke type B 4 $ 55,213,011
Central sphere 1 $ 87,509,320
Central cylinder 1 $ 108,550,000
Small spheres 2 $ 912,231
Radiation unit ring 2 $ 10,23,0051

Total cost 13 $ 9,252,750,007 USD

Internal infrastructure
storage 10 $ 327,067.5
Water storage 10 $ 1,948,140

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Multispecialty hospitals 5 $ 1,231,523
electric Crimitorium 2 $ 500,000
Holy places 20 $ 25,000

Total cost 47 $ 4,031,730.5 USD

Recreational facility
Spacex 0 G gym 2 $ 50,000,000
Gaming zones 2 $ 1,332,000
Parks 5 $ 690,000
Space racing 1 $ 30,296,000
Multifunctional stadium 1 $ 45,330,000
Malls 2 $ 10,112,000
Multifunctional courts 5 $ 5,520,000
Hologram 2 $ 1,104,000

Total cost 20 $ 144,384,000 USD

BIBILIOGRAPHY
1. www.wikipedia.org
2. www.nasa.gov
3. www.robotics.org
4. www.shutterstock.com
5. www.lunarpedia.com
6. www.pintrest.com
7. www.waste360.com
8. www.robotics.org
9. www.quora.com
10.www.isro.gov.in

APPS

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1. Picsart
2. Paint 3d
3. Paint
4. Gimp
5. Adobe photoshop express

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