TH E

I M P E R I AL G A Z ETT E E R

OF I N D I A

VOL XXH
.

SA M A D H I A L A TO S I N G H AN A

N EW ED ITION

P U BL I SH ED U N DER T H E AU T H O R IT Y O F H I S M A JES T Y S
SE C RE T A R Y O F S T A T E F O R I N D I A I N C OU N C I L

OX FORD

AT THE C LA R E N D O N P R E SS

1 08
9
 H EN R Y F R O W D E , M A
I I
. .

P UBL SH E R T O T H E UN I V E R S T Y O F OX F O R D

LON D O N ED IN U R HB G

T O R O NT O
,

N EW Y ORK AN D
 I N T R O D UC T O R Y N OT E S

N OT E S ON T RA N SLI T E R A T I O N

Vo w el- S011mi:

has th e sou nd o f a i n ‘
woman ’

‘
.

h as t h e sou nd o f a i n a r f th e
’

‘
.

has t h e vowel sou n d i n grey

-
’

‘
.

'
’
has th e sou n d o f z i n p in
‘
.

t h e sou n d o f z i n p olic e
'
’
has
‘
.

has t h e sou nd o f o i n bone ’

‘
.

has t h e sou nd of u i n bull ’

‘
.

has t h e sou nd o f u in fl ute ’

‘
.

has th e vowel sou n d in min e-

’

‘
.

has t h e vowel so u nd i n house

-
.
’

I t shoul d be s t a t ed t h at no atte mp t has bee n m ad e t o d is t ingu is h

b et w ee n th e long and s h or t sou nds o f e an d o i n t h e D ravidian
,
‘
languages wh ich possess th e vowe l sou n ds in b e t an d h o t i n ‘ -
’ ’

addi tion t o those given above N o r has i t b ee n t hough t necessary .

t o mark vowels as long i n cases w h e re m i s t akes i n pronu nciat ion

'

were no t l ikely to be made .

Cm o ommts

Mos t I n d ian languages have di ff erent form s for a n u m ber of con

sonants such as d t r & c m arked i n scient i fic works by t h e u s e
, , , , .
,

o f do t s o r i t al ics A s th e E uropean ear dist ingu ishes these w it h

.

d i fficulty i n ord inary pronu ncia t ion i t has been consi dered u n de sir ,

able to embarrass the reader w i th th em ; an d only t wo no t es are

requ ired I n th e firs t p lace th e Arabic is a strong gu tt ural has
.
, , ,

been represen t ed by if i nstead o f g wh ich is ofte n used Secondly ,

.
,

i t shou ld be remarked that asp irated consonants are com mon ; and ,

i n part icular alz and 111 (ex cept i n B urma ) n ever h ave th e sou nd o f
’

‘ ‘
,

M i n th is o r t h in bu t shou l d be pronou nced as i n woodhouse

’

‘
and boath ook .
’
,
 N O TE S
Burme se W om s
'
’

Burmese and som e of th e languages on t he front ier of Ch i na h ave

th e followi ng special sou nds
aw has th e vowel sou nd i n -
‘
law .
’

(5 and ii are pronounced as i n G erman

‘
.

i s pronou nced al mos t l ik e j i n jewel ’

g y
‘
.

’
k y is pronou nced al most l ike ( 11 i n ch u rch
‘
.

t h is pronou nced i n some cases a s i n th is in som e cases as i n ’

‘
,

th in
.
’

w after a consonan t has t h e force of u m Th us y w a and [ we e r

,

are d isyllables pronou nced as i f wri t t en y u w a an d p u zzle

,
.

I t sh oul d also be noted that wh ereas i n I nd ian words th e accen t

,

o r stress i s d istribu ted al most equal ly on each syllabl e i n Bu rmes e ,

there is a tendency t o th row special stress on the las t syllabl e .

Ge neral
Th e nam es of som e places — e g Calcu t ta B om bay Lu cknow . .
, ,

Cawnpore —h ave obtained a pop ular fi x ity o f spelling wh ile special

,

form s have been o fficially prescribed fo r oth ers Nam es o f persons .

are often spel t and pronou nced di fferen t ly i n different par t s o f I ndia

bu t th e v ariatio ns h ave been made as few as possibl e by assi m ila t ing

‘

form s al most al ike especially where a parti cular spell ing has been
,

generall y adopted in E ngl ish books .

N O TE S O N M ON EY, PRI CES W , E I G H T S AN D M E A SUR E S

As th e currency Of I ndia is based upon th e rupee al l sta t em en t s ,

w i th regard to m oney t h rough ou t t h e Gaz etleer h ave necessarily been

expressed in ru pees nor has i t been fou n d possible t o add generally
,

a conversion i nto sterl ing Down t o abou t 1 8 7 3 th e gold valu e o f

.

th e ru pee (contain ing 1 6 5 grains Of pure si lver ) was approx im ately

equal to o r one tenth o f a 55 5 and for that period i t i s easy to
-

convert ru pees i nto sterling by striking O ff th e fi nal cipher (R s .

B ut after 1 8 7 3 Owing to th e depreciat ion of si lver as

,

com pared with gol d throughou t the world t here cam e a serious and ,

progressive fal l in the exchange u nti l at o n e ti m e t he gol d valu e o f

,

th e rupee dropped as low as m I n order to p rov ide a re m edy for

.

the h eavy loss caused to th e Governm ent of I ndia i n respec t o f i ts

gol d payments to be made in E ngland and also to rel ieve foreign ,

t rade and finance from th e inconven ience d u e to cons t an t and

u nforeseen fl uctuat ions i n exchange i t w as resolved i n 1 8 9 3 to close
,

the m i nt s to th e free coinage of si lver and th u s force up th e val u e o f

,

th e ru pee by restricting th e circulat ion Th e intention was to raise .

 L VTR OD UC T OR
’
Y N O TES
th e exchange val ue o f th e ru pee t o rs 4 d and th en i nt roduce a gold . .
,

standard ( though no t necessari ly a gold cu rrency ) at th e rate of R s 1 5 .

£1 . Th is policy has been com ple tely s uccessful Fro m 1 8 9 9 o n .

w ards t he value o f t he rupee has bee n mai ntai ned w i th i ns ign i fican t ,

fl uctuat ions at the proposed rate of 1 5 4 d and consequently si nce

,
. .

t h at date t hree rupees have been equ ivalen t t o two rupees before 1 8 7 3 .

For th e i nterm ediate peri od bet w ee n 1 8 7 3 an d 1 8 99 i t is man ifestl y

, ,

i mposs ible to adop t any fixed sterl ing val ue for a constantly changing
rupee B ut s ince 1 8 9 9 i f it i s desired to convert rupees i nto s terli ng
.
, ,

not only m ust th e fi nal cipher be struck o ff (as before bu t

also one th ird m ust be subtracted fro m th e resu l t Th u s R s
-
. .

£ 1 00 (abou t ) £ 6 7 .

A not her m atter i n connexion with t h e express ion of m oney state

m en t s i n term s o f rupees requi res to be explained T he m ethod of .

n u merical notation i n I ndia d iffers fro m that wh ich prevai ls through

o u t E u rope Large n u mbers are not pu nctua t ed i n h u ndreds of t ho u
.

san ds and m il lions b u t i n lak hs an d crores A lak h is on e h u ndred

, .

t housan d (w ritten o u t as and a crore is o n e h u ndred lakh s

or ten m illion s (wr i tte n o ut as Consequ ently accord ,

i ng to t h e exchange valu e o f th e rupee a lakh of ru pees (R s , .

may be read as t h e equ ivalent o f before 1 8 7 3 an d as th e ,

equ ivalen t of (abou t ) after 1 8 9 9 wh ile a crore of rupees

( sR. may si m ilarly be read as t he equ ivalen t o f
before 1 8 7 3 and as the equ ivalent of (about )
,

after 1 8 99 .

Fi nal ly i t shou l d b e m en tioned t hat t h e rupee is d ivi ded i n to

,

1 6 an nas a fract ion com m only used for many p urposes by bot h
,

nat ives an d E uropeans T he an na was form erly reckoned as

.

i t may n ow be considered as exactly correspond ing t o 1 d Th e .

a nna is again s u bd ivided i nto 1 2 p ies .

Th e various syste ms of w eigh t s used i n I n d ia co m bi ne u n ifor m i ty

of scale with i m m ense variations i n th e w eigh t o f u n its Th e scal e .

u sed generally th roughou t Northern I nd ia and less co m m only i n ,

Madras an d Bo mbay may be th u s expressed on e m au n d

, 4 0 seers z :

o n e seer 1 6 c h ittak s or 8 0 tolas Th e actual weigh t of a seer .

varies greatly fro m D istrict to D istrict and even fro m v i llage to ,

village ; bu t in t h e standard system th e tola is 1 8 0 grai ns Troy

(th e exact weigh t o f th e ru pee ) and t h e seer th u s weigh s 2 0 5 7 lb
, .
,

and th e m au nd lb Th is standard is used in Offi c ial repo rts

.

and th rough ou t th e Gaz et/eer .

For calculating retai l p rices th e u niversal cu sto m i n I ndia i s to

,

express t he m i n term s of seers to t he ru pee Th u s w h en prices .

,

change wh at varies is n ot the amou n t of m oney to b e paid for th e

,
 I N TR OD UC TOA
’
Y N O TE S
sam e q uan t i t y bu t t h e quan t i t y to be ob t ai ned for th e sam e am ou n t
,

o f m oney I n oth er words pri ces i n I nd ia are qu an ti ty prices no t

.
, ,

m oney prices W hen th e figu re o f quant ity goes u p th is o f cou rse

.
,

m eans t h at th e price has gone down wh ich i s at first sigh t perplexing

,

to an E ngl ish reader I t m ay h owever be menti oned th at qu antity

.
, ,

prices are no t al together u nknown i n E ngland especially at s mal l ,

shops where pennyworth s of m any groceries can b e bough t E ggs

,
.
,

l ikewise are com monly sol d a t a varying n u m ber for th e sh ill ing
,
.

I f i t be desi red to conver t quanti ty pri ces fro m I nd ian in t o E ngl ish
denom inat ions withou t h aving recou rse to money prices (w h ich would
often be m isleadi ng ) th e followi ng scale m ay be adopted — based
,

u pon th e assu mptions that a seer is exac t ly 2 1b an d that th e va lu e .

,

of th e rupee remains constan t at 1 s 4 d 1 seer per rupee

. .
(abou t )
3 lb for 2 32 ; 2 seers per rupe e
.
(abou t ) 6 lb for and so o n
. .

Th e nam e of th e u n it for squ are m easurem en t i n I n dia general ly

is t h e ézg /za wh ich varies greatly i n d i fferen t parts o f the coun try
'

.
,

B u t areas h ave always been expressed through ou t th e Gaz elfeer eithe r

i n square m iles or i n acres .
 I M P E R IA L GA Z E T T E E R

OF I N D IA

V O LU M E XXII

S a m a d h iala — Pe tt y State i n K AT H I AW AR B o m bay

—
, .

S a m a d h iala (C h ab h aria) Petty S tate i n K AT H I AW AR Bom bay ,

.

S a madh ié la (C h aran ) P c tty Sta t e i n K AT H I AW AR B o m bay

-

S a m a g ut in g —
.
,

V illage o n th e lo w er slopes of th e N ag a H ills

.

D istrict E as t ern B engal and Assam si tu ated i n

,
N an d 93 4 7 E
, .
° ’
.

I t was occu p ied i n 1 866 by Lieu tenan t G regory i n th e h Op e that an ,

outpos t i n th e h i lls woul d pu t a stop to N ags raids and rem ained t h e .

,

h ead quar t ers of t h e N ags H ills D istric t t il l 1 8 7 8 w h en i t was aban

-
,

do n e d i n favou r o f K O H I M A w h ich is s i t ua t ed i n the centre o f th e

,

A ng a m i cou n t ry .

S am a lk o t — Town i n th e Cocan a da ti ly /e of G o
’
d a vari D is t rict Madras situ a t ed i n 1 7 3 N an d 8 2 1 0 E 7 m iles
, ,
°
.
° ’
.
,

north o f Cocan a da on t h e mai n line o f th e E as t Coas t R ailway

, ,

3 9 1 m iles fro m Madras ci ty an d o n th e S a m alko t canal ,

S a malko t .

is a rapidly grow i n g town i n th e Pith apu ram esta t e Th e popul at ion .

i n 1 9 0 1 w as com pared wi th i n 1 88 1 A sugar refinery .

and d isti llery em ploying 5 2 0 hands daily was opened h ere i n 1 8 99

, , .

A G overn m en t ex peri men tal agricu lt u ral farm has also been star t ed .

S amalkot w as formerl y a m ili tary s t ation bu t was abandoned i n 1 86 9 , .

T roops w ere agai n stationed h ere fro m 1 8 7 9 to 1 8 9 3 .

S am ari a R a n g e —A rugged range of h ills i n th e North W es t

.
-

° ’
F ron tier Prov ince ru nn ing eas t an d wes t abou t 3 3 3 4 N and be tween
, .

° ’ ° ’
7 0 5 6 an d 7 1 5 1 E an d separating th e M ir an z ai val ley i n th e Tha l
.
,

su bd ivision o f K oh at Distric t fro m th e K h ank i valley o f T ir a h Th e .

range has an elevation o f to fee t ; and i ts cres t is h eld

by a l i ne of for t s i nclu di n g F O R T LO C K H A R T SAR AGAR H I an d For t
, , ,

C avagn ari or G ulist a n

S amari a —T ow n i n t h e Bhaw a nigarh f a b ril K armgarh m z é ma f
.

, ,

Pati ala Sta t e Pu njab situate d i n 3 0 9 N and 7 6 1 5 E 1 7 m i les

, ,
° ’
.
° ’
.
,

sou th wes t of Pati ala town w i th w h ich i t i s con nected by a m e talled

-
,

road Populat ion

. I t is a w el l —bu il t town w i th m an y ,

handsom e hou ses Sam a na is a place of consi derable an t iq u i ty an d

.
,
 SA rll / I JV/ I

t rad i tion ascri bes i ts fou ndat ion to the fugi tives of th e S am an id dynasty
o f Persia on th e si te o f a sti ll older N aranj an Kh era o r R a t angarh
,
.

Frequ ently m en tion ed i n th e M uh am madan h i storians as a fi e f of

D el h i i t su rrendered w i th Sarsuti K u h ram and H ansi to M u ham mad
, , , , ,

o f G hor after h is defeat of P rith w i R aj i n 1 1 9 2 an d becam e an apanage ,

of K u tb u d din A ibak Under M u ham m ad bin T ugh lak w e read t hat

- - .

th e tribes rou nd Sam a ri a driven to despai r by h is exact ions fl ed to , ,

th e woods B u t u nder th e b e n e fi c e n t rule of F iro z Sh a h I I I t h e trac t

.

recovered i ts prosperity and becam e t he scene o f i mportan t events i n ,

s ubsequen t reigns U nder Jah a ngir i t possessed a th rivi ng colony o f

.

w eavers wh o suppl ied th e e mperor wi th fi ne cloth an d w hose deseen ,

dants st il l o w n part o f th e t own 1

Banda Bair agi sacked th e place i n .

1 708 . I t has n ow few m anu factures bu t contains an A nglo vernacular ,

-

m iddle sch ool a pol ice stat ion and a dispen sary
, ,
.

S am ara — Old na me o f th e j am es a b a d i i/ak a o f T har an d P a rkar i

D istrict S ind B ombay See JA M ES ABAD

, ,
. .

S a m as tip u r S ub div is io n — Sou th ern subd ivisio n of Darbhang a .

’ ° ’ °
D istri ct Bengal lyi ng be t w een 2 5 2 8 and 2 6 5 N an d 8 5 3 1 and
, ,
° ’
.

8 6 1 E w i th an area of 7 7 8 square m iles Th e popu lation rose fro m

° ’
. .
,

i n 1 8 9 1 to i n 1 9 0 1 whe n th ere were 9 6 7 p erson s per ,

s quare m ile o r m ore than i n any other su bd ivision o f t he D istrict

,
.

W i th th e exception o f par t o f th e dorié between th e Bagh mati an d.

-

B urh i Gandak rivers th e su bdivis ion consists of a large block o f ,

u plan d i n terspersed w i th a few c/z am s o r marshes I t is th e rich est

,
'
.

an d m ost fert ile part of th e D istrict produci ng all th e m os t valuable ,

'

ra bi and b/zaaoz crops and i t is also th e cent re of th e i ndigo i nd ustry

’
.
,

I t con tai ns o n e t own SA M AS T I P U R (pop u lat ion t he head quarters

, ,
-

an d 8 4 3 villages Sam a stip ur tow n i s an i m portan t rai lway j u nct ion

.

and con tai ns worksh ops o f t h e B engal an d Nor t h W es tern R ai lway -

.

Th e Govern m en t estate at P US A has recen tly been m ade over t o t h e

Govern ment o f I nd ia as th e s ite for an I m p erial agricul tural col lege
and research laboratory an d port ions o f th e estate are being u t ili z ed ,

as an experi mental farm for cu lt ivat ion and cattl e breeding -

.

S amas t ip u r T o w n H ead quarters o f th e s ubd ivi s ion o f t h e .

-

same name i n Darbhang a D istrict Bengal si tua t e d i n 2 5 5 2 N , ,

° ’
.

° ’
an d 8 5 4 8 E on th e sout h bank o f the B urh i Gandak ri ver P o p u
.
, .

lation Sam a stip u r is an i m por t an t j u nc t ion o n th e

B engal and North W estern R ai l w ay and th e s ite o f railway work shops
-
,

wh ich em ploy h ands I t is also a large trading centre I t w as . .

constitu ted a mu n ici pal ity i n 1 8 9 7 The i ncom e du ring t h e five years .

ending 1 9 0 1 — 2 averaged R s an d th e expend it u re R s . .

As e ar ly as 16 2 1 th e E as t I n dia C o m p an y se n t fa c to rs to Sa man a to p ur c ase h

ll C OGS kn b y th e n a me of
‘
se mi no c s
’
th e rice o f f ro m R s 2
1
Ct at
% o R s 4 3,;
t
’

ow n a , p . .

F o s te r, T/ u E a r/y F ar/orient
'

p e r p ie ce l / z r/ia
'

z lz
 SA W/ A YA P UR A /V
/ c l

I n 1 90 3 — 4 th e i nco me was R s o f wh ich R s was derived . .

fro m a tax o n persons (or property tax ) ; an d t he expend i tu re w as

Rs . Th e town con tai ns the u su al p u blic o ffices &c ; t h e su b ,
.

j ai l has acco m modat ion for 2 3 prisoners .

S a ma t at a — A nc ien t nam e for th e deltaic trac t of B engal and

.

E as t ern Bengal See BA N G A . .

S a m a y a p u ra m — V illage i n t h e D istrict an d lei/21k o f Trich i nopoly

.
,

Madras si t ua t ed i n 1 0 5 6 N an d 7 8 4 5 E o n th e h igh road abou t

,
° ’
.
° ’
.
,

8 m iles n orth of Trich inopoly ci ty Popu lat ion A dj oi n .

‘
i ng i t on th e sou th i s the village o f K an n an tir (population The ,

grou n d covered by th e t wo v il lages is o f m uch h is t orical i n t erest I t i s .

called Samiavaram i n O rme s H istory and Kan nan ur i n anci en t stone ’

i nscrip t ions .

I n 1 7 5 2 w h en t h e French arm y u nder Law had re t rea t ed fro m t h e

,

sou th o f th e Cauvery to th e island o f Sr irangam M ajor Lawrence at , ,

C l ive s suggest ion determ ined to divide h is arm y i nto two d iv isions
’
, ,

and to send one of t he m to t h e north o f Tr ich in opoly w i th t he view ,

o f getting possession of th e ene my s posts i n that part o f t h e cou ntry

’

and i ntercept ing any reinforcem ents w h ich m igh t be s en t fro m

Pondich erry Th i s exped i t ion was en tru sted to Cl ive wh o o n Apri l 7
.
,

took possessi on o f th e v il lage of Sam ayapu ram There are tw o .

temples i n th is vi llage an d i n Kannan ur abou t a q uar t er o f a m i le

apart : nam ely th e Bh o j e sw ara sh ri ne o n th e west an d t he M a riam man
, ,

temple o n the eas t o f t h e o ld h igh road leadi ng to Madras w h ic h

, ,

t he n ran a few h u ndred yards to th e eas t o f th e present road Th e .

E uropeans and sepoys were placed ins id e these bu i ldi ngs wh i le t h e ,

Mar ath as an d Tanj ore troops encam ped outsi de A detach men t sent .

‘
by D upleix fro m Pondich erry u nder D A u te u il reached Uttatttir on ’

A pri l 1 4 and i n order to i ntercep t th i s body w h i le o n th e m arch

, ,

Cl ive advanced fro m Samayap u ra m toward s Uttattfir o n wh i ch ,

’
D A ute uil w ho had already s tarted fo r T ric h ino p o ly retraced h is
, ,

steps t o t he la t ter vi llage Cl ive t h en fel l back o n h i s former posi ti on

. .

Law w h o w as com mand ing at Srirangam h eard o f Cl ive s dep art u re

, ,
’

bu t no t of h is ret u rn and determ i ned to su rprise and cu t o ff whatever

,

force m igh t have bee n left beh i nd by h i m W i th th is obj ect h e .

dispatch ed a force o f 8 0 E u ropeans (o f who m 4 0 were E ngl is h

deserters ) and 2 0 0 sepoys I n t h e sk irm is h wh ich ensued and w h ich .
,

i s graph ically described by O rm e Cl ive h ad m ore than on e n arrow ,

escape Th e French force arri ved near t h e E ngl is h ca mp i n Sam aya

.

p u ra m abou t m idn igh t ; an d th e E ngl ish deserters p ersuaded th e

nat ive sen t ries that they h ad been sen t by Maj or Lawrence to rein force
Cl ive and w i th al l th ei r following w ere allowed to en ter t h e ca m p
, .

They reached u nchallenged the s maller o f th e t wo te m ples W h en .

c hallenged th ere t hey ans w ered by a volley and entered the bu ild ing
, ,
4 SA M A V/ I F UR / 11V
]

pu tti ng to th e sword every person th ey m et Cl i ve wh o had been .

,

sleepi ng i n a neigh bou ring res thou se th ough t th e firing was tha t o f ,

h is own m en w h o h ad t ake n som e fal se alarm an d fetch ed 2 0 0 o f th e ,

E u ropean troops fro m th e other tem pl e O n regai n ing th e s maller.

sh rine h e foun d a large body of sepoys firing at random Still m is

,
. .

t ak ing th e m for h is own troops h e wen t among the m order ing th e ,

firing to cease u pbraid ing som e for thei r supposed pani c an d ev en

,

s t rik ing oth ers One of th e French sepoys recogn i z ed th at h e was

.

E ngl ish and attacked and wou nded h i m i n t wo places w ith h is sword
,

an d th e n ran away to th e templ e Clive furiou s at th is supposed .

,

i nsol ence o n th e part o f o n e o f h is o w n m en pu rsued h i m to th e gate ,

an d there to h is great surprise was accos t ed by si x French men

, ,
.

W it h charac t eris t i c composu re h e tol d th e French me n th at h e h ad

co m e to offer the m ter ms an d t hat if th ey di d n o t accep t th e m h e
,

wou ld surrou n d th em w it h h is whole force an d give them n o qu arter .

Th ree Of th e French m en ran i n t o t h e pagoda to carry th e in tell igence ,

w h ile th e oth er t h ree s u rren dered an d followed Cl ive towards th e

resth ouse wh i th er h e n ow h as t ened wi th th e in ten t ion of attacki ng
,

th e sepoys t here w h o m h e n o w knew to be enem ies ; bu t th ey had

,

al ready d iscovered th e danger o f th ei r s i tuat ion an d m arch ed o ff .

Cl ive then s t orm ed th e templ e wh ere h e had been chal lenged by t he

s i x Fre nch m en ; bu t t h e E ngl ish deser t ers fough t desperately an d
killed an officer an d fi fteen m en of Cl ive s force an d t h e at t ack ’
,

was accordingly ordered to cease A t daybreak th e officer co m

.

mandi ng th e French seeing th e danger o f h is si tua t ion m ade a sal ly

, ,

at th e h ead o f h is m en ; bu t h e was received wi t h a h eavy fire wh ich

killed h i m an d t h e twelve oth ers wh o firs t am e o ut o f th e gateway c
.

Th e rest ran back in to th e temp le Cl ive the n advanced i nto t h e .

porch o f th e gate to parl ey w i th th e ene my and weak wit h loss o f ,

blood an d fatigu e s t ood wi th h is back t o th e wal l of t h e porch

,

lean ing forward o n th e shou lders of t wo sergean ts Th e o fficer of th e .

E ngl is h deserters conducted h i m sel f w i th great i nsol ence tol d Cl ive ,

i n abusive language that h e wou ld sh oot h i m raised h is m u ske t an d ,

fired Th e bal l m i ssed Cli ve bu t th e two sergean ts fel l m ortally

.
,

w ou n ded Th e French m en wh o had h i ther t o defended th e tem pl e

.
,

w ith th e E ngl ish deserters though t i t n ecessary t o d isavow an ou trage

,

w h ich wou ld probably excl u de th e m fro m any pretension s to quarter

,

an d i m m ed iately su rrendered .

I t app ears from an inscrip tio n i n the Jamb uk e sw aram te mple o n

S rirangam i slan d th at th e Bh oj e sw ara tem ple i n Samayapu ra m was
fou nded by a H o y sala Ballala ki ng ; an d K an nan fi r is i tself i denti fie d
as th e si te of V ik ramap u ra th e H o y sala c ap ital i n th e Chola cou n try
,

i n the th i rteenth cent ury The nam e Bh o j e sw ara i s considered to be

.

a corru pti on of th e original Po y sale sw ara (or H o y sale sw ara) w h ich ,

 SA M B A LP UR D I S TR I C T 5

owes i ts origi n t o a confus io n between th e long forgo t t en H o y sala -

k ing and t h e better k now n king B hoja of th e P aramaras i n Cen t ral

-

I ndia wh o never had any connex io n wi th t h is cou n t ry I n th e

‘
.
,

J a m b u k e sw a ram i nscri pt ion k ing V ira S o me sw ara m ention s [ th e

i mage o f ]th e Lord P o y sale sw ara wh ich w e h ave set u p i n K an n an fi r ,

a lia s V ik rama u ram ; an d th e sou h wal l o f th e K an nan fi r t em pl e

’
p t
bears an i nscript ion o f th e H o y sala k i ng V ira R aman ath a D eva (son
o f So me sw ara) i n wh ich th e tem pl e is cal led P o y sale sw ara
‘th e I s w ara ,

[ te mpl e ] of th e P o y sala T h ere i s als o a copperplate ed ict of

V ira So me sw ara i n t h e Bangalore M u seu m wh ich was issued o n
March 1 A D 1 2 5 3 th e day of an ecl ips e of th e s u n wh il e [ t h e
, . .
,
‘ ,

king ] was resid ing i n th e grea t capital nam ed V ik ramap ura wh i ch ,

had been bu i l t i n order to am u se h is m ind i n th e Ch ola cou n t ry ,

’
wh ich h e h ad conqu ered by th e power of h is arm .

S a m b a l p u r D is t ric t —D istric t o f th e O ri ssa D ivi sion B engal

. , ,

° ’ ° ’
lying between 2 0 4 5 an d 2 1 5 7 N and 8 2 3 8 and 8 4 2 6 E w it h
° ’ ° ’
. .
,

an area of squ are m iles Up t o 1 9 0 5 the D istric t for me d par t

.

o f th e C h h attisgarh D ivis ion o f t h e Central P rovinces ; an d on i ts

trans fer t o B engal t h e Ph ulj har z a min dé rz an d th e Chandarpu r

'

Padamp ur an d M a lkh u rd a estates w i t h an area of s quare mi les ,

and a pop u la t ion ( 1 9 0 1 ) o f persons were separated fro m i t ,

an d attached t o t he R ai pu r and B il a spu r D is tr ic t s o f th e Cen t ral

Provi nces I t i s bou nded o n th e north by th e G a ngp ur S tate of
.

B engal ; o n t h e eas t by th e S tates o f Bamra an d R air a kh ol o n t h e

sou th by Patn a Sonpu r an d R air a k hol S ta t es ; an d o n th e west b y
, ,

th e R ai pu r and B il a spu r D istricts O f th e Cen tral Provi nces Sam balpu r .

consists o f a core o f tolerably op en cou ntry su rrou nded o n th ree sides ,

by h ills a nd forests bu t conti nu ing on th e sou th i nto

,

th e Feu datory S tates of Patn a an d Sonpu r and

form i ng th e m iddle basi n o f th e M ah a nad i I t i s .

separated fro m th e C h h attisgarh p lai n o n th e wes t by a range of h i lls

carry ing a broad s trip of j ungl e and ru n n i ng nort h an d sou t h th roug h ,

th e R aigarh and S arangarh State s ; an d t h i s range marks rough ly th e

bou ndary be tween th e C h h attI sgarh an d O riy a tracts i n respect O f
popu lation and language Speak ing broadly th e plai n cou ntry e o n .
,

stitute s th e k /la lsa t hat is th e area h el d by vi llage head me n d irect

'

, ,

fro m G overn m en t w h ile th e w ilder tracts o n th e west north an d eas t

, , ,

are i n th e possessi on o f i n t ermed iary proprietors known local ly as

z a mz f z da rs B u t th is description canno t be accep t ed as enti rely
'
'

accu rate as som e of th e z a mz ndcirz estates lie i n th e open plain wh i le

’ '

, ,

th e k fi a lsa area incl udes to th e north th e wil d mass of h ills k nown as

'

th e Barapah ar .

T h e Mah a nad i ri v er traverses Sam bal pu r fro m north to so u th east -

for a d istance of nearly 9 0 m iles I ts wi dth exten ds to a m ile or m ore .

6 SA /k/ B 4LP UR
. D I S TR I C T

i n fl ood t i me and i ts bed i s rocky and brok en by rapids over portions

-
,

o f i ts cou rse T h e pri nci pal t ri bu tary i s th e l b wh ich enters th e

.
,

D istrict fro m the G a ngpur S ta t e an d flowing sou th an d west j oins ,

t he Mah a nad i abou t 1 2 m iles above Sam balp u r Th e K elo another .

,

tri bu tary passes R aigarh and enters t h e M ah anad i near Padam pu r

, .

T he O ng r ises i n Kh ari a r an d passing t h rough Bo rasamb ar flows i nto

the M ah anad i near Sonpu r O ther t ri bu t ary s t ream s are t h e J ira .
,

B orai an d M and
, T h e Barap ah ar h ill s for m a com pact block
.

1 6 m i les square i n th e north wes t o f th e D istri ct an d th row o ut a sp u r-

,

t o t h e sou th wes t for a d is t ance o f 3 0 m iles crossed by th e R aipu r

-
,

Sambalpur road a t th e S ingh or a pass T heir h igh es t poi n t is D e b rigarh .

,

at an al tit ude o f fee t A noth er range o f i m por t ance is tha t o f

.

Jh arg h ati wh ich is crossed by t h e rai lway a t R eng a l i s t a t ion T o th e

, .

south ward and ru n ning parallel wi th th e M ah a nad i a succession o f

, ,

broken chains ex tends fo r so me 3 0 m i les T he range however attains .

, ,

i ts greates t altitude o f abou t fee t i n t h e Bo rasamb ar z a ma drz

’

i n t he sou th west where the N arsingh n ath plateau i s si tuated I solated

-
,
.

peaks ris ing abrup tly from th e plai n are also frequ en t ; bu t th e fl at
topped trap h i lls so co m m on a feature i n m ost D i stricts to th e nor t h
,

and west are absen t T h e eleva t ion o f th e plains fal ls from nearly
,
.

7 5 0 feet i n t h e nort h to 4 9 7 at Sambalpu r tow n Th e s urface o f .

t he Op en cou ntry i s u ndu lati ng an d i s i n t ersected i n every direction

“ ‘

by drai nage channels lead ing fro m th e h ills to t he Mah a nad i A c o n .

s ide rab le por t ion of th e area consists of grou n d w h ich i s to o broken by

ravi nes to be banked u p into r ice fi e lds or of broad sandy ridges wh ich -
,

are agricul turally o f very l i t tle v al u e The configuration o f th e cou ntry .

i s exceedingl y well adap ted for tank mak i ng an d t h e n u mber o f vi llage -

,

t anks i s o n e o f th e m os t p ro m inen t local fea t ures .

T he Barap ah ar h i lls belong to th e Lower V i ndh yan sands t one form a

t ion w h ich covers so large an area i n R ai pu r an d B il a sp u r S hales
,
.
,

sands t ones and l i mestones are th e prevalent rocks I n th e Barap ah ar

, .

group coal bearing sandstones are fou nd Th e res t o f th e D istrict

-
.

i s mai nly occup ied by m etam orph ic o r crystalli ne rocks La t erite i s .

fou nd m ore o r less ab un dan tly resting upon the older formations i n al l
parts o f t h e area
‘
.

B locks o f reserved fores t clo t h e th e Barapah ar h ills i n t he north

’

an d t he oth er ranges to th e east an d sout h east wh ile many of t he -

,

z a mz nar irz es t a t es are also covered w ith j u ngle over th e greater par t
’
’
'

o f their area Th e forest vegetat ion of Sam balp u r i s i nclu ded i n th e

.

'

great 5 5 ! bel t O ther i m portant trees are th e beaut ifu l A 710g ez5 5 77 5
.

] ( Termin al/[ 0 éij dsd/ (P leromrp us M a rw p z u m)

'

0 077 771777 0 10 sci , ,

‘
and 5 /zz5 /za 777 (0 0 1007 37 0 Th e l igh t sandy soi l is adm irably fi tted
for the growth o f trees an d th e abu ndance o f mango groves and ,

cl u m ps O f pal ms gi ves the vil lage scenery a d isti nc t charm Th e .

 HIS TOR Y
or co t ton tree (B ombax
-
is also com mon i n th e Open
cou ntry .

Th e u sual w ild ani mals occu r B u ffaloes t hough rare are fou nd i n .
, ,

t he denser fores t s o f th e wes t and bison o n several o f th e h ill ranges

‘
, .

Sciméa r are fairly plen t iful 6 7277 0 ! o r spot t ed deer m ou se deer ravi ne
.
, ,

dee r (gaz elle ) an d t h e fou r h orned antel ope are also fou nd Tigers
’
,
-
.

were formerly n u merou s b u t thei r n u m bers have greatly decreased i n

,

recen t years Leopard s are co m mon especially i n t he low h i lls cl ose to

.
,

vi llages Th e com paratively rare brown fl yi ng squ irrel (P leromy 5

.

i s fou nd i n Sam balpu r I t i s a large squ i rre l w ith loose fol ds o f sk i n

.

wh ich can be spread o ut l ike a s m al l parach u t e D uck and teal are .

plenti fu l o n th e tan ks i n th e col d season an d sn ipe i n th e stre t ch es ,

o f irrigated rice fi e lds below the tanks

-
Flocks o f dem oiselle cranes .

frequen t th e sandy s t re t ch es o f t h e Mah a nad i a t th is t i m e F ish of .

many k inds incl u ding m ahseer abou n d i n t h e Mah a nad i and oth er
, ,

ri vers Poisonou s snakes are very com m on

. .

Th e cl i mate o f Sam balpu r i s m ois t and u nh eal thy Th e ordinary .

t e mpera t u re is n ot excess ive b u t t h e h ea t is aggrava t ed a t Sam balpu r

,

t ow n du ring t h e su m m er month s by radiation from th e sandy bed

o f t h e Mah anad i D uri ng breaks i n th e rains t h e wea t her a t once
.

becom es h o t and oppress iv e an d t h ough th e cold season is pleasan t

,

i t is o f shor t du ration Malaria ] fever o f a viru len t typ e prevails i n

.

t h e au t u m n m onths an d diseases o f t h e S pleen are com m on i n t h e

,

fores t t rac t s .

The an nual rai n fal l a t Sam balp u r t own averages 5 9 i nch es ; tha t
o f Bargarh is m uch l igh t er bei ng only 4 9 i nch es ,
Tak ing th e D is t rict .

as a whole t he monsoon i s generally regular Sambalp u r is i n t h e

,
.

track o f cyclon ic stor ms from th e Bay of B engal an d t h is m ay poss ibly ,

be assigned as t h e reason .

Th e earl ies t au th en t ic records show Sambal pu r as o n e o f a cl us t er

o f S ta t es h eld by Ch auh a n R aj pu t s wh o are supposed to have com e ,

from Mainpur i i n t h e U n ited Provinces I n 1 7 9 7

H ist ory
.

t h e D is t ric t was conqu ered and annexed by t h e

.

Mar a th a s ; b ut owi ng to B rit ish i nfl uence t h e R aj a was res t ored i n

181 7 , an d placed u nder t h e pol i t ical con t rol o f th e B engal Govern
m en t On th e dea t h o f a su ccessor w ith ou t h eirs i n 1 84 9 t he D istrict
.

was annexed as an esch ea t and was ad m inistered by th e B engal ,

Govern men t ti l l 1 86 2 w hen i t was transferred t o th e Central Provinces

,
.

D u ring t h e M u t i ny and t h e fi ve years wh ic h followed i t th e con dit ion ,

o f Sam balpu r was exceed ingl y u nsatisfac t ory ow ing to dis t urbances led ,

by Surendra S a h a p retender to t h e Sta t e w h o h ad been i mp risoned

, ,

i n th e R a nch i j ai l for m u rder bu t was set free by t h e m ut in eers H e

,
.

r
eturned to Sambalpu r an d ins tiga t ed a revol t agai ns t th e B ritis h
Govern men t w h i ch he prosecu t ed by harassing t he people w ith dacoi t i es
,
.
 8 SH I T/I A LI UR D I S ’
TRI CT
H e was j oi ned b y many of th e z a mizzdrim an d i t i s not too m uch to ,

say t ha t fo r five years th e D istric t was i n a s t ate o f anarchy Surendra .

S a h w as deported i n 1 8 6 4 and tranqu illi ty res t ored .

T h e archaeological rem ai ns are no t very i mportan t There are .

t emples a t B arp a l i Gaisama 2 5 m i les sou th wes t o f Sambalp u r Padam

,
-
,

p u r i n Bo rasamb ar Garh P h ulj h ar an d sa son w h ich are ascri bed to

,
-
, ,

ancestors o f th e Sam balpu r dynasty and o f t h e respec t ive z a mzmz drs ’

.

T he N arsin gh n ath pla t eau i n t he sou t h Of the Bo rasambar

i s l ocally celebrated for its tem pl e and th e waterfal l called Sah asra
‘
Dh ara o r th ousan d stream s wh ich is extrem ely p ictu resqu e H fi ma ,
’
.

on t h e Mah anad i 1 5 m iles below Sam balpur town i s another pl ace

, ,

of p ilgri mage I t i s si t uated at t h e j u nct ion o f a s mall stream cal led

.
,

th e Jh o lj ir wi th th e M ah a nad i and contai ns a wel l known tem pl e of

, ,
-

M ah adeo .

Th e popula t ion o f th e D is t ric t a t the t hree en u mera t ions was as

fol lows : ( 1 8 8 1 ) ( 1 89 1 ) and ( 1 90 1
) O n

th e transfer o f t erri t ory i n 1 9 0 5 the populat ion was

P o p ulat ion reduced to .

p ersons B e t ween 1 8 8 1 an d .

1 8 9 1 the i ncrease was nearly 1 5 per cen t t he greater par t o f w h ich .

,

occurred i n t h e z a minddrzk and m us t be attri bu ted to greater ,

effi ciency of enu mera t ion Th e D istric t had a half crop i n 1 8 9 7 and
.

t here was practical ly n o d istress ; bu t i n 1 9 0 0 i t was severely a ffected ,

an d the m ortal i ty was aug mented by a large i nfl u x o f s t arv ing wanderers

fro m nat ive territory T he D is t ric t furn ishes cool ies for A ssam and i t
.
,

i s est i ma t ed th a t nearly persons e migrated du ring t he decade .

T here i s only o n e town SA M B A LP U R an d i nhab i t ed villages

, , .

Th e principal s t a t istics o f pop ula t ion based o n t he Censu s o f 1 9 0 1 , ,

are g i ven bel ow

N mb u er of
r
e
p e
f
o n
b
e
1 f
o
t

lm
.
i
9 o e d

l
i e 1
n g n n8 0 r b n
o a o o 1
9 e a a e

t
i i

b
i

m
1
e
n
n i

a r s d r
a a e d

t
e n a
u o e w
t
u a
i e
c r u n

t ltp
u wa
ltp
r a s r
q
o s e v
o N r

P P

1 85
1 7 66 ?Q
160 9 H

D i tri t t t l
s c o a 1 1
70

T h e figures for rel igion show t ha t nearly persons o r 9 1 per ,

cen t o f t h e popu la t ion are H i ndus and

‘
. o r 8 per cen t
, , .
,

A n i m is t s M uham madans n u mber only abou t

. O riy a is th e
vernacular o f 8 9 per cent o f th e populat ion A n u m ber of t ribal . .

d ialects are also fou nd t he pri nci pal bei ng O raon w ith nearly
,

speakers K o I wi t h
, and K hari a wit h
 P OF ULA TI ON 9

The principal castes are Gonds (const itu ting 8 per cent of the pop d .

lat ion ) Kol ta s ( 1 1 per

,
Savaras (9 per C ah r a s o r A h irs
a t t z mzzz nadn
( O f
’
’
per an d G ndas 1 3 per h e si x een
'

( 1 1

es t a t es ten are h eld by R aj G onds ; t w o R aj pu r and Barp a li by

, , ,

Chauh a n R aj pu t s ; o n e R a mpu r by another R aj pu t ; tw o Bo rasambar

, , ,

and G hens by Binj h als ; and o n e B ij ep u r by a K ol t a The Gon d

, , , .

fam il ies are anci en t ; an d th eir nu m bers see m to i nd icate tha t previo us
to th e O riy a i m m igrat ion th ey h eld possess ion o f th e cou n try subd uing ,

th e M u nd a tribes wh o were probab ly th ere before the m A trace of .

th e older d o m inat ion o f t hese is t o be fou n d i n th e fact that th e

B inj h al 2 0 77127 7 0 5 7 of Bo rasamb ar still a ffixes th e [ Ma t o th e M ah a r aj a
7

o f Patn a on h i s accession Kol t as are t h e great cu lt ivat ing caste and

.
,

h ave th e u sual ch arac t eristics o f frugali ty ind ustry h unger for land
, , ,

and read iness to resor t to any degree o f l it igat ion ra t her than reli nqu is h
a s upposed righ t to i t Th ey strongly ap preciate t h e advan t ages o f
.

irrigation and s how considerabl e p u bl ic spirit i n construc t ing tanks

,

w h ich wil l bene fi t th e lands o f th ei r t enan t s as wel l as t hei r o w n .

Th e Savaras o r Sao n rs of Sam balpu r t hough a Dravidian t ribe l ive

, ,

principal ly i n th e open cou ntry an d have adop t ed H i ndu usages .

They are consi dered t h e best farm servan t s an d are very laboriou s
-
,

bu t rarely acqu ire any property Br a h mans . t hough n o t very

nu merou s are disti nc t ly t h e leading cas t e i n th e D is t ric t The Binj h als
,
.

are probably H i ndu i z ed Baigas and live pri ncipally i n th e

,

fores t t rac t s K e w ats

. o r boa t men and fish er men are a n u m er ,

o us caste Th e G a ndas
. a D rav id ian tribe n ow perform ing
th e m en ial d u t ies o f t h e v i llage o r engaging i n co tt on weaving h ave -
,

strong cri m inal propensi t ies wh ich have recen t ly cal led fo r special
m easu res o f rep ression A bou t 7 8 per cen t o f t h e popu la t ion o f t h e
. .

D istrict are re t u rne d as dependen t o n agricu l t ure A not iceable fea t u re

.

o f th e ru ral l i fe o f Sa mbalp u r i s th at th e j fi dn k a r or v illage priest is , ,

a u n iversal an d recogni z ed v illage servan t o f fai rly h igh s ta t us H e is .

nearly always a m e m ber o f o ne o f t h e D ravi dian t ribes and h is business ,

is to co nduct t h e worsh ip of t h e l ocal dei t ies o f t he soi l crops fores t s , , ,

an d h ills H e general ly has a s ubstan t i al holding ren t free con t ain ing
.
, ,

so m e o f th e bes t land i n t he village I t is said locally t ha t th e j /z cink a r

.

i s looked o n as th e fou nder o f t he village and th e rep resen t ati ve o f

,

th e o ld owners wh o were ous t ed by th e H i ndu s H e worsh ip s o n .

thei r behal f t he i ndigenous deit ies w it h wh o m h e na t u rally possesses

,

a m ore i nti mate acquai ntance t han th e later i m m igran ts ; wh i le th e

gods o f t hese la tt er cannot be rel ied o n t o exerc ise a s u ffi cien t con t rol
over t he works o f nat u re i n th e foreign land to wh ich t h ey have
been i m ported or to ensu re th at the eart h an d th e seasons wil l
,

regularly perform th eir necessary fu nct ions i n prod ucing su s t enance

fo r mankind .
10 SA /l/ B A LP UR DIS TRI CT
Ch rist ians n u m ber 7 2 2 i ncl u ding 5 7 5 nati ves of whom th e maj ority , ,

are Lu t herans and Bap t ists A s tation of th e Bapt ist M ission i s m ai n .

tain e d at Sambal pu r t own .

Th e black so il wh ich form s so marked a fea t ure i n th e adjoini n g

Central Provi n ces i s al m ost u nk nown i n Sam balpu r I t occu rs i n .

the north west of th e D is t rict beyon d t h e cross -

,
Ag r icu l t u r e
range o f V i nd hyan sands t one w h ich sh u ts off th e
.

A m b abh on a p a rg a na an d across t h e Mah a nad i t owards th e B il aspu r

,

border Th e soi l wh ich covers t he grea t er par t o f th e cou ntry i s

.

apparen t ly derived fro m u nderlying crys t all i ne rocks and th e d i ffer ,

e n ce s fou nd i n i t are du e m ai nly t o t h e el i m ination an d t rans

o rtatio n e ff ected by su rface drainage Th e fi ner particles h ave
p .

been carried in t o t h e low ly ing areas along d rainage l ines rendering -

,

th e so il there o f a clayey tex t u re an d leaving th e u p lands l igh t and ,

sandy T he lan d rou n d Sambalpur town an d a strip ru nn ing along

.
,

t h e nor t h ban k o f t h e M ah a nad i to t h e con fines o f B il a spu r D istrict ,

i s th e m os t produ ctive being fairly level wh il e t h e cou ntry over t h e , ,

greater par t o f th e B argarh f ez /75 2! has a very dec ided slope and i s ,

m u ch cu t u p b y ravi nes and wa t ercourses N early al l th e rice .

is sow n broadcas t only abou t 4 pe r cent o f th e to t al area being

, .

t ransplan t ed For t h i nn i ng t h e cr op an d tak ing ou t w eeds t h e fiel ds

.
,

are plough ed u p w h en t he you ng plants are a fe w i nch es h igh as i n ,

C h h attisgarh A cons iderabl e propor t ion o f th e area u nder cu lt i

.

vation consis t ing o f h igh lan d wh ich grows crop s oth er t han rice
, ,

i s annually left fal low as th e soi l i s so poor tha t i t requ i res periodical
,

rests .

1
N 0 less t h an 2 3 5 square m iles are h el d reve nu e free o r on lo w qui t
ren ts th ese gran t s bei ng ei th er for t h e m ai n t enance o f t e m ples o r gi fts
,

to Br a h mans o r assignm en t s fo r t h e support o f rela t ives o f th e la t e

,

rul ing fam ily Th e z a mz na dri estates cover 4 8 per cen t o f th e t o t al ’

’

. .

area o f t he D is t rict 1 0 9 acres are h el d and th e balance o n

,

th e ten ures descr ibed below (p I n 1 9 0 3 —4 3 9 6 square m i les .

, ,

o r 9 per cen t of t h e t o t al area were i ncl u ded i n G overn m en t forests ;

.
,

2 9 0 square m iles o r 7 per cen t were classed as not avai lable for cu lt i
,
.
,

va tion and square m iles o r 2 6 per cen t as cu lt ivab l e was t e oth er ,

.
,

t han fallow The remai ning area am ou nting to abou t

. s quare ,

m iles o r nearly 6 4 per cen t o f t h at o f t h e D istric t excl u d ing Govern

,
.
,

m en t forests was occu p ied fo r cul tivation I n t h e m ore level par t s

,
.

o f th e open cou n t ry c ul t ivation i s close bu t else w h ere t h ere seem s ,

t o be s t ill som e room fo r expansion R ice is th e s t aple crop o f

square m iles in 1 9 0 3 —
.

Sambal pu r covering , 4 O th er crop s are .

1
Th e fig u e s in r t h is h
p arag rap re fe r to th e are a o f th e Di stric t as it sto o d b e fo re
th e t
ran sfe of u j r P h l h ar , h
C andar pur , and M a l kh urda re v i , se d st at istics o f cu l tiv at io n

not b e ing a v il ab l e
a .
 SA M B A LP U/ t D I Sn w ?
"
13 ’ e

D istricts through B il asp u r and S u rguj a T hose reared i n th e D istrict .

a re d ist inctly i nfe rior B u ffal oes are frequently also u sed for d raugh t
.
,

and for pressi ng oi l and sugar cane O nl y a fe w s mal l pon ies are bred
-
.

i n t h e D istrict for ridi ng Goats and sh eep are kept by th e lower cas t es
.

for food only Thei r manu re is also so met i m es u sed bu t does not
.
,

com mand a pr ice Th ere are no professional sheph erds and no u se

.
,

i s mad e of the wool o f sh eep

‘
.

Th e area of reserved fores t is 3 9 6 square m iles I t is s i tuated

’
.

o n t he Barap ah ar h ills i n the north o f th e Bargarh 10 17 5 21 and o n th e ,

ranges i n the wes t an d sou th wes t o f th e Sam balpu r

Fo r es ts
-

f a fi 5 il Th ere are tw o types o f forest th e fi rs t con

.

.
,

sist ing of th e 5 5 ! tree i nterspersed w ith bam boos and oth er t rees and ,

th e second o r m ixed fores t o f bam boos and i nferior speci es Sci! forest .

occupies all th e h il ls and valleys o f th e Sam balpu r range and t h e pri n ,

c ip al val leys o f th e B arap ah ar range o r an area o f abou t 2 3 8 square ,

miles . I t thrives best o n wel l drai ned slopes of sandy loam T h e -

.

m ixed forest i s s i tuated o n t he rocky dry h i lls o f th e Barapah ar range ,

w h ere 5 5 1 w i ll not gro w and covers 1 5 5 square m iles The revenu e

, .

i n 1 9 0 3 —4 w as R S . o f wh ich abou t R s was real i z ed fro m .

th e sal e o f bam boos R s ,

fro m t i m ber R s
. fro m gra z i ng , .

dues and R s
, . from firewood .

Th e R ampu r coal fi e ld is s i tuated w i th i n th e D istrict

.
-
R ecen t , .

exploration h as res ul ted i n th e d iscovery o f o n e seam o f good stea m

coal and two of ra t her i nferior qual i ty w ith i n easy
M in e ra ls .

reac h o f th e B engal N agpu r R ailway Th e for mer -

.
,

k nown as th e I b B ridge seam con t ai ns coal m ore t han 7 feet i n th ick,

ness T wo sam ples wh i ch have been analysed y ielded 5 2 an d 5 5 per

.

cent respectivel y of fixed carbon I ron ores occu r i n m os t o f th e hi lly

. .

cou ntry o n th e borders of th e D i strict part icu larly i n th e Bo rasamb ar , ,

Kol a bi r a an d R a m pu r z a 777 277 0 drz5

'

Ph u lj har 1
, ,
So me o f th e m are ’
.

of good qual i ty bu t th ey are worked by i ndige nous m eth ods only

,
.

T here are 1 6 0 na t ive furnaces wh ich produce abou t ,

cwt of i ron .

ann ual ly W h en Sam balpu r was u nder nat ive rul e d iam onds w ere
‘
.

obtained i n the island o f H ir a ku d ( diam ond islan d ) i n th e Mah a nad i ’

.

Th e Jh arias o r dia mond seekers were rewarded w i th gran ts of land

-

i n exchange for the stones fou nd by th em Th e righ t to exploi t th e .

d ia monds w h ich are of very poor qual ity was leased by th e B rit ish
, ,

G overn m en t for R s 2 0 0 bu t th e lessee s ubsequ ently rel i nqu ish ed i t

.
,
.

Gol d in m i nute quan ti t ies i s obtained by sand wash i ng i n the I b river -

.

Lead ores h ave been fou n d i n T alpatia j h unan an d Padam pu r an d , ,

an ti m ony i n j u n an i Opposit e H ir a k ud M ica ex i sts b u t the plates are .

,

too s mal l t o be o f an y com mercial val ue .

1
N o w in R aip ur D ist rict C e n t ra l P ro v ince s
N o w in B il a p ur D is tric t C e nt ra l Pr o v in ce s
.
,

s .
,
 TRA D E A ![ VD
”

C 0l M UN I CA TI ON S 1 3

Ta5 a 7 silk weaving i s a n i mportant i nd u stry i n Sa mbalp u r

' - The .

cocoons are at presen t no t cu l tiva t ed local ly bu t are i m ported fro m ,

Chot a N a gpu r and the adjoi n ing S tates Plai n an d .

Tr ade an d
drilled cloth i s woven R e mend a Barp a li Chan
co m m un icat io n s
.
, ,
.

darp ur and Sam balpu r are th e pri ncipal centres

1
,
.

A l it t le cloth is sen t to G anj a m bu t th e greater part is sold locally , .

Clo t h s o f cotton w i th s ilk borders or i n ter mixed w i t h s ilk are also , ,

largely woven Bh u lias and K o sh tas are t h e castes engaged the form er
.
,

weavi ng only th e prepared thread bu t th e lat t er also spin n ing i t , .

Co tt on cloth of a coarse tex ture bu t o f cons iderabl e tas t e i n colou r ,

and variety of pattern is also wove n i n large quan ti t ies i m ported

, ,

th read being used al m os t excl usi vely I t is general ly worn by peop le .

o f th e D istrict i n preference to m il l woven cloth A large bell metal -

.
-

industry ex ists at Tu kr a near K ado b ah al an d a nu m ber o f artisans ,

are also fou nd a t R em end a Barp ali an d B ij epu r B rass cooking , , .

and water pots are u sually i m ported fro m O rissa T he i ro n Ob tai ned .

locally is used fo r the manu facture o f al l agricu l tu ral i m ple ments excep t
cart —wh eel ti res S m al ler i nd ustries i ncl ude th e m anu factu re o f m e t al
.

beads saddles and dru m s

, , .

R i ce i s the staple export of Sam bal pu r being sen t pri nci pally to ,

Calcu t ta bu t also to B o m bay an d B era r O th er expor t s i ncl ude oi l

,
.

seeds sleepers dried m eat and se w h e mp Sal t co m es principall y fro m

, , ,
-
.

Ganj a m and i s now brough t by rai l i nstead of river as form erly

, .

Sugar is obtai ned fro m M ir z a pu r an d t h e M au ri ti u s and g a r or ,

u nre fined sugar from Bengal Kerosen e o il i s brough t fro m Calcu tta .
,

and co tton cloth and yarn fro m Calcu tta and th e N a gpu r m i lls Si lk .

is i mported fro m Berh a mpu r W h eat gra m and t h e p ulse a r/z a r are
.
, ,

also i m ported as they are not grown locally i n su fficien t quan ti ti es

, ,

to m ee t th e deman d T h e weekly markets at Sam balpu r and Bargar h

.

are th e mos t i mportant in th e D istrict Bh uk ta near A m b a b hon a .

, ,

is th e larges t cattle fai r ; an d after i t ran k t hose o f Bargarh Saraip a l i , ,

and T alpatia j a m u rla is a large mart fo r oilseeds D h ama i s a t i m ber

.

market ; and B h ikham pu r and T alpatia are cen tres for th e sale o f
cou ntry i ron i m plements A certai n am ou nt of trade i n grai n and
.

hou sehol d u t ensils is transacte d at th e an nu al fairs o f N arsing h nath

and H fi ma .

T he mai n l ine o f the Bengal N agpu r R ai lway passes for a sh ort -

distance t h rough t he north east o f th e D i strict w it h a length of nearly

-
,

3 0 m iles and th ree stations Fro m j h a rsugr a j u nct ion a branch l ine
.

runs to Sam balp u r town 3 0 m iles d istan t w i th th ree i nterven ing

, ,

stations . Th e m os t i mportan t trade rou t e is t h e R aip u r Sam bal pu r -

road w h ich passes th rough th e cen tre o f th e Bargarh let/15 21 Next

, .

to th is come th e C u ttack road down to Sonpu r and the Sam balp u r ,

N o w in B il aspu r D istr ic t C e nt ra l Pro vince s , .

14 SA M D A LI UR ’
DIS TRI CT
B i l a spu r road None of t hese i s metal led th roughou t b u t th e R ai pu r
.
,

Sam bal pu r road i s e mbanked and gravel led T h e D istrict h as 2 7 m iles .

o f metalled and 1 8 5 of u n metalled roads and th e expend i t ure o n m ai n ,

t e n an c e i s R s Th e Pu bl ic W orks depart m ent is i n charge

.

of 1 1 5 m i les and the D istrict cou nci l of 9 7 m i les of road Th ere .

are avenues o n 6 8 m iles Th e M ah a nad i river was form erly th e great

.

o u tlet for t he D istrict trade B oat transport is s t il l carrie d on as far

.

as Sonpu r bu t si nce the open i ng o f t h e rail way t rade w i th C u t t ack

,

by th is rou te has al mos t ent irely ceased B oa t s can ascend the .

M ah a nad i as far as A rang i n R aipu r bu t th is rou t e i s also l ittl e

,
,

used ow ing to the dangerou s character of th e navigat ion .

Sambalpur is recorded as having s uffered fro m partial failures o f crops

i n 1 8 34 1 84 5 ,
1 8 7 4 and 1
,
8 —
7 7 8 bu t there was no t h ing m ore than
, ,

sligh t distress i n any of th ose years I n 1 8 9 6 th e

F a min e rice crop failed over a smal l part o f t he D istrict , prin
.
.

c ipally i n the Chandarpur
here T he n u m bers however never rose to
.
and som e rel ief was adm inistered
, wh ile i n th e res t
,

o f the D is tric t agricul tu rists m ade l arge pro fits fro m t h e h igh prices

prevai ling for rice T he year 1 9 0 0 was th e fi rst i n wh ich t here i s any
.

record o f seriou s fam ine Ow ing t o th e sh or t rai nfall i n 1 8 99 a com

.
,

p le te fai lu re o f t h e r ice c rop occurred over large t racts o f t h e D istrict ,

pri ncipally i n t he north an d wes t R elief opera t ions ex tended over .

a wh ole year th e h ighest nu mber relieved being

,
i n A ugust ,

1 9 0 0 or 1 2 per cent o f t h e population ; an d th e to t al expend itu re was

,
.

8 lakh s .

T h e Dep uty Co m m iss ioner h as a staff of t hree A ss is t an t o r D ep u ty

-

Col lectors and a S ub D epu ty Collector For adm i ni strative pu rposes

,
- -
.

th e D istrict i s d ivided i nto two 10125 315 Sam balpu r ,

Adm in is tra tion
and B argarh each having a ta /zsz la dr an d Bargarh
.
’
'

also a Th e Forest officer is generally a m em ber o f

the Prov incial service .

Th e c ivi l j u dicial s t aff consis t s o f a D is t ric t and two S ubordinate

j udges and a M u n si f a t each f ez /15 21 Sam balp u r is i ncl uded i n th e .

Sessions D ivision o f Cu ttack T h e c ivil l i tiga t ion h as greatly i ncreased

.

i n recen t years and i s n ow very h eavy Transactions at tem pt ing t o

, .

evade th e restric t ions o f th e Cen tral Provi nces Tenancy A c t on th e

transfer of i m movable property are a com m on feature o f l itigation as ,

also are easem en t su i ts for w ater T h e cri m e o f the D istric t is not .

u sual ly h eavy bu t th e recen t fam ine produced an organ i z ed ou tbreak

,

of dacoi ty and h ou se break ing -

.

U n der native ru le th e village headm en o r g 007 z tz ds w e re responsi ble

'

, ,
.

for th e pay men t of a l u m p su m assessed o n th e vi ll age for a period

o f years accordi ng to a lease w h ich was period ically revised an d re
,

newed T h e am oun t of t he assessm en t w as recovered fro m th e

.
 A D M I N I S Te TI ON 15

cultivators and the headm en w ere rem u nerated by holdi ng part o f t he

,

village area free of revenu e Th e head men were occasional ly ejected.

for defaul t i n th e pay men t o f reven ue an d th e gran t o f a new lease ,

was often m ade an oppor t u n i ty for i mposing a fi ne wh ich th e 3 0 071175 1

pai d i n great part fro m h i s own pro fits and d id not recover fro m th e ,

cu l ti vators The cult iva t ors were seldom ej ected except fo r defau l t
.

i n th e pay men t of reven ue bu t t h ey rendered to th ei r g erm /iris a ,

variety o f m iscellaneou s services kn own as Mic/Z I zjgrirz Taxation

'

z r
.

u nder nati ve ru le appe ars to h ave been l igh t W h en th e D istrict .

escheated t o th e Brit ish G overn m ent th e to tal lan d revenu e of th e ,

i

‘
H ui/5 0 area was abou t a lakh o f rupees nearl y a quarter Of wh ich was ,

al iena t ed Short term settl e ments were made in th e years su cceed ing
.
-

th e an nexati on t il l o n t h e transfer o f t h e D is t ric t to t h e Cen t ral Pro

,

vi nces i n 1 86 2 a proclamat ion was issued stati ng tha t a regular long term -

settl em en t woul d be made a t w h ich t h e g 007z lzd5 o r h ered itary managers

'

an d ren t collectors o f vi llages w ou ld receive proprietary righ ts Th e

-
.

pro t racted d istu rbances caused by th e adheren ts of S u rendra S a h h o w ,

ever preven t ed any real progress being made with t he s u rvey and th is
,

gave t i m e fo r th e expressio n of an opi n ion by th e local o fficers t ha t t h e

sys t e m o f se tt l em ent followed i n o t her D istricts was no t su ited to th e
ci rcu m stances o f Sam balpu r A fter con siderable d iscu ss ion the i nci
.
,

d ents o f lan d t en u res were considerably m odi fied i n 1 8 7 2 Th e g aozz lz ci5

'

o r h eredi tary managers received proprie t ary righ ts only i n thei r 0 /7 0g rri
'

o r h om e far m land wh ich was granted t o the m free o f revenu e i n l ieu

-
,

o f any share o r drawback o n th e rental pai d by tenants W aste lands .

an d fores ts remai n ed th e property of Governm en t ; bu t t h e g a 07z lz j s

'

enjoy th e ren t al o n lan ds n ewly broken u p du ri ng th e cu rrency o f

settlem en t A su fficiency o f fores t lan d to m ee t th e necessi t ies o f
.

t h e villagers w as al lotted for their u se an d i n cases wh ere t h e area ,

was i n excess of th i s i t w as demarca t ed and set apart as a fu el an d

fodder reserve O ccu pancy righ t was con ferred on al l t enan ts except
.

s ub tenan ts of bbog rri The sys t e m was i nten ded t o restrict th e power
-
.

of al ienation of land the gran t o f wh ich had le d to th e expropriation o f

,

th e agricul tu ral by th e m on ey len ding c aste s and the sam e policy h as -

,

recentl y received express ion i n th e Cen tral Provi nces Tenan cy Ac t o f

1 8 98 A settlem en t was made for twel ve years i n 1 8 7 6 by w h i ch
.
,

t h e revenu e deman d was raised to lakh s th e net reven u e e x clud , ,

ing ass ign men ts bei ng R s , O n th e exp iry o f th is settlem en t

.
,

th e D istric t was agai n settled between 1 88 5 an d 1 88 9 an d th e assess ,

m en t was raised to 1 -5 9 lakh s or by 3 8 per cen t T h e reven ue i ncidence

,
.

per ac re was stil l extrem el y low fal ling at only R 0 —3 —1 1 (maxi m u m

R 0—
.
,

8— 1 0 m in i m u m R 0 —
) exclu d ing th e T h e term of
'
’
.
, 2 2
. 0 7717 7 7 0 dr15 .

t h is settlem en t varied fro m fou rteen to fi ftee n years I t expi red i n 1 9 0 2 .

and th e D istrict i s agai n un der settlem ent .

16 DI S TRI CT
Th e collecti ons o f land revenu e an d to t al revenu e have varied as
shown belo w i n th ousands of rupees
,

1 9 00 — 1

The m anagem en t o f local affairs ou tside th e m u n ici pal area o f ,

S A M B A LP U R T O WN is en tru sted to a D i strict cou nci l an d fou r local

,

boards one each for th e north ern and sou th ern

,
es t ates ,

and o n e for th e remai ning area of each 10 17 5 21 Th e i nco m e o f th e .

D istrict cou nci l i n 1 9 0 3 —4 was R s wh ile th e expendi ture on

.

educati on w as R s .

The pol ice force consists o f 4 9 2 officers an d m en i ncl u di ng a special ,

reserve of 2 5 an d 3 m ou n t ed constabl es besides

, watch m en ,

for inh abi ted town s an d villages Th e Di stric t S u perin tenden t .

som et i m es has an A ssistan t Special m easures h ave recently been

.

taken t o i mprove th e e fficiency o f th e police force by th e i m portat ion ,

o f subordinate o fficers fro m oth er Di s t ri c t s Sam balpu r has a D istrict .

j ai l w ith acco m modation for 1 8 7 prisoners i ncl uding 2 4 fem ales Th e ,

.

daily aver age n u m ber of prisoners i n 1 9 0 4 was 1 4 1 .

I n respec t o f educa t ion th e D i stri ct i s very back ward O nl y per .

cen t o f the m ale popu lat ion were able t o read and write i n 1 9 0 1 an d
‘

.
,

bu t 4 0 0 fem al es were retu rned as li tera t e Th e proportion of ch ildren .

u nder i nstruction t o t hose of sch ool goi ng age i s 6 per cent -

S ta tistics .

o f t he nu m ber o f pu pils u nder i nstruction are as fol lows : 1 88 0 —1

( )
( 9
1 8 0 —1
) ( 1 9 0 0
( 1
9 0 3
—4 ) T h e last figu re
i ncl udes gi rl s a noti ceable i ncrease havi ng la t ely been m ade
,
.

Th e educat ional i ns t i tu tion s comp rise a h igh sch ool at Sam bal pu r t own ,

an E ngl ish m iddle school 6 vernacu lar m iddle sch ools an d 1 2 0 pri m ary
, ,

schools Pri mary classes an d m asters are a tt ach ed to two o f th e m iddle

.

sch ools Th ere are six G overn m ent girls schools in th e D istrict A
.
’
.

s mal l sch ool for th e depressed t ri bes h as been opened by m issionaries .

O riy a i s t augh t i n al l t h e sch ools Th e D ist ric t i s now maki ng progress

.

i n respec t of edu ca t i on a n u m ber o f new sch ool s having been opened

,

recently Th e to t al expend itu re i n 1 9 0 3 —4 was R s

. o f wh ich .

Rs . was provided from Provi ncial and Local fu nds and R s .

by fees .

Th e D is t ric t has seven dispensari es w ith accom m oda t ion for 6 2 in ,

pa t ients I n 1 9 0 4 th e nu m ber o f cases t rea t ed was

. o f whom

8 3 6 were in pati en ts and

-
opera t ions w ere performed
, Th e total .

expen di tu re w as R s .

V acci nat ion is com pu lsory i n th e m u nici pal town of Sam bal pu r .

The n u m ber o f persons s uccess ful ly vacci na t ed i n 1 9 0 3 - 4 was 4 5 per

of t h e D i st rict popu lation .
 SA M B A LP UR T O I VN 1 7

U B Fu ller
. .
, Serf/077 10711 R te/5 07 1 A D is t rict Ga z et t eer i s being
compi le d ]
S a mb alp ur T a h s i1 — E astern ta fzsil of th e .D istric t o f the sam e nam e ,
° ’ ° ’
B engal ly ing between 2 1 8 an d 2 1 5 7 N and 8 3 2 6 an d 8 4 2 6 E
, .
° ’ ° ’
.
,

w ith an area i n 1 9 0 1 of , squ are m i les T h e popu latio n i n that year

, .

was co mpared w itlf i n 1 89 1 I n 1 9 0 5 th e Chandar .

pu r Padam pu r and M a lkhu rd a estat es w i t h an area o f 3 3 3 s quare m i les

-
,

and a popu lation o f were transferred to th e B il aspu r D istrict

o f t h e Central P rovi nces and th e revi sed figures o f area and pop e la ,

tion o f t h e are square m iles an d persons Th e .

density i s 1 8 5 persons per square m ile Th e f er/25 7 ! contains o n e t own

”

.
,

S A M B A LP U R (population th e D ist ric t and 10 17 5 2! h ead qu arters ;

,
-

an d 7 6 6 in habi ted villages E xclu di ng 1 9 0 square m iles o f G overn m en t

.

forest 5 6 per cen t of t he available area i s occu pi ed for cul t ivati on I f

, . .

t h e z a mz n ddrz es t a t es be al so exclu ded th e percentage is 6 8 T he cul t i

' ’

, .

vate d area i n 1 0 —
9 3 4 was 8 5 1 square m iles Th e de mand for land revenu e .

i n th e sam e year was R s an d for cesses R s . Th e .

cons is t s of a st ri p o f Open cou ntry along th e left bank of th e Mah a nad i

river flanked t o the east and sou th by h ills I t contai ns seve n 2 0 min
, .

es t a t es with a t otal area o f 6 1 4 square m i les

,
.

S a mb a lp u r T o w n — H ead quarters of th e D istrict of th e sa me

.
~ -

nam e B engal s ituated i n 2 1 2 8 N an d 8 3 5 8 E I t i s th e term i nu s

, ,
° ’
.
° ’
.

of a branch l i ne of th e B engal N a gpu r R a ilway 3 0 m i les fro m -

,

J h a rsugr a j u nction an d 3 4 9 from Calcu tta T he town li es along t h e

, .

l eft bank o f th e Mah anad i and i s very p icturesquely s ituated com , ,

m and ing a beau t i fu l vi ew o f th e river for several m i les w i t h wooded ,

h i lls i n th e backgrou nd I n fl o o d t i m e t h e w idth of t h e M ali anadi

.
-

i s m ore t han a m i le and porti ons o f th e tow n have been su b merged o n

,

o n e o r t wo occasions bu t d uring m os t o f th e year there is only a stream

,

4 0 o r 5 0 yards wide D u ring the ope n season a pontoon bridge over

.

th e Mah a nad i i s mai n t ained by th e B engal N agpu r R ai lway giving -

,

place to a ferry i n th e m on soon m onth s T h e p op u la t ion i n 1 9 0 1 was .

and has risen by m ore than 3 0 per cen t si nce 1 8 9 1 T he . .

town deri ves its nam e fro m th e So mlai D ev i i ts tu t elary dei ty There ,
.

are no bu i ldings o f i m por tance ; bu t t h e Brah map ura te m pl e of

Jagan n a th has a great repu tati on fo r sanct ity and m any c ivi l su i ts are ,

decided by t h e oath s of parties tak en at t h is shri ne Sam balp u r w as .

const itu t ed a m u n ici pal ity i n 1 86 7 Th e m u ni cipal recei pts an d .

expend i tur e du ring th e decade end ing 1 90 1 averaged R s

respecti vely I n 1 9 0 3 —
.

an d R s .
4 th e i nco m e had rise n to .

Rs . mai nly derived fro m octroi A w ing of a nat ive i nfantry .

regi m en t w as stat ioned here u nt il 1 9 0 2 Sam balpu r i s th e com mercial .

centre for m ost o f th e Distric t and also th e Sta t es of Sonpu r Patn a , , ,

and R ai r akhol I t contai n s a dep Ot for cool y em igran t s t o Ass am

. .
1 8 S/ I /II B A LI UR ’
TO IVN

Th e principal i ndustries are th e weavi ng of ra sa r s ilk and cot ton cloth

by hand A pri n ting p ress wi th O r iy a an d E ngl ish type w as establish ed
.

i n 1 9 0 2 to celebrate th e restoration o f O riy a as th e cou rt language of

,

Sam bal pu r Th e town possesses a h igh sch ool w i th a boarding h ouse

.
-

an d 3 3 pu pi ls a girls sch oo l and O riy a an d H ind i branch sch ool s

,
’
,
.

I t also has a mai n di spensary and a pol ice hospi tal .

S a mb h a l T a h s il Sou th central f ez /25 7 ! of M or ad a b a d D istrict ,

"

- -
.

U ni ted Pro v i nces conterm i nou s with th e p a rg a n a of th e same nam e

, ,
° ’ ° ’ ° ’ ° ’
ly i ng between 2 8 2 0 an d 2 8 4 9 N and 7 8 2 4 an d 7 8 4 4 E w ith . .
,

an area of 4 6 9 square m i les Pop ulat io n increased fro m in .

1 8 1 to i n 1 90 1 T here are 4 6 6 v illages and t hree town s

9 .

SA M BH A L (population th e head quarters SO L A H SA R A I

,
-
,

an d SI RS I Th e deman d for land revenu e i n 1 9 0 3 —4

was R s . an d for cesses R s Th e densi ty o f po p ula .

t ion 5 2 4 persons per s quare m i le is abou t t h e D istrict average I n

, , .

th e eas t of th e {ct /25 71 th e soi l is sandy and agr icul t u re i s precarious ; ,

b ut th e rest cons ists of fert ile l oam i ncl udi ng so m e o f th e bes t v illages ,

i n th e D istri c t Th e Sot o r Yar i W afadar drain s th e central portion

.
- -
,

and s maller ch annels cross th e sou th W h eat an d sugar cane are t h e .

-

m ost i m por t an t crops I n 1 9 0 2 —3 th e area u n der cul tivat ion was

.

3 9 9 s quare m i les o f wh ich 2 5 were i rriga t ed m ostly fro m wells

, ,
.

S a m b h a l T o w n — H ead quarters o f th e 70 125 2! o f t h e same nam e i n

.
-

M or a d ab ad D istric t Un ited Provinces s ituated i n 2 8 3 5 N and

,
’
,
°
.

7 8 3 4 E 2 3 m i les sou th wes t o f Mor ad a b a d ci ty by a m etalled road

° ’
-
,
. .

Populat ion T h e town i s b el ieved by th e H indus to

h ave ex isted i n t h e t h ree epoch s (y ug a ) p receding t h e present o r Kal i
Yuga at th e en d o f wh ich th e t enth i ncarnation of V i sh n u w il l appear
,

i n Sam bhal Many ancient mou nds ex ist i n the neigh bourh ood bu t
.
,

h ave no t been explored Tradi tion relates tha t P rith w i R aj o f D elh i .

fi nally defeated J ai Ch and of K anauj close to Sambhal an d an earl ier ,

ba t tle i s sai d t o h ave t ak en place be t wee n th e R aj a o f D el h i an d

Saiyi d S a l ar K u tb — u d din A ibak redu ced th e neighbou rh ood for a
.
-

t i m e ; bu t t he t urb u len t K ate h riy as repeatedly engaged th e attenti on

of th e early M u ham madan k ings wh o posted a governor h ere I n , .

1 3 4 6 th e governor revol ted bu t was speedily crushed F iro z Sh ah I I I

, .

appoi nted an A fgh a n to Sam bh al i n 1 3 8 0 w i th orders t o i nvade ,

K ate h r every year an d ravage th e wh ole coun t ry t i ll K h arg fi t h e H ind u ,

ch ief who h ad m u rdered som e Saiyids was gi ven u p I n t h e fi fteen th

, , .

cen tu ry Sam bhal was th e subj ect of contes t between th e sovereigns o f

D el h i and th e k i ngs o f Jaunpu r and on th e fall of the latter Sikandar ,

Lod i h eld h is cou rt h ere for som e years B abar appoi nted h is son .
,

H u may tm to be governor Of th e place and is said t o h ave visited

'

, ,

i t h i m sel f U nder A k bar Sam bhal was th e head quarters of a sark dr

.
-
,

bu t i n th e reign o f Sh ah J ah an i ts i mportance began to wane an d

20 S/ I /l/ B I I A R [ AR E

w h ich such a possession wou ld excite transform ed i t i nto the presen t ,

sal t lak e w h ich was named S a m bhar (a corru ption of Sak ambar) after
,

h er T h i s is supposed to h ave happened i n th e six th centu ry To

. .

determ ine the origi n of th e sal t a special i nvestigat ion has recently
,

been cond ucted by th e Geological Su rvey of I ndia B orings made i n .

t he lake bed at t hree places S how t hat the th ick ness of th e s il t varies
-

fro m 6 1 feet a t th e eastern end t o 7 0 fee t near th e cen tre and 7 6 feet
at th e north western end an d t ha t t h e rocks below t h is S il t are i n each
-
, ,

case sch ists of th e k i nd croppi ng u p arou nd t h e edges o f the lake and

, ,

form ing t h e h ills belonging t o the A ravalli series i n th e neigh bou rhood .

I t i s therefore cons idered th at th e sal t resou rces of S a m bhar are

con fined t o th is body o f sil t fi ll ing i n a depression of th e A ravalli
sch ists and gneisses and t hat th e solu bl e com pou nds of sodi u m s tored
,

i n th e si l t h ave accu m ula t ed by th e evaporation o f th e w ater brough t

i n every year by th e ri vers wh ich are i n fl ood after h eavy rai ns Th e .

concen t ra t ion o f co m m on sal t and o f th e oth er less abu ndan t sod iu m

compou nds associated w ith i t has been effec t ed i n a man ner com mon
to areas o f i n t ernal closed drainage i n al l arid regions There i s .

noth ing to S how a pas t i nroad o f the ocean an d n o rock sal t beds ex is t ,
-

i n the geological formation o f t h e area .

Th e S a m bhar Lake i s said t o h ave been worked by t h e i mperial

ad m in ist ration o f A k bar and h is s uccessors u p to t he t i m e o f A h mad
Sh a h ( 1 7 4 8 whe n it ca me i nto t h e hands o f i ts present owners th e ,

ch iefs o f J odhpu r and J aipur T he wes tern hal f belongs ent irely to
.

th e for mer and th e eastern hal f i nclu d ing the town o f S am bhar i s
, , ,

owned by th e t wo S ta t es j oi ntl y Th e lak e i s sai d t o h ave passed fo r

.

a t i me in t o t h e possession of t he M ar ath a s an d A m ir K h a n wh i le fro m ,

abou t 1 8 3 5 to 1 8 4 3 th e B ri tish G overn m ent i n order t o repay itsel f ,

a port ion of th e expen ses i ncurre d i n restoring order i n Sh e k h aw ati and

t h e ne ighbou ring d is t ric t s took th e sal t mak ing i nto i ts own hands
,
-
.

Final ly i n 1 8 7 0 t h e lake was l eased to G overn m en t for an an nual

pay ment o f 7 lak h s — 4 % lak hs t o J odhpu r and 2 3 lakhs to J ai pu r —o n
.

t h e condi t ion that i f the sales o f sal t exceeded

,
mau nds
( abou t tons ) i n any year 4 0 per cent of th e sale pric e of such
, .

excess would be paid to th e Sta t es as royal t y Under arrange men ts .

made i n 1 8 84 J odhpu r rece ives fi v e e igh th s and J ai p ur th ree eigh t hs of

,
- -

t he t o t al royalty payable T hese States also recei ve a certai n quant ity

.

(J odh p ur mau nds and J aipur mau nds ) of salt free o f al l

charges yearl y I ncl ud ing abou t . tons take n over w hen t h e
lease was e xecu t ed the quan ti ty of sal t m anu fac t u red t o th e en d of
,

M arch 1 90 4 exceeded
, ,
tons o r a yearly average o f abou t ,

tons Th e quan t i ty d isposed o f d uring t h e sam e peri od

.
,

i nclud i ng that del ivered free of cos t u nder treaty arrange ments ,

wastage &e was abo ut

,
.
, t ons The receip t s fro m sal e o f .
 SA M B I I A R T O IVN 2 1

sal t have been 3 2 6 lakh s an d th e expendit u re inclu d ing al l treaty , ,

an d royal ty pay m en t s 2 9 4 lakh s leaving a credi t balance on A pri l 1 , , ,

1 9 04, o f 3 2 lakh s o r a littl e over ,

Th e average cost of
extract ion an d s t orage has been rath er m ore t han 7 pies (or o n e
hal fpenn y ) per m au nd or abou t o n e rupee per ton D u ty was fi rs t , .

levi ed a t t h e lake on Oc t ober 1 1 8 7 8 wh en t h e cu stom s l ine was , ,

abol ish ed B e t ween A pri l 1 1 8 7 9 an d M arch 3 1 1 9 0 4 t h e gross

.
, , , ,

receip t s from al l sou rces h ave been 2 4 5 2 lakh s an d t h e total ex

n diture 2 6 1 lak h s leaving a su rpl us o f 2 1 9 1 lakh s
p e ,(over 1 4 % m i llion
pou nds s t erling ) T h e average yearl y n e t receip ts have th u s bee n
.

nearly 8 8 lakh s o r abou t ,

Sal t i s obtai ned by th ree m e t h ods : nam el y fro m permanen t sal t ,

works cons t ruc t ed i n th e bed o f th e lak e called ky dm ; fro m shallo w ,

solar evaporat ion pans of a t em por ary nat u re cons t ructed o n th e lake
sh ore ; and from encl osed sec t ion s o f th e bed o n wh ich sal t form s so ,

to speak spontaneou sly I n 1 9 0 3 —4 (wh en only abou t one fou rth o f

, .
-

th e u sual quant ity o f sal t was m anu fac tu red ) labou rers o f both
sexes were e m ployed on th e extrac t ion an d s t orage of ky ar salt an d th e
s t orage of pan sal t and th e average daily earnings were abou t 5 % annas
,

per h ead Th e cas t es e mpl oyed are B alai s Barars G tij ars J a ts Kasais
.
, , , ,

(b u t ch ers ) K h atik s K umh ars M a l is M ughals Path a ns and R egars

, , , , , ,

an d nearly al l permanently resi de i n th e neigh bou rh ood T h ere are .

t h ree railway stations o n th e lak e — at S a mbh ar G tidh a and K u ch a wan

'

, ,

R oad o r N a wa — an d t h e li n e ru ns i n t o al l t h e pri ncipal man u fac t u ring

works o r walled enclos ures Th e sal t i s stored close to t h e l ine an d .

loaded d irec t i nto th e rai lway wagons ; i t i s largel y cons u m ed i n R aj

pu ta na Cen t ral I nd ia t h e Un ited Provi nces an d i n t h e Pu njab sou th
, , ,

o f Ka m a ] an d i t also fi nds i ts w ay i nto t h e Cen tral Provi nces an d

,

Nep a l Th e lake h as been observed to furnish d i m in ish ed quan t i ties

.

o f sal t d u ring th e las t few years bu t samples o f m u d t aken a t d epth s ,

o f from 4 t o 1 2 feet bel ow th e su rface have recently been fou nd ,

o n analys is t o con t ai n 6 per cent o f sal t an d fro m t h i s fact i t i s est i .

,

m ated th a t in t he u pper 1 2 feet o f th e lak e S il t t h e accu mu lated

,
-
,

sal t a mou nts to j ust o n e m i ll ion ton s p er square m ile A s t h e total .

quant i t y re moved by arti ficial m eans s i nce th e co m m en cem en t o f th e

B rit ish lease i n 1 8 7 0 has been only abou t fou r m ill io n t on s th e ,

sys t e m Of m an u fac t u re h as resu l ted i n bu t a s mal l i nroad i nto t h e

t otal s t oc k s
‘
.

[ F
. A sh ton Sal t I nd us t ry
,
of R a j pu t ana i n th e [ 077 7 7 7 0 1 of I ndia n
’

A rt a n d 1 77 0 97 5 17 7 vol i x ] , . .

s am b h a r T o w n Tow n w i th i n th e j oi n t j urisd icti on o f t h e

.
-

° ’
States o f J odh pu r and J ai pu r i n R aj pu t ana sit uated i n 2 6 5 5 N , ,
.

and 7 5 1 1 E a t th e sout h easter n ex t re m ity o f th e S AM BH AR LA K E

° ’
.
,
-

on th e R aj pu ta na M a lw a R ail way Populat i on

-
In .
 S/ fM B I I A /i TO H I V /
’
22

th e town are a pos t and telegraph office several schools i nclu di ng , ,

o ne for gi rl s k ep t u p by th e Un ited Free Ch u rch of Scotland M issi on ,

an d a couple o f hospi tals one o f wh ich is m ai n tained by t h e B ri t ish ,

G overn men t for th e bene fit o f th ose em ployed on t h e sal t lake S a m .

b har i s a very ancien t town I t was t h e first capi tal of th e Chauh an .

R a j pu ts wh en th ey cam e to R a j pu t ana fro m t h e Ganges abou t th e

m iddle of th e eigh th cen t ury ; an d th e las t H indu k ing o f D el h i ,

P rith w i R aj C hau h a n who d ied i n 1 1 9 2 was prou d to b e styled

, ,

Samb h ari R ao o r l ord of S a m bh ar I t appears to have been h el d .

by t h e M uha m madan k ings an d e m perors o f D el h i fro m th e begi n

n i n g of th e th i rteenth cen tu ry til l abou t 1 7 0 8 wh en i t was t aken wi th , ,

t h e six ty vi llages a tt ach ed t o i t by the ch iefs o f J odh pu r an d J aipu r ,

.

Su bsequ ently firs t o n e State an d the n th e other tak ing advan t age o f ,

any te m porary weak ness i n i ts neigh bou r appropriated th e ou tly i ng ,

v illages t i ll only t welve besides t h e town o f S a m bhar rem ained i n, ,

joi n t possession
S a mb h u g a nj —
.

V illage i n the h ead quarters subd ivision o f M y me n

.
-

si ngh D is t rict E as t ern B engal an d A ssam si tua t e d i n 2 4 4 6 N and

, ,
° ’
.

9 0 2 7 E 3 m i les eas t of Nas ir a b a d

° ’
.
, Populat ion 5 00 It is . .

o n e o f th e bus ies t m ar t s i n th e D istrict for coun try prod uce of al l

k i nds expor t ing large quant i t ies o f j u t e and al so o f r ice an d m ustard

, ,

seed
S a m e s w a ri —R iver i n th e G a ro H i lls E as t ern B engal an d A ssam
.

. .
,

See SO M E SW A R I .

S a mk a a a — State
( B u rm ese S g ) i n th e central
,
division of th e .

Sou thern Shan States B urma ly ing be t ween 1 9 5 6 and 2 0 2 5 N , ,

° ’ ° ’
.

’
and 9 6 4 8 an d 9 7 1 0 E w it h an area (incl u di ng t h e s m al l depen
° ’ °
.
,

deney o f Pongm u o n t h e n orth ) of 3 5 7 square m iles I t i s bou nded .

on th e n orth by Yawnghw e o n th e east by H sah tung ; o n the south

by Nam to k and Sakoi and on th e wes t by Loilong Sam ka consi sts .

of a strip o f th e P il u val ley 3 0 m iles l ong sh u t i n by h igh ra n ges o n , ,

ei ther S ide t h e h igher slopes o f wh ich belong t o t he adjoi ni ng States

,
.

R ice is grown bot h i n th e valleys an d i n mu ng 05 o n th e h il ls an d /

,

garden crops an d grou nd n u ts are extens ively cul t iva t ed T h e p o p ula -

.

t ion i n 1 9 0 1 was d is t ribu ted i n 2 4 1 vi llages C lassi fied accord .

i ng t o language of th e i nhabi tan ts were Shans

,
Tau ngt hu s , ,

and I n th as A ll bu t 3 5 0 persons were return ed as B ud dh ists

. .

Th e head quarters o f t h e M y o z a are at Samka (popu lation

-
,

i n t h e centre of th e S t ate o n th e bank o f th e Pi lu Th e revenu e i n .

1 90 3 — 4 amou nted to R s th e mai n sou rce being tb a f fi a mea a ; ’

.

and th e expendi ture i ncl uded R s tri bu te to th e B ri tish G overn .

m ent R s ,
al lotted to th e privy pu rse R s
. spent o n publ ic ,
.

works and R s ,
on t he pay of officials
. .

S a m la —Pet ty State i n K ATH I AW AR Bo mba y

.
, .
 SA M TH A R S A T TE 23

S a mp g a o n — Sou th eastern td/zzk a o f B elgau m D istr ic t Bom bay

.
-
, ,
° ’ ° ’ ° ’
lying bet w een 1 5 2 8 an d 1 5 5 9 N a nd 7 4 3 8 an d 7 4 5 9 E .
° ’
.
,

w ith an area o f 4 0 9 square m iles I t contai ns 1 2 3 vil lages i ncl u ding .

,

H O NG A L (populat ion T h e head quarters are at Sampg ao n

,
-
,

a s mal l v illage Th e populat io n i n 1 90 1 w as

. com pared w i th
i n 1 8 9 1 T he dens ity 3 2 4 persons per square m ile i s above
.
, ,

th e D istrict average Th e de mand for land re ven u e in 1 90 3 —4 was

.

3 lakhs and for cesses R s

, Sampg ao n has a great variety o f .

soi l and surface Fro m t h e h i lly wes t t h e cou n try gradual ly si n ks eas t
.

wards in t o a great plai n o f black cotton soi l I n th e sou th west ranges .

-
,

o f quart z and ironston e abou t 1 5 0 feet h igh and a quarter to h al f a ,

m ile apart ru n nearly north and sou t h x T he M alp rab h a ri ver crosses
,
.

the m iddle o f the I dlzzk a fro m w es t to eas t Sampgao n l ies i n t h e .

trans ition t ract between the h ills an d plai ns an d enj oys a fair i m m u ni ty ,

fro m fam in e A portion is also p rotected by a supply o f water fro m

.

th e G ade k e ri tank Th e annual rain fall a verages abou t 3 0 i nches

. .

S amp la T a h s i1 — T o f R oh tak D istrict P unj ab lying betwee n

.
, ,
° ’ ° ’ ° ’ ° ’
28 35 an d 2 9 1 N and 7 6 35 an d 7 6 5 8 E w i t h an area of
. .
,

4 0 9 square m iles T he pop ulati o n in 1 9 0 1 was

. com pared
w i th i n 1 89 1 I t contai ns th e town s of BA H AD U R G A R H
.

(pop ulation an d Kharkhau da an d 1 2 2 vi l lages i ncl u d

‘ ,

i ng th e n oti fied area of S a mpla i ts h ead quarter s Th e land reven ue

’ "
,
-
.
,

and cesses i n 1 9 0 3 —4 amou n t ed to lakh s Th e greater par t o f th e .

10 17 5 2! is an ari d upland plain t he north ern portion o f w h ic h is n ow ,

w atered by the W estern J u m na Canal I n th e ex tre me sou t h eas t is a .

-

s mal l lowland t ract i rrigated by cou n t less wa t er l i fts

,
-
.

S a mrala T a h s il — Ta/zsil o f Lu dh i a na D istric t Punjab lying o n

.
, ,
° ’ ° ’
th e sou th bank o f th e S u tlej between 3 0 3 7 an d 3 0 5 9 N a n d ,
.

° ’ ° ’
7 6 2 and 7 6 2 4 E w i th an area o f 2 9 1 square m il es .
,
T h e po pu .

lat ion i n 1 9 0 1 w as co mpared w i th i n 1 89 1 I t co n .

tai ns the tw o town s o f K HA NN A (pop ulat ion an d NI AC H H I W AR A ,

an d 2 6 3 vi l lages of wh ich Sam r ala i s th e head quarters ; Th e ,

-

land reven u e and cesses i n 1 9 0 3 —4 a mou n ted to 3 5 lakh s .

S a m t h a r S t a t e — Treaty S t ate i n Cen tral I nd ia u nder th e B u ndel ,

khand P Olitical A gency lying between 2 5 4 3 and 2 5 5 7 N an d ,

° ’ ° ’
.

° ' ° ’
7 8 4 8 an d 7 9 7 E w i th an area o f abou t 1 7 8 square m i les.
, Th e .

nam e i s m ost probably a corrupt ion o f Sh amsh e rgarh by wh ich t h e ,

capital i s st il l known I t i s boun ded on th e nort h and eas t by

-
.

the J alau n D i strict o f t he U ni ted Provi nces ; on t he sou th by J h ans i

D istrict ; and on t he wes t by t he B h a nder [ ba rg a n a of th e G w al ior
S tate and by J h a nsi D is trict The territory consists of an al m os t .

u nbroken leve l plain sparsel y covered w ith trees Th e soi l is onl y

,
.

m oderately fertile and though t raversed by the P at

, , an d Be tw a ,

both large s t ream s is e ntir e dependent o n th e rain fal l for i ts pro

,
24 SA M TH A R S A T TE
duc t iv ity G eolog ical ly the S tate cons is ts o f B u ndelkhand gnei ss and
.
,

al l ied rocks i n great part concealed by al lu viu m

,
Th e cl i mate i s .

generally tem perate t hough h otter than that of M a lw a Th e rai nfall

,
.
,

as sh ow n by a ten years record averages 3 0 i nch es ’

,
.

O n the deat h of Mah a r aj a R am Chandra o f D A T I A in 1 7 3 3 a d ispu t e ,

arose regardi ng th e s uccess ion to that State I n h is contest w ith riva l .

clai mants I n draj it who succeeded had been assis t ed by various petty
, ,

ch iefs among w h om was Nau ne S a h G tij ar a son o f a man i n th e

‘

, ,

service o f th e Dati a State On h i s accessi on to power I n draj it rewarded

.

Nau n e Sah s son M adan S ingh w i th th e ti tl e o f R aj dhar an d th e

’
, ,

governorsh i p of Sam thar fort a j aw of five v illages bei ng later on ,

granted to h is son D ev i S ingh Th e latter was s ucceeded by h is son .

R anj it S ingh D uring th e distu rbances caused by t h e M ar a th a i nva

.

sion R anj it S ingh becam e independen t an d recei ved th e t itle o f R aj a

,

fro m th e M ar ath a s O n th e es t abl ish m en t o f the B ri tish supremacy

.
,

h e requ ested to be taken u nder p rotect ion and a treaty was concl uded ,

i n 1 8 1 7 con fir mi ng h i m i n possession o f the terri tory h e th en held

,
.

I n 1 8 2 7 R anj it S ingh d ied and w as succeeded by h is son H indup at ,

wh o however becam e o f u nsou nd m ind t he adm i nistrat ion being

, , ,

entrusted to h is R a n i I n 1 8 6 2 an adopt ion 5 0 77 00 was granted to th e

.
'

ch ief t h e obligati o n to pay su ccess ion dues being rem i tted ( 1 8 7 7 ) i n

,

th e case o f a d i rect successor I n 1 86 4 t he eldes t son Ch hatar S ingh .

asserted h i s clai m to rule t he S tate w h ich was recogni z ed by Govern ,

m en t th e pa rg a n a of A m argarh (A mra ) bei ng assigned for t h e mai n

,

te n an c e o f t h e ex -ch ief h is R a n i and a you nger son Arj u n S ingh (a lias

, , ,

Ali Bah adur ) I n 1 8 8 3 th is arrangem ent was changed a cas h allowance

.
,

being given i n l ieu o f th e p arg an a H indup at died i n 1 8 9 0 ; an d .

Govern men t i n considera t ion o f t h e length o f t i m e C hhatar S ingh had

,

been ac t ual r uler d eci ded t hat n o for mal recogn i tion o f h i s s uccess ion
,

was needed C hha t ar S i ngh was a good ad m i nis trator and i mproved
.

th e cond ition of t h e State consi derably D uring h is ru le a sal t co n .

v e n tio n was made w it h th e B ri t ish Govern ment by w h ich t he

State received R S as compensation for du es form erly lev ied ;
.

and land was ceded fo r t he Be tw a Canal ( 1 8 8 2 ) an d for a railway

I n 1 8 7 7 C h hatar S i ngh received t h e t itle o f Mah a r aj a as
a personal distinct ion H e died i n 1 8 9 6 and was s ucceeded by h i s
.
,

son Bir S ingh D eo th e present ruler w ho received th e ti tl e o f Mah a

, ,

r aj a as a personal d isti nct ion i n 1 8 9 8 Th e ch ief bears th e heredi tary .

ti tles o f H i s H igh ness and R aj a and receives a salu te o f 1 1 guns ,

.

The pop ulat ion o f t he S tate has been : ( 1 8 8 1 ) (1 8 9 1 )

and ( 1 9 0 1 ) I t decreased by 1 7 per cen t during th e last .

decade owing to fam i ne H ind us nu mber

,
or 9 3 per cen t . .
,

and M usaln ian s or 7 per cent Th e dens ity i n 1 9 0 1 w as 1 8 8 .

persons per square m i le Th e pri ncipal caste s are Cha m ars .

,
 SA M TH A R S TA TE 25

or 13 per cent ; Br ah mans . or 1 1 per cen t ; Lo dh is 3 0 0 0 o r

,
.
, , ,
'

9 per cent K a c h h is and G tij ars

. each or 7 per cent Gadari as , ,
.
,

o r 5 per cen t Th e S tate contai ns 9 0 villages and one town

. ,

SA M TH A R (population th e cap i tal For a H i ndu State in th i s

,
.

part o f I ndia the percentage of M usalman s i s u n u sual ly h igh Th e .

M u ham madan elem en t also takes a con si derable part i n th e admin is

t ra tio n Th e prevail ing form of speech is Bunde lk h an di A bou t
. .

3 3 per cen t o f th e popula t ion are s upported by agricul tu re an d 1 7 per

.

cen t by general labou r

. .

T he soil is for t he m os t part poor and the coun try i s s ingularly ,

devoi d o f t anks wh ich are fairly co m mo n i n t h e res t o f B u ndelkhand

,
.

Th e p ri ncipal soils are mar an i nferior black soi l ; k aba r a grey soil ;
’

, ,

f a r m a yel
,
low ish red soi l wh ich i s th e m os t prevalent ,; an d ran k a r ,

a s t ony soil strewn w i th b ou lders of gneiss and o f very l ittl e agricul tu ral
, ,

val u e O f th e to t al area 8 5 square m i les o r 4 2 per cen t are cu lt i

.
, ,
.
,

vate d of wh ich only 5 1 9 acres are irrigable ; 4 9 square m iles o r 2 5 per

, ,

cen t are cu l tivabl e bu t not cul t ivated ; an d t he res t is j ungle an d

.
,

waste O f the cropped area j ow a r occup ies 3 0 square m i les or

’

.
, ,

3 5 per cent wh eat 2 0 Square m iles o r 2 3 p e r cen t gram 1 9 square

.
, ,
.
,

m i les o r 2 2 per cen t and cotton 5 square m il es

,
.
, .

T h e only m etalled road i n t h e S tate is 8 m i les i n le n g t h and leads ,

to M oth o n th e G rea t I ndian Peni nsu la R ai l way The open ing of

,
.

t he ra ilway i n 1 8 88 h as greatly facil itated t he export o f grain fo r wh ich ,

th ere was for merl y no market Saltpe t re is exported i n so m e quanti ty .

,

m ainly t o B hop a l .

Th e ad m ini stra t io n I S carried o n by th e ch ief assis t ed by h is w a z ir ,

( m i n ister ) The S.ta t e i s d ivi ded i n t o fou r p a r a n as w ith h ead quarters

g ,
-

at Sh amsh e rgarh A margarh M ah a r ajganj an d Lo h arg arh each u nder

, , , ,

a I n al l general ad m in istrat ive m atters th e w az Zr has fu l l

powers T he ch ief exercises p lenary cri m i nal j urisdiction and is th e
.
,

fi nal cou rt o f reference i n oth er m atters .

T h e revenu es o f th e S ta t e before i ts terri tories w ere reduced by the ,

M ar a th a s are sai d to have am ou n ted to 1 2 lakh s Th e an nual receipts

,
.

are now lakh s mos t l y derived from land T h e expend i t u re is

,
.

abou t the sam e .

A regular settlemen t was made i n 1 8 9 5 by M ah a raj a Chhatar Si ngh ,

u nder w h ich th e land is far med o ut and the revenu e collected i n cash
from th e p a lm (lease ) hol ders i n two i nstal men ts Th e i ncidence of , .

t he land revenu e de mand i s R s 5 per acre o f th e cul tiva t ed area . .

N 0 land i s al ienated i n j ag irs U nt il Mah a r aj a Chh atar S ingh s t i m e .

’
,

w h en th e B ritis h rupee was m ade legal ten der th e currency cons isted ,

o f th e M in a s/za/z i rupee o f J h a nsi and th e Dati a coi n .

The t roops consist o f th e ch ief s body guard of 1 2 horse m en and ’

-

4 0 footmen and an i rregu lar force e m ployed as pol ice wh ich nu mbers
, ,
26 SA I l/I TH A R S A T TE
2 00 h orse and 5 0 0 foot men T h ere are also s ix gu ns m an ned b 5 0 .

gu nners A j ai l a p os t office a hosp i tal an d fi ve schools w ith i go

.
, , ,

p up ils are m ai n tain ed i n th e S tate .

S a m t h a r T o w n — Cap i tal o f t h e S tate o f t h e sam e nam e i n e u

.
'

’ ° ’
tral I nd ia s i tu ated i n 2 5 5 0 N an d 7 8 5 5 E abou t 8 m i les fro nt h e
,
°
. .
,

M ot h s t at i on o n th e Great I n dian P e n i nsu la R ai lway P Op uleio n .

Th e t own w h ich is ofte n cal le d Sh a msh e rgarh vas , ,

b u i l t i n th e seven t een t h cent u ry an d w a s s u bsequ en tly re c o n strute d ,

by C h hatar S i ngh I t con tai ns th e R aj a s palace a j ail a post o nce

.
’
, , ,

an d a h osp i tal .

S a m u lc o tt a h — Tow n i n God a vari D is trict M ad ras

. See S AA L , .

K OT .

S a mu n d ri — Ta /zsil o f th e n ew Lyall pu r D i strict Pu njab I ng

.
‘
, ,
’ ° ’ ° ’
betwee n 3 0 5 0 an d 3 1 2 0 N an d 7 2 3 9 and 7 3 2 1 E w it an
° ’ °
. .
,

area o f square m iles Th e p op u lat i o n i n 1 9 0 6 was .

I t contai ns 4 9 5 v i llages i nc l ud i ng Sa m u n dr i (pop u lat i on 7 6 5 ) t he , , .

head quarters Th e lan d reven u e an d cesses i n 1 9 0 5 —6 a mo un te to

-
.

lakhs T h e f a /z sil co ns is ts o f a level p lai n slopi ng gen t ly to urds

.

t he R a v i an d t h e D eg o n th e sou th and is n o w w h olly i rrigate d bj th e ,

C h en a b Canal excep t fo r a fe w scattered pl ots i n t h e R a v i lo w ln ds

,
‘
wh ich sti ll depend on w el ls Th e soi l ge neral ly i s a fin e loam he . .

bou ndari es of th e ia /z si/ w ere so mew h at m od i fied at t h e t i me o lth e

form at ion o f t h e new D istrict .

S a u ala — Petty S tate i n K ATH I AW AR B o m bay

.
, .

s an a n d T alu k a — Cen t ral i i/a k a o f A h mad a b a d D istric t Bomay

. i
, ,
' ° ’ ° ° ’ ° ’
ly ing between 2 2 4 7 and 2 3 7 N an d 7 2 5 an d 7 2 3 2 E wit an . .
,

area of 3 6 1 square m i les I t contai ns o n e to w n SAN A N D (po p u laon .

, ,

i ts h ead quarters ; and 8 3 vi llages Th e popu lat ion i n 1 90 1 was

-
.

com pared w i th i n 1 89 1 T h e d ensi ty 1 7 5 pe rm s .

,

per square m ile i s less t h an t h e D i stri c t average Lan d re ve n ue nd

, . t

cesses i n 1 9 0 3 —4 exceeded 2 lakh s E x cep t fo r an u n d ulati ng SlI ) of .

’

lan d o n th e west S a nand form s t h e cen t re o f a ric h plai n o f lig h So il

,

wi th w e l l wooded fiel ds ; i n t h e sou t h a n d w es t is a bare strete of

-

black soil .

S an a n d T o w n — H ead quarters of th e M ia /ea o f th e sam e rme

.
-
.

°
in A h mad a b a d D i stri ct B o m bay si tuated i n 2 3 N and 7 2 2 3 E , ,
°
.
,

o n t he Bo mbay Baroda an d Ce n tral I nd ia R ai l way 1 8 m iles om

, , ,

A h mad a b a d Popul at ion . I t w as form erly o ne o lt h e

capi tals o f t h e house o f Koth Th e m u n ici pal i ty establ ish ed i n 1 85 .
, ,

had an average i nco m e d u ri ng th e d ecad e en di ng 1 9 0 1 o f aout

Rs . Th e i nco m e i n 1 9 0 3 —4 am o u n ted t o R S f he .

town con tains three sch ools t w o for boy s an d o n e for g irl s atte de d , ,

respectively b y 3 1 0 and 1 2 8 pu p i ls an d in cl u d i ng an E ngl ish midle ,

school w ith 2 5 p u p ils .

 6 SA WI TH / 118 S TA TE

200 h orse and 5 0 0 foot men Ther e are also six gu ns man ned by 5 0 .

gu nners A j ail a post office a h ospi tal an d fi ve schools w i th 1 9 0

.
, , ,

pu pi ls are mai ntain ed i n th e S tate .

S a m t h a r T o w n — Capital o f th e State o f th e sam e nam e i n Cen

.

° ’ ° ’
tral I ndia si tuated i n 2 5 5 0 N and 7 8 5 5 E abou t 8 m iles fro m th e
,
. .
,

M ot h s tat ion o n the Great I ndian Peni nsu la R ai lway Pop ulat ion .

Th e tow n w h ich is often calle d Sh amsh e rgarh was , ,

b u il t i n th e seventeen th century an d was s u bsequ ently reconstructed ,

by C hhatar S ingh I t contai ns th e R aj a s palace a j ail a pos t o ffice

.
’
, , ,

an d a h ospital .

S a mu lc o t ta h — Tow n i n God avari D istrict M adras

. See S AM A L ,
.

K OT .

S a mu n d ri — Ta /zsii th e n ew Lyallpu r D i strict Pu njab lying

. of , ,
° ’ ° ’ ° ’ ° ’
between 3 0 5 0 and 3 1 2 0 N an d 7 2 3 9 an d 7 3 2 1 E w ith an . .
,

area o f square m iles The popu lat ion i n 1 9 0 6 was .

I t contains 4 9 5 v i llages in cl ud ing Sa mu ndri (pop ulat ion

‘
the , ,

head quarters Th e lan d revenu e and cesses i n 1 9 05 —

-
. 6 a mou nted to
6 -7 lakhs T h e ta fi sz ! cons ists o f a level p lai n sloping gently towards
'

th e R av i and th e Deg o n th e sou th and is now whol ly i rr igated by th e ,

-

C hen a b Canal excep t for a few scattered plots i n th e R avi lowlands

,

wh ich still depend on wel ls Th e so il generally i s a fin e loam Th e . .

bou ndar ies of th e 1 017 l were somewhat m odi fied at th e ti m e o f t he

format ion o f t h e new D istrict .

S a n ala — P e tty State i n K ATH I AW AR B om bay

. .

,
.

s an a n d T alu k a Central iii/a k a o f A h mad a b a d District Bombay

.
-
, ,
° ’ ° ’ ° ’ ° ’
lying between 2 2 4 7 and 2 3 7 N an d 7 2 5 an d 7 2 3 2 E w i t h an . .
,

area of 3 6 1 square m i les I t contai ns one town SAN A N D (popu lation .

, ,

i ts head quarters and 8 3 v i llages Th e popu lat ion i n 1 9 0 1 w as

-
.

compared w ith i n 1 8 9 1 Th e dens ity 1 7 5 persons .

,

p er square m ile i s less th an t he D istri ct average Lan d revenu e an d

, .

cesses in 1 9 0 3 —4 exceeded 2 lakh s E xcep t for an u n dulating stri p o f .

land on th e west S anand form s th e ce ntre o f a ric h plai n o f l igh t soi l

,

w ith wel l wooded fiel ds ; i n th e sou t h a nd west is a bare s tretch o f

-

black soil .

s an a n d T o w n — H ead quarters o f th e iii/a k a o f th e sam e nam e

.
-

i n A h mad a b a d D is t rict Bom bay si tuated i n 2 3 N and 7 2 2 3 E ° ° ’

.
, ,
.
,

on the B o m bay Baroda an d Cen tral I ndia R ai lway 1 8 m i les fro m

, , ,

A h mad a b ad Popu lat ion . I t was form erly o n e o f t h e

capi tals o f th e house o f Koth Th e m u nici pal i ty establ ish ed i n 1 8 8 5 ,

had an average i nco m

.
,

e d u ring th e decade endi ng 1 9 0 1 o f abou t

Rs . Th e i ncom e i n 1 9 0 3 — 4 amou nted t o R s The .

to wn con tains th ree sch ools two for boys an d o n e for girls attended , ,

respectively by 3 1 0 and 12 8 pu p ils and inclu di ng an E ngl ish m iddle ,

school w it h 2 5 p upils .
 2 7

S a n auda in t h e M ALW A AG E N CY Cen t ral I ndia

. Tan/tu rd!
S a n au r —Town i n t h e Pati a la talisii K armgarh 7z iz a ma f Pati a la
, .

'

.
, ,
’
S tat e Pu njab si t uated i n 3 0 1 8 N and 7 6 3 1 E 4 m iles sou t h eas t
, ,
’ °
.
°
.
,
-

o f Pa t i a la town Popula t ion I t i s a place of som e

.

an t iqu i t y ; and i n t h e reign o f B a bar Mal ik Bah a ud din th e Khokhar ,

- -
, ,

became the ch ief o f Sanau r w i th 8 4 circu mjacen t v illages whence t h e ,

pa rg an a was k nown as th e Chaur a si I n 1 7 4 8 i t was conqu ered by .

A la S ingh R aj a of Pati ala wh o fou nded h i s new capital o f Pati ala

, ,

i n th e neigh bourh ood I t has a considerable trade i n agricu l tural .

produ ce bu t i s decay i ng owi ng t o th e vi cin i t y o f Pa t i a la tow n Sanau r

, .

has an An glo vernacu lar m iddle school and a pol ice s t a t io n

-
.

S a n aw an T a h s il Nor t hern m os t {rt/25 21 o f M u z affargarh D is t ric t

.
-
,
’ ° ’ ° ’ ° ’ °
Punj ab ly ing between 3 0 5 and 3 0 4 7 N an d 7 0 4 4 and 7 1 4 7 E
,
. .
,

wi th an area o f squ are m iles I t s wes t ern border res t s o n t h e .

I ndu s Th e cou n try along t h e banks is lo w lyi ng and i s on l y protec t ed

.
-

from fl oods by e mbank m ents T he eas t ern port ion o f th e ma y l ies .

i n th e h igh san dy T hal T h e popu lati on i n 1 90 1 was com

.

pared wi th in 1 89 1 I t con t ai ns 1 4 0 vil lages i nclu di ng San a .

,

w a n th e h ead quarters D A lR A D iN P A N AH is a place of som e rel igi ou s

,
-
.

i n t eres t Th e lan d reven u e an d cesses i n 1 9 0 3 —4 a m ou n ted t o

.

lakh s
S an c h i —A ncien t S ite i n th e B hop a l S t a t e Cen t ral I nd ia S i t ua t ed
.

, ,

i n 2 3 2 9 N and 7 7 4 5 E 5 % m iles fro m B h ilsa on t h e M i dland

° ’ ’
.
°
.
, ,

section o f th e Grea t I ndian Pen i nsu la R ailway T h e cou ntry between .

S a nch i and B h ilsa is fam ou s as th e S i te o f th e most ex t ensive B uddh i s t

re mai ns n o w known i n I nd ia th ough as Fergusson has p oi n t ed o ut th ey , , ,

m ay no t have possessed th e sam e i m por t ance i n B u ddh i s t t i m es an d ,

o w e th eir su rvival to thei r s i tu a t i on i n a re mo t e and th i nly peopled -

coun t ry Th e p resen t village o f S a nch i s tands at t h e foot of a s mal l

.

flat topped h ill of sands t on e risi ng 3 00 fee t above th e plai n

- O n th e .

cen t re o f th e l evel su m m i t and on a narrow bel t leading dow n t h e ,

western S lope o f th e h ill s t and th e pri ncipal remains wh ich cons is t , ,

o f th e great stzzp a a sm al ler on e a sizaitJ a h all and som e ru ined

'

/
, , ,

sh rin es .

Th e grea t stfip a th e ch ief obj ect o f i n t erest s t ands conspi cuou sly
, ,

i n th e cen t re o f th e h il l Th is bu i ld i ng form s a segmen t of a sph ere .

,

sol id t h roughou t and b u i lt of red sandstone block s w i t h a dia m eter

, ,

o f 1 1 0 feet a t th e base A berm 1 5 feet h igh mpi ng ou twards a t th e .

,

base form s a rai sed path way 5 3 feet w ide rou nd t he stfip a giving i t
, ,

a t otal d iam eter o f 1 2 1 feet 6 i nch es Th e t op o f th e m ou nd i s flat .

an d origi nally su pported a s t on e rail ing an d th e u sual p innacle Th i s .

rail ing was still standing i n 1 8 1 9 W h en com pl ete th e fu l l h eigh t .

,

m u s t h ave been 7 7 3 feet Th e s/z7p a i s enclosed by a m assive ston e .

rai l ing wi th m onol ith ic u prigh ts 1 1 feet h igh wh ich is pierced by fou r
, ,

VO L . xxu . C
28 S/ f N C I / I

ga t es covered wi th carving both illu s t rat ive and decorat ive To th e .

north and sou th originall y stood t w o m onol i ths w h ich m ay have borne ,

edic t s of Asoka o ne o f wh ich near th e east gat e was sti ll entire i n

,

1 8 6 2 and m easu red 1 5 feet 2 i nch es i n h eigh t J ust i nside each .

gate i s a nearly l i fe si z e figu re o f one o f th e D h y an i B u ddhas ; b u t

-

u nfortu na t ely they have been m oved and n o longer occu py t heir ,

original pos i t ions Th e carved gates are t h e most striking features

.

of th e ed i fice They s tand facing th e fou r cardi nal p oin ts and

.
,

m easu re 2 8 feet 5 i nches to th e to p o f th e th i rd arch i trave and wi th ,

t h e ornam entation above 3 2 feet 1 1 inches They are cu t i n a wh i te

,
.

sandstone rath er softer than t h e red stone used i n t he m ou nd and are ,

profusely carved w ith scen es from th e J a taka s tories and oth er legends .

I t is noteworth y th at B u dd ha h i m self i s nowh ere delineated Bodh i .

trees o r footprin t s alone represent h i m of t he m edi tat ing or preach ing

figu res co m mon i n later B u ddh is t scu lpt ure th ere i s n o trace .

Th e construction of th e m ou nd is assigned to 2 5 0 B C an d i t was . .

,

probably erected by A soka Th e gates j u dging fro m t he i nscrip t ion s

.
,

u pon th em are S l ightly earl ier than th e begi nn ing of th e Ch ristian era
,
.

O f th e h istory of S anch i we k now noth ing Nei ther of th e Ch i nese .

pi lgri m s Fa H ian or H i nen Tsiang makes any m en tio n o f th e place

, , ,

w h ile t he M ah ava mso m erely narrates a t al e o f h o w A soka wh en sen t ,

as a you ng m an to be governor o f Ujj ai n m arried th e daugh ter of ,

t h e Sre sh tin or h eadman o f C h aitiy agiri or V asan ta nagar o f wh ich -

,

th e ru ins now k nown as Be sh n agar m ay be seen near B H iLSA bu t n o

, , ,

m ent ion i s m ade o f th is sizipa .

Close by are th e r uins o f a smal l tem ple bu i lt i n Gup t a style and , ,

probably o f th e fourt h cent ury A D B eside i t s tan d th e ru ins o f a

. .

c/z a izy a hal l o r B uddh is t chu rch w h ich is o f great i m portance arch i
’
,

te c t urally bei ng th e only s truct ural bu i ldi ng of its k in d k nown to u s

‘
, ,

th e oth er examples of c/za izy a halls bei ng rock — cu t A ll that rem ains .

are a series o f lofty pi llars an d th e fo undat ions of th e wall wh ich sh ow ,

that i t was term i nated by a sol id apse To th e north east of t h e great .

-

s ti7p a formerly stood a s maller one wh i ch i s now a h eap of bricks w it h

,

a carved gateway before i t To th e east on a ki n d o f terrace are several

.

sh rines wit h colossal figu res of B ud dha O n th e western slope of th e .

h i ll down wh ich a rough fl igh t of steps leads is th e s maller 5 11715 0

, , ,

surrou nded by a rai l ing w i th ou t gates .

Several reli c caskets an d more than fou r h u ndred epigraph ical records
have been discovered t h e last be ing cut on t h e railings and gates
, .

A fra g m en t of an edict p illar o f t h e em peror A soka carry ing a record

‘

si m ilar to that o n t h e Al lah a b a d p illar a n d t he pi llar lately d iscovered

at S arn a th has also been u nearth ed h ere T h e record is addressed
,
.

t o th e M ah a m atra i n charge of M al w a and appears to refer to th e up

-
,

keep o f a road leadi ng to or rou nd the sizip a G reat interest attach es .

 29

t o t h e n u m erou s i nscrip t ion s on th e ga t es and rail ings Som e are .

fro m corporate bod ies as fro m t h e gu i ld o f i vory work ers o f V i dish a

,
-

( lsa ) an d fro m private i nd ivid uals o f al l classes lan dh olders alder

Bh i , , ,

m en (Seth i ) t raders royal scri bes an d troopers S h owi ng h ow stro n g

, , , ,

a hold B u dd his m h ad obtai n ed on al l classes o f th e peopl e No .

d i ff erent sec t s are m en tioned s uch as are m et w i th in B uddh i st cave ,

records bu t th e presence o f Saiva an d V aish nava names proves t h e

,

ex istence o f th ese form s o f bel ief a t th i s period Th e donors l ive .

at variou s places E ran (E ran ik a ) P ush k ara (Pok hara ) Ujjai n (Uj e n i)
, , , ,

and elsewhere T he records ru n from the fi rst or second cen t u ry B C

. . .

t o th e n in t h and t en t h A D an d i nclu de so m e of u nu sual in terest On e

. .
, .

assigns th e gi ft of an u pper arch i trave o n t he sou t h gate t o R ano S a r i

Satak arn i one O f t h e A nd hra ki ngs i n characters wh ich fi x th e date
, ,

o f i t s erec t ion i n t h e fi rs t hal f o f th e second cen tu ry B C T wo records . .

dated (i n the Gup t a era ) i n A D 4 1 2 an d 4 5 0 record grants of m oney . .

fo r t h e feeding o f beggars and l igh ti ng o f lamp s i n t h e grea t o ilz ara f

(m onastery ) of Kak an adab o ta A noth er record appears t o re fer t o .

a K ushan king p robably Jush k a or V a su deva I n th ese record s t h e

, .

nam e o f th e place is writte n K ak anada or i n P a l i K ak anava t h e nam e , ,

sa nch i nowh ere occu rri ng .

Th e stap a was fi rs t d iscovered by Gen eral Taylor i n 1 8 1 8 an d was ,

described by Cap t ai n Fell i n 1 8 1 9 I t has si nce been th e su bj ect o f .

accou nts by variou s writers bes ides form ing th e basis of th ree book s ,
‘
A C unn ingham B lzz lsa Top es
.
J Fergusson Tree a n d Serpe n i
, .
,

W ars/z ip ( 1 86 8 an d and F C Maisey San e/ii a nd ifs R emain s . .

,

In 1 828M r Maddock Pol i t ical A gen t a t B h op a l an d Cap tai n

.
, ,

Joh nson h i s A ss is t ant i nj ured t h e t wo ship a s by a careless exam i na

, ,

t ion . Though t h en wel l k nown th e place was prac t ically neglec t ed -

,

t i ll 1 8 8 1 —2 when th e breach i n th e grea t strip a was filled i n and t h e

,

fallen ga t es were re erec t ed Th e S it e is now i n charge of t h e D irec t or

-
.

General o f A rchaeology th e B h op al D arb a r giving a yearly gran t ,

t owards i t s u pkeep I n 1 8 6 8 t h e emperor Nap oleon I I I wrote t o

.

th e B egam ask ing fo r o n e of th e ga t es as a gift Th e G overn men t .

o f I ndia h owever refused t o al low i t to be rem oved an d i nstead

, , ,

plas t er casts were t aken an d sen t t o Paris ; th ere are also cas t s at
the Sou th Ken sington M u seu m i n London at D ubl in E din bu rgh , , ,

and elsewh ere .

[ J B u rgess j ou rn al (f tlze R oy al A sia f ie Society

.
,
p 3 23 .

( gives a su m mary o f S a nch i l iteratu re ) ; Ep lg

z rap /z ia I n dira vol vi i i , .
,

p.

S a n dak p h fi —On e o f t h e pri ncipal peak s i n th e Singalila sp u r o f

.

t h e H i m a layas i n th e h ead quar t ers su bd ivisi on o f Darj eel ing D i s

,
-

’
tric t Bengal situated i n 2 7
° ’
, , 6 N and 88 0 E Th e h eigh t abov e .
°
.

C 2
 "
30 SA N D A K P H z

sea l evel is
-
feet I t com mands an u nequalled view n ot onl y
.

o f th e Sikk i m snows bu t also o f th e Nep a l m ou n t ai ns i nclu d ing

, ,

E verest . Th e Nep a l frontier road ru ns over th e h ill and th ere is a ,

s tagi ng bu ngalow wh i ch i s availabl e to t ravel lers o n appl icat ion to

t he Depu ty Com m issioner o f Darj eel ing
-
.

S a n darb an s —Govern m ent es t ate i n th e Twen ty—

.
~
fou r Parganas an d
K h u l na D istricts B engal an d Backergu nge Di strict E astern B engal
, , ,

an d A ssam See SUN D A R BA N S

S a n d e m an F o rt —Su bdiv isi on f a lzsil an d town in Z h ob D ist rict
. .

, , ,
,

Balu ch ist a n See FO R T S A N D E M A N

. .

S an d i — Town i n t h e B ilgr a m lalzsil of Hardoi D istri ct Un i ted

.
,
° ’ ° ’
Provi nces si tuated i n 2 7 1 8 N and 7 9 5 8 E at th e term ination
,
. .
,

o f a m etall ed road from Hardo i tow n Pop ulation Th e .

nam e i s said to be deri ved from R aj a Sant a n a So mavan sio f J h us i wh o , ,

expel led the T h ath e ras an d fou nded a fort S a n d i was su bsequ ently ac .

qu ired by Saiy ids w h o h eld i t for m any years I t is su rrou nded by fi n e

,
.

groves o f mangoes and n orth east l ies th e great D AH A R LA K E S and i

,
-
.

w as a m u n icipal i ty from 1 87 7 to 1 04 w h en i t w as consti t uted a

9
‘
,

noti fied area D u ri ng th e ten years endi ng 1 9 0 1 th e incom e an d

.
’

expendi ture averaged R s and i n 1 9 0 3 —4 amou nted to R s . .

Th ere is an i m portan t market and th e tow n produces blan kets an d ,

s mal l cotton carpets an d cloth Th ere are two sch ools w ith 2 0 0 pu p ils .
,

an d a branch o f th e A m erican Meth od ist M ission is main tai ned h ere .

S a n dila T a h s il — Sou th easter n ia lzsil o f H ardo i D istrict Un ited

.
-
,

Provi nces com prisi n g th e p a rg a nas o f Sand ila K aly an m al G un dw a

, , , ,

and B a l a mau an d lyi n g bet ween 2 6 5 3 and 2 7 2 1 N an d 8 0 1 6

,
° ’ 0 ’
.
° ’

° ’
and 8 0 4 9 E w i th an area o f 5 5 8 square m iles Pop ulat ion fell fro m
.
,
.

i n 1 89 1 t o i n 1 9 0 1 th e rat e o f decrease being th e ,

h igh est i n t h e D istrict Th ere are 4 1 5 v illages an d onl y o n e to w n

.
,

S A ND I L A (popu lat ion th e talzsil h ead qu arters Th e deman d

,
-
.

for land revenu e i n 1 9 0 3 —4 w as R s an d for cesses R s . .

Th e density o f popu lat ion 4 7 7 person s per square m ile i s sl igh tly above , ,

t h e D is t ric t average Th e ta lzsi/ l ies between th e Gu m t i o n t h e nort h

.

east and the Sai on th e sou t h west Near th e rivers in ferior sandy -
.

tracts are fou nd th e banks o f th e G u m t i bei ng especially poor I n

, .

1 90 3 — 4 th e area u nder cult ivation was 3 3 8 square m i les of w h ich 1 1 6 ,

were i rrigated W ells and tank s are al most equally i mportant as a

.

sou rce o f su pply and the l iabi li ty of th e lat t er to fai l i n dry seasons
,

renders th e t ract very insecu re

S a n d ila T o w n —H ea d qu arte rs of th e ta lzsz l of t h e sam e nam e
.

,
’
H ardo i D istrict Uni ted Prov i nces situated i n 2 7 4 N an d 8 0 3 0 E
, ,
°
.
° ’
.
,

o n th e O udh and R o h ilk h an d R ai lway Populat ion .

Th e to w n is sai d t o h ave been fou nded by A rak h s wh o w ere ex ,

p e lle d towards th e en d o f th e fou rteen th centu ry by th e M usalman s .

 SA N D O I VA Y DIS TRI CT 3 1

I t was vis ited by Firo z Sh a h T ug h lak who bu il t a mosqu e now i n , ,

rui ns O ther mosques are of later date ; and a remarkable bu ilding

‘
.

called t he B ar a Kha mbha or t welve p i llars wh ich con ta i ns a to mb ,

’
,

was erected i n Ak b ar s reign ’

Sa nd ila possesses male and fe male .

hospitals and a town hall bes ides th e usual offices I t h as been ad m i n

,
.

iste re d as a m u nicipal i ty si nce 1 8 6 8 D uring th e te n y ears en di ng

I n 1 9 03—
.

1 9 0 1 the incom e an d expend iture aver a ed R s 4 g .

th e i ncom e w as R s ch ie fl y from octroi (R s

. and th e .

ex pe ndi tu re w as R s 1 4 o o o A m arket i s h eld twice a week and

.
, .
,

there is a large export trade i n fi rewood to Luckn ow Th e tow n also .

‘
exports p a” g lu and s weet m ea ts
, ,
M anu factu res i nclu de art pottery .
,

cot ton cu rtains and tablecloths w h ich bear artist ic designs in large
,

checks Th ere are t hree schools fo r boys and two for girls w i th a
.
,

total o f 4 3 0 pup ils and the A meri can M ethodis t M ission has a branc h
,

here.

S an d o w a y D is t ric t (B urm ese Tlza zzdw e ) — A coast D is trict i n th e ,

.

A rakan D i vi sion o f Lower B urma formed by a narrow strip of s ea board ,

-

° ° ’ ° ’
ly ing bet w een 1 7 1 5 a n d 1 9 3 2 N and 9 4 0 and 9 4 5 2 E with an
’
.
° ’
. .
,

extre me length of 1 7 9 m iles an d a n ex trem e breadth of 4 8 m iles and ,

an area of square m iles I t i s bou nded on th e nort h by t he M a i .

—
river wh ich separates i t from K yaukpy u D is trict ; on the east by th e
,

A rakan Yoma wh ich divi des i t fro m Thayet myo Pro me H en z ada an d
, , , ,

B as se i n on th e sou th by t he Kyau kch u n strea m and th e K y adaung

h ills ; and on th e wes t by th e B ay of B engal T he sou th ern bou n .

dary w as formerly the Gwa river b u t i n 1 8 93 a s mall tract to th e so uth ,

o f that strea m was added from Bassei n D i s t rict .

Th e D is tri ct is m ou n t ainous T he sp u rs of th e A rakan Yom a reach .

al most to th e coast so t hat not more than one eigh teen th of th e area is
,
-

level E xcep t i n th is plain and on the s i des of th e

.
,

h ills wh ere ta rmgy a clearin gs have been made th e ,

-

D ist ri ct is covered with dense j ungle o f cons iderabl e

variety wh ich adds m uch to its bea uty T h e mai n range of the
, .

A rakan Yom a has i n the north a d irect ion sou th eas t b y so uth bu t - - -

i t grad ually c u rves towards the west and at the source o f th e G wa , ,

where i t crosses the border i n to Bassei n D istrict i t ru ns n ea rly d ue ,

north and sou th I n t he north som e o f t he peaks attai n an elevat ion

.

l ittle short o f fee t wh ich fal ls to feet at Sh au k b in where th e

, ,
° ’
Tau ngu p pas s crosses t he range Sout h o f 1 8 2 1 N th e h eigh t rap idly . .

d i m in ishes and at th e so urces o f th e G wa is only abou t 8 9 0 feet Fro m

, .

the mou th of t h e Sandoway ri ver n orthwards t h e coas t i s i nden ted w i th

i ntercom m u nicat ing t idal creek s ; sou thwards i t presents a rugged and
rocky barrier to the ocean A n u ninhab i ted island known as Fou l .
,

I sland and cal led by th e B urmans N an th ak y un l ies o ff th e coas t T h e

, ,
.

name is deri v ed from a m u d volcano wh ic h giv e s the island its con ical ,
 32 SA N D O W A Y DI S TR I CT
appearance and at ti mes pours o ut a strongly s melli ng torrent o f h ot
,

m ud bu bbl ing wi th marsh gas .

M ost o f th e rivers drain ing the D is tric t are bu t mou ntai n torrents to
with i n a few m i les o f th e coast Th e mos t i mportan t streams all of w h ich
.
,

r ise i n t h e western slopes of th e Arakan Yom a are the Ma— i and th e ,

T an lw e fall ing i nto th e arm of th e sea wh ich d ivides th e island o f R am

,

ree from th e m ainlan d th e Tau ngu p enteri ng th e Bay of B engal a l i ttle ,

far t her dow n th e coas t near th e v illage o f the sam e nam e t h e S an doway ,

a t idal river navigable by large boats as far as Sandoway t own bu t un ,

for t u nate i n i t s roadstead wh i ch is exposed and dangerou s ; an d t h e

,

G wa wh ich fal ls i nto t he Bay o f B engal a t 1 7 3 6 N an d form s a good

,
° ’

anchorage for s teamers an d vessels drawi ng fro m 9 to 1 0 fee t o f water .

T he rocks o f the D istric t are m ostly Cre t aceou s Th e Ma i river has .

-

given its name to a grou p o f beds o f th e A rakan Yoma w h ic h occu pies ,

a large par t o f th e grou nd th e re mai nder bei ng taken u p by beds o f

,

eocene age (N u m m u lit ic ) Th e M a— i beds com pri se l i m es t one S hales

.
, ,

and greyish green sands t one wh i le S hales sands to ne an d som e l i me

-
, , ,

s tones m ake up th e s t rata o f t h e N u m m ul i tic group .

A l mos t th e wh ole face o f the cou ntry is covered w ith fores t vary ing ,

i n k i nd accord ing to th e eleva t ion o f t h e land wh eth er lo w S ligh tly , ,

h illy or h igh Th e lowest ground with i n t idal l i m i t s is covered w ith

, .
, ,

dense mangrove j u ngle A bove t h is i nterspersed among t he rice

.
,

plai ns trees such as th e py in ma (Lag ersiroemia F 105 R eg in ae ) and th e

‘
,

k a ny in o y a (D ip leroearp us a la z zz s) are fou nd i n som e n u m bers ; and as

soon as th e grou nd r ises dry forest appears an d forms a belt along th e
,

l ower h il l sl opes Th e most i m portant and charac t erist ic t rees h ere

.

are th e py iag a ao (Xy lia a olaorif ormis) t he in (D if f eroea rp zzs tu ber

' ’
,

) th e py im/za th e k any inoy a th e llzi7zg a 77 (H op ea oaora ta ) th e

’
ezi la izis , , , ,

z in o zm
y (D ille 77 ia
p en ia
gy na ) and t he m y a zik efi a w
(H om
,
a lizi m f ol/ze n

toszi m) V arious ki nds of pal m are com mon espec ial ly th e a a m (M p a

’
’
.
,

f rzz f lea
The fau na is very rich and varied i ncl uding elephan t s tigers , , ,

rh inoceros leopards w i ld cats bears bison w ild h og deer m onkeys

, , , , , , , ,

and croco diles T he jackal is press ing i n o n th e north and has now
.
,

becom e qu ite com m on i n th e neigh bourhood of Taungup Ga me birds .

-

are plen t iful .

The cl i mate of Sandoway is ge neral ly considered t o be more pleasan t

an d h eal thy than that of any oth er par t of A rakan A s througho u t .

B urma th e year falls i n to t hree seasons : th e cold season fro m

, ,

N o v c mb e r t o February ; th e h ot season fro m February to May ; an d

h

th e w e t season from May t o O ctober T he m ean month ly m ax i m u m

, .

and m i n im u m te mpera t ures are 9 0 i n J une and 7 2 i n J an uary ° °

.

Th e rainfal l is very h eavy D uring th e th ree years endi ng 1 9 0 4 i t

.

averaged 1 8 9 i nches over t he D istrict ranging fr o m 1 5 8 inches at Gwa ,

34 S . Y DIS TR I CT
th e years 7 6 1 — 8 4 to cover respecti vely a hair a t ooth and a ri b
, , ,

o f Gau t a ma Th ree ti m es a year pi lgri m s resort to th ese pagodas

. ,

re mai ning one day at each shri ne A ncien t S il ver coi ns are someti mes .

fou nd struck by k ings o f A rak an som e o f wh ich bear dates and na mes
, ,

i n B urm ese C haracters and others i n Persian or varieties of N agari

,
.

Stones i nscri be d i n Sanskrit of th e eigh th cen tu ry have been d is , ,

covered near th e Sandoway ri ver .

Th e popu lat ion at the last fou r enu merat ions was : ( 1 8 7 2 )
( 8 8 ) ( 1 89 1 ) and ( 1 90 1 )
P op ul at io n Th e principal s tat is t ics of area and populat ion i n
1 1
.

1 9 0 1 are given i n th e following tabl e

N mb
u er o f

22
0 3 2 1 94 8 i 22

3I 39
I 77 15

Di t i t t t l
s rc o a 1 633 24

For Lower B u rm a th e rate of growth duri ng th e past t hirty years has

been slo w th ough t he popu lat ion has i ncreased more rap idly than i n
,

th e adjacen t D istri ct o f K yau kpy u Th e densi ty i s s til l however .

, ,

below th a t o f Kyaukpyu and in v ie w o f the large proportion of h il l

,

cou n try is never l ikely to be m u ch enhanced I n 1 9 0 1 persons .

,

(or 8 7 per cen t o f th e pop ulation ) were B uddh ists 6 5 0 0 (7 per cen t )
.
, ,
.

M m M am
A n i m ists and , (4 per cen t ) u sal an s Th e ti de o f uh . .

madan i m m igration wh ich has fl ooded t he north ern por t ion of t h e

,

coasts o f A rakan can hardly be said to h ave yet penetra t ed as far

,

sou t h as Sandoway I n 1 9 0 1 the H i ndus nu mbered only 5 5 8

. .

B u rm ese was spoken by persons A rakanese by and ,

Ch i n by
Th e n u m ber o f A rakanese in th e D i strict i n 1 90 1 w as bu t ,

u nli ke Akyab and Kyaukpyu Sandoway possesses m ore B urmans th an ,

A rakanese the to t al o f th e form er be ing

, Th e only other
i ndige nou s race o f i mportance are the Ch ins i nh abiti ng th e eastern ,

h ill areas who n u mbered

, i n 1 9 0 1 Th e n u m ber of t h ose engaged .

i n or dependent upon agricul t ure i n 1 9 0 1 was or nearly 7 9 per

cent o f t he t o t al population a very high proport ion O f th e total
.
, .
,

ab out w ere returned as depe nden t u pon ta zmgy a cultivation

alone .

T here were 5 2 8 C hris t ians i n 1 9 0 1 of w h o m 4 7 7 were natives m os t ly , ,

Bap t ists The A merica n Bap t is t Un ion has establ ished a c h urch at
.
 A G R I C UI TURE 35

Sandoway town and a school for C h i n ch ildren The m iss ion h as a

,
.

good many converts am ong the Ch i ns an d a few among B urmans .

The prevalen t so ils are loa ms more o r less sandy O wing to th e ,

.

h illy conformation of the su rface t h ere are no large ho mogeneou s ,

tracts . I n t he low ly ing lands w h ich receive t h e -

Ag ricult ure .

drai nage fro m t he s urrou nd ing h ills th e soil may be ,

excellent w h ile that on neighbou ring slopes may be poor A tract

, .

clas si fication w a s however made at th e se t tlem en t o f 1 8 9 7 —8 as

, , ,

fol lows The best land i ncl udes the greater portion of th e Tau ngu p
.

township a bel t of land o n bot h banks o f t h e Sandoway river an open

, ,

space surro un ded by h il ls i n th e Sandoway townsh ip and a few ,

scattered areas o f excellen t crop bearing lan d i n th e G wa townsh ip -

.

A secon d tract cons is t s of th e lighter and i nferior soils fou nd i n the

vici n ity of Taungu p and some scat tered stretc hes near th e sea coast
,
-

and on th e slopes o f th e h i lls i n th e Sando way an d G wa townsh ips .

Th e las t division i s a sandy ridge along th e coast o f t he B ay of B engal ,

s tre t ch ing fro m Pad i n t o G w ac h aung wh ere the soi l is very m uch ,

exhausted and i nferior to t hat i n th e t w o oth er areas .

Ta u /zg y a o r h ill clear ings are w orked ch iefl y for sugar cane plan -
,

tains co t ton and mai z e wh ile rice tobacco an d sesam u m are grown
, , , , ,

i n the plains and valleys D ifl e re n t system s o f cul t ivat ion are followed
.

i n d iff eren t parts of th e D istrict I n t he Tau ngup an d Sandoway .

townsh ips wh ere t he rain fal l is exceed in gly h eavy a n ordinary plough
, ,

i s used to t urn th e soi l soon after th e begi nning o f th e rains ; bu t i n the

G wa townsh ip the surface of t he land i s s im ply scraped w ith harrows
before th e seed i s sown .

Th e occu pat ions of the people are al m ost excl usively agricu lt u re and
fish ing R ice hol dings as a ru le are too s mal l to su pp ort a fam ily
.
,

and rice cu l tivators engage also i n th e cu lti vat ion o f m iscel laneous
crops as w el l as i n fish ing and cattle breed ing
,
- .

O nly 1 0 6 square m iles were cu lt ivated i n 1 9 0 3 —4 bu t th is represen ts

an increase o f n early 5 0 per cen t s ince 1 88 0—
,

1 Th e p r incipal crops . .

grown i n 1 9 0 3 —4 were : ri ce 9 2 square m i les ; tobacco acres ;

, ,

and s ugar cane The staple food grain is rice ; other food crops are
-
.
- -

ch illies planta i ns coco n u ts and a l ittle mai z e

, , O f garden fru its
-
, .
,

mangoes p ine apple an d j ack are grown th roughou t th e D istrict bu t

,
-
, ,

are of in feri or qual i ty T he area u n der garden cu l tivation is

.

’
acres The a a zzi pal m covers
. acres for th e m ost part i n t h e ,

Tau ngup tow nsh ip w h i le tobacco i s grown m ai nl y in t he Sando way

,

to w nsh ip .

Agricultu ral loans amou nt ing to a few h u n dred rupees yearly are
given u nder th e Agricu lturi st s Loans A c t ; bu t noth ing is advanced ’

u nder the Land I mprove men t Loans A c t and very l i ttle is done by ,

the peopl e the mselves to i m prove th e ir agricu l t ural m eth ods .

 36 WA Y D IS TRI CT
No sys t ematic cattle breeding is carried on bu t th e s t ock em ployed
-
,

i s mainly ho m e bred Ponies a re scarce and wou ld be o f l ittle u se in

-
.
,

th is co un try of h ill ridges and t idal creeks Th e gra z ing proble m i s not .

acu te for abundan t fodder is to be had o n the h ills and al most every
, ,

vi llage has gra z ing grounds s u fficient for its need A l ittle d i fficul ty i s .
,

h owever som eti m es experien ced near th e sea beach where t h e grass
, ,

i s ap t t o dry u p by t he en d of th e dry season Ca tt le di sease is rare .

-
.

T h is has been ascribed to th e i ndus t ry of th e cul tivators i n supplyi ng

th e ir cattle w ith water fro m wel ls du ring the h o t season i ns t ead of ,

allowing t he m to dri nk fro m t h e tanks i n wh ich th ey bathe .

T h e D istric t h as no syste m o f irriga t i on ; cu l tivat ion i s dependent

upon t h e ann ual rain fal l wh ich for t u na t ely is o n t h e w hole regular
,
.

Unseasonable rain o r breaks I n the m onsoon som e t i m es cau se local

scarci ty owing to th e de fic iency o f co m m u n ications bu t w idespread ,

d istress i s u nk nown Th e only i m por t an t leased fisheries are th e

.

M aung dauk and M igyaungye turtle banks wh ich fetch abou t R s 8 0 0 -

,
.

annually N et l icences are i ssued by townsh i p o fficers and circle tlz ugy is
. .

T h e n u m ber o f fi sh ermen an d t heir depen dents i n 1 9 0 1 was

A description of th e fores ts h as been given u n der t he head o f
B o t any Fro m an econom ic po in t o f view t h e three m os t val uable
.
,

trees are th e py ing aa o (Xy lia dolaorzf ormis) or iron ’

F ore st s wood a t i m ber al m os t equal to teak i n h ardness and

.

, ,

m uch u sed fo r house bu ildi ng rai lway sleepers an d fu rn i ture ; t he in

-
, ,

( f
D i f eroa z rp a s tu bereu la ia s
) a useful ti m ber from wh ich a th ick resi n
,

is extrac t ed ; and t h e k afl y in oy u (D ijoteroea rp zis a la tzzs) a large tree ,

wh i ch yield s an i nflam m able o il m u ch u sed i n m ak i ng torches I t is

,
.

only recently tha t th e Forest depar t m en t h as extended i t s opera t ion s

regu larly i nto th e D is t rict T h ere is a t eak planta t ion o f 7 % acres near
.

San doway town Teak trees ex ist also near Tau ngup and o n t he u pper
.
-

w aters o f t he Thade river Th e forest receipts i n 1 9 0 3 —4 were sl igh tly

.

i n excess o f R S .

T here are no m inerals of any i mportance so far as is known Car ,

.

b o n ace o us depos i t s h ave fro m ti me t o t i m e b een reported i n the neigh

b o urh o o d o f Sandoway town bu t i t is not probable that t he coal is
,

o f value L i mestone i s b u rn t i n certain c ircles Sal t boil i ng is carried

. .
-

o n i n a few v i llages near t he coast Salt i s man ufac tured i n two ways
‘
.
,

k nown locally as silp o an d lebo (th e strai ni ng and the field pro ’ ’

cesses ) By the fi rst meth od th e sali ne cru sts are gath ered after ebb
.

t ide the sal t contai ned i n the m i s dissolved an d th e sol u t ion boiled
,
.

I n the secon d th e sal t water i s evaporated on th e fields and th e p rocess

repeated t ill t h e bri ne is su ffic iently concentrated wh en i t is drained o ff ,

i nto a tank I n bo il i ng i ron cau ldrons and earthen pots are used
.
,

t h e former excl us ively in th e San doway and th e la tt er in the Tau ngup ,

townsh ip .
 TRA D E AN D I JII UN I CA TI ON S
C OIV 37

Th e m anufact ures as a whole are few and u n i m portant Bricks are .

burn t i n t h e neighbou rhood o f Sandoway Po t s (u ngla z ed ) o f the u sual .

kin d are m ade a t K in maw and Na t maw R ough .

T r a de a n d
ma t plaiting and t ha t ch maki ng are u n iversal S ilk co m mun ica t io n s
- - .

and cot t o n weaving are com mon i n the vi llages where

-
,

the wo men work on han d loom s t o supply th e local d em and Th e -

.

C h ins weave and e m broider sh awls of good qual ity and art is t ic design .

Sugar cane m ills work ed by cattle are co m mon Th e j u ice obtai ned
-
.

is boi led down in to j aggery w h ich i s expor t ed t o A kyab i n large ,

quanti ties t h e to t al prod uce bei ng es t i mated at over

, t ons a year .

There i s a stea m saw m ill a t Gy iw a half way be t ween Sandoway t own

-
,
-

and Tau ngup .

The com merce o f Sandoway is n o t extens ive o r i m portant I t co n .

s is t s ch iefly o f a s mal l coasting t rade i n sal ted fish rice and vege t ables , ,

w ith A kyab and Kyauk pyu along t h e t idal creek s an d o f a lan d trad e ,

w ith t he Pegu and I rrawaddy D ivisions over th e A rakan Yo ma by way

o f several passes : namely th e o ld m il i tary road fro m Taungu p to
,

Prome an d fou r s maller rou tes starting from the Gwa townsh i p an d
,

k now n as t h e Ponsogy i Le kk o k Baw m i and Th itkauk rou tes Th e

, , , .

Gwa towns h ip also carries o n a s mal l t rade by sea d uring t h e favou rable
season wi th parts o f Bassei n D istrict Th e m erchandise consis t in g .
,

ch ie fl y o f fi sh rice h ides and jaggery i s transported i n tlz a np a ns

, , , , ,

nati ve bu i l t boats o f E ngl ish des ign often over 5 0 feet i n length
-
, .

Th e p ri ncipal exports are salted fish and ng ap i (fi sh pas te ) rice t i m ber -

, , ,

cattle horns h ides t amari nds ch ill ies j aggery and coco n uts Th ese
, , , , , ,
-
.

go to Akyab Kyaukpyu Bassein R angoon and Pro me R ai lway

, , , ,
.

sleepers are sen t as far as C h ittagong The i mports are cot ton twi s t .
,

s ilk and other apparel oils and iron ; large quantities of t obacco and
, ,

be t el n u ts are also i mpor t ed i nto th e G wa townsh i p

-
.

Th e m eans of co m m u n ication are as ye t very i m perfect Th ere .

are no railway l ines and only three m etal led roads o f sh ort l ength
, ,

main t ained by t h e Pu bl ic W orks depart ment — one fro m San doway

town so u th wards to Padegaw about 9 m iles n o w being contin ued to , ,

Kyei ntal i another fro m Sandoway westwards to Li ntha o n th e coast ,

6 m i les ; and a th ird of 5 mile s fro m Sandoway north w est w ards t o

'

K i n maw T h e roads fro m v illage t o village are m ere foo t tracks w itho u t
.
-

any bank i ng or formation T h e new road fro m Sando way to Kyei ntal i.

w ill eventual ly be extended to G wa and wi ll faci l i tate co m m u nicat io n ,

between t he northern parts o f th e D istric t an d t h e I rrawaddy delta .

Th e only m eans o f co m mu nication eastwards are th e passes over th e

A rakan Yo ma ment ioned above Th e ch ief o f these connects th e .

village o f Tau ngup i n th e nor t h with Padau ng o n t h e I rrawaddy i n ,

Prom e D istrict T h i s i s an o ld rou te wh ich was followed by th e

.

B u rmans in the ir i nvasion of Arakan in 1 7 8 4 and agai n by t he B ri tis h ,

38 SA N D O I VA '

Y DIS TRI CT
i n 1 8 2 5 though i t was the n pronounced to be u n fi t for t roops or laden
,

cattle The road has s ince been considerably w idened and rendered
.

p racticable for cart tra ffic and has recently been s urveyed for a railway
,

l ine I ts v al ue as a trade rou te i s not however very great for i t is

.
, , ,

n o t m etalled and can not be used by carts during th e rains The other .

passes are not m uch used .

I n the Tau ngup an d Sandoway townsh ips travell ing by water is

pract icable d uring most o f th e year as fro m th e mou th of the Sando ,

way river north wards the coas t is i ndented wi th navigable tidal creeks ,

by means of w h ich com m u n ications can be k ep t up South wards th e .

coas t i s rugged and rocky w it h few available harbou rs Th e steamers , .

of the B ritis h I ndia Co mpany cal l weekly each way at t h e mou th of the
Sandoway ri ver com m u nication be t ween t he roadstead and th e tow n
,

o f Sandoway 1 5 m iles o ff being mai n ta

, ined by launch O n ly s mal l , .

s t eam ers o f 1 9 o r 2 0 t ons can ascend th e river as far as San doway

t own and in th e dry season eve n these are detained t i ll the t ide
,

serves T h is is th e cause o f m uch delay and i nconven ience both

.
,

i n the del ivery o f mai ls and i n th e expedi t ion o f merchandise .

Foul I sland has b een su rveyed wi th a v iew to the bu i ld in g o f a

ligh t hou se A t prese nt no por t ion of t he coast o f th e D istric t i s
.

l igh ted .

The D is t ri ct is d ivided i nto three t ownsh ips TAU NG U P i n t he north ,

SA N D O W A Y i n t he cen tre and G W A i n t he sou t h T here are no s ub

, .

d ivisions Th e head quar t ers magis t rate i s i n charge -

Adm in is t ra tio n
.

o f the t reasu ry at Sandoway town ; wh ere also are

an ak zm w z m in charge o f th e revenue and a su peri n t ende n t of lan d

records u nder w ho m are 2 i nspec t ors an d 1 0 su rveyors T he excise
, .

s ta ff is u nder t he D istrict S uperin t enden t of pol ice s ubj ect to t he co n ,

~

trol o f t h e D ep u ty Co m m iss ioner The D is t ric t form s a su bd ivision

-
.

o f th e A rakan P ublic W ork s d ivis ion wh ich is conterm i nous wi t h t h e ,

ci vi l D iv ision .

T he northern tow nsh ip wh ere t he sys t e m of revenue collection by ,

t he agency o f v illage headm en has as yet been i n troduced only t o a

s mal l ex t en t has s ix c ircle t/z ugy is the central fou r ; and the sou t hern
,

n one The t o t al n u m ber o f village h ead m en i n th e D istric t is 2 3 3

.
,

of wh o m 1 0 6 are revenu e col lectors re m u n era t ed by com m iss ion at ,

6 and 7 per cen t i n the north ern and cen tral townsh ips and a t 1 0
.
,

per cent i n th e sou thern t ownsh ip

m
. .

Th e D ep u t y Com iss ioner and t h e townsh i p officers are magis trates

-

and j udges fo r their respective charges and th e treasu ry o fficer is ,

add itional j u dge of th e Sandoway townsh ip court H e does al l th e .

c ivi l work of that cou rt and also tries cri m inal cases when t he town
,

s h ip officer i s o n tou r Fifteen of the vi llage head m en have been

.

empo w ered to t ry cer t ain classes o f pe t ty c i vi l s u its and t wo have ,

 AD M I N I S TRA TI ON 39

S pecial cri m i nal powers under th e V illage Ac t T h ere are bench es of .

honorary magis t ra t es at Sandoway town and Tau ngu p .

Under native ru le revenu e from lan d i n Sandoway was t aken i n t h e

shap e of a plough tax Five bask e t s of paddy were levied for each
.

pai r o f buffaloes used i n plough ing hal f a baske t being clai med by th e ,

k e eper o f t h e royal granary as wastage A pol l tax and trans i t d ues .

were also collected I n 1 8 2 8 S h ortly after t h e an n exat ion of A rak an

.
, ,

i t was calcula t ed t ha t every h ead o f a fam ily pai d R s 1 7 per ann u m .

i n t h e shap e o f reven u e t o Govern m en t I n 1 86 5 —6 a part ial se t tle .

men t was carried o ut by t he Depu t y Co m m issi oner resul t ing i n a few -

,

redu c t ions of ra t es o n accou n t o f th e alleged exhau st ion o f th e soi l

an d a desi re t o encou rage th e cu l t iva t ion o f waste land an d th ere ,

were fu rth er set t le m en t operat ions i n 1 8 9 0 1 bu t practically t here may -

be sai d t o h ave been a u ni form ra t e of R s 1 — 1 0 per acre th rough ou t .

t he D istric t u nt il 1 8 9 7 —8 wh e n an area of 1 4 8 squ are m i les wh i ch h ad

,

been cadastrally su rveyed i n 1 8 9 2 —3 an d brough t u n der su pple m entary ,

su rvey i n 1 8 9 4 —5 was class i fied accordi ng to th e fer t il ity of th e soil

,

and regularly se tt led Th e average rate for rice land over t h e wh ole
.

D istric t i s no w R s 1 9 —1 per acre and i n t h e se t tled areas ranges

-

fro m 1 4 annas t o R s 2 —
.
, , ,

8 Garden cul tiva t ion is assessed a t a u ni

. .

form ra t e o f R s 1 —1 2 and m i scellaneou s cu lt ivat ion a t R s 2 t o

.
,
.

Rs 4
. .O ver th e u nse tt led area t h e ra t es vary fro m 4 annas t o
R s 1 —1 0 A furth er area o f abou t 1 2 0 square m iles was su rveyed
i n 1 90 1 — and su m marily set tled i n 1 9 0 3—
. .

2 , 4 T h e average ex ten t .

o f a h old ing i n t h e se t tl ed tract is 2 8 acres an d i n th e u nse t tled ,

t rac t 2 5 acres A gran t o f 4 5 2 acres u nder th e o ld was t e land gran t

.
-

ru les of 1 8 6 5 s t i ll exists at I ndai nggyi Th e capita t ion tax rates .

are R s 4 on married couples an d R s 2 on singl e persons excep t

. .
,

i n a few Ch i n villages w h ere lower ra t es o f R s 2 and R 1 are i n

,
. .

force .

Th e following t able S hows i n th ou sands of rupees th e grow t h i n

th e revenu e si nce 1 8 8 0—
, ,

The t otal revenu e fo r 1 9 0 3— 4 i ncl udes exci se (R s and capi .

tatio n tax (R s T he ex ci se receip t s i nclu de R s

. fro m .

op i u m R s
,
from tari (m ade from t h e j u i ce o f th e a a 77i pal m ) an d
.
’
,

Rs . from cou n t ry sp iri t Fou r sh ops are l icensed for th e sale o f

.

k a zmg a favou rite l i qu or am ong th e Ch i ns and an i mpor t an t adj u nc t

,

at t heir fl a t worsh ipp ing fest ival s

-
.

Th e D istric t cess fu nd th e i n com e o f w h i ch is derived m ainly from

,
40 SA N D O I VA Y DIS TR I CT
a ra t e o f 1 0 per cent on t h e total land revenu e is ad m inis t ered by th e
.
,

Depu ty Com m issioner for t he mai ntenance and construction o f roads

-

and oth er local n ecessi t ies T h e incom e i n 1 90 3— 4 was R s . .

Th e on ly m u n icipal i ty is S A ND O W A Y TO WN wh ich was consti t u ted i n ,

1 88 5 .

Th e D istric t contains n ine pol ice s t ations and on e ou t post T h e .

D is t rict Superin tenden t i s assisted by 2 insp ec t ors ; an d th e force con

sists of 3 h ead constables and 1 3 8 sergean t s and constabl es besides ,

ru ral pol ice Th ere are 7 5 m ili tary pol ice stati oned at Sando
.
,

way town Tau ngup Lam u Kyei ntali and Gwa Th e D istri c t j ail has
, , , , .

accom m odati on fo r 8 4 prisoners Mat m aki ng cane work coi r work .

-
,
-
,
-
,

garden ing an d carpent ry are carri ed o n by th e prisoners

, .

Th e standard o f education i n San doway i s not h igh A t t h e sam e .

t i m e t hough bel ow th e P rovi ncial m ean th e proporti on of l iterate

, ,

m ales i n every (3 4 3 ) i s h igh er than in any of the other D is

tric ts of th e A rakan D i vi sion For fe males th e corresponding figu re .

i s 3 2 and for both sexes t ogether 1 8 9 T he t o tal nu mber o f pup ils

was 6 5 0 i n 1 8 8 0 — —
.
,

1 i n 1 8 9 0 1 an d i n 1 9 0 0 —1
, I n 1 9 0 3 —4 , .

t here were 6 secondary 4 8 primary a n d 6 0 el em entary (priva t e ) sch ools

, , ,

w it h mal e an d 2 7 6 fem ale pu pi ls The m os t i mpor t an t school s .

are t h e San doway m u n ici pal A nglo vernacu lar school and the A m erican -
,

B aptist A ngl o vernacu lar Ch in sch oo l also i n San doway t own Th e

-
, .

A m erican Bap tist Un io n h ave opened a n u mber o f smal l schools fo r

Ch i ns i n t h e rural areas The m aj ority o f t h ese however h ave n o t .
, ,

co me un der th e E ducational depar t men t an d draw n o resul ts grants -

The expendi tu re on educati on i n 1 9 0 3 —

.

4 fro m m u nicipal fu nds was

Rs . fro m Provincial funds R s 6 0 0 ; an d from th e D is t rict cess , .

fund R s 1 9 0 0 R eceip t s from fees a t t h e m u n icipal school yielded

,
.
, .

Rs .

Th ere are tw o h ospi t als w i t h acco m moda t ion for 2 0 in pa t ien t s ,

-
.

D uri n g 1 9 0 3 th e n u m ber of in — pat ien t s treated was 3 1 8 and that o f ,

o u t pat ients
-
an d 2 5 7 operat ions were p erform ed Th e e x p e n .

diture i n t h e same year was R s ch i efly borne by Local an d .

m u ni cipal fu nds .

V acci nation is co mpulsory i n Sandoway m u ni cipal it y b u t no t i n t h e ,

in terior o f th e D istrict T h e proport ion o f th e i nh abi tan t s protected.

i s however said to be fairly h igh I n 1 9 0 3 —4 th e nu m ber of persons

, , .

successfully vacci na t ed was represent ing 1 9 per of p Op u

la t ion .

[ B H ough t on .Se/zle77 ze7z t R ep ort 1 8 2

( 9 ) Mau ng Pan H la Seltlemen t
, ,

R ep ort
S an do w T o w n s h ip —Townsh i p o f Sandoway Distric t Lower
ay .
,
’ ° ’
° ° ’
B urma ,
lying between 1 8 2 and 1 8 4 6 N an d 9 4 1 3 and .

° ’
94 5 2 E w ith an area of
.
,
square m i les I t occu p ies th e .
42 SAN D O II A
'

Y TO ll A
’ ’

jail wi th accom m odation for 8 4 prison ers a h ospital and several

, , ,

sch ools O n e of th e m os t i m portant of th ese i s th e m u nicipal Anglo

.

vernacular sch ool w ith an at tendance o f abou t 1 2 0 There i s also

, .

a m ission sch ool for Ch i ns managed by t h e A m erican Baptis t Un ion , ,

wi th 7 0 Ch i n pupils i n 1 9 0 3 of who m 2 4 were gi rls , .

S an dfi r —The s mallest an d least populou s o f t he fi ve Native S t a t es

.

i n d irect pol itical relat ions w ith t h e Govern m ent of M ad ras I t i s s ur .

rou nded by th e D istrict o f B ellary t h e Col lector o f wh i ch i s th e Pol iti ,

’
cal A gen t and lies betw een 1 4 5 8 an d 1 5 1 4 N an d 7 6 2 5 and
,
° ’ °
.
° ’

°
76 42 E
’
I n S hape i t i s l ike a torpedo w i th its longer axi s runn ing
.
,

from north wes t t o sou th east an d i t is 2 4 m iles l ong and a t th e

- -
, ,

broadest par t 1 3 w ide The S t ate i s 1 6 1 squ are m iles i n area con
,
.
,

tai ns 2 0 v illages and h as a popu la t ion ( 1 9 0 1 ) o f

, o f wh o m

bet w een one thi rd an d one — h al f l i ve i n San dti r town I t consi sts of
-
.

a long narrow valley sh u t i n by two nearly parallel

, ,

enclosi ng walls of b ills covered wi th long grass and

forest Th ese h ill s are form ed o f Dh a rw ar rocks
.
,

wh ich were deposited u pon t h e older grani tes an d th en as th e earth s ,

’

su rface cooled were wi th th e gran ites subj ected to enor mou s lateral
, , ,

p ressu re an d so cru mpled up i nto huge wrinkles The San dfi r val ley
,
.

i s th e h ollow of o n e of th ese wrin kles and t h e h i lls su rrou nd ing i t are ,

th e si des o f a h uge t rough i n t o wh ich t he rocks have been squ ee z ed .

Th e strata i n th em s t an d o n edge curve gradually below th e valley , ,

an d reappear agai n on edge on t h e ot h er side

, , .

Th e t wo enclosi ng l ines of h i ll are sm oo t h i n ou tl in e fl at t opped ,

-
,

and very level along t h ei r su m mi t s so th at from ou tside th e State th ey ,

resemb le long l in es o f wal l S h ut t ing i t in Th eir h igh es t poin t i s at th e .

sou th eas t corner above th e K u m a rasw a m i tem ple referred to later

-
, ,

wh ere they ru n u p to feet R aman malai i n t h e centre o f th e .

,

sou th ern o f t he t wo l ines j ust above R AM A N D R U G h il l sta t ion i s , ,

fee t above the sea A t righ t angles to th e longer ax is of t h e

.

valley an d th rough b o t h th e walls o f b il l wh ich enclose it ru ns th e

, ,

N arih alla drai ning al most th e wh ol e of i t

,
Th e beaut i fu l l ittle gorges .

i n th e t wo li nes of h ills by wh ic h t he stream first enters an d t h en,

l eaves th e S t a t e are am ong th e m ost striki ng featu res of t h e cou ntry

, .

Th at o n t h e wes t ern side by w hi ch i t enters cal led t h e Obalagan di , , ,

l i es abou t 2 —5 m i les from Sand e r town At th e bo t tom wh ere t h e .

,

river ru n s i t i s only som e 1 5 yards wide On e ith er hand th e dark

,
.

p urple and deep red h em atite rocks wh ich form th e s ides o f th is

natural gate rise prec ipitou sl y to a h eigh t o f 1 80 feet grad ually near ,

i ng o n e anot her as th ey ascend Th e bed o f th e s t ream is s trewn wit h .

m asses o f rock wh ich appear to h ave fallen from th e S i des of t h e gat e ,

and t he ir ri ch colou rs for m a fine contrast to th e green o f th e w oods

wi th wh ich th e S ides of t h e h i lls are h ere cl oth ed Th e Bh imagandi .
,
 43

as th e eastern gorge by wh ich t h e N arih alla leaves th e val ley is called ,

i s wider bu t equally pictu resqu e

, .

A mong the ga me o f th e S tate may be m en tioned occas ional tigers ,

nu m erous wi ld hog and not a fe w sci/” oa r Peafowl are plenti ful bu t

, .
,

are hel d sacred to th e god K u m a rasw a m i

Th e valley i s cooler than th e ne igh bou ring D istric t o f Bellary and
recei ves m ore rai n than an y part o f it th e average fal l approach i ng ,

3 0 i nches ann ually I t i s singularl y free fro m m alaria considering its

.
,

conformation .

‘
San dii r has an i n teresting h istory I n 1 7 2 8 i t was sei z ed by an .

Xancestor of th e prese nt R aj a a M ar a t h a named Siddoj i R ao H e , .

belonged to a fam ily called th e G h o rpade s wh ich ,

H ist o ry .

nam e was earned according to t rad it ion by o n e o f

, ,

the m w h o s caled a precipi tous fort by cl ingi ng to an igua na (g lzorp a d)

w h ich was crawl i ng u p i t Siddoj i R ao s grandfath er had been i n th e
’
.

ser v ice o f th e S ul t a n o f B ij ap ur and h is three sons j oined in the ,

M a r a th a revol t agai nst that king and p rospered i n consequ ence .

The second o f t hem Siddoj i s father earned the hereditary titl es o f ’

‘
, ,

H i nd u R ao and M amalik at (M amluk at) M ad a r ( centre o f the S tate

w h ich are s ti ll u sed by th e R aj as of Sand ur Siddoj i s eldest so n was
’
.

the fa mou s M or a ri R ao of G OOT v w h o followed h is father as ru ler ,

.

of the S tate I n t he campaign o f 1 7 7 5 - 6 Haidar Ali after get ting

.
,

possession of B E LL A R Y took Gooty fro m h i m and sen t h i m to

, ,

Kab b aldurga h i ll i n M ysore where h e d ied soon afterwards ,

H aidar .

annexed th e w hole t erritory i nclu d ing San d ur and began th e fort of

, ,

K rish n a nagar wh ich is st ill standing th ere I t was fi nish ed an d .

‘
garrisoned by h is son T ip rr .

Mor a ri R ao had two sons b u t they both d ied i n ch i ldhood ; an d h e

,

adop ted a distan t cousi n nam ed Siva R ao wh o fel l about 1 7 8 5 i n a ,

‘’
vai n atte mp t to t u rn T ip tI s troops ou t o f San dti r an d was succeeded ,

by h is son Siddoj i t hen two years o ld Siddoj i was pu t u nder th e

,
.

’
guardiansh ip o f h is u ncl e V enkata R ao who i n 1 7 90 on h i s ward s , ,

behalf attacked and drove o u t T ip a s garrison an d gai ned possession

,
’
,

o f the place After the peace with T ip it i n 1 7 9 2 th e G h o rp ade s were

.

al lowed to retai n San dti r as part o f t he anci ent i nh eri t ance o f the
fam ily bu t none o f th e m ven tu red to reside t here as long as Tip a
,

was al ive Siddo j i died i n 1 7 9 6 aged th irteen and h i s w idow

.
, ,

adop t ed a cousi n called S iva R ao O n th e death of T ip ti at th e

’

fal l o f Seri ngapatam i n 1 7 9 9 S i va R ao went wi th V enkata R a o to ,

San dti r an d h e was j agiraar t here when B ellary D istrict w as ceded

’
'

to the Co mpany .

Abou t th is t i me t he Pesh w a B a j i R ao granted t he estate to o n e , ,

J as want R ao a distinguished o fficer i n Sin dh ia s arm y

,
N o p ro ’
.

min e nce w as given to th is gran t and S iva R ao cont i nued to hol d t he ,

V OL . XX I I . D
 S I N !) (7 11
:
44 .

estate Th e Pesh w a however regarded h i m as a rebelliou s vassal

.
, , ,

and i n 1 8 1 5 endeavoured to gai n possession o f Sa ndrir by march ing

’

th ith e r w i th troops u nder the prete nce of a p i lgrim age to th e sh ri ne

,

o f K u m arasw a m i S iva R ao blocked th e passes and B aj i R ao was

.
,

only al lowed to go t o the tem ple wi th a few a tt en dants by th e foot

pa t hs over t he hi lls .

Th e Treaty of Bassei n however bou nd th e Com pany to assist th e , ,

Pesh w a i n reducing refractory vassals and B aj i R ao accordingly ask ed ,

that th e B ri t ish wou ld t ake San dr i r from S iva R ao M unro w as .

therefore detached fro m D h arw ar with a force to de man d th e s u r

render o f the val ley S iva R ao res igned possession wi thou t oppos i .

t ion and i n a dign i fied m an ner and obtai ned i n exchange an es t ate ,

i n Bellary D is t rict A lm os t i m m edia t ely afterwards however th e

.
, ,

Pesh w a th rew o ff th e m ask o f frien dsh ip to t h e Bri tis h he had been

wearing an d provoked th e war w h ich ended i n 1 8 1 8 i n the downfal l
,

o f h is power M u nro th en reco m m ended that Sandrrr shoul d be

’

restored to S iva R ao and Govern m en t agreed to t he proposal , In .

1 8 2 6 a form al sa 7z a a
(t itle deed ) for th e S tate was granted to S iva R ao
’
-

by th e M adras G overn men t H e died i n 1 8 4 0 and was followed by .

,

h is nep hew V e nkata R ao w h o m he h ad adop t ed Th e latter d ied i n , .

1 86 1 an d was s ucceeded by h is son Sivash an muk h a R ao I n 1 8 7 6

, .

h e recei ved t he t i tle o f R aj a as an heredi tary d is tinc t ion A t h is death .

t wo years later h i s bro th er R a m achandra V itth ala R ao succeeded who ,

was m ade a C I E i n J u ly 1 8 9 2 bu t died i n th e sam e year R a ma

. . .
, ,
.

chan dra s son th e presen t R aj a i s a m inor and i s being educated a t

’
, ,

Bellary .

The ch ief bu ild ings o f an t iqu arian i n t eres t i n th e S ta t e are th e fort

o f Krish n a nagar already m e n t ioned t he ancien t fortress a t R ADI AN D R U G ,

referred to i n th e accou n t o f that place and the t emple o f K u m ara ,

sw a m i wh ich i s p ic t uresqu ely si tuated i n a natu ral amph i theatre of

,

w ooded S lopes n ear th e t op of t h e h ills

7 m i les sou th o f Sand ur town .

Ku m a rasw a m i the Mars of th e H i n du pan th eon w as t h e ch ild o f S iva

, ,

and P a rvat i T h e legend runs t hat a feroc iou s dem o n nam ed T arak
.

a sura who d wel t i n th i s par t of th e San dti r h i lls so harassed th e D evas

, ,

t hat t hey en treated S iva t o send h is w arrior son to rid t hem of t he

m onster K u m a rasw a mi cam e and sl ew h i m and cu t o ff h i s head
. .

T h e fou ndat ion o f th e t em ple co m me mora t es th e happy even t I n .

sc rip tio n s i n t h e b u ild ing S h ow that i t was i n existence as long ago as

A D 9 5 0 bu t arch i tect urally i t is disappoin ting

. .
,
.

Th e population o f Sand ar i n 1 8 7 1 was Th e fam i ne of

1 876— 8 was severely fel t and i n 1 88 1 the inhabi tants n u mbered only ,

I n 1 8 9 1 t h e total w as and i n
P op ul at io n 1 0 1 .

More than o f th e people are

9 ,

M usalmans a h igh propor t ion ,

O f t he H indus the most n u merou s .
,
 F ORES TS 45

com m un ities are the sect o f the Ling ayats an d th e Be dars the old ,

fi g h ting cas t e o f th is part o f t he coun try both of who m are over

-
,

strong Nex t come t he Marath as who nu mber

. then th e ag ric ul
,

t uris t Sadars an d M a d igas and t he sheph erd Ku ru bas and after th e m

the B r a h mans w ho are m ore than usual ly n u merou s and hol d cons ider
,

able grants o f land Kanares e i s t h e prevalen t vernacu lar

. .

The soi l of t he S tate is a rich heavy loa m wh ich co mpares favo urably ,

w it h tha t o f th e adj o ining areas Th ere i s practically no black cotton

.

soil and consequently no late crops such as cotton

, ,
Ag r icult ure
,

are grown B y far the m os t i m portan t staple is

.

Clio /a m (Sorg lz u m v iz /g o re
) wh ich is followed
,
by k (
orra Sela ria ila liea
)
and sajj a (P en n isetu m P ulses oilseeds betel leaf an d , ,
-
,

tobacco are also grown Th e two las t and a few ot her garden crops are
.

i rriga t ed fro m wells t here bei ng at presen t no irrigation by di rect fl ow

,

fro m e ither tanks o r ch an nels anywh ere i n Sand ar A bou t 1 5 0 o f .

these wells are worked m os t being te m porary afl airs w i thou t p rop e r

'

li ning ; and the area s uppl ied is 4 0 0 acres o n m ost o f w h ich t w o crops ,

are raised annually S ugar can e u sed to be a pro fitabl e crop bu t i t

.
-
,

is n o w rarely grown as i t can not co mpe te with that cu ltivated u nder

‘
,
’
T
the U G ABH A D R A chan nels
N D ry crops are sown fro m th e early
.

part of J u ne to th e m id dle o f J u ly a nd reaped in O ctober I f th e .

rains are late and sowi ng cannot b e carried out u nti l t he en d of J uly ,

th e ou t tu rn is invariably in ferior Only o n e crop is u s ually o b t a ined

-

‘
.

fro m dry land t hough i f good rain falls i n Nove m ber o r D ece mber
’
,

a second crop of B engal gra m is so met i mes raised T he sy s tem s o f .

cultivation are s i m ilar to t hos e followe d i n B ellary D istrict though ,

perhaps m anu ri ng is m ore co m mon Th e agricu ltu ral i m ple men ts .

e mployed are also the sam e Cattle are ch iefly bough t as i n that
.
,

D istrict from d rovers fro m Nel lore o n th e i nstal men t syste m

, .

‘
T he forests of San dtI r are acres o r abou t 1 3 6 square m iles , ,

i n ex ten t O f t h is area
. acres h ave been l eased to the M adras
,

Govern m ent fo r twenty fi ve years from 1 8 8 2 at an

F
-

o r e sts .

annual ren tal of R s an d are ad m in istered by

.

the Forest depart ment o f B ellary D istrict These leased fores ts as .

,

t hey are u sually called co mprise th e growt h on the w hole o f th e

,

two ranges wh ich ru n along each s ide o f th e val ley and also som e
part o f that o n the plateau x sou th of Sandti r tow n T hey contai n .

no really h ea vy growth bu t the supply of H a rdw ick ia w ill eventuall y

,

be considerabl e an d there is so me teak and sandal —

,
wood The .

th ick grass is however o f great val u e to cattle i n t i mes of scarc ity

, ,
.

T h e chi ef di fficu lty i n reprod ucing th e growth is th e constan t occu r

rence o f fires .

T he m i nerals o f th e S ta te possess u nusual i n terest The h e mati tes .

found i n i t are probably t he riches t ore in I ndia An ou tcrop near .

D 2
 SA N D (7 4
>
4s

t h e south ern bou ndary clos e by th e village of form s K u mmataravu

t h e crest of a ridge 1 5 0 feet i n h eigh t wh ich apparently con si sts ,

en tirely o f pu re steel grey crys tall i ne h e ma t i te (spee n

-

M in e ra ls .

lar i ron ) o f i ntense hardness Some of th e softer ores .

u sed to be s m el ted by t he nat ives bu t th e i ndus t ry h as been k illed by

,

t he cheaper E ngl ish i ron Manganese deposits have also been fou n d
.

i n t h ree places th e o re from o n e o f th em S howing o n analysis

,

4 3 per cen t of manganese d iox ide

. T here are also t races o f an o ld
.

gold m i ne J asper rocks o f grea t beau ty and a wide range o f colours

-
.
,

and m any d ifferen t t ints o f och reous m i neral p igmen ts are also fou nd ,

i n large quant ities T he pig men ts are excavated and u sed for colo ur
.

wash ing h ouses and m igh t probably be exploited t o co m m ercial

,

advantage .

E xcep t t hat t he sh eph erd cas t e of the K urubas weave coarse woollen
blank ets fro m t h e fl eeces o f th e sheep o f the cou ntry ,
Tra de
t here are n o man ufac t ures i n t h e S tate Nor i s any
.

cons iderable t rade carried o n i n or th rough i t .

The ad m i ni strati on i s condu cted by a D iw an s u bj ect to th e general ,

au thori ty o f t h e Col lector o f B ellary who is ex — fi ieio Pol itical A gen t

o ,

for the S tate Th e D iw a n has t he powers o f a

Admin is t ra t io n
.

divis ion al o fficer fi rst class magistrate A dditional

.
-
, ,

Sess ions J udge and D istrict M u nsif w h ile t he original appellate and
, , , ,

revis ional p owers o f a Collector D is tric t M agi strate an d D istrict an d

, ,

Sessi ons J udge vest in m atters relating to th e S tate i n t he Pol it ical

, ,

A gent .N o l egislat ion i s u ndertak en i n San de r S u ch o f the A cts .

o f th e Legislative Cou ncils of th e Govern m ents o f I nd ia and Madras

as app ear to th e adm inis t ration to be su ited to th e State are brough t

i n t o force by t he S i m ple p rocess o f pu bl icly not ify i ng t hat t hey have
been adopted M any o f t he execu t i ve powers exercised have no other
.

basis th an o ld c ustom h el d to have th e force o f law .

Th e gross i ncom e o f t h e S ta t e averages rather m ore than R s .

of wh ich abo u t R s i s derived fro m land revenu e an d th e

.

molz ia rf a (an o ld establish ed tax lev ied accordi ng to n o very fi xed

-

pri nciples o n professions t rades and i n so me cases o n h ouses ) ;

, , , ,

Rs . from contracts for excise m i nor fores t produce & c ; , , .

an d R s . from t h e forests leased to th e Madras Govern m ent .

O n t he expenditure S ide the ch ief i te ms are th e R aj a s civi l l is t

’
,

Rs th e charges of adm inis t ration R s and a su m

wh ich since 1 88 5 —
.
.
,

of R s . 6 h as been set asi de yearly for th e

repay m ent o f th e p ri ncipal and i n t eres t o f the deb t s incurred by
former R aj a s .

O f th e 1 6 0 square m i les of wh ich t h e S ta t e consis t s on ly abou t ,

1 9 square m i les or acres are cu lt ivable t h e res t being fores t or

, , ,

u n fi t for t illage A bou t 1 5 square m iles

. acres ) are cropped a t
 AD M I N I S TRA TI ON 47

present th e re mai nder Often owi ng t o i ts dis t ance fro m th e villages

, , ,

being waste A field su rvey u nder th e d irection o f th e M ad ras Su rvey

.

d epartmen t is i n progress W hen i t h as bee n co mpleted a settlem en t

.
,

on th e general pri nci ples foll owed i n B ri tish t erri tory wi ll be carried
ou t Formerly th e accou nts S h owed th e fi elds by th e i r nam es and
‘ ‘
.

th eir d i m ens ion s i n Iii/ g a s o r ropes bu t the length of th e rope

( ,
’ ’

was nowh ere laid down Between 1 8 6 5 an d 1 8 7 1 a rough survey was

.

carri ed o ut wi t h the aid of t h e vi llage accou n tan ts an d the records ,

so obtai ned are th e ex isting gu ides Th ey do n o t however S h ow .

, ,

part iculars o f assess men t .

Unti l very recen tly th e assess m en t payabl e was fi xed o n a rack

ren t ing syste m each fiel d bei ng pu t u p to au ct ion and leased for five
,

r som eti mes ten ) years t o th e h igh es t b idde r

( o A t th e en d o f th is .

lease th e field was agai n pu t u p t o auct ion an d its former t enan t was ,

th u s oft en ou sted Th e u ncertai nty wh ich th is sys t em i nvolved ch ecked

.

a ny c fl o rt to i m prove th e land perm an en t ly by fenc ing i t cons tructing

'

wells planting trees an d so on ; and consequ ently i t is i n contem pla

, ,

tion as soon as t he su r vey and settle men t h ave been compl eted an d
,

th e rates o f assess m en t i n accordance with th e m have been prescri bed ,

t o give t h e ryots th e sam e occu pancy righ ts as i n B ri tish terri tory .

Meanwh ile th ey are allowed to go o n h ol ding t hei r fi el ds a t th e rates

fixed by th e las t au c t ion held and are n ot disturbed i n th ei r occu pation
,

by fresh au ctions .

Th e State contains no na t ural sal t o r sal t earth and th erefore n o -

,

compl ica t ions arise wi th th e Salt depart m en t i n B ri t i sh territory I t .

grows no op iu m an d th e l i tt l e g anj a wh ich i s raised i s c u lti va t ed and

,

harvested u nder o flic ial su pervision Th e sys t e m for th e supply o f .

l iquor i s si m pl e Th e exclus ive righ t o f m anu factu ring and selling

.

both S p irits and toddy (pal m l iquor ) is sold to th e sam e person H e .

‘
d ist ils spiri t i n Sandtir fro m i mpor t ed jaggery (coarse sugar) and ,

i m ports from elsewh ere such toddy as is requ i red th ere being hardly ,

any pal m trees i n th e S tate

-
.

Both sh ort an d long term prisoners are con fined i n th e jail Th e

-
.

average nu m ber of convicts i s abou t 1 5 and i s th u s t oo s mall t o allow ,

of the organi z atio n of j ail m anu fac t u res ; so t he prisoners are u su ally
employed i n repairi ng t h e roads Th e pol ice force consis t s o f an
.

i nspector 4 h ead constables an d 2 5 constables and th ere are 4 pol ice

, ,

s t a tions Under t h e term s o n w h ich th e State i s held sentences of

.
,

death can not b e passed w i t hou t t h e sanct ion of th e G overnm en t

of Madras Special rules regarding crim i nal j urisd iction are i n force
.

i n th e sani t ari u m of R am andrug E xtrad ition fro m th e Stat e i s .

arranged th rough th e Pol i ti cal Agen t an d i s usual ly sanctioned only ,

w hen th e o fl e n e e i s of a m i nor description I n th e case o f m ore .

serious cri m es triable only by a Cou rt of Sessi on th e Pol itical Age nt ,

 ‘

48 SAA p r
f /r
f

proceeds again st th e Offender as t h ough t h e offen ce h ad been com m i tted

i n B riti sh I ndia .

‘
San dtir possesses a lower secondary sch ool seven primary sch ool s , ,

and a girls school Th e fi rst of th ese was opened at th e end of 1 8 8 2

’
.
,

bu t the p re se nt b u ildin g was erected i n 1 88 7 —8 an d th e i nsti tu tion ,

i s con sequ en t ly k nown as th e J ubilee Sch ool N eith er th e M uh am .

‘
madan s nor th e Li ng a yats of San dt ir pl ace m u ch val u e o n edu cat ion ,

and progress i s slow A t t h e Censu s of 1 9 0 1 only 1 0 9 males and

.

5 fem al es i n every could read and write Th e gi rls sch ool was .

s t ar t ed by th e London M i ssi on i n 1 8 9 8—9 and is s t ill m anaged by ,

th at body .

Th e Sand ur d ispensary was opened i n 1 8 8 1 an d i s very popu lar ,

m any pat ien t s com i ng t o i t from adj oi ning villages i n B ritish t erritory .

[ Fu rth er par t icu lars regarding Sand ur wi ll be fou nd i n th e B ella ry

D islriet G az e lleer an d i ts geol ogy an d m i neral s are referred to

at lengt h i n M r Bruce Foot e s accou nt o f th e geol ogy o f th a t D i stri ct
.
’

i n M emoirs G eolog ica l Su rvey v o l xxv ]

, , . .

S a n dw ip — I sland o ff th e coas t o f No a kh a l i D istrict E as t ern B engal

.
,

an d A ssam lying be t ween 2 2 2 3 and 2 2 3 7 N an d 9 1 2 1 an d

,
° ’ ’ ° ’
.
°

91
°
33 E
’
an d probably formed by t he deposi t o f sil t from th e
.
,

M egh n a Th e area i s 2 5 8 square m iles and th e populati on i n 1 9 0 1

.
,

was d well ing i n 5 9 villages .

T h e i slan d has an in t erest ing h istory Cesare de Federici t h e .

’
,

V enetian t raveller wri ti ng in 1 5 6 5 described i t as densel y populated

, ,

and wel l cult iva t ed ; h e added that 2 0 0 S h ips were laden yearly wi th
salt and t h a t such was th e abundance o f m aterial s for S h ip-bu il ding
,

th a t th e Su l ta n o f Constan ti nopl e found i t ch eaper to h ave h is vessel s

bu i l t h ere than at A lexandria I n 1 6 0 9 th e islan d was captu red from
.

th e M u ham m adans by a n u m ber o f Portugu ese wh o had been expel led

fro m th e em ploy of t he R aj a of A rakan H eaded by o n e G on z ales .
,

t hese p i ra t es establi sh ed th emselves i n force on th e islan d an d sei z ed

Sh a h b az pu r an d P ate lb anga wi th an arm y o f ,
Por t uguese ,

sepoys an d 2 0 0 cavalry an d a navy o f 80 arm ed vessels I n 1 6 1 0 th ey

, , .

al li ed th em selves w ith th e R aj a of A rakan i n an attemp t to i nvade

Bengal bu t after som e successes th ey were rou ted by t h e M ughal
,

troops I n 1 6 1 5 an attack u pon A rakan was made by Gon z ales w ith

.

th e h elp o f Portuguese troops from Goa bu t th is fail ed ; an d i n th e ,

fol lowing year t h e R aj a o f A rakan i nvaded San dwip defeated G on z ales , ,

and took possession o f th e i sland For th e n ext fi fty years Sandw ip.

was a nes t o f Portugu ese an d A rakanese pi rates wh o devastated th e

neigh bou ring coas t s of B engal bu t i n 1 6 6 4 t h e Naw ab Shais t a Kh a n
,

determ ined t o p u t an end to t h ei r depredations By di n t of prom i ses .

an d cajolery b e i nduced th e Por t ugu ese t o d esert t o h i s side and ,

u sed th em i n an at t ack u pon Sa n d w ip i n 1 6 6 5 w h ich was en t irely

 SAA’G A /WE S H lVA R TO W N
'
/

5 0

an d a few w eeks la t er (M arch 1 6 ) a di sastrou s co n fl agratio n com ple t ely

destroyed th e lei/a k a offices and 7 5 private houses O n th e destruction .

of th e pu bl ic o ffices th e h ead quarters of th e lei/a k a were m oved to th e

,
-

m ore central an d conven ien t vi llage of D E VR U K H .

A ccording to t h e Samoan k /z a mla Sangam esh war originally call ed , ,

R amak sh e tra possessed tem pl es bu i l t by Parasu R a ma or B h a rgava

,

R a ma . I n th e seven t h cent ury i t was t h e capi tal o f a Ch aluk yan king ,

K a m a wh o bu ilt temples and a for t ress O f th ese temples o n e called

,
.
,

K arn e sh vara remai ns B u t th e sh rine o f th e Sangam eshwar tem pl e

.

i s sai d to be older dat i ng from Parasu R a ma s t i me I n th e fourteenth

,
’
.

century i t was for long th e resi dence o f Basava th e fou nder o f th e ,

L ing a yat sect E very year i n J anuary —February a fai r is h eld A t th e

. .

confl uence o f th e rivers are several sacred places among t he m

o n e known as
‘cleanser o f S ins (D lz zz tap ap ) I t w as h ere t hat Samb h aj i .
,

son of S ivaj i was t aken prisoner by th e M ughal s and afterwards pu t to

,

deat h i n 1 6 8 9 Sangam esh war con tai ns five sch ools wi th 3 2 5 pu pils
. .

S a n g a m n e r T alu k a — l uk a o f A h m adnagar D istrict B om bay .

, ,

° ’’ ’ ° ’ ° °
lyi ng betwee n 1 9 1 2 an d 1 9 4 7 N an d 7 4 1 an d 7 4 3 1 E w it h . .
,

an area of 7 0 4 squ are m i les I t con t ains o n e town SA NG A M N E R .

,

(populat ion th e h ead qu ar t ers an d 1 5 1 v illages Th e p o p u

’

-
.
,

lat ion i n 1 9 0 1 was com pared w it h i n 1 89 1 Th e .

presence o f i m migrants o n r eli ef works accou nts mainly for

t h e i ncrease Th e densi ty 1 2 8 persons per square m i le is al mos t
.
, ,

equal to th e D istric t average T h e de man d for lan d revenu e i n

1 90 3 —
.

4 was 1 -
7 lakh s an d for cesses R s ,
Th e f aluk a i s .

d ivided i n t o th ree dist inc t por t ions by th e two m ou ntai n ranges wh ich
traverse i t i n a parallel d irection Th e ch i ef rivers are th e Pravara .

an d t h e M u l a Th e Pravara fl ows i n t he valley between t h e t w o

.

m ou ntai n ranges W i t h th e except io n o f irriga t ion from t he t ar

.

canal garde n cu l t ivation i s carried o n ch i e fl y by m ean s o f well s

, .

S an g a mn e r T o w n — H ead quar t ers o f th e lei/a k a of t he sam e

.
-

nam e i n A h madnagar Di strict B om bay s i tu a t ed i n 1 9 3 4 N and , ,

° ’
.

74
°
1 3 E
’
49 . m il
, es north —west o f A h madnagar ci ty Pop u latio n .

incl u ding a h am let o f Th e m u n icipal i t y estab ,

lish e d i n 1 86 0 had an average i ncom e during t h e d ecade ending 1 9 0 1

,

of R s . I n 1 9 0 3 —4 th e i ncom e was R S The town h as .

m uch trade i n yarn m illet gram m etal groceries sal t rice and si lk ;
, , , , , , ,

and a n u m ber o f loom s are at work I t contain s a S u b J udge s cou rt .

-
’
,

a d ispensary and an E ngl ish sch ool

S an g a n e h —Tow n i n th e Sta t e of Jai pu r R aj pu t a na S ituated i n
, .

, ,

o n th e A m a n i Sh a h river
° ’ ’ °
26 4 8 N an d 7 5 4 7 E 7 m iles sout h
- -
.
,
.
,

o f J aip u r city an d 3 m il es sou th wes t of Sanganer station o n th e

,
-

R a j pu t a na M alw a R ailway Pop ulation

-
The ol d palace
.
,

said to have be e n onc e occu pi ed by Akbar is now used as a h ospital ,

.
 '

SA N G H J 5 1

Th e town wh ich is w al led possesses a pos t o ffice an u pper pri mary

, , ,

school at tended by 4 4 boys an d several J ain tem ples on e o f wh i ch , , ,

constructed o f marbl e an d sandstone i s o f considerable S i z e and said ,

to be 9 5 0 years o ld The place is famous fo r i ts dyed and stamped .

ch i nt z es th e waters o f th e A m an —
,
i S h a h be ing h el d to possess som e -

pecul iar properties favou rable to th e dyeing process ; t he i nd ustry has ,

however sufl e re d ow ing to ch eap foreign i m i tations Cou nt ry paper

'

, .

also is man ufactured h ere .

S a n g are dd ip e t — H ead quarters o f M edak D istrict and o f th e

.
-
,
’
Kalab g ti r tab / k H yder a b a d State si tuated i n 1 7 3 8 N an d 7 8 5 E
° ’ °
,
. .
, ,

3 4 m iles north wes t o f H yder a b a d city and 1 4 m i les nort h o f S hankar

-
,

palli statio n o n th e N i z am s S tate R ailway Populat ion ’

.

Th e o ffices of t he Fi rst an d T h ird T a l u k d a rs th e i rrigat ion E ngineer , ,

t h e Police Su perintenden t a D istrict civi l court a D istric t j ai l an d d is , ,

p e n sary and two schools w i th 2 0 1 pu pi ls are loca t ed h ere

,
S i x private .

schools have 8 5 p u p i ls Two m i les to th e wes t of th e to w n i s th e .

R a jampe t State stu d farm

S a n g a rh T a h s i1 —North ern m ost la lzszl o f Dera Gh az i K h a n D is
.

'

° ’ ° ’ ° ’
triet P u njab lying bet ween 3 0 2 7 an d 3 1 2 0 N an d 7 0 2 4 an d
, ,
.

° ’

7 0 5 0 E w ith an area o f .
,
square m i les I t i s bou nded o n th e .

east by th e I nd us an d o n t h e west by i ndependent t erri tory A narrow

,
.

stri p along th e river is i rrigated by fl oods wells and inu ndation canals , ,
.

A consi derable port ion i s san dy and barren an d w ater is scarce i n ,

many par t s Th e f a ls l is i ntersected by a nu m ber o f torren t beds th e

.
-
,

p rin cipal of wh ich are t h e V ih owa an d Sangarh fro m w h ich i t t akes ,

i ts nam e T h e popu lation i n 1 9 0 1 was

. co mpared w i th
i n 1 8 9 1 I t con tai ns 1 6 9 v i llages i n cl ud ing Tau nsa (pop ulat ion
.
1
, ,

t h e h ead quarters Th e lan d revenu e and cesses i n 1 90 3 4 amou nted

-
.
-

t o one lakh .

S an g h a r — Ta luk a o f T har and P a rkar D istrict Si nd B om bay

.
, , ,
° ' ° ’ ° ’ ° ’
lyi ng between 2 5 4 0 and 2 6 1 5 N and 6 8 5 1 an d 6 9 2 5 E . .

I n 1 9 0 1 i t had a n area o f square m iles and th e n u m ber o f ,

v illages w as 6 3 Th e p resen t area i s 8 3 0 square m i les th e reduct io n

.
,

being du e t o th e creation o f n ew talu k a s Th e popu lat ion i n 1 9 0 1 was .

com pared wi th i n 1 8 9 1 The density 4 9 persons per .

,

square m ile is considerably above th e D istrict average The lan d

, .

revenu e and cesses i n 1 9 0 3 —4 am ou nted to lakh s The h ead .

quarters are at Sangh ar Th e iii/a k a i s m ai nly i rrigated by th e.

M ith rao Canal rice being th e pri ncipal crop

s an g h i — V illage in th e D istrict and ta lz sz l o f R oh tak Pu njab
.
,
'

.
, ,

s i t uated i n 2 9 1 N an d 7 6 4 1 E ° ’
Populat ion ° ’

‘
. .

I t is ad m i nis t ered as a not i fied area .

’

1
Sin ce th e C e n sus o f 1 90 1 o n e v il l ag e w it h a p o p u l a t io n o f 1 6 pe rso n s h as be e n
tr an sfe rre d to t h e D e ra I smail K h an D ist ri t o f th e N o rt h W e st F r o n t ie r P r o v ince
,

-
c .
5 2 SAA’G LA

s an g la — V i llage i n th e K h a ng a h Dogr a n lalzsil of G uj ra nw a la D is

.

triet Pu njab s i t ua t ed i n 3 1 4 3 N and 7 3 2 7 E Populat ion

, ,
° ’
.
° ’
.

982 . W i th th e colon i z ation o f th e Sandal Bar (see C H E N AB CO L O N Y ) ,

i t has rapi dly developed i nto a place of som e i m portance It is

‘
.

ad m i n istered as a noti fied area an d now contain s th ree cotton ,

’

gi n n ing factories wh ich i n 1 9 0 4 gave e m pl oym ent to 1 9 2 persons

, .

Trade wil l probably i ncrease largely wh en th e rai lway t o Sh a h dara

has been opened .

A part fro m its recen t com mercial develop m en t S a ngla is ch iefly ,

o f i n teres t i n con nex ion w ith th e theories woven rou nd th e ru i ns

crown ing th e rocky h i l l k nown as Sanglaw ala T i bba wh ich General ,

Cunn ingha m iden t i fied wi th t he S akala o f th e Br a h m ans th e S a gal ,

of B u ddh is m and t h e Sangala of A lexander s h istorians

, M odern ’
.

authori ties h owever have decl ined to accept th e i dent i ficat ion as
, ,

correct ; an d t h e Sangala o f A lexander i s n o w located i n Gu rd aspu r ,

w h ile i t is possible that Sh a h kot a vi llage i n Guj r a nw a la D istrict , ,

1 1 m iles sou th eas t o f S a ngla represents th e S akala wh ich was t h e

-
,

capital o f M ih irak ula th e W h ite H u n i n t h e early part o f th e si xth

, ,

century A D and th e ru i ns of wh ich were visited by H iue n Ts iang

. .
,
.

I f t h is i den ti fication be correct we probably have i n Sh ah ko t th e ,

s ite o f t h e S a kala of the Mah a bh arata an d th e S agal o f B u ddh is t

legend B u t t he t ask of i den t i fication is bese t w i t h di fficu l ti es ; an d
.

i t i s by n o m eans certai n tha t Ch iniot i n J hang is n o t t h e modern

represen t ative o f S a kala wh ich has also recen t ly been identi fied w i t h ,

S i a lkot Th e h i ll of Sanglaw ala Ti bba rises to a h eigh t of 2 1 5 fee t

.

above th e su rrou nd ing plain o n i ts nor t h si de and slopes sou th ward ,

t i ll i t ends i n an abrup t bank only 3 2 fee t i n h eigh t crowned i n early ,

t i m es by a brick wall traces o f wh ich st il l ex ist Th e w h ole i n t er ,

.

v e n in g area is strewn w i t h large anti que bricks grea t qu an t ities o f ,

wh i ch h ave been re moved d uring recen t years A n extensi ve swam p .

covers t h e approach o n th e sou th and eas t th e leas t defensi bl e ,

quarters w i t h a general depth o f 3 fee t i n th e rai ns bu t dry du ring

, ,

th e su m m er Th is m u st h ave once been a large lak e wh ich has

. ,

si nce S i lted u p by detri t us from t h e h ill above On th e nort h east .

-

si d e o f th e h i ll General Cu nn ingham fou nd t h e rem ains o f tw o con

,

s ide rab le bu ild ings wi th brick s of enormou s S i z e ,

Close by stands .

an o ld well lately cleared o u t by wandering tri bes

,
.

[ C J R odgers R ep ort 077 Sang la Tioba

. .
,

s an g li S t a t e — Sta t e u nder th e Pol itical Agent o f Kol h a pur and

.

th e Sou t h ern Mar a th a J ag irs Bombay consist i ng o f si x separat e , ,

div ision s : a group of v illages n ear th e valley of th e K istna a second

grou p bet ween Kolh a pu r terri tory on th e wes t an d Jamkhand i Stat e ;
a th ird group i n Sh ol a pu r D istrict near th e j u n cti on of th e M a n ,

and Bh ima rivers ; a fourth i n Dh arw a r D i strict ; a fi fth j u st north

 -

SA N G I I J S TA TE 53

of th e town o f Belgau m ; and th e last to t h e sou t h o f th e M al

‘

p ra b h a river an d t o the north eas t of K it t i r i n B elgau m

r Th e Stat e -
.

con t ai ns a total area o f square m iles of wh ich abou t 9 3 square ,

m iles are fores t Th e population i n 1 9 0 1 was

. resid ing i n si x
t own s o f wh ich th e ch ief is S ANG ” (p opulat ion th e h ead
‘
, ,

quar t ers ; an d 3 0 7 vi llages H i ndu s nu mber M uh am m adans

.
,

an d J ains ,

Th e portion o f th e S tate wa t ered by th e K is t na is fla t and th e soi l

par t icularly rich Th e remain i ng d ivisions are plai n s surrou nd ed by
.

u ndulating lands an d occasionally in t ersected by ridges of h i lls Th e .

pre vai l ing soi l is black I rrigat ion is carried o n fro m rivers wells and
.
, ,

t anks Th e cl i mate i s t h e sam e as that of th e D eccan generally th e

.
,

air being very dry especially wh en east wi nds prevail Th e ch ief crops
,
.

are m illet rice wh eat gram and cotton ; and th e manu fac t u res are
, , , ,

coarse cot t on cloth and native articles o f apparel .

Th e ch ief o f S a ngl i is a m em ber o f t he P atvardh an fam ily wh ose ,

fou nder H arib h at a K o n k an asth B r a h man, was the fam ily priest o f th e
,

ch i ef o f I chal karanj i On t he occas ion of th e marriage o f th e ch ie f s

.
’

son with t h e daugh ter o f th e fi rst Pesh w a H aribh at was brough t to t h e ,

notice of t h e Pesh w a o n e o f whose s uccessors M adh av R ao gran t ed

, , ,

th e j agz r to H arib h at s son Govi nd R ao an d two grandsons I n 1 7 7 2

’
'

th e j agz r wh i ch i ncl u ded IVI I R AJ descended t o Ch i nt a man R ao grand

'

, , ,

so n o f Govi nd R ao th e origi nal gran t ee Ch in t a man R ao being a

,
.

ch il d of si x years t h e S t ate was m anaged d u ring h is m i nority by h i s

,

u ncle Gang a dhar R ao W hen t h e m i nor ca me o f age h e quarrel led

.
,

wit h h i s u ncle wh o a tt e m p t ed t o k eep h i m o ut o f h is rights E ven

,
.

t ually th e esta t e was d ivided be t ween th e m th e u ncle retain ing M ir a j ,

and Ch in ta m an R ao taking S a ngl i Th e revenu e o f S a ngl i exceeded .

6 lakh s and t ha t of M ir aj was nearly 5 lakh s th e estates being re Spe c ,

tive ly su bj ect to a servi ce o f an d horse Ch i nt a man R ao .

,

th e grandfath er o f t h e presen t ch ief o f S a ngl i beca m e a feu datory of ,

th e Bri tish G overn m en t o n th e do w nfal l of th e Peshw a i n 1 8 1 8 I n .

1 8 4 6 th e E ast I ndia Com pany presented h i m with a sword i n testi

m ony of thei r respect for h is h igh charact er and i n ack nowledge ,

men t of h is loyal t y C h i nt a man R ao di ed i n 1 8 5 1

. Th e ch i ef o f .

S a ngl i does n ot now pay any con tri bu t i on o n accou nt of m il itary

service h aving ceded lands o f t h e annual valu e of over 1 % lakh s i n
,

l ie u th ereof Th e fam il y h old s a sa n aa au t h ori z ing adoption Th e

.
'
.

rule o f pri moge ni tu re i s n ot strictly followed i n th e matter of

success ion .

T he ch ie f ranks as a fi rst class Sard ar i n th e Sou th ern Mar a t h a -

h h v
T is fi g ure difl e rs fr o m t at g i e n in th e Ce n sus R ep orf , b e in g b ase d o n m o re
'

re c e n t in fo rm at io n , an d a so b l l
y th e in c usio n o f a m e t s and un p o p u ate d i ag e s h l l v ll .

h
A t t h e C e n sus o f 1 9 0 1 t e re w e l e 2 3 9 to w ns an d in abit e d i ag e s h v ll .
 ’

54 SA N G L/ S TA TE

Cou n t ry and has power t o try capi tal offen ces i n t h e case o f h i s own
,

su bj ects H e enj oy s an esti m ated revenu e o f 1 5 lakh s and mai ntai ns

.
,

a pol ice force of 4 9 7 m en o f w ho m 5 4 are m ou nted 3 2 3 are u narm ed

and 1 2 0 are armed I n 1 9 0 3 —
, , ,

4 th ere were 8 9 sch ools i ncludi ng n ine

.
,

gi rls sch ool s o n e h igh school an d th ree Anglo vernacular school s ;

’
, ,
-

th e n u m ber o f pu pi ls was Th e State contains si x m u n ici

palitie s ; th e largest are S ANG L I with an i nco m e of R s an d .

SH RH KP UR w ith R s I n t h e o ne jai l and eigh t lock u ps o f -

th e S tate 2 0 8 prisoners were con fined i n 1 9 0 3 —

.

4 Th ere are seven .

d ispensaries a t tended by abou t ,

patients i n 1 9 0 3 —4 I n th e .

sam e year abou t persons were vaccinated

S i n g li T o w n —Cap ital of th e S ta t e o f S a ngli Sou th ern Mar a th a
.

J agirs Bom bay s i t ua t ed i n 1 6 5 2 N and 7 4 3 6 E on th e K istna

,
’
,
°
.
° ’
.
,

river a l ittl e north o f t h e con fl uence o f th e V a rna

,
Populat ion .

T h e i ncom e o f th e m u ni cipali ty i n 1 9 0 3 —4 was

Rs . Th e for t i n wh ich are th e ch ie f s palace and most of ,
’

t h e p u bl ic o ffices was bu i l t abou t a h u ndred years ago Th e new

, .

town i s well laid o ut wi th broad s t ree t s and i s ch iefl y occup ied by ,

bankers m erchan t s an d t h e pri ncipal o flice rs o f th e Sta t e I t contai ns

, , .

a h igh school and a dispensary .

S a n g o d — H ea d quar t ers o f t h e d is trict o f t he sam e nam e i n t h e

’ °
S t a t e o f Ko t ah R aj pu ta na si t ua t ed i n 2 4 5 5 N and 7 6 1 7 E o n
°
,
’
, . .
,

t h e righ t bank o f t h e Uj ar a t ri bu t ary of t h e K a l i S ind abou t , ,

3 4 m iles sou th eas t o f Ko t ah city Popu -

la t i on Sangod .

possesses a pos t o ffice a vern acu lar sch ool and a h ospi tal with acco m , ,

mo datio n for 6 in — pa t ien t s .

S i n g o la T 5 1uk a — South wes t ern tciluk a o f Sh ol a pu r D i s t ric t

'

-
.
,
' ’
B om b ay lying be t ween 1 7 8 and 1 7 4 0 N an d 7 4 5 4 an d
,
’ ° °
.
°

° ’
7 5 2 7 E wi th an area o f 6 5 4 square m iles
.
,
I t contains o n e t own .
,

SKN GO LA (po pula t ion th e h ead quarters and 7 5 v il lages T h e

,
-
.

popu lation i n 1 9 0 1 was compare d wi th i n 1 89 1 .

Th e densi ty 1 2 7 persons per square m ile i s m u ch below th e D is

Th e dem an d for lan d revenu e i n 1 9 0 3—
, ,

t ric t average .
4 was lakh s ,

an d fo r cesses R s S a ngola is a level plain w ith a few t reeless

.
,

h i llocks fringing i ts sou t h ern border I t is mostly bare of trees . .

V i llages are t h ree o r fou r m i les apart Th e ch ief river i s th e M an .

,

wh ich d rain s th e ltd/a k a fro m west to north — eas t for abou t 3 5 m iles .

M os t o f th e soi l is s t ony and barren an d m uch o f i t fi t only for ,

graz ing T he cl i m ate i s h o t

. .

S an g o la T o w n — H ead — quar t ers of th e k ilt/ h r o f t h e sam e n am e

.

i n Sh ol ap u r D istrict B ombay sit ua t ed i n 1 7 2 6 N and 7 5 1 2 E

’
, ,
°
.
° ’
.
,

1 9 m i les sou th wes t of Pandharpu r Popu lati on

-
Th e .

fort wh ich i s now occu pi ed by th e f ri/uk a o ffices i s sai d to have been

, ,

bu i lt by a B ij apu r k ing ; and so prosperou s was t he town w h ich gre w

 SA N G U 55

up rou n d i t that u ntil i t was plu ndered by H o lk ar s Path ans i n 1 8 0 2

,
’

i t was local ly called th e Gol den S a ngola T he m u n icipal ity estab .

,

lish e d i n 1 8 5 5 had a n average i nco m e d uring the decade end ing 1 9 0 1

,

of Rs . I n 1 9 0 3 —4 th e i ncom e was R s Th e t own con .

tains a S ubord inate J u dge s court a school and a disp ensary ’

S i n g ri —O n e o f the S i mla H ill Sta t es Pu nj ab lying be t ween

, , .

.
, ,
° ’
3 1 1 6 and 3 1 2 2 N and 7 7 2 2 an d 7 7 2 8 E o n t h e sou t h bank
° ° ’ ’ ° ’
.
.
,

o f the S u tlej w i th an area of 1 6 square m iles

,
Pop ulation .

Form erly a dependency of K u l u i t w as sei z ed by th e G urkhas ,

in 1 8 0 3 and restored to th e Kul u R a j a i n 1 8 1 5 by th e B ri tish I n .

1 8 4 0 R a j a Aj it S i ngh o f Kul it took refuge i n S a ngri fro m th e S i kh s

'

an d K u l u was lost to h is branch o f t h e fam ily wh ich retained S a ngri ,

u nder B ri tish p rotec t ion T he presen t ch ief R ai H ira S ingh su c.

, ,

c e e de d i n 1 8 7 6 Th e S tate has a revenu e o f R s

.

S a n g ru r N iz amat —H ead qu ar t ers mz dma t o r ad m i nistra t i ve

.

~ -
.

‘
dis t rict and la/zsz l o f J ind State P u njab lyi ng between 3 0 6 and °
, ,
’

° ’ ° ’ ° ’
3 0 2 1 N an d 7 5 4 8 and 7 6
. 2 E wi th an area o f 2 5 2 square .
,

m iles I t co mprises several scattered p ieces o f terri tory o f wh ich t he

.
,

pri ncipal p arg an a Sangr ur is bou nded o n th e nort h and w es t by

, ,

Pa t i a la an d N a bha an d o n th e east an d south by Pati a la I t also

,
.

i ncl udes t he ilrik as o f K u l a ran B a l anw al i and B az idp ur wh ich are , , ,

broken u p i n t o s i x detach ed areas The popu lation i n 1 9 0 1 w as .

i n 1 8 9 1 T he mz dma t contains tw o
’

compared with .

towns SAN G R fi R (population

, t he h ead quarters and capi tal ,
-

o f th e S ta t e and B a l a nw a l i and 9 5 villages The land

reven ue and cesses i n 1 9 0 3 —
.
,

4 amou nted to 2 -
2 lakhs I t l ies i n the .

great natural t rac t k nown as the J angal .

S a n g rfi r T o w n — M odern capi tal o f th e fi nd S t ate P u nj ab , ,

s i tuated i n 3 0 1 5 N and 7 5 5 9 E 4 8 m iles sou t h o f Lu dhi a na

° ’
.
° ’
.
, ,

o n t he Lu dh i ana D h uri J a kh al R ailway-

Popu lation -
.

Fou nded abou t 3 0 0 years ago i t rem ained a m ere vi llage u nti l R aj a ,

Sanga t S i ngh i n 1 8 2 7 t ransferred h is cap ital from fi n d wh ich b e con ,

side re d as being too far fro m Pati a la and N a b ha R aj a R ag h ub ir .

S ingh the su ccessor o f Sar up S ingh adorned i t w ith many p ubl ic

, ,

o ffices and oth er b u ild ings I t is adm i nistered as a m u n icipal ity wi th .

,

an i ncom e o f abou t R s ch iefly derived from octroi and has

.
,

a considerable local trade Th e pri ncipal m anu factures are leathern .

goods an d furni tu re I t con tains the D iam ond J ubilee College co m

.
,

ple te d i n 1 9 0 2 a h igh school th e V ictoria Golden J ub ilee H ospi tal

, , ,

and a Z an a na hospi tal

S a n g u —R iver o f E as t ern B engal and A ssam
.

. R isi ng i n the range .

o f h ills wh ich d ivides A rakan fro m t he Ch ittagong H i ll Trac ts in ,

° ' ’ °
1 3 N and
2 1 .
9 2 3 7 E i t p ursues a generally northerly course over.
,

a rocky bed to B andarban from wh ich place i t takes a tortuous ,

56 5 2 11c

w esterly dir e c tion th rough C h i t tagong D is trict and finally e mpties ,

° ’ ° ’
i tself i n to the Bay o f Bengal i n 2 2 6 N and 9 1 5 1 E after a , . .
,

co urse o f 1 6 8 m i les T he Sangu i s tidal as far as B a ndarban where

.
,

i ts bed is sandy T hough shallow i n ordi nary t i mes d uring th e rains

.
,

i t beco mes deep dangerous an d rapid I n i ts u pper reach es i t is

, ,
.

called by th e h il l men t he R ig ray K h y o un g and lo wer down th e Sab ak ,

K h y o un g I t i s navigab le by large cargo boa t s for a distance o f

'

3 0 m iles th roughou t th e year Th e principal tribu taries are the Dol u .

and Ch a ndkh a l i and t he ch ief river s ide vi llage is B a ndarban

,
-
.

S a nj a n —V illage i n th e D a h an u {ti/a k a o f Th a na D is trict Bo m bay

.
, ,
’ ° ’ °
s ituated i n 2 0 1 2 N an d 7 2 5 1 E w ith a s tat ion o n th e Bo mbay . .
, ,

Baroda and Central I ndia R ail way Sanjan was i n former t i mes a
,
.

trading town o f cons iderable i mportance and according to trad ition ,

was founded by o n e R aj a G addh e Si ngh I t covered so large an area .

t hat it earned the na me of N av te ri Nagari or t h e city wh ich m eas ured ,

9 k os by 1 3 A lthough so me au th ori t ies su ppose that th e Sanj an i n

.

wh ich t h e P a rs i refugees fro m Persia se t tled abou t 7 2 0 was a town

o f that nam e in Cu tch there are better groun ds for beli evi ng that i t ,

w a s Sanj an i n T h ana D is t ric t wh ich i s m entioned u nder the nam e ,

o f H amj aman i n three Silah ara land grants o f the ten th and eleventh

centu ries By th e Arab geograp hers o f t he sa m e period the tow n is

.

repea t edly spoken o f u nder t he nam e of S i ndan as o n e of t he c h ief

, ,

ports o f W es t ern I ndia I n 9 1 5 i t was described as a great ci ty w i th .

a J ama Masj id and as famous for the export o f a fine e m erald known
, ,

as th e Mecca e merald owi ng to its havi ng been brough t fro m A rabia .

Al I dr is i speaks o f it i n the twel fth cen tury as peopled wi th i ndustriou s

and very i ntelligen t i nhabi tants large r ich and warlike and enj oyi ng , , , ,

a great export and i m por t trade : and i t doubtless main tai ned i ts w eal th
and i mportance t i ll the begi nn i ng o f t he fourteen t h centu ry w hen it ,

was at tacked and after a fierce resistance s tor med by A laf Kh a n ,

general of Ala ud din K h ilj i I ts P a rs i c it i z ens were k illed enslaved

- -
.
, ,

o r driven to the h ills and m ost of t hose who escaped settled at ,

Nargol abou t four m iles away w h ic h is sti l l one o f the largest P ars i
, ,

villages o n t h e coast From that date l i ttle is heard of Sanj an u nti l

.

1 5 3 4 w hen it was cap tured by th e Portuguese

,
P y rard de Lav al and .

Si r T H erbert both m ent ion i t d uri ng th e early years o f the seven

.

te e n th centu ry as su bj ect to Portugal ; an d the latter wri ter term s

th e place S t J oh n (i e Sanj an ) de V acas wh ich i s ident ical w ith

. . .
,

th e S t J oh n or St J oh n s Peak k nown to E nglish navigators o f t hat

. .
’

p eriod Sanj an h ad by thi s t i me los t m uch o f i ts former i mportance

“

.
,

and yielded through its custo ms ho use a revenu e o f only £ 2 3 (6 2 0 -

pardaos ) I t was guarded by a fort bu ilt i n 1 6 1 3 by t he Portuguese

.

and described by a wri ter o f t hat nat ion i n 1 6 3 4 as a rou nd fort w ith
six bast ions enclos ing a very handsom e well and tw o ponds som e
, ,
 ”

5s SA N/ A W ]

of t he 10 115 2! l ies at an elevation of feet above sea level I ts -

.

glens orchards and gardens are very p ict uresque and at S m allan fine
, , ,

m yrtle groves of great ag e are to be seen .

S a nj e lh — Pet t y S t a t e i n R E W A K ANTH A B ombay , .

S an k a l a — R u i ns i n Guj r a nw ala D ist rict Pu njab

. See S ANG L A , . .

S a n k a ra n a y in ark o v il T alu k —Td!uk i n T i nnevelly D istrict .

,

M adras ly ing between 8 5 5 and 9 2 5 N and 7 7 1 4 and 7 7 5 2 E

,
° ’ ° ’
.
° ’ ° ’
.
,

a t the foot of t h e W estern G h at s w ith an area o f 7 1 7 square m iles , .

T he pop u la t ion i n 1 9 0 1 was compared w i th in

1 8 9 1 ; the density is
3 2 5 person s per s quare m ile I t contai ns two .

t owns S I VA G I R I (popu lat ion

, and S A N K ARA N A Y I N AR K OV I L
th e h ead quar t ers an d 1 2 3 v i llages T he de man d for land
-

revenu e and cesses i n 1 9 0 3 —

.

4 a mou n t ed t o R s There are .

a consi derable nu m ber o f z a mz nazirzs i n th e tdluk t h e larges t o f w h ich

’
’
'

is t he S I VA G I R I E ST A T E I t con tai ns soi ls of both th e red an d black

.

classes and d epends for i t s cu ltivation ch iefly o n the north east

,
-

m onsoon t he rai nfal l during the earl ier o r sout h wes t m onsoon bei ng
,
-

trifl ing an d u ncertain

S a n k ara n a y in ark o v il T o w n —H ead quar t ers of the triluk o f th e
.

-
.

same na me i n Ti nnevelly D istrict M adras si tua t ed i n 9 1 0 N and , ,

° ’
.

°
7 7 32 E I t i s a U nion w i t h a popu lation ( 1 9 0 1 ) o f
’
. A fi ne
,

t emple i s dedica ted to both V ish nu an d S iva a com bi na t ion wh ich is ,

u nco m m on A large cattle fair is h eld ann ual ly i n A ugus t

.

S an k a ridru g —V illage i n th e T iruch engodu iii/11k of Salem D is

.

triet Madras si tua t ed in 1 1 2 9 N and 7 7 5 2 E 2 m iles from the

, ,
° ’
.
° ’
.
,

sta t ion o f the sa me nam e o n th e Madras R ailway Popula t ion .

T h e p lace is bu i lt j us t u nder th e Sank aridrug h ill wh ich ,

rises to a h eight o f feet an d is t erraced wi th forti fications , .

These poi n t to t h e viciss itu des o f Sou th I n dian h istory so m e o f the m ,

dating fro m th e t i me o f t he H indu C h ieftains o t h ers from T ip ] S ult an s ,

’

days an d ye t o t hers being o f British origi n Th e h i ll is wel l worth

, .

cl i mb ing Past a H indu temp le th e door o f wh ich is riddled w i t h

.
,

b ullets t he t ravel ler toi ls u p a fl igh t o f steep s t eps an d half way along
, ,
-

t h e ascen t reach es a snowy m osqu e erected i n h onour of a M usal m a n

sai nt wh ich nestles among th e green fol iage t h at cl othes the h ill l ike
,

a pearl set am ong e meralds Leaving th is th e path wi nds among .

,

re mains o f modern forti fications an d th e houses of the garri son now ,

overgrown with sh ru bs an d prickly pear an d at length reaches a pla t eau ,

at th e to p o f th e h ill H ere is a fou nt o f p u re and cold water su pposed

to be possessed o f medicinal v irtues ; and th e re m
.
,

ains of t he o ld H indu
fort i ts granary and t h e su b t erranean cell in to w h ich condem ned
,

prisoners were t hrown come i nto vi ew Crowni ng al l are th e tem ples ,

.

o f V ish nu th e l igh t s o f wh ich t wi nk le i n th e e venings i n th e surrou nd

,

ing darkness T h e village is very h eal t h y and was a favou ri te cam ping
.
,
 59

place fo r t h e D is t ric t officers ti ll Yercau d rose i n to p ro m i nence Th e .

pu bl ic b ungalow o n e o f th e fi nest i n t he D i strict is picturesquely

, ,

s ituated o n a rock j ust u nder th e h ill

‘
.

S a n k e s h w a r (more correc tly Sb a a bb esw a r o r th e conch god ,

V i llage i n t h e Chi kod i talub a o f B elgau m D is t ric t Bo m bay s ituated , ,

i n 1 6 1 5 N and 7 4 2 9 E 2 7 mile S n o rth b y west of B elgau m town

° ° '
.
’
.
,
'

- -
.

Pop u lat ion Sankesh war has a large tra ffi c i n cotton ,

dry coco n u ts da t es sp ices and cu rry s tu ff Th e ordi nary i ndus t ry

-
, , ,
-
.

is th e weavi ng o f wais t cloths wom en s saris and blankets Th e village -

,
’
, .

con tai ns an old tem ple o f Sh ank arling and a m onastery wh ich is t h e ,

sea t o f o n e of th e Sank arac h ary as o f t h e Smarth sec t of H i ndu s I n .

1 4 8 8 Bah a du r G il a n i th e Bah man i governor of th e K onkan broke , ,

i n t o rebell ion and establ ished h is h ead quarters h ere bu t s u bsequently -

,

s ub m i tt ed t o Mah m ud I I I n 1 6 5 9 Sankesh war fell t o S ivaj i Th e town . .

con t ains a boys school w it h 1 7 7 p up ils and a girls sch ool w it h 5 7

’ ’

S a n k h atra —V i llage i n th e Z afarw a l tab s?! o f S i a lkot D istric t

.

~
.
,

P unjab si t ua t ed i n 3 2 1 3 N an d 7 4 5 6 E abou t 3 9 m i les fro m

,
° ’
.
° ’
.
,

S i a lko t t ow n Popu la t ion . I t is sai d to have been

fou n ded by H e mraj a K ha t tr i wh o gave i t t h e nam e o f H e mnagar by
, , ,

wh ich i t was k nown fo r u pwards o f a cen t ury I n t h e ti m e o f A kbar .

‘
a famous f ab zr by nam e Sankhatra a D eo Ja t se t tled here and th e
, , , ,

place was renam ed after h i m H i s t o mb s t ill ex ists near th e vi llage . .

A lthough o f no com m ercial i m por t ance Sank hatra is th e residence o f ,

a nu mber o f wealth y m erchants an d possesses larger an d fi ner ,

mans ions t han any m i nor tow n i n th e D istrict I n 1 9 0 1 i t was th e .

scene o f a plagu e riot wh en th e a aib i n charge o f th e plagu e

,

cam p was bu rn t t o death I t has a vernacu lar m iddle school m aintai ned .

by th e D istrict board .

S a n k h e da Tow n i n the talu ba o f t h e sa m e nam e Baroda p ram

.
-
, ,
’
Baroda State s itua t ed i n 2 2 9 N and 7 3 3 7 E o n th e left ban k of
°
,
.
° ’
.
,

th e O rsang river P opula t io n The tow n possesses

.

M un sif s and magistrat e s cou r t s other local offices a d ispensary and a

’ ’

, , ,

vernacu lar sch ool I t i s ad m in is tered as a m u n icipali ty w i th an ann ual

.
,

grant fro m th e S tate of R s 8 00 Th e only obj ect o f i nterest i s an o ld . .

for t wh ich s urrendered to a s mal l B ritis h force i n 1 8 0 2 The cal ico

,
.

printing lacquer work dye ing and wood carving of Sankheda have a local
,
-
, ,
-

celebrity Th ere is also an export trade i n seeds an d ma b a r? flowers

. .

S a n k is § — V i llage i n th e D is t ric t an d tab s?! of F arruk h ab ad U n ited

.
,

Provi nces si tuated i n 2 7 2 0 N an d 7 9 1 6 E near th e E as t K a l i

,
’ ° ’
.
°
.
,

Nad i Popu lation Th e v i llage is also cal led San k isa

.
95 1 .

Basan t p u r and is ch ie fly cel ebrated for th e ru i ns s ituated i n i t T hese

,
.

were iden t i fied by C u n ningha m w i th t he si te of th e capi tal o f th e

cou ntry called Sank a sya by Fa H ian and K ap ith a by H iue n Tsiang .

Th is tow n was sai d to be th e place at wh ich Gau tam a B uddha de

VO L . XXII . E
 -

SA N A I S/ I
'

60

scended fro m h eaven accom pan ied by I ndra and B rah m a T he ide n , .

t ifi c atio n depends ch iefly on m easu rements and d irect ions wh ich are
not perfectly de fin ite and i ts correc tness has been dou b ted ‘ Th e
‘
.
,

ex is ting vi llage is perch ed o n a m ou nd o f ru i ns locally k nown as th e ,

for t 4 1 feet h igh w it h a super ficial ex tent of

,
’
,
fee t by
A q uarter o f a m ile sou t h ward i s ano t her m ound com posed of sol id ,

brickwork an d s urm ou nted by a temple ded icated to B is a ri D ev i

,
.

Near th e tem ple m ou n d Cu nn ingh am fou nd th e cap ital o f an ancien t

p illar beari ng an erect figu re o f an elephant wh ich h e considered t o
, ,

belong t o t h e p illar of A soka m entioned by t he Ch i nes e p ilgri ms .

T h e la tt er d escribe t h e p illar as su rm ou n t ed by a l ion — a d iscrepancy

explai ned away by supposi ng t ha t t h e tru nk had been broken at an
early da t e and t he an im al cou ld n o t be d is t ingu ish ed a t a h eigh t o f
,

5 0 feet O th er s maller m ou nds contai ning masses o f brick work sur

.

rou nd t hose m entioned an d th ere are t he remains o f an earth en ,

ram par t u pwards o f 3 % m iles i n circu mference T h is place h as been .

very i m perfec t ly explored b u t anc ient coins an d clay seals beari ng ,

t h e B u ddh is t confess ion o f fai t h are frequen tly fou nd here .

[ m ep orts orzb em
’
'
'
Cu nn ingha A rcb aeolog zca ! Su rvey R of N I a az a ,

vol i p 2 7 1 and vol x i p

.
,
.
, .
, .

S a n k o s h — A large river w h ich rises i n B h u ta n and a t th e poi n t

.
,

wh ere i t debouch es o n t h e plain s form s th e bou n dary be t ween th e

D istric t s o f Go a lp a ra i n A ssa m and Jalpaig uri i n E astern B engal I t .

t hen flows along th e wes t ern bou ndary o f the R ip u D u a r and a t ,

M ak taigao n d iv ides i n to t w o branch es Th e wes t ern ar m re t ains t h e .

nam e o f th e origi nal river and after fl owing th rough Jalpaiguri and , ,

Cooch B eh a r rej oi ns th e eas t ern branch wh ich i s called th e Gang a dhar

, , ,

near P atamari Th e co m b in ed strea m i s th en k nown as th e D udh

.

k u m a r and fal ls i n t o th e B rah m apu tra below D hubri F o r th e greater .

part o f i ts cou rse i t fl ows th rough j u ngle land ; bu t i t serves as a trade

rou t e down w h ich ti mber thatch i ng grass an d o t h er forest p rod ucts
, , ,

are b ro ugh t
. T he river is nowh ere bridged i n Go a lp ara bu t i s crossed
.
,

by ten ferries Th e t otal length is abou t 2 0 0 m i les

S an k ra il —V il lage i n H owrah D is t rict B engal s i t uated i n 2 2 3 4 N
. .

° ’
. .
, ,
’ °
and 88 1 4 E o n the righ t bank o f th e H ooghly I t contai ns j ute
.
, .

m i lls and ce men t work s an d pot t e ry o f som e local repu te i s also man u,

fac tu re d Th e S a nkrai l K h a l w h ich h ere enters th e H ooghly river

.
, ,

form s a mean s o f co m m u nication w i th th e i nterior o f H oogh ly D istrict .

S an o s ra —Petty S tate i n K ATH I AW AR Bo mbay

.
,
.

S a n t é l P a rg an a s —Sou thern D istric t o f th e B h a galp u r D ivis ion

.
,
’
B engal ly i ng be t ween 2 3 4 8 and 2 5 1 8 N an d 86 2 8 and 8 7 5 7 E
,
’ ° ° ’
.
° ’ °
.
,

wi t h an area of square m iles I t i s bou nded on th e north by th e .

D istricts o f B h a galpu r an d P urnea ; o n t h e east by M a lda M u rsh i d ,

‘
V . A Smit
. h in th e j ou rn a l o f f /re It oy al A siatic Sad e/y ,
1 89 8 , p 5 08,
. n o te .
 -

SA N TA L P A R G A N A S 6 1

a b a d and on th e sou th by B urd w a n a nd M ali b h tim ; and

Birb h t lm ;
'
'

on the wes t by Ha z ari bagh Monghy r and B h a galpu r , ,

.

Th e general aspec t o f the D i stric t is u nd ulat ing or h illy ; to th e

north eas t h owever i t abu ts o n t h e Gange t ic plai n and a narro w stri p
-
, , ,

o f all uvial land abou t 6 5 0 square m iles i n area t hu s

fal ls wi t h i n i t The R RJ M AH KL H I LLS w h ich cover

.
,

square m iles here rise steeply fro m the plain , ,

bu t are nowh ere h igh er than fee t above th e level of th e sea ,

t hei r average elevation being cons iderabl y l ess A m ong th e h ighest .

ridges are M or i and Se n dg arsa Th e m aj or portion o f these h il ls falls .

w i th i n t he D a man i koh Govern m ent esta t e wh ich h as an area o f

- -
,

square m iles A mong th e h igh est r idges ou ts id e t he D a man i koh

.
- -

are th e N un i S a nkar a R a mgarh K u lang a Sarb ar Sun dardih i Lak sh

, , , , , ,

manpu r and Sap ch ala h i lls E ast and so u t h o f t h ese h illy tracts th e
, .

cou n t ry falls away i n u nd ula t ions broke n by isolated h ills and ridges ,

o f gneiss of sh arp and fantasti c ou tli ne T h e Ganges form s t he .

nor t hern and par t o f t h e eas t ern bou ndary an d all th e rivers of th e ,

D istric t eventually fl o w ei the ri nto i t o r i n t o the Bh agirath i T h e ch ie f .

o f these are th e G u m a n i th e Mara ] t h e Ban slo i t h e B r a h man i th e

, , , ,

M or o r M or a kh i with its t ri bu tary th e N aub il th e Ajay an d t h e Bar a , ,

kar N one o f th e m i s n avigable t hroughou t th e year

. .

A rchaean gneiss and Gondw a na rocks cons t itu t e th e greater portion

o f th e San ta l Parganas th e lat t er represented pri ncipally by th e vol
,

can ic rocks of th e R a j mah a l H ills w h ich occu py an elevate d s t ri p of ,

land al ong t h e eastern border w h ile to t h e w est t he u ndul at ing area ,

t hat constit u t es th e greater part of th e D istric t consists of B enga l

gnei ss wh ich i s re markabl e for th e grea t variety of crystalli ne rock s
,

w hich i t contai ns T h e G ondw a na d ivision consis ts of th e T a lche r

.
,

D a modar D u br ajp u r and R aj mah a l groups T h e T alch er an d D a mo

, ,
.

dar belong to t h e Lower Gondw a nas an d th e other t wo groups to the ,

U pper The volcani c rocks o f t h e R aj mah al grou p are th e p re do mi

.

nant m e mber o f th e series an d they const i t ute th e greatest port ion ,

o f the h ills o f that nam e T hey are bas ic lavas resem bl ing those o f .

th e D eccan trap an d vary i n t hei r coarser types fro m a dolerite to

,

a com pact basal t i n th e fi n e r grai ned variet ies A trachytic i nt ru sion -

s it uated i n th e H u r a coal fi e ld abou t 2 2 m i les sou th —

.

east of Colgong
-
, ,

although petrologically qu i te di fferen t fro m t h e basi c basal ts and dole

ri tes may neverth eless belong to th e sam e volcan ic series Se dime n
, .

tary beds consist ing principally of hard w h i te shales someti mes also
, ,

o f hard quart z ose grits o r carbonaceou s black shales occu r frequ en tly ,

i ntercalated betwee n successive fl ows ; an d th ese are of great i n terest

o n accou n t of th e beau t ifully preserved foss i l plants w h ic h they contai n .

Th ey are m ostly cycadaceou s plants together wi t h som e ferns an d

con i fers and are ident ical w ith t hose fou n d i n th e Upper Gond w ana
,

E 2
 —
62 SAN TA L P A R G A N A S

at J u bbul pore i n Cu tch and various other places and have bee n of
, ,

great assistance to geologists i n determ i n ing t he age of th e series .

I n the R aj mah al H ills th e G ondw a na groups u nderly ing t he volcan ic

,

group are fou nd pri nci pal ly al ong th e w estern border of t he range .

Th e ou tcrops are very d iscon ti nu ous owing partly to th e faulted ,

nat ure of th e w estern bou ndary an d partly to the overlaps between ,

t he d i fferen t m em bers w h ich i n th e case of t h e Barak ars D ubr ajpu r

, , ,

and R aj mah a l am oun t t o a wel l marked u nconfor m ity Th e T a lchers -

.

are very p o orly represented Th ey consist o f th e u sual green ish si lts .

and sandstones w ith only a local develop ment o f th e wel l kno w n

,
-

bou lder bed These rock s are supposed to be o f glacial origi n The
. .

nex t grou p is th e m ost i mportan t fro m an econom ic poi nt of vi ew as ,

i t con tai ns t h e coal m easu res A lo n g t he wes t ern border of th e h i lls

-
.
,

i t const itu t es several coal fi e lds wh ich en u m erated fro m nort h to sou t h
-
, , ,

are : th e H u r a coal fi e ld a trac t abou t 1 5 m i les long fro m north to

-
,

south com m encing abou t 1 3 m iles sou th east o f Colgong th e Ch u

,
-

parb h ita coal fi e ld abou t 1 0 m iles farther sou th i n th e Valley o f the

-
,

G u m an i th e P ach w ara fi eld i n t he Ban slo i valley ; an d th e B r a h man i ,

coal fi e ld i n th e val ley o f th e r iver fro m w h ich i t is na med I n th e

-
,
.

th ree sou th ern fields th e D amodar rocks are l ithologically si m i lar to

t h e Bar akar beds of t he R a n iganj coal fi e ld consist ing of alternation s -
,

o f gri t sandst on e and shale w ith occasional beds o f i n ferior coal

, , ,
.

Th e coal m easu res o f th e H ur a field are l ithologically d i fferen t ; t hey

-

consi st o f friable felspath ic gri ts and soft w h it e sh ales w ith a few ,

th ick seam s o f i nferior coal and corresp on d pos sibly w ith the R a n i ,

ganj group o f th e D am odar coal fi e lds Th e D ubr ajpu r group wh ich -

.
,

either i ntervenes between t h e D a m odar an d volcanic rock s o r rests

d irectly o n th e gneiss to be overlapped i n i ts t urn by the volcan ic
,

rocks th emselves cons is t s o f coarse gri ts and conglo merates often

, ,

ferruginou s contai ning quart z an d gneiss pebbles w ith occasionally

, ,

hard an d dark ferrugi nous bands .

Th e sou th w estern port ion of th e D is tric t con t ains the s mal l Deog arh
-

coal fi e lds and th e northern edge of th e R an iganj coal fi e ld

-
Th e -
.

T alcher an d B ar a kar are t h e grou ps represented T he bou ndaries .

o f th ese coal fi e lds are oft en fau lted

-
Th ere are n u m erous d ikes and .

i ntru sive m asses of m ica per idotite an d augite dolerite t he u ndergrou nd ,

representatives o f the R aj mah a l fl ows These i ntru sions occu r i n p ro .

fu sion in th e s urrou nding gneiss Th e coal i n t he D eogarh field s i s .

neither pl en tiful nor o f good qual i ty I n th e n orth of the D istrict .

t he I OC k S d isappear ben eat h t he Ganget ic alluvi u m 1

.

T he narrower val leys are often terraced for rice cu ltivat ion and th e ,

1
M e mo irs , Geologi cal S u rv ey o f I n dia , v l o s . v ii an d x iii , pt . 11, a nd R ecords,
Geo!og 7 ca !
'

S u rv ey of I n dia v o l xxv ii
p t 11 Th e ab o v e cc unt
a o w a s c o n rib u e d t t
D
. .
, , .

by M r E . . V re d nb urg
e ,
e p ut y -Sup e rin t e n de n t , G e o o g ica l l Surv e y o f I n dia .
 P H YSI CA L A SP E C TS 63

rice —
fi e lds an d th ei r margin s abou nd i n m arsh an d water plants Th e .

surface of th e plateau land between th e valleys w here level is often , ,

bare an d rocky bu t Wh ere u n dulat ing i s u sually cl oth ed w ith a dense

, ,

scru b j u ngle i n wh ich D caa roca lamzcs strictus is prom inen t Th rough
,
’
.

ou t th e D istric t th e principal t ree i s t he sci! (Sb arca robusia ) b u t al l ,

trees characterist ic o f rough and rocky soi l are fou n d i n th e j u ngles .

Such are th e p ct /(is (B zclea f roizdosa) {17 72 ( Ca iro/a Toona ) asaa ( Tor
‘
, ,

mizz ab a lamentosa ) , ba b ora ( Ten nib a lia Cb cbu !a ) , b a a lia riz ab? ( Termin
' '

c erica ) , a ry i m Tcrizz z iza b a A iy im a ) , P by !!a a !b a s E mblica , j cimzm

' ' ' '

(E ug en ia j a mbola aa ) , bah ?! (A cacia a ra bica ) , b b air (A cacia C a fecb zc) ,

m usop s E !cng i) , M a l/aias p b ili

ma (B assia latifolza ) , bab zc! ( i
'

via / A l p
b rin k ?! (A rtocarp a s ia tcg rif ob a ) , A rioca rp as L aboocb a, Lag er
'

p izzea sis ,

f mb ( G c i rborea ,
)
'

sf roe mia p a ra fl
i ora ,
A a og ciss a s Za tz ob a , g a dr n a a

m ospy ros
b a sa m ) and a b i (D
trzji
'

s zcg a ,

O utside th e Govern men t estates w here forest i s protected t h e j u ngle , ,

i s being gradual ly destroyed and big gam e has al mos t d isappeared .

Th e last eleph an t was sh ot i n 1 8 9 3 a few bears leopards h yenas , , ,

an d spotted deer su rvi ve bu t th e San t a l is as des t ructive o f gam e as

,

of j ungle W ild duck snipe an d quai l abou n d i n t he allu vial tract

.
, ,
.

Partridges are also fai rly com m on an d partridge tam i ng i s a favouri te ,

a muse men t o f th e Sant a ls Peafowl an d j u ngle fowl are stil l to be fou nd

.
-

i n the D aman i koh an d i n th e b ills t o th e sou th an d eas t of D u m k a

- - .

Th e all uvial stri p of cou ntry above all u ded t o has th e dam p heat
an d m ois t soi l characterist ic of B engal wh i le t h e u n dula t ing and h illy ,

portions of th e D istric t are swept by th e h o t wes t erly w i nds of B ih ar ,

and resem ble i n th eir rap id drai nage and dry su bsoi l th e lower plateau
of C hot a N agpu r I n t h i s u n dulating cou n t ry t h e w in ter m onth s are
.

very cool and th e rai ns n ot oppressive bu t th e h eat from th e en d o f ,

March to the m iddle of J u ne is great M ean tem peratu re rises from .

° °
6 4 i n Decem ber an d J anuary to 8 8 i n A pril and May Th e m ean .

maxi m u m i s h igh es t i n A pri l ; bu t after M ay i t d rops rapi dly ,

ch iefl y owing to th e fal l i n n igh t tem peratu re an d fro m J ul y to O ctober ,

remai ns al mos t constant a t 8 8 and °

The m ean m i n i m u m is lowes t
i n Dece mber and J anuary The annual rai n fall averages 5 2 i nches .
,

of which 8 8 i nch es fall i n J u ne 1 3 2 i n J u ly i n A ugust and 9 -2 , , ,

i n Septem ber .

O wing to th e com ple t eness o f th e na t u ral d rainage an d th e cu sto m

o f accu m u la t ing excess rai n water by dam s fl oods sel dom cause m u c h
-
,

damage T h e only des t ruct ive flood wi t h i n recen t years occu rred o n
.

th e n igh t o f Sep t em ber 2 3 1 899 i n th e north wes t o f t h e G odd a su b

, ,
-

divisio n Th e s t or m began i n th e aft ernoon an d by 8 a m nex t m orning

.

, .

1 0 1 i nch es o f rai n h ad been regi s t ered at Godd a T h e natu ral water .

cou rses w ere in suffi cie n t to carry away th e water and a disastrou s ,

i nu ndation ensued I t was esti ma t ed tha t 8 8 1 l ives were los t w h ile

.
,
64 SA N T AL P A R GAN AS

u pwar ds o f cat tle perish ed and h ouses w ere destroyed .

T h e villages i n t he s ubmerged area were afterwards visited by a som e

wh at severe epi dem ic o f ch olera probably du e to th e contam ination,

of th e w ater su pply -
.

U nti l th e formation o f th e D is t rict i n 1 8 5 5 t h e north ern hal f formed ,

par t of Bh agal pu r wh ile th e sou th ern an d western port ions belonged

,

to B irbh um Th e R aj mah al H il ls lay wi th i n B h agal

.

H ist o r y
pu r cl ose to th e l i ne of com m u nication between
.

B engal and B ih ar an d th e Pah a rias ,

wh o inh abi t ed the m
l i ved by ou tlaw ry an d soon forced th e msel ves o n th e atte ntio n o f the
E ast I nd ia Com pany T h e M u ham madan rulers had a tt em pted to
.

con fi ne th e Pah a rias wi thi n a ring fence by gran ting z a mina ciris an d ’

j ag i rs fo r th e m ain t enance o f a l ocal pol ice to repel i ncu rsions i nto th e

‘

plains ; bu t l ittl e control was exercised and i n th e pol itical u n res t o f ,

th e m iddle o f th e eigh teent h cen t ury th ese defensive arrangem ents

broke down R ep ress ive m easu res were at fi rs t attem pted w ith l ittle
.

effect bu t be t ween 1 7 7 9 and 1 7 8 4 A ugu st us Clevlan d succeeded by

,

gen t ler m eans i n w i nn ing th e con fidence o f th e Pah a rias and reduci ng
t he m to order H e al lotted s ti pends to t h e t ribal h ead men establ ish ed
.
,

a corps o f h i ll rangers recru ited among th e Pah a rias an d fou nded

-

special tri bu nals pres ided over by tribal ch iefs ; h is rul es were eventually
i ncorporated i n R egulation I o f 1 7 9 6 T o paci fy th e cou n try Govern .
,

m ent had t o take practical possess ion o f th e Pah a ria h ills t o th e ex

e lu sion o f t h e z a mia a af s w h o had p revi ously been th ei r n omi nal owners
’
.

Th e tract w as t h erefore not deal t w ith at t h e Permanen t Settle ment ;

an d fi nal ly i n 1 8 2 3 Govern m en t asserted i ts righ ts over th e h i lls and
— ‘
th e fri nge o f u ncu l tiva t ed cou n t ry th e D a man i koh o r ski rts o f th e
,
-

h i ll s lying at th eir feet A n officer was appoin t ed to demarcate th e

,
’
.

l im i ts of th e Governm ent possessi on s and t he righ ts o f th e j ag iraars '

'

o v er t h e central val ley o f M anj h ua were finally resu m ed i n 1 8 3 7 .

A S uperi ntenden t o f th e D aman was appoi nted i n 1 8 3 5 an d h e

encou rage d t h e Sant a ls wh o h ad begu n to en ter th e cou ntry abou t
,

1 8 2 0 to clear th e j ungl e an d bring t h e valleys u nder cu lt ivation

,
Th e .

Pah arias pacifi ed and i n recei pt of st ipends fro m Governm en t cl ung

, ,

to th e tops an d slopes of th e h i lls wh ere th ey p rac t ised sh i fti ng cu l t i

,

vat ion Th e valleys offered a virgi n j u ngle to t h e ax es of the San t als

.

w h o swarm ed i n from H a z a rib a gh and M anbh um On t h e h eels of .

th e Sant a ls cam e th e B ih ari an d th e Bengal i mab aj a as (m oney — lenders ) .

The Sant a l was si mple an d i m providen t th e azab cij a a ex tortionate , .

Th e Sant a ls fou nd th e lands wh ich th ey h ad recently reclai med pass ing

—

i n to th e h ands o f others ow ing to th e act ion of law cou rts ; and i n

1 85 5 starti ng w i th th e desi re to revenge the msel ves o n t h e H i ndu
,

money lenders they fou n d th e mselves arrayed i n arm s agains t t h e

-
,

B ri tish Govern ment Th e in su rrection was n ot repressed wi thou t

.
66 S AN T AL P A R G AN A S

Th e pri ncipal sta t istics of th e Censu s of 1 90 1 are show n bel ow

l B
6)
N umb e r o f
“: c
a; 0
i
9E
C 0 h s
~ O
- 8 9 9
.
.

Sll b l l S lO fl .

E8 5 3
15 ?
E
5
2 8 17 g a m
5 0 8 ’

2 33
Ca r s 5
c o

Q-
a 0 Q.

Di t i t t t l
s rc o a

Th e three towns are M A D H U P UR D EO G AR H and SAH I BG AN J D U M K A , , ,

th e Di s t rict h ead quar t ers w as consti tu t ed a m u n icipal ity i n 1 9 0 3 T h e

-
,
.

popula t ion is m ost dense i n t he l ow and le vel coun try on th e north e as t -

and north west ; t h e D a man i koh i n t h e cen tre o f th e D istrict is a

- - -

typical par t of C hot a N agpu r and is sparsely i nh abited an d the p O p u ,

lat ion is s tationary o r decaden t except i n th e R aj mah a l su bdivision , ,

oema m a ng a sii f oliu m) for th e

w h ere th e collection o f sa ba i grass
(I scb
paper m i lls gives p rofi table em p loy m en t E lsewh ere e m igrat ion has
-
.

been bu s ily at work especially am ong th e Sant a ls w h o chafe u nder

, ,

th e restrictions i m posed by th e Forest depar t m en t o n the i ndiscri m inate

fell ing o f ti mber O u tside th e D a m an i koh th e only tracts tha t sh ow
.
- -

a decli ne are R aj mah a l S a h ibganj an d Porey a I n th e trac t fi rst

, , .

men t ioned th e decrease i s d u e to m igra t ion across th e Ganges wh i le i n ,

S ah ibganj i t i s attr ibu ted to an ou t break o f plagu e at t h e ti m e of th e

Cens us P orey a is a poor and barren tract and like th e D a man i k o h
.
,
- -
,

has los t by e m igrat ion T h e s mall ness o f th e n et i ncrease fo r th e

.

whol e D istrict d uri ng th e decade ending 1 9 0 1 is due to th e large

scal e on whi ch e m igra t ion i s tak ing place I t is i n fact es t i mated .
, ,

that abou t persons m us t have l eft th e D istrict during tha t

period an d tha t th e natu ral increase o f th e popu lation was at least
,

1 0 per cen t The m os t strik ing fea t u res o f th e m igration are : fi rstly
.
,

i ts grea t vol u m e ; an d secondly t h e strong tendency o f th e people to ,

move eastwards There i s a large in flu x fro m al l th e adj oi n ing D istricts

.

wes t o f a l in e draw n approx i ma t ely north and sou th th rough th e cen t re

of th e D istrict i e from Bh a galpu r M onghy r Ha z ari b agh an d M an
,
. .
, , ,
.

‘
b h tim ; bu t t h e movem en t i s sti ll s t ronger i n t he direction of th e D i s
t ric ts eas t of t h is l ine i e Pu rnea M a lda M u rsh id a b a d B irbh um and
, . .
, , , ,

B u rdw a n Th e i m m igrants fro m th e west exceed

. wh ile th e
e m igrants to t he eas t n u m ber close on Th e grea t m igration
o f t h e Sant als t o th i s D istric t from th e south and wes t took place

d uring the m iddle par t o f th e n ine t eenth cen t ury an d many of th e ,

 P OF ULA TI ON 67

i m m igrants enu m erated i n th e las t Censu s are probably th e su rvi v ors

of th ose wh o t ook part i n t h e m ovem en t The t ri be i s stil l spreading .

east and north ; and the fu ll e ffec t of th e m ovemen t i s n ot exhau sted

i n th e D istricts that adjoi n th e Sant a l Parganas bu t mak es i t sel f fel t ,

even farth er away i n those par t s of D i n aj pu r R aj sh a h i an d Bog ra

'

, ,

w h ich share w ith M a lda th e eleva t ed tract of quasi la t eri te k nown as

-

th e Barind O f e m igrat ion to m ore d is t an t places th e m os t not iceable

.

featu re i s the exodu s to th e A ssam t ea garden s wh ere m ore than ,

na t ives o f t h is D istric t were enu m era t ed i n 1 90 1 and t o J alpaigu ri , ,

where th ey nu m bered more than A large vari e t y o f dialects

are used i n th e D istrict B engal i spoken by . per cen t o f th e ,
.

population i ncl u des th e R a rh i boli or classical W estern B engali and

, , ,

M alpah a ria o r th e broke n B engal i spoken by converted aborigi nes i n

the cen tre o f th e D is t rict B ih a ri i s spoken by 4 6 per cen t ; th e m ain
. .

dialect i s Mai th i l i w h ich i ncl udes a s u b dialect k nown as C hh i k a

,
-

Ch ikk i aoli bu t a d ialect of M agadh i w h ich has been affected by i ts

, ,

contact w ith Bengal i i s also largely u sed th is is cal led by D r G ri erson

,
.

E astern M agadh i and i s local ly k nown as K a rm a l i or K h ott a or even

,

as K hott a Bangal a Sant a l i i t sel f wh ich i s spoken by

. persons , ,

is a d ialect of th e M u nd a fam i ly wh ile Mal to bel ongs to th e D ravi dian ,

g rO Up. H in du s cons t i t u te per cent of th e total populat ion .

,

\ n imists 3 4 -9 per cen t an d M uh am madans .

,
per cent .

Th e Sant a ls are now th e dist i nctive caste o f th e D istric t an d i n 1 9 0 1 ,

nu m bered o f wh o m were ret urned as H indu s an d

as A ni m is t s Th ey are a typical race of aboriginal s tock
.
,

an d are ak i n to t h e B h u m ij s H os an d M u nd a s Th ei r complex ion , ,

.

varies fro m very dark brown to an al m os t ch arcoal black an d th eir ,

featu res are negri tic Th e original h ab ita t o f th e race is n ot k nown

.
,

bu t th ere i s n o dou bt tha t fro m a co mparat ively remote period th ey

have bee n settled o n th e H a z a rib a gh t able land ; an d i t i s noticeable -

that the D amodar r iver by wh ich its sou th ern face is drai ned i s the
, ,

terrestrial obj ect mos t venerated by the m W i th i n th e las t few cen .

turie s they have worked eastwards and are n u m erou s i n th e eastern ,

hal f of th e Ch o ta N agpu r pla t eau an d i n M idnapore and as h as been ,

already related th ey are now e migra ting t o Nor t h B engal and A ssa m
, .

They worsh ip variou s dei ties o f wh ic h th e ch ief is th e M a ra /1g B a ra

, ,

wh o is cred ited w i th far reach ing power i n vi rtu e of wh ich he associates

-
,

both wi th th e gods an d w ith de mons E ach San ta l fam il y has al so .

two special gods o f i ts own th e Orab bazig a or househ old god an d ,

the A bj cbong a o r secret god Their principal festival i s th e Sob ra i .

or harvest festival celebrated after th e ch ief rice crop o f th e year has

,

been rea ped Publ ic sacri fices o f fowls are offered by th e pries t i n
.

th e sacred grove ; pigs goats and fowls are sacri ficed by private
, ,

fam ilies and a general saturnal ia of dru nken ness an d sex ual l icence
,
 -
68 SA TV TA l , P AR GA N A S

prevails .C hastity i s i n abeyance for th e ti m e and all u n marri ed ,

persons may i n dulge i n prom iscu ous i ntercou rse N ex t i n i m portance .

i s th e B a b a/fiaj a held i n P h alg un (February —M arch ) w hen th e sci!

,

tree co mes i n to flower T ri bal an d fam i ly sacri fices are held m any
.
,

vict i m s are slai n and eate n by th e worsh ippers every o n e en t ertain s ,

h is friends a n d dancing goes o n day and n igh t

, .

Th e com m unal organ i z ation of t he Sant a ls is singu larly com plete .

Th e w hol e n u m ber o f vill ag es comprisi ng a local settlem en t of th e

tri be i s d ivided i nto certai n large groups each u nder t h e su p e rin ,

tendence o f a p a rg aa a it o r circl e h ead man T his official i s th e h ead .

o f th e social syste m o f the i nhab itants of h is ci rcl e

; h is perm issio n
has to be obtained for every marriage and i n cons ul tation w i th , ,

a p an cb ay a t of v illage h ead m en h e expel s o r fines p ersons wh o ,

i n fri nge th e tribal s t andard of propriety H e i s rem u nerated by .

a com m ission on th e fi nes levi ed and by a tribu t e i n k i nd o f o ne ,

leg o f th e goat or ani mal cooked at th e dinner w h ich th e cu lpri ts

are obliged to gi ve E ach v i llage has o r is supposed to h ave an
.
, ,

establ ish m en t o f o fficials h olding ren t free la n d Th e ch ief of t hese -

.

is th e man/ b i or h ead man w h o is u sually also ij araaar wh ere th e

,
’

village i s h el d o n leas e u nder a z a mmdar ; h e collec t s rents and ,

allots lan d a mong th e ryots being pai d fo r t h is by th e proceeds of ,

th e man land w h ic h h e h ol ds free o f rent H e receives R 1 at eac h ,

.

g ivi ng i n re t urn a ful l bow l of ri ce beer T h e p ramamb

'

w edd ing ,
-
.
,

o r assistant h ead man also hol ds som e man land , Th e j og maaj b i .

-

and t he j og p ramamb are execu tive o fficers of th e man/ b i and th e

-

, ,
‘
p ramamb who as t h e San t a ls descri be i t s i t an d gi ve orders wh ich
'

,
’

t h e j og maii/b i an d j og p ramaa ib carry o ut The a a ibi is th e v illage

'

- -
.

priest o f t he aborigi nal deit ies an d th e k y o am n azbi i s t h e assi stan t

’
’
,

p riest whose pecu li ar function i t is to prop itiate th e sp iri ts (bb zfi s)

,

o f th e h ills and j ungles by scratch i ng h is arm s t i ll t h ey bleed m ix ing

‘
,

th e blood wi th rice and pl acing i t i n spots frequ ente d by th e ab azs

,
.

The g ora ic o r v il lage m essenger hol ds man land an d acts as peon

to th e head man and is also to so m e exten t a servan t of the z a m?a aar
,
’
.

H is ch ie f du ty wi th i n th e v illage is to bri ng t o the man/ b i and praman ib

'

any ryot t hey wan t G irls are mar ried as adu l t s m ostl y to m en of thei r
'

o w n choice Sexu al i n tercou rse before m arriage is taci tly recogn i z ed

.
,

i t being u nderstood tha t i f the girl beco mes pregnan t th e you ng man
i s bou nd to marry h er Shou l d he attem p t t o evade th i s obl igation
.
,

h e i s severel y bea t en by th e j og maaj b i and i n addi ti on to th is h i s -

, , ,

fath er i s requ ired to pay a h eavy fi ne .

O th er castes are Bh uiy as iden t i fied by M r O ldham wi th .

th e M als w ho m i n man y respects they cl osely resem bl e ; M u sah ars

,

wh om M r R isley considers to be ak i n to th e Bh uiy as ; M a l e

.

Sau ri a Pah arias and M al Pah arias two Dravid ian

 A G R I C UL T UR E 69

tribes o f the R aj mah al H i lls th e form er of w h o m are closely ak i n to

,

the O raons Th e M u ham madans are ch iefly S haikhs

. an d
Jo lah as Agricu l tu re su pports 8 1 per cen t o f th e popula t ion .
,

i ndu stries 7 per cen t com merce 0 6 per cen t an d th e p rofessions

.
,
.
,

0- 8 per cen t .

Ch ristians n u mber o f wh om are nat ives i nclu d i ng ,

San t als Th e largest nu m bers are to be foun d i n the h ead quarters

.
-

subd ivision where th e Scand inavia n Lu theran M iss ion cal led th e
, ,

I ndian H o me M ission has been at work for over forty years an d

,

maintai ns 2 9 m ission s tat ions and 9 sch ools ; i t has also a colon y
i n Assa m wh ere i t owns a tea garden
,
Th e C h u rch M issionary .

Society wh ich works i n th e G odd a an d R aj mah a l s u bdivisi ons h as

, ,

si m ilarly establ ish ed an em igrating col ony for i ts con verts i n th e

W estern D u ars Several Bap t ist m issionaries work i n the J am t a ra
.

su bd ivision o n e of w h o m has es t abl ished two branc hes of h is m ission

,

i n t h e h ead quarters su bdi vi sion

-
O ther m issions are th e Ch ristian .

’
W omen s B oard of M issions an d th e M ethodi s t E pi scopal ian M ission ,

th e lat ter of w h ich works ch iefl y among H in du s and M uh am madans ;

i t maintai ns a board i ng sch ool w i th an i ndu strial branch i n wh ich
-
,

boys and girls are taugh t pou l try keepi ng garden ing fru i t farm ing -
, ,
-
,

and carpent ry .

Th e soil varies w i th th e natu re o f th e su rrou nd i ng h ills : wh ere

basal t or fel spar o r red gneiss prevails th e soi l is rich ; bu t wh ere "
,

th e h ills are of grey gneiss or o f grani te i n w h ich

Ag r icult ure
quart z prevails i t i s c om parat ivel y barren T h e p ro
.

.
,

duc tiv e n e ss of th e lan d i s mai nly dependen t o n i ts si tuati on and i ts

capabil ity of retain ing m oistu re W here th e su rface i s level and .

capabl e of re t ai n ing wa t er co m i ng fro m a h igher elevation i t i s not ,

affected even by sh ortness o r early cessa t ion of rai nfal l an d good ,

cr 0ps of rice are ob ta i ned I f h owever th e slope i s too steep th e

.
, , ,

rush o f w ater often brings w ith i t d ri fts o f sand wh ich spoil th e fields ,

for rice cu ltivation and d am age th e grow ing crops I n th e allu vial .

tract th e syste m o f cult ivation difl e rs i n no way fro m tha t i n vogu e

through ou t the plains of B i h ar O n the h i ll sides level terraces are .
-

cu t for rice cu l tivat ion and th ese are fl ooded as soon as possi ble
,

after th e rains set i n s mall bank s being l eft rou n d t h e edge o f each
,

plot to h old i n th e w ater S hi fting cu l tivat ion is now res t ric t ed t o the
.

Sauri a s o f th e h i lls i n th e R aj mah a l an d Godd a su bd ivisions and ,

to certai n defined areas i n P akau r Land un der cu l tivation i s d ivided .

in to two m ai n classes aari o r h igh lan d form i ng abou t 5 3 per cen t

, .

of th e cu lt ivated area an d j a mz a o r rice fi e lds th e rest Th e form er

'

-
, .
,

being u neven and want ing i n organ ic m atter i s ord inari ly i ll su ited ,
-

for cul tivation ; bu t i n th e i m m ediate vici ni ty of vi llages w h ere th e ,

surface i s fairly level an d rich i n organ ic m atter bari land produ ces ,
70 SAN T AL P A R G AN A S

valuable crops such as mai z e m u stard th e larger variety o f cotton , ,

(ba rb a as
p ) tobacco cas t or an d b j
rin als an d oth er vegetables

The ch ief agricu ltu ral s t at ist ics for 1 9 0 3 —

.
, , ,

4 are sh own below areas ,

being i n square m iles

S vi i
ub di s on . Ttl o a . C l t iv
u a t ed . F o re s t s .

1 13

3
4
1 29
52
Jamtara
T o t al

R ice , wh ich covers s qu are m i les form s th e stapl e food grai n ,

-
,

wi nter rice bei ng the pri nci pal crop I t i s largely grow n i n th e all u vial .

strip along t he eastern boun dary and th e l ower slopes o f th e ridges ;

th e u nd ulating parts of th e D is t rict as wel l as th e swampy grou nd ,

be t ween these ridges are also sown wi t h ri ce A mong th e oth er crops

,
.

are mai z e (2 6 2 square m i les ) variou s pu lses (4 3 7 square m iles ) oi l

,
, ,

seeds (3 6 0 square m iles ) m il lets wh eat and barley s ugar can e an d

, , ,
-
,

cotton I ndigo was grown till recen t ly o n a s m al l scale bu t its c ul ti va

.
,

tion i s now extinct .

Settlem en t figu res show t hat w i t h i n t wenty years c u lt ivation has

extended by abou t 3 0 per cent i n th e D a man i k o h and by abou t .
- -

6 0 per cen t i n th e rest of t he D is t rict

. There i s m u ch waste land .

sti l l avai lable for cul t ivat ion an d ren t s are lig h t For several years
, .

past efforts have been made to sti m u late t h e i m provem ent of means
of irrigation by loans u nder t he Lan d I mprove m en t Loan s Ac t and
i n 1 90 1 —
,

2 Rs . was th u s advanced Rs was also . .

advanced u nder th e A gricu ltu rists Loans A c t at th e close of th e ’

fam ine o f 1 8 9 6 — 7 an d R s ,
i n consequ ence o f th e d isastrou s
.

fl oods of 1 8 9 9—1 9 0 0 .

Th ere i s scarci ty o f fodder i n t h e dry m onths and th e cattl e are ,

generally poor ; an i mals of a bet t er qual i ty are h owever fou nd i n , ,

th e G odd a su bd ivis ion and good m ilking cat t le are i m ported from
,

Bh agalp u r Pigs are largely kep t for food by San t als P ah arias and
.
, ,
'

low cas t e H indus

-
.

B esides t he m eth ods of su pplyi ng wa t er to th e rice crop wh ich have

been al ready descri b ed t h e syste m o f i rrigat ion as practised i n t h e
,

Godd a su bd ivis ion consists i n the constru ction o f wa t er channel s

leading from reservoi rs m ade by throwing embank m en t s across stream s .

Th ese c h annels frequ en tly pass t hrough several vi llages each vi llage ,

assisting i n th ei r construction and shari ng i n t h e benefi ts derived fro m

 F OR E S TS 7 .

a network o f d is t ribu t aries There is b u t l i ttle irrigat ion fro m wells ;.

b acb cb ci wells are someti mes d ug for only one season to i rrigate th e
sugar cane crop fro m February to M ay and tobacco i s also grow n
-
,

i n s mal l patches by t he aid o f wel l water -

.

At th e beginn i ng o f th e n ineteen th cen t u ry t he D istric t was m ost ly

covered wi th j u ngle A bou t 1 8 2 0 th e Sant a ls began to fl ock i nto i t an d
.

betook t hemselves to th e congenial occu pat ion of

j ungl e clearing ; wh ile th e construction o f the loop
F o r e sts .

railway i n 1 8 5 4 and of t he chord li ne i n 1 8 6 6 hastened th e process -

.

I n 1 8 7 5 G overn ment i nst it u t ed i nqu i ries w i th a view to bringing u nder

scienti fic manage m en t t h e Govern men t forests i n t he D aman i koh and - -
,

i n 1 8 7 6 an area o f 3 5 square m iles was se t as ide for spec ial reservat ion
‘
.

Th is area was form ally consti tu t ed a reserved fores t an d th e fores t ’

,

lands i n th e sou thern hal f o f th e D aman i koh were consti tu ted open - -

forests th e m anagem en t being left i n th e hands of th e Depu ty C o m

,
-

m issioner I n 1 8 94 al l Govern men t land wh ich had not been settled

‘
.

’
wi th cult ivators w as constit u ted protected fores ts u nder th e I nd ian
Fores t Ac t (V I I o f i n 1 8 9 5 t h e forests were placed i n charge
of th e Forest depar t men t The depart mental system of managem ent .

w as,
however fou nd not to be su fficiently elast ic ; an d i n Decem ber
, ,

1 90 0 , th e forests i n th e R aj mah al subd ivis ion and part o f t hose i n

t h e G odd a su bd ivis io n were res t ored to th e con t rol o f the D ep uty
Co m m iss ioner Th e h ills i n th is trac t are i nhab ited by M ale Sauri a
.

Pah a rias wh o are allowed th e righ t of sh i ft ing cu lt iva t ion wh ich

, ,

renders scien t ifi c forestry i m possible .

The ch ief t ree is the sci! (Sb orea roba s fa ) an d i t s d istri but ion i s ,

general th ro ugh ou t t h e D istrict excep t wh ere th e forest has been ,

destroyed as i s largely t he case i n th e nort h o f th e D a m an i koh

,
- -
,

by sh i fting cu ltivat ion and t h e c ul t iva t ion o f sabai grass I n t h e plai ns .

an d valleys th e forest is u s ual ly o f p ure sci! th e other principal trees ,

being p icir (B ucb a a a ma latif olia) Semeca rp us a n acara izcm and cisazz
’
’
, ,

rmz zz a lia tomea tosa ) th e lo we r slopes of t h e h i lls other speci es

(
'

Te O n .

appear i n cons iderable variety ; am ong these are Z izyp b zcs soy /opy ra ,

A a og eisszcs !a izf o!ia D iospy ros Stereosp ermzcm an d B a ab z ma

' '

, As t h e
, , .

h ills are ascen ded d ifferen t spec ies are m et w ith such as ba m boos
, ,

( D n cz roca la mus stric/a s

) bzj cisci! (P terocarp us M a rsup ium) sitsci! (D a !
’
'

e , ,

berg ia la f zf olia) g a mb cir ( G aze/incl a rborea ) [ (y aia ca b circa and G rew ia

, ,
’
/
,

th e proportion of sci! gradually getti ng l ess t il l o n th e u pper ,

pla t eau i t al mos t disappears and o n th e old cleared lan ds gives place ,

to a dense growth of shrubby trees ch ief among wh ic h are [ Vy ctaiz /b es ,

A rbor f risiis W e ndlana ia Garde nia F la cozcrtia fV ooaf ora ia and A n o

’ ’ ’
-
, , , , ,

g eissus A t presen t mos t o f t he sci! trees are m ere shoots fro m st u m ps

.

2 to
3 feet h igh wh ich whe n t h ey grow to a large si z e are always
, , ,

u nsou nd at t he base Cu lt ivat ing tenants of Governm ent are al lowed

.
72 SAN T AL P A R GA TVA S

to re move free of charge al l t i m ber o f th e u nreserved spec ies and such

m i nor prod ucts as are requ ired for thei r do mestic cons u m pt i on .

T he area u nder th e Forest depart m en t i s 2 9 2 square m iles ; and i n

1 9 03— 4 t he revenu e u nder i ts con trol was R s Besides th is .
,

1 4 3 square m iles are managed by the D ep u ty Co m m iss ioner T he -

.

ch ief sou rces o f revenue are t i m ber bam boos an d saba i grass wh i le , , ,

m inor i tem s are fuel coal s t one and tasar sil k cocoon s, O th er
, , .

j ungle prod uc t s are lac fou nd on th e p a k is (B a /ea f roa aosa ) ! er

,
’
,
7

( y
Z iz p b us
j j
u uba
) and p p
i a ! (F ic g
u s reb iosa
, ) trees ; beeswax catechu , ,

honey b onf ia an d j ombcir (two creepers u sed for maki ng rope ) and also
, ,

a variety o f ed ible produ c t s Th e u se of j ungle products as a m eans .

of su bsis tence i s con fined for th e m os t part to Pah a rias Sant a ls and , ,

Bh uiy as .

S tone is quarried o n t he h i lls borderi ng the lo o p lin e o f the E ast

I ndian R ai lway fro m M u rarai to S a h i bganj ; th e s tone quarried i s for
t he m ost part supplied as ballast to t h e rai lway th e ,
M in e ra l s .

Calcu tt a m u n ici pal ity an d certai n D istrict boards , .

I n 1 9 0 3 coal — m i nes were worked at Bh a lk i D o man p u r G h atc h o ra , , ,

and S a rs a b a d i n th e D u m k a su bd ivi sion an d at Su lt anp ur and ,

P alasth o l m ines i n t h e J a m t a ra s ubd ivis ion Th e average daily n u m ber .

o f persons e m ployed was 7 9 and th e ou tpu t of coal was ton s

,
.

Th e J a m t a ra m i nes w h ich l ie i n t h e D am odar coal fi e ld produ ce good

,
-
,

coal b u t are only worked o n a s mall scal e for want o f access to the
,

railway ; elsewh ere th e coal is l i mi ted i n ex ten t and in ferior i n qual ity ,

and is general ly fi t only for brick bu rning H and labo ur is e mployed -

.

as a rule i n digging o u t t he coal th e wages paid b eing R s 1 —4 t o ,

.

Rs 1—. 8 per 1 0 0 c u bic feet o f coal l ifted Copper ores ex ist at .

Be h e rak i i n th e D eogarh su bd iv ision an d lead ores (pri ncipal ly ,

argent i ferous galena) occur i n th e S a nkar a hi lls and a t T uripah ar ,

Be h e rak i and P anc h pah ar

,
A t Be h e rak i 2 9 o z 8 dwt o f si lver have
. . .

‘
been obtai ned per ton of lead and a t Laksh m ip u r near Nay a D u mk a ,

5 0 o z 3 grs o f si lver per to n o f l ead

. . A considerable area especial ly .
,

i n t h e R aj mah a l H il ls i s occup i ed by lateri te often con sti tu t ing

, ,

an excel lent i ron o re Si l iceou s w h ite clays belonging to th e coal

.

m easu res at Lo h an dia i n the H ur a coal fi e ld are su itable for t h e -

pot tery .

Th e ar t s an d man u factures are o f a pri m i t ive character and of l i tt le

i m portance T h e manu fact u re of m attocks p i cks p lough s hooks
.
, , , ,

kn ives axes spears arrows an d s h ields i s carried

, , , ,
T r ade an d
co mm un icatio n s
on as a v illage
.
i nd ust ry T h e iron was formerly .

s mel ted fro m nat ive o re by K ol settlers ; bu t w ith

t he des t ruc t ion of j ungle and the greater facil ity that now ex ists for
obtain ing ol d scrap i ron c heap from D eogarh and R a m p u r H a t th e
-
,

M aray e ah s or blacks m iths of th e D is t rict no longer u se locally s melted

 74 SA N T AL P A R GA N A S

D u mk a th e SGri Monghy r road passi ng through Deogarh th e road s

,
-
,

from D u m k a to R a m pu r H a t an d to the di fferen t s u bdivis ional head

quarters t h e road fro m M u rs h id a ba d along t h e Ganges th roug h
,

R aj mah a l and S ah i bganj to B h agalp ur as wel l as several con nec ting ,

cross roads and feeder roads to th e railway s tations T he Ganges

-
.
,

wh ich skirts th e north eas t of th e District form s an i m portan t chan nel

-
,

o f co m m u n icat ion bu t the other streams o f th e D i strict are o f no

,

com m ercial i mportance .

T h e D istric t has th rice s u ffered fro m fam ine wi th in th e las t fifty

years . O n occas ions of scarci ty th e mab zcci and t he mango t rees
afford food for large n u m bers ; bu t i n 1 8 6 5 — 6 wh en
F amin e .

there was great scarci ty an d d is t ress th e people w ere

,

com pel led by h u nger to ea t th e m angoes wh i le sti ll u nrip e an d th ou ,

sands o f deaths fro m ch olera resu lted I n 1 8 7 4 rel ief was afforded by .

G overn m en t o n a lavish scale th e fru i t w as al lowed to ripen before ,

being p lucked an d t here was n o ou tbreak o f d isease I n 1 8 9 6 —7 part

, .

o f the J a m ta ra su bd iv is ion and th e w hole o f th e D eogarh su bd ivis ion

were declared affected R el ief works were opened i n J a m t a ra an d i n

.

D eogarh b u t t h e h igh es t average daily attendance i n J a m t a ra w as only

i n t h e th ird week of May 1 8 9 7 and i n D eogarh towards , ,

t he end of J u ne T he work s were fi nally closed on A ugu st 1 5 after an

.
,

expend itu re of R s on works and R s . o n gratu itous relie f . .

For ad m in i strat ive p u rposes th e D i strict i s d iv ided i nto s ix sub

d ivisions wi th head quarters a t D U M K A D EO G A R H G O DD A R AJ
,
-
, , ,

M A H AL P AK A U R an d J AM T AR A A J o int Magistrate -

Adm in is tra t io n
, , .

o r D ep u t y M agistrate —
.

Collector is u sually i n charge -

of th e R aj mah a l su bdi vis ion and a Depu ty Magistrate Collector of ,

- -

each o f t h e oth er su bdiv isions ; i n addit ion th ree D ep u ty M agistrate ,

-

Col lectors an d a S u b D ep u ty Magis t ra t e Collector are stationed at

- - -

D u m k a and one D ep u ty M agis t ra t e —

,
Col lec t or and o n e S ub D epu ty- -

Magistrate Collector at R aj mah a l D eogarh and Godd a and o n e

- -
, , ,

S ub D ep u ty M agistrate Collector at J a m t a ra and P a kau r

- - -
T hese .

o fficers h ave c iv il and cri m i nal j u risd ict io n as detailed i n th e fol low
i ng paragraph The D epu ty Co m m issioner i s vested ex ofi icio w ith th e
.
-

powers o f a Sett le men t o fficer u nder th e Sant al Parganas R egu lation

I I I of 1 8 7 2 and i s also Conserva t or of forests A n A ssistan t C o n
, .

se rvato r of fores t s is stat ioned i n t he D is t rict .

The civi l and cri m i nal courts are constitu ted u nder R egulat ion V
of 1 8 9 3 as amended by R egulat ion I I I o f 1 8 99 Th e Sessions J udge
, .

‘
of Birb h tim i s Sess ions J udge o f th e San t a l Parganas an d holds h is
co urt at D u m k a A ppeal s agai nst h is decis ion s l ie to th e H igh Court
.

o f Calcu t t a Th e D epu ty Co m m iss ioner exerci ses powers u nder sec

.
-

t ion 3 4 of th e Cri m i nal Procedu re Code and also h ears appeals fro m
al l D ep u ty-Magistrates I n al l cri m i nal mat t ers exc ept i n regard t o
.
,
 AD M I N I S TR A TI ON 75

cases com m i tt ed t o t h e Cour t of S essions and proceedings agains t E u ro

pean B ri tish s ubjec t s t h e Co m m issioner of B h a galp u r exercises t h e
,

powers of a H igh Cou rt S u i t s o f a val ue e xceeding R s. are .

tried by t h e D epu t y — Com m issioner as D is t ric t J udge o r by su b divi ,

sio n al o fficers vested wi t h powers as S ubordina t e J u dges Th ese .

cou rts are establ ished u nder A ct X I I o f 1 88 7 an d are su bordi na t e t o ,

th e H igh Cour t o f Calcu tt a Su its v alu ed at less t h an R s 5 0 0 are

. .

t ried by D epu ty an d Su b D epu t y Collec t ors s i tt ing as co ur t s u nder

- -

Ac t XX X V I I o f 1 8 5 5 an appeal ly ing to t h e s ubd ivisional o fficer

, .

That o fficer can try al l su its cogni z abl e by cour t s es t abl ish ed under
Ac t X XX V I I o f 1 8 5 5 an d an appeal agai ns t h is decisi on l ies to t h e
,

Dep u t y Co m m issioner There i s no secon d appeal where t h e appel la t e

-
.

cour t has upheld th e original decree ; i f h owever t h e decree has bee n , ,

reversed a second appeal l ies t o t h e Co m m issioner o f th e D ivi si on

,
-
.

T he Depu ty Co m m iss ioner and Com m issioner have powers of revision

-
.

These cou rts fol low a special procedure th irty eigh t s i mpl e rules re ,
-

placing th e Code o f C iv il Procedu re A d ecree is barred after th ree .

years ; i mprisonm ent for deb t i s n o t allowed ; co mpou n d in t eres t may

not be decreed nor m ay in t eres t be decreed to an am ou nt exceed ing th e
,

principal debt W he n any area is brough t u nder settlem en t th e j uris

.
,

d iction o f th e courts u nder A c t X I I of 1 8 8 7 i s ou sted i n regard t o

al l su i ts connected w ith land an d s uch s u i t s are t ried by t h e Se tt le
,

m en t o fficer an d h is ass istan t s or by t he cour t s es t abl ish ed u nder

A c t X XX V I I o f 1 8 5 5 ; th e find ings o f a Settle m en t co ur t have th e
force of a decree T h e D is t rict i s peaceful and rio t s are al m os t
.
,

unk nown Persons s uspec t ed of w itchcraft are so me t i m es m u rdered ;

.

cat t le theft i s perhap s th e m os t com m on for m o f serious cri m e

-
.

Th e current land reven u e dem an d i n 1 90 3—4 was lakhs o f ,

wh ich lakh s was payable by 4 4 9 permanen t ly se tt led es t a t es ,

Rs . by 5 t emporari ly settled es ta t es and 2 -6 6 lakh s by 9 es t a t es ,

held u nder direc t managem en t by G overn men t Of t h e la t ter class t h e .

,

D AM A N I K O H is th e m os t i m por tan t
- -
.

Under R egula t ion I I I of 1 8 7 2 a Se tt le men t o fficer m ade a se t tle

ment o f th e whole D is t ric t b e t ween t h e years 1 8 7 3 and 1 8 7 9 defi n ing ,

and recording the righ ts and du ties o f landlord and t enan t s an d wh ere ,

necessary fix ing fai r ren t s O n e o f th e resu lts o f th i s se tt l em en t was t o

.

preserve t h e San tal village co m m u ni ty sys t em u nder wh ich th e vi llage ,

com m un i t y as a w hole h olds the vi llage lands and h as collect ive righ t s
over th e village was te ; these righ t s w h ich h ave failed t o secure recog ,

n ition elsewh ere i n Bengal were recorded and saved fro m encroach
,

ment . A s regards villages no t hel d by a co m m u n ity th e cu s t o m ,

‘
prevailed of leasing the m to mastoj irs a sys te m wh ic h led to great ,

abuses and th ere was also a t endency for th e z a mmcicir to t reat th e

,

Sant al mcibj b i as though h e were bu t a lessee o r mus/cij ir B y th e .

V OL . XXII . F
76 SAN T AL I A lt G AZVA S
’ ’

pol ice rules o f 1 8 5 6 a ma n a a / o r h ead man was elec t ed for each village ’

wh ere t he z a mizza cir s micsicij ir was not approved by th e Magi strate

’ ’

an d v illagers h is d u t ies consisti ng of th e free performance o f pol ice

,

and oth er p u bl ic du t ies A s h owever i t was u nsatis factory to have .

, ,

t wo h eads to a vi llage t h e z a minaai s musicij ir and t he ryo t ma a cia !

’ ’
'

gradual ly m erged i nto o n e w i th th e res ul t that a musicij ir whe n , ,

‘
appointed had t o secure th e approval of t he Magistrate z amz n c
,
icirs , ,

and v illagers Th e posi tion o f th e h ead man th us developed was

.

de fined a t th e set tle men t : h e has d ut ies towards th e z a mia acir th e ’

,

ryots an d th e M agistra t e ; h e m ay be dism issed by t h e las t nam ed

,
-

p ersonage on h is o w n m otio n or o n the complaint of th e z a mina cir '

o r ryots and t h e stabil ity o f ten ure secured by R egulat ion I I I o f

1 8 7 2 p revents t he z a min a cir fro m ous t i ng h i m The righ ts o f a h ead
’
.

man are not u sually transferable b ut i n th e D eogarh s ubdivis ion som e ,

h ead men known as aw l ryo t s are allowed t o sel l t hei r i n teres t i n a v i l -

lage I n 1 8 8 7 Govern m en t passed orders to preven t t h e sale o f ryots

.
’

h ol dings being recogni z ed by th e cou r t s i n areas in wh ich no custo m

of sale had b een proved I n 1 888 the revis ion of th e settlem ent o f .

1 87 3 9 i n certai n esta t es was u nder t aken and th e work is being

-
,

grad ually ex t ended th rough ou t t he D istrict .

Prom in en t a mong th e u nusual ten ures o f t h e D istric t are t h e g b cic

w c ilis o f tapp ci S arat h D eogarh w h ich cover al m os t t he whole Deogarh
_ ,

s ubdi vision and are also fou nd i n J am t a ra and D u mk a These are .

pol ice tenu res origi nally establ ished by th e M uh a mmadan govern men t
,

to protect the fro ntier o f B engal agai nst th e M ar a th a s .

C ul tivable lan d is d ivided generally i nto fi ve classes : th ree k i nds o f

a b cia i o r rice land an d tw o k i nds of lz ciri or h igh land
’

, D b cin i lands .

are classi fied according to the degree by w h ich they are protected from
drough t and the average rates or ren t may be said to b e for t h e firs t
,

class R s 3 for t he secon d R s 2 and for t h e th ird R 1

.
, Fi rst class .
, . .
-

bciri land i s t h e well — manu red land near t he h om esteads averaging ,

R 1 . wh ile second class bciri lands in cl u de th e re mai nder o f th e c ul

-

tiv atio n on t h e dry u plands an d average 4 annas R ates vary w i dely ,

.

and the averages are only an approx i ma t ion I n the recen t settlement .
,

t he average rent for a b cia i lan d over 6 0 0 acre s o f typ ical z a mzb a ciri ’ ’

cou n try was R s 1 —1 1 per acre an d fo r bciri land 6 annas and th e

.
, ,

correspon ding figu res for t h e Da man i koh were R s 1 9 and R 0 —5 —4 - -

.
-
. .

R yots h ave h owever been al lowed abate men ts i n th e settle ment

, ,

actual ly concl u ded and th e settled rents do not average m ore than
,

R s 1— . 8 an acre for c ib ab i lan ds an d 8 an nas for bciri land I n th e , .

D aman i koh th e average h olding o f a cul tiva t or is 9 % acres of wh ich

- -

—
,

4% acres are b land th e total average re nt rate i s

’
i
'

a a a R s 8 1 4 bu t th e

average ren t se t tled is only R s 6 —

.
,

1 per hold ing I n p ri vate settled . .

estates t he rents payable are so mew ha t h igh er .

 A D M I N I S TR A TI ON 77

The foll owing table sh ows t h e col lec t ions of land reven u e an d of
t o t al revenu e (principal h eads only ) i n t housands o f ru pees for a , ,

series o f years

Unt i l th e roads were m anaged b y a G overn m en t grant admin is

1 90 1

te re d by t h e Depu ty Com m issioner ; bu t i n th at year th e Cess A c t

-

w as i ntroduced and a road cess com m i t tee was const itu t ed wi th th e ,

Deputy Com m i ssioner as chai rman wh ich mai n tain s t h e roads ou tsi de
-
,

t h e m un icipal areas of D u mk a D eogarh and S a h i bganj , , .

The d rainage o f a marsh near R aj mah a l was u nder taken i n 1 8 9 8

u nder the provi sions of t h e D rainage A c t an d th e work i s now ,

n early com pleted .

The D istrict con t ai ns 1 3 pol ice stations or t /zas and 5 ou t posts .

The D istrict S u perintenden t has j urisdiction i n D u m k a t own th e ,

D eogarh subdivision an d th e parts of P a kau r R aj mah a l and Godd a

, , ,

outside th e D a man i koh T h e force sub ord inate t o h i m i n 1 9 0 3

- -
.

cons isted of 6 i nspectors 2 8 sub i nspec t ors 3 3 head constables an d

,
-
, ,

335 constables I n add it ion to .these a company o f m i l itary pol ice , ,

1 0 0 st rong i s stati oned at D u mk a

,
Th e re mainder of th e District is .

excluded fro m th e j urisd ict ion of the regular p ol ice ; an d pol ice du ties
are performed u nder th e pol ice rules o f 1 8 5 6 by the vi llage h ead man ,

a n u m ber of vi llages being grou ped t oge t her u nder a p arg ana it g b cii ,

il o r sa ra cir wh o corresponds to a ib cin a o fficer T h e p arg a zzait i s

’
zo r , ,
.

the Sant al tri bal ch i ef th e g bciiw a! a police service t en ure h older an d

,
-
,

the sa raar a Pah a ria tribal ch ief A s th ese i ndigenou s pol ice officials
’
.

d id not sati sfactorily cover th e whol e n o n pol i ce area R egulat ion I I I -

,

o f 1 9 0 0 was passed u nder wh ich stipendiary sara cirs are appoi n ted '
,

to grou ps of vi llages wh ere t h ere i s no ex ist ing an d properly re mun e r

,

ated o flice r an d are pai d by a cess o n th e v illagers There are i n th e

, .

D a man i koh 3 3 p arg an a its and 2 0 h il l sa rcicirs

- -
E xclu d ing th ese .
,

there are i n th e D u m k a s ubd ivision 5 5 stipend iary sa m cirs 4 g b cit ’

,
’
irs rem u nera t ed by h ol dings o f land an d 8 1 9 cb azcb ia cirs ; an d
’
sa ro c ,

i n the J a mt a ra s ubd ivision 2 g bcitzc cik 2 7 sa rcicirs and 5 2 3 cb a a b ia cirs '

, ,
’
.

A D istrict j ai l at D u m k a has aecom

’
I n all cb a zcbz a cirs n u mber
'

mo datio n for 1 4 0 prisoners an d su bs idia ry j ails at D eogarh Godd a , , ,

R aj mah a l J amt a ra an d P akau r for 1 1 6

, , .

E ducation is very backward onl y 2 5 per cen t o f t h e popula t ion ,

.

(4 7 males and 0 2 females ) being able to read and wri te i n 1 9 0 1 bu t

progress has been m ade since 1 8 9 1 w hen only pe r cen t of th e ,
.

males w ere l i tera t e T he nu mber of p upi ls u nder in structio n increased

.

F 2
78 SAN T AL P A I t GA N AS
’

fro m abou t i n 1 88 3 to i n 1 8 9 2 —3 to i n 1 9 0 0 —1 , ,

and t o i n 1 90 3 — 4 of wh om were fe males I n t hat year

, .
,

per cent f t he boys and 9 5 per cent o f t h e gi rls o f sch ool

- o 0 -
9 3 . .

going age were at sch ool T he edu cat ional i nsti tu tions consis t ed o f .

2 6 secondary 9 1 2 pri mary and 9 0 special sch ools am ong w h ich m ay

, _ , ,

be m en t ioned a t rain ing sch ool for g n rzis at Talj hari u nder th e C hu rch
M issionary Soc iety a trai n ing sch ool at Ben a garia u nder the Lu theran
,

M iss ion and th e Madh upu r i nd us t rial school m ai n t ained by t he E ast

,

I nd ian R ai lway Co m pany A special gran t o f R s . i s an n ually .

m ade by G overn m en t to encou rage pri mary ed ucation am ong t h e

Sant als and
,
aborigines were at sch ool i n 1 9 0 0 The t o t al .

expendi ture on educat io n i n 1 9 0 3 4 was 1 -8 1 lakhs o f wh ich -

,

Rs . was co ntri bu ted from Provi ncial reven u es R s fro m , .

m u n icipal fu nds and R s , fro m fees . .

I n 1 9 0 3 t h e D istrict con t ai ned 1 0 d ispe nsaries o f wh ich 7 h ad ,

accom m odat ion for 8 9 in pat ients Th e cases of -

o ut patien t s .
-

an d 8 00 in pat ien t s were trea t ed and

-
opera t ions were perform ed , .

The expendit ure was R s o f w h ich R s . was m et fro m .

Govern m ent con tri bu tions R s fro m Local and R s ,

. fro m .

m u n icipal fu nds and R s , fr o m su bscrip tions Two o f t he d is

. .

p e n sa rie s i n the D a m an —
i koh are m ai n t ained by an
-
an nual su b sc ri
p
t ion among th e Sant als o f an ann a per house Govern m en t prov id ing ,

th e services o f a c ivi l H osp i t al A ss is t ant I n add it ion th e various .

,

m iss ionary societies al l m ai n tai n priva t e d ispensaries T he R aj .

K u m a ri Leper asylu m a wel l endowed instit u t ion w it h su bstan t ial

,
-

bu i ldings is manage d by a co m m ittee o f wh ich th e D ep u ty Co m m is

,
-

sio n e r is ch a irman .

V acci na t ion is com pu lsory onl y i n m u nicipal areas I n 1 9 0 3 —4 .

t he nu mber o f persons successful ly vacc i nated was or 4 2 5

per
[ S i r W W. H u n t er .S ia iistica! A cco n n c of
,
B eng al v o l x v , .

and A n n a !s of R ura l B eng a! ( 1 8 6 8) W B O ldham Sa nta! P arg a na s . .

,

M an na! (Calcu t ta H H H eard Gb aiw cib a n d M zcl ny oli

' '

-
. .
, ,

Ten n res as f ou nd in D eog arb (Calcu t ta 1 9 0 0 ) F B B radley -B irt , . .

,

Tb c 5 10731 of a n I ndia n Up land

s an t a lp u r (wi th C h adc h at) — Petty Sta t e i n th e Pol it ical Agency .

o f P alan pu r B o mbay See P AL A N P U R A G E NCY

. .

S a n t als —Tribe i n Bengal

,

. See SA NT AL PA R G A N A S . .

S a n t a p illy — V i llage i n th e B i m lipa t a m tab s?! of V i z agapatam

.

D istri ct Madras s itua t ed i n 1 8 4 N an d 8 3 3 7 E I n 1 8 4 7 a

, ,
’ °
.
° ’
.

ligh thouse was erected o n th e su m m i t o f a s mall h il l here to warn ,

coast ing vessels making for B i mlipa t am o ff t he San tap illy rocks ,

distan t abou t 6 — 5 m i les th e l igh thouse bearing sou th east hal f east
,
-

and being d istan t abou t 1 7 % m i les n or t h eas t of B i m l ipatam Th e -

.
 -
SA N Tf P UR 79

l igh t is visi ble 1 4 m i les seaward T h ere is a safe passage i n clear .

weather between th e rocks an d th e shore th e chan nel being 6 m iles ,

w ide .

S a ut e B e n n u r To wn i n th e Channagi ri icib zb of Sh i m oga D is

.
-

’
triet Mysore s it ua t ed i n 1 4 1 0 N an d 7 6 0 E 8 m i les west o f
, ,
° ’
.
°
.
,

Sasalu rai lway station Popu lat ion . I t was fou nded
by a ch ief o f th e Basav a patna fam ily probably i n the s i xteen th cen t ury ,
.

A palace was bu il t by H an umappa Naik and an ornamental b onda or ,

reservoir m ade i n fron t o f t h e tem ple w i t h pavil ions at the angles an d ,

i n th e centre W h en Basav a pa t na was take n by th e B ij apu r forces

. ,

t he M usalman s destroyed t h e te mple h ere and bu i l t a m osqu e on

a large scale i n i ts place furth er erect ing elegan t u pper s t oreys to th e
,

pavil ions at t h e b on da Th e c h ief wh o h ad been forced to ret ire to

.
,

Tarikere sl ew th e M usal m a n governor and desecrated th e m osqu e i n

,

revenge Th e C h i taldroog ch i ef took t h e place early i n th e seven

.

‘
te e n th century ; bu t i n 1 7 1 7 i t was captu red by Be dn tir wh ich h eld i t ,

t il l i t fel l i n t o th e hands o f H ai dar Ali i n 1 7 6 1 T h e Mar a th a s u nder .

Parasur a m B hao sacke d th e tow n i n 1 7 9 1 T he m osqu e n ever u sed .

,

s ince its desecration and t he bo nda w i th i ts ru inou s bu t gracefu l

, ,

pavi l ions are th e only feat u res o f i n teres t now left

S an t h al —
.
,

Petty S tate i n M A H I K ANTH A B o m bay

.
,
.

s an tip u r Town i n th e R an a gh at su bd ivision o f Nad i a D istrict

.
-
,

° ’ ° ’
Bengal si tuated i n 2 3 1 5 N and 8 8 2 7 E on th e H ooghl y ri ver
, . .
,
.

Popu lation having decli ned fro m i n 1 8 9 1 bu t

i t i s stil l the m ost popu lous tow n i n th e D istr ict H i nd u s n u mber .

M uham madans and Ch ristians 6 S a ntipu r was con .

stituted a m u nicipali ty i n 1 8 6 5 Th e i nco m e during th e decade .

end ing 1 9 0 1 —2 averaged R s and th e expe nditu re R s

I n 1 90 3 —
. .

4 t h e i nco m e was R s i nclu ding R s derived . .

from a t ax o n h ouses an d lands and R s obtained fro m m u n i , .

c ipal property ; an d th e expenditu re was R s S ant ipu r w as .

once th e centre of a flou rish i ng weavi ng i nd ustry an d i ts m usl ins had ,

a E uropean repu tat ion th e t o wn being th e s ite of a Co m m e rcial R es i

,

deney and the centre o f large factories u n der the E ast I ndia Com
pany O wi ng to th e com pe t it io n o f mach i ne made goods h owever
.
-
, ,

t he weavers are no longer prosperou s There was a t o ne t i m e a con .

side rab le t rade i n date sugar b u t th is to o i s becom ing less pro fitable
-
,
.

Th e eart hquake o f 1 8 9 7 dest royed many o f th e largest bu ild ings and ,

the i m poverished owners have been u nable to replace th em T here .

i s still however a considerable local t rade T h e R a sh Jatra fest iva l

, , .

i n honou r o f K rishn a celebrated o n th e day o f th e ful l m oon i n K a rt i k

,

—Nove m ber is a t tended by abou t persons S a ntip u r is

( O ctober ) ,

also a cel ebrated bat h ing place Th e Z an a na M ission h as a sch oo l -

.

and d ispensary h ere .

80 SA N T OP I LL Y

~
S a n t 0 p illy .
— V il lage an d l igh thou se i n V i z agapatam D istrict ,

Madras See SA N TA P I LLY

. .

S a o n er Tow u i n th e D istrict and tab si! of N agpu r Central Pro

.
-
,
° ’ ° ’
v i nces si tuated in 2 1 2 3 N an d 7 8 5 5 E 2 3 m i les north west of
,
. .
,
-

N agp u r ci ty on th e Ch h in dw a ra road Th e t own is bu il t o n both .

sides of t he Kol ar river th e p eople o n t h e north ern ban k consist ing ,

o f M ar a t h as and t hose o n th e sou t h ern of Lo dh is K irars an d other

, , ,

i m m igrants fro m North ern I ndia Th e presen t nam e i s a corruptio n

‘
.

of th e old one of Sarasw atp ur o r th e c ity of Saraswati th e goddess ,

’

o f wisdom P op ulati on . T he t own contains an o ld

tem ple constructed of large block s o f ston e w ith ou t m ortar and the ,

ru ins of a fort ascribed to th e Gao lis Saoner w as cons tituted a m u n i .

c ip alit
y i n 1 86 7 Th e m u n ici pal receipts during th e decade ending
.

1 9 0 1 averaged Rs I n 1 9 0 3 —4 th e i nco me was R s . .

deri ved mainly fro m a house t ax market d ues and rents of land , ,
.

Th e town is an i mportan t co t ton mart and possesses th ree gi nn ing ,

factories contain ing 1 0 8 co tt o n gins two o f wh ich are co mbi ned wi th -

,

cotton presses
-
T h e aggregate cap ital o f these factories is abou t
.

lak hs an d t wo o f the m h ave been opened si n ce 1 9 0 0 Th e

, .

Saoner gi nn i ng factory star t ed i n 1 8 8 3 was th e fi rst i n t he D is t ric t , , .

A h and dyeing i n du stry is also carried o n i n connex ion w ith wh ich

-

‘
,

ci! M orin da cii r f oZia was for m erly cu l t iva t ed rou nd th e town
( i ) A few .

trees are still left A large week ly ca t tle market i s h eld and t h e re are
.
,

an E ngl is h m iddle school an d branch sch ools A d ispensary is m ai n .

taine d by the m iss ion o f th e Scott ish Free Ch u rch .

S a p ta g ra m — R u ined tow n i n H ooghly D istrict B engal

. See , .

S ATG AO N
‘
.

S a p ta s h rin g ( th e seven horne d otherwise bu t wrongly cal le d -

’

‘
, , ,

—
Chattar singh o r th e four —On e o f t h e h igh es t poi nts i n
t h e Ch andor range N a sik D istric t B om bay si tua t ed i n 2 0 2 3 N an d
, , ,
° ’
.

° ’
73 5 5 E feet above sea level I t rises abou t th e centre of t he
.
,
-
.

range 1 5 m iles nort h o f D indori The h ighest poi nt towers 9 0 0 fee t

, .

above th e p lateau and t h e rock i s perpendicular o n al l s ides bu t one

, ,

wh ere i t has cru mbled away and grass has grown i n th e crevi ces Th e .

rock has m ore peaks than o n e bu t i t seems to have no clai m to t he

‘
,
’
t itle seven h orn ed Th e h ill may be cl i mbed from th ree s ides : by
-
.

a good bu t steep bridle road fro m th e north ; by a very steep s ix ty step -

“
-

pat h o n th e east for merly th e only road u sed by pilgri ms b u t now

, ,

abandoned ; and o n th e sout h by a s t eep footpat h for part of the way

w h ich ends i n a fl igh t of 3 5 0 s t eps carved i n th e face of th e rock .

T h is last i s t h e road now co m monly u sed by th e pi lgri ms and ot her

v isitors O n t h e s t eps figu res of R a ma H anu m a n R a dha and Krish na
.
, , , ,

and i n o n e or two places a t ortoise are carved at in tervals Th ese

steps w ere m ade i n 1 7 6 8—
.
,

99 by t h ree brothers K o n h e r R udraj i and , , ,

82 S AR A
G anges sh oul d h ere be bridged to bring th e t ract north of th e Pad m a ,

in t o direct railway com m u nica t ion wi th Calcu tta w i th ou t transh ip ment

S a ra g a rh i —
.

V illage o n th e cres t o f t h e S a m a na range Koh a t

.
,

D istrict Nor t h W es t Fron t ier Prov i nce s ituated i n 3 3 5 5 N and

,
-
,
° ’
.

°
70 45 E
’
I t i s h eld by th e B a b i Kh el a sect ion of th e R abia Khel
.
,

O rak z ai D uri n g th e M iran z ai exped it ion o f 1 8 9 1 th e village was

.
,

destroye d after severe figh t ing an d an ou tpost was bu ilt I n 1 8 9 7 .

t h is post t h e n held by 2 1 m en o f t h e 3 6 th S ikh s was attacked by

, ,

several t hou sand O rak z ais wh o overwhel m ed th e l i ttle garrison after ,

a h eroi c defen ce and massacred t h e S i kh s to a m an on Septe mber 1 2 .

A m on u m en t at Fort Lockhar t com m emora t es th e gal lantry o f th e

defence w h i le other m e morials have been erec t ed at A mritsar an d
,

F e ro z e po re i n th e P unjab .

S a ra ik e la — Feu da t ory Sta t e i n Cho ta N a gpu r B engal lying

.
, ,
° ° ’ ’ ’ ° ’ °
between 2 2 2 9 and 2 2 5 4 N and 8 5 5 0 and 8 6 1 1 E with an . .
,

area o f 4 4 9 square m iles I t i s bou nded o n th e north by M an b h fi m

1
.

D i s t ric t ; o n t h e east an d wes t by Sin gh b h iim an d o n t h e sou th by

t h e Sta t e o f M ay fi rb h anj I t consis t s ch iefly o f an u ndu la t ing plai n
.

do tt ed w ith s m all rocky h i lls towards t h e east i t is m ore h illy and the ,

h igh er ranges in t h e ex t rem e north eas t s t il l con t ai n valuabl e t i mb er -

.

Th e scenery t hroughou t i s w ild an d roman t ic i n p laces The fores t s .

al t oge t h er cover abou t 5 0 s quare m iles t h e ch ief tree being th e sci! ,

(Sb orea robusta) saba i grass (I scb oenznnz a ng zcstzf ob nm) grows i n t he
’

forests Th e S tate is drained by five stream s th e K harkai th e Sanj ai

.
, ,

t h e Sonai t he Asuy a an d th e Bh an gb anga Th e largest o f these t h e

, , .
,

K harkai rises fro m a h il l in M ay fi rbh anj and fl ows n orth wards past
,

Saraikel a vi llage wh ich i t skir t s o n i ts south ern s ide eventually j oin ing
, ,

t h e Sanj ai a tribu t a ry o f t he Sub arnare k h a

, .

T he firs t ru ler of Sarai kel a was B ikram S ingh a you nger so n o f the ,

P o rah at R aj family O b t ai n ing par t o f w hat i s now t h e Saraikel a

.

S tate as a fi e f h e qu ickl y made h im sel f i ndep en dent H e and h is

,
.

descendan t s enlarged t h eir dom i n ion s fro m t i m e to ti m e an d gradu ,

al ly ecl ipsed th e parent fam i ly o f P o rah at i n power and i mp ortance .

Saraikel a first cam e u nder th e no t ice o f t h e Brit ish i n 1 7 93 wh en i n , ,

consequence o f disturbances o n t he front ier o f th e o ld J u ngle M ah als ,

'

i ts c h ief was compel led to enter i n t o engage men t s relati ng to fugitive

rebels Ten years later Lord W ellesley t h e G overnor General i nvited
.
, ,
-
,

K u nw a r A bh ir am S ingh an ancestor o f th e presen t R aj a to render

, ,

assis tance i n th e war against R agh uj i Bh o n sla o f N agpu r I n 1 8 5 6 th e .

K u nw a r o f Saraikel a received th e personal t i tle of R aj a Bah a d ur ; and

h is services during the M u t i ny were rewarded by a bb i!a t an d a rent
free grant i n p erpe t u i t y o f th e s ub es t a t e o f Karaikel a a portion o f th e -
,

1
h
T is fi g ure , w ic diff e rs f ro m th e h h r
a ea s h ow n in th e Cen su s R ep ort of I9 0 1 , w as

su
pp ie dlb y t h e Sur e y or-G e ne ral v .
 SAR AI K E L A 83

escheated territory of t h e rebel R aj a o f P o rah at Th e presen t ch ie f .

of Saraikel a R aj a Udi t N arayan S ingh Deo Bah ad ur rendered assis

, ,

ta nce to t h e B ritish Govern m en t i n th e B onai and K eonj har risings

of 1 8 8 8 and 1 89 1 ; th e t itle o f R aj a Bah a du r was conferred o n h i m
i n 1 8 84 as a personal distinct ion W ith i n t h e Saraikel a S tate are .

incl uded t h e estates o f D ug ui Bank sai a nd I ch a wh ich were original ly

, , ,

maintenance grants t o m e mbers of t h e ru l ing fam ily T hey pay no .

rent bu t are subord inate to th e ch ie f Th e ad m in istration i s con

,
.

ducted by t h e ch ief w h o exercises j ud icial and ex ecut ive powers su b

,

j t o th e control f the D eputy Com m issi oner of Sin gh b h t i m and t he

'

e c t o -

Co m m issioner of th e Chot a N agpu r D ivision H e i s em po w ered t o .

pass sentences of i mprison ment u p t o five y ears and o f fi ne to t h e

extent of R s 2 0 0 b u t sentences for m ore than tw o years i mprison m en t
.
,
’

requ ire th e con fi rmation of th e Com m issioner H einou s offences .

requ i ring h eavier p un ish men t are deal t w i th by th e Depu t y Com -

m issioner T he presen t sa n ad o f th e ch ief w as granted to h im i n

.

1 89 9 .

Th e populat ion i ncreased from i n 1 8 9 1 to i n 1 90 1 ,

t he densi ty being 2 3 3 persons per square m i le Th e n u m ber o f v i l .

lages i n th e S ta t e i s 8 1 6 th e m ost i mportant of w h ich are Saraikel a

,

(pop u lat ion , th e h ead quarters wh ich i s ad m i ni stered as a -

,

m u n icipal ity an d S ini a j unctio n o n th e B engal N agpu r R ail way

, ,
-
.

H ind us nu mber and A n i m ists th e m ost n u m erous

castes o r t ribes bei ng th e H os Sant a ls and
Ku rm is M ost o f t h e i nhabi tant s are supported by agric ul
t ure ; rice i s th e stapl e food grai n oth er crops raised be ing mai z e ~
, ,

pulses and oilseeds

,
.

Copper an d i ron are found and nod ular l im estone i s abu ndant ,
.

Slabs of roc k local ly called mab rcisa w h ich occu r i n so m e parts of th e

, ,

State serve for bu i lding pu rposes Copper s melt ing by nat ive m ethods
, .
-

w as carried on t w enty fi v e years ago o n a com parat ivel y large scale bu t

-
,

has now been abandoned Soaps tone slate and m ica are fou nd i n .
, ,

places .Cotton an d tasa r cloth gold s ilver an d brass ornam en ts , , ,

copper tru mpets bel l m e t al cu ps an d bowls iron plough shares axes

,
-
, , ,

vices spades sh ovels k n ives and locks are man u factu red T h e ch ie f
, , , , .

i mports are cotton cloth s salt kerosene oil an d spices ; an d th e ch ief

, , ,

exports are rice ropes cotton tamari nd sali ai grass (I scb oenz um a ng usti
, , , ,

f olia m) and ti m ber T h e B engal N ag p u r R ailway l ine ru ns fro m east

.
-

to w est across the north o f th e Sta t e I t i s j oined by th e branch .

l ine to A sansol at S ini wh ere large i ron an d s teel works are proj ected
, ,

t o u til i z e o re fro m t he May urbhanj S t ate Th e S tate i s t raversed by .

the roads fro m Chai ba sa to M idnapore an d P urtilia w h ich are k ep t

’

up by th e Sin g h b h ti m road cess com m i ttee ; and a m etal led road -

from S in i to Saraikel a i s main tai ned by th e ch ief T he total revenu e .

34 SA R A I K E L A
o f th e State i s R s o f wh ich R s . i s derived fro m th e .

land There i s a pol ice force o f 1 1 o fficers and 2 5 m en and a j ai l

.
,

w i th acco m m odat ion for 3 2 prisoners Th e S t ate also m ai ntai ns a .

d ispensary 2 m iddle E ngl i sh 3 u pper pri mary and 8 lower pri mary
, , ,

schools .

S a raj T a h i s il — Ta b si! i n th e K ulft su bd ivision o f K a ngra D i strict

.
,
’ ° ° ’ ° ’
P unj ab ly ing between 3 1 2 1 an d 3 1 5 0 N and 7 7 1 7 and
,
E . .
,

w i th a n area of 2 8 9 square m i les I t i s bou nded on th e north eas t by .

-

Spi ti ; on the east and sou th by Bashah r and t h e S i m la H il l Sta t es and

o n th e west by S u ke t an d M and i The pop u lat ion i n 1 9 0 1 was .

com pared wi th i n 1 89 1 I t con t ai ns 2 5 villages i ncl u di n g Ban .

,

j ar the head quar t ers Th e ta bsz ! i s d iv ided i n t o the two w az iris or

'

-
.
, .

can t ons o f I nner and O u t er Sar aj separa t ed from each oth er by th e ,

J alori ridge wh ich has an average e leva t ion o f

,
feet I nner .

Sar aj l ies i n th e B e a s bas in an d in ph ys ical aspects resem bl es t he ,

K U L U T A H siL O u ter Saraj belongs to the S u tlej valley and th e

.
,

cou n t ry slopes dow n fro m t h e J alori ridge t o t h e river wh ich is h ere ,

only fee t above th e sea T h e la n d reven ue and cesses i n 1 9 0 3 4 .

'
-

a mou nted to R s .

S a ra lb h an g a — R iver o f A ssam wh ich rises i n B h u ta n and fl ows ,

i n a t ortuou s sou t herly cou rse th rough Go a lp a ra D istrict t il l i t falls ,

into th e B rah map u tra I ts pri ncipal t ribu tary is th e Gaurang w h ich
.
,

gives i ts na me to th e lower re ach e s o f t h e river Th rough th e greater r

part o f i ts cou rse i t fl ows th rough j u ngle land bu t i t i s o n e of th e ,

recogni z ed t rade routes of t h e D is t ric t by w h ich t i mber and oth er

fores t prod uce are ex por t ed D uring t h e rai ny season boats of 4 tons .
,

bu rden can proceed as far as P a tgaon nor t h o f th e t run k road The ,

.

t o t al length o f t h e Saralb h anga i s abou t 8 1 m iles .

s ara n D is trict — D istric t i n the Pa t na D ivision o f B engal ly i n g ,

’ ° ’ ° ’ ° ’ °
between 2 5 3 9 and 2 6 3 9 N and 8 3 5 4 an d 8 5 1 2 E w ith an . .
,

area o f square m i les Th e na me i s sai d to b e derived fro m th e

‘
.

Sansk ri t Sara na m ean ing refuge ; and t h ere i s a legend that so m e ’

‘
,

dem ons converted h ere by B u ddha sough t th e refuge o f the B u ddh ist ’

triad B u ddha D harma and Sangha The D is t rict i s a wedge of al lu

, , ,
.

v ial soil between th e Ganges an d th e Gandak rivers w i th i ts apex

, ,

poin t ing sou t h eastwards towards P a t na ci ty Th e Gandak s epara t es

-
.

i t o n t h e e as t fro m M u z affarpu r and C h amparan an d on th e sou t h ,

th e Ganges forms the bou ndary di viding S a ran fro m Patna an d Sh a h

abad .T he wes t ern bou ndary m arches w it h th e Un ited Provinces .

Th e Gogra runni ng parallel w ith th e Gandak meets th e Ganges

'

, ,

opposi te t he head quarters s tat ion of Ch apra an d form s t he sou th

-

west bou n dary betwee n S a ran and Bal l i a D is t ric t w h ile an irregu lar ,

T is h w h ic h diffe rs fro m t h at g iv e n in th e Cen su s R ep ort

r
a e a, of 1
90 1
s q uar e mil e s) is t h at asce rt a ine d in th e re ce nt surv e y Op e rat io ns
,
.
 AR A N
S D I S TE J C T 85

base l i ne drawn nor t h east fro m t he Gogra to th e Gandak constit utes

- -

th e wes t ern bou ndary wi th Gorakh pu r .

S a ran is a beaut ifully wooded plain h ighl y cu lt iva t ed an d densely ,

populated wi th ou t a h il l and hardly any eleva t ions except t hose

,

wh ich mark the si te o f som e o ld fortress o r deser t ed

village I t is very fer t ile and i s i n t ersected by
.
,

n u merous water channels wh ich fl o w i n a sou th

-

easterly d irect ion Th e G A NG E S GA N D A K and G O G R A are descri bed

.
, ,

elsewhere T he D a h a or San d i Gandak i D hanai and C hangri

.
, , ,

were originally sp ill channels fro m th e Gandak wi th w h ich h owever

-
, , ,

their con nex ion has been severed by th e Gandak e m bank m en t ;

they form th e syste m k nown as th e S a ran Canals S i m i lar stream s .

are the K hanu a Jh arah i and K hats a wh ich u l ti mately fal l i nto th e
, , ,

Gogra or Ganges Th e channels of t he G anges Gandak and Gogra

.
, ,

are perpetually osci llat ing ; and sandbanks form i n t he beds o f th e

ri vers one year only t o be swep t away th e next so tha t frequ en t changes
, ,

i n j u risdiction are necessary .

The soi l consists o f al luvial deposi ts the bas is o f w h ich belongs to ,

an older al luvial format ion com posed o f mass ive argi llaceous beds ,

d issem i nated througho u t wh ich occ u r b anb ar and p isol itic ferruginou s
concretions Th ese clay soi ls locally k now n as bb cit are exposed i n
.
, ,

marshy depressions called cb a n rs w h ich are sca t tered over th e D i strict , .

E lsewhere they are overlaid wi th m ore recen t sandy deposi t s k now n as

Though th e D istrict contai ns no forests i t is wel l t i m bered t he m os t , ,

conspicuous trees being t he sisszi (B a /berg ia Sissoo) red cotton t ree ,

-

(B onzoax and tamarind Th e vil lage s ites are em bedded .

i n groves o f th e pal myra pal m (B orassu s fl abellif er) th e date pal m ,

(P b oenix sy tvestris) and other se m i spontaneous and m ore or less u sefu l

,
-

S pecies Th e groves o f mango trees planted i n beau tiful ly regu lar li nes
.
-

are a marked featu re of the landscape Th e surface is h igh ly cult iva t ed .

bu t th e banks of s t ream s and patch es of waste lan d are covered by a d ry

scrub j u ngle o f shrubs of th e order o f E up b orbiaceae B n tea and ot her ,

legum inou s t rees an d spec ies o f F icus Scb!eicb era W en d!a ndia an d
, , , ,

j V?!g ai and wild h og are com m on i n th e low scrub j u ngle w h ich i s

m et wit h on the alluvial i slands and are very destruc t ive to crops ,
.

W ol v es carry o ff a consi derable n u m ber of i nfants snakes are very ,

nu merou s and crocodiles i n fes t th e large rivers

, .

The w i n ter m on t hs are del igh tfu lly cool bu t th e dry heat i s in tense ,
°
in May and J une T h e m ean tem p eratu re varies fro m 6 2 i n J anuary
.

to 8 9 i n May and th e maxi m u m fro m 7 3 i n January to 1 0 0 i n A pri l

°
,
° °

° °
and May w h ile th e m ean m in i m u m ranges from 5 0 i n January to 7 9
,

i n J u ne to A ugu st S a ran i s one of t he driest D istricts i n B engal t he

.
,
86 A
S R AN D I S TR I C T

average an nual rain fal l being only 4 5 i nches Th e m onsoon com .

m enees i n J u ne w hen 6 9 i nches fall and t h e max i m u m mon th ly fal l

,
0

o f 1 2 -1 i nch es i s reach ed i n J uly Th e average fal l for A ugus t i s

.

1 1 i nch es a n d for Septe m ber 7 -6 i nch es H u m idi t y ranges fro m 5 7 per .

cen t i n A pri l t o 8 8 per cen t i n A ugust Th e rai nfal l is capriciou s and

. . .
,

d uri ng th e decade end i ng 1 9 0 1 i t varied fro m 2 4 i nch es i n 1 8 96 —7

( th e lowest on record ) to 6 5 i nches i n 1 8 —
99 1 9 0 0 .

The D istrict has always been l iable to fl oods wh ic h occu r w hen the ,

waters o f th e s maller rivers are banked up by h igh floods i n th e great

ri vers i nto wh ich th ey fl o w A n em bank m en t constructed along t h e
.

righ t bank o f th e Gandak fo r a distance of 99 m i les no w protec t s t h e

n orth eas t of th e D is t ric t bu t the sou th west and sou th are sti l l exposed
-
,
-

to i nu nda t ion fro m th e Gogra and Ganges .

A t th e daw n o f h istory S a ran form ed th e eastern l i mi t o f t h e ancien t

ki ngdo m o f t h e K o salas w hose h ead quarters were i n O u dh an d wh o
,
-

were separa t ed by t he Gandak river fro m t he eastern

H is t o ry .

k i ngdo m o f M ith ila V ery l i ttle is known o f i t and

.
,

t he ab sence o f any reference in th e early V edic l i terature an d t he

pau city o f B u ddh ist rem ai ns render i t probabl e th at i t m aintai ned
i t s charac t e r as a vas t j ungle for a m u ch longer period t han ei ther
o f th e adj oi n ing D is t ricts o f M u z affarp ur or C h amp aran I n deed th e .
,

e arlie st a u th e n tic rel ic wh ich h as been fou nd i n S a ran i s an i nscribed

copperplate preserved i n t h e vi llage o f D ig h w a D ubau l i a abou t 3 4 m i les ,

north east o f Ch a pra wh ich Dr R aj e n dralala M i tra declares to b e a

-
, .

cou nterpart o f a si m ilar pla t e fou n d by Colonel Stacy near Benares ,

deal ing wi th t he gran t o f a v illage by R aj a B hoj a D eva para mou n t ,

sovereign o f G wal ior abou t A D 8 7 6 T h e m ed iaeval h istory of th e

. . .

D istrict is connected w ith th e fortu nes o f t h e H A TH W A fam ily wh ose ,

head quarters were at H u sep ur S iw a n and M a nj h i were fort i fied seats

-
.

o f t u rbulen t M usal m a n freebooters w h i le M a nj ha Pars a M i r z apu r

, , , ,

P ate rh a and C h e rand w ere d uring th e sam e p eriod t h e h ead quarters

,
-

o f powerfu l H i n du C h ieftai ns .

Th e recorded population i ncreased fro m i n 1 8 7 2 to

i n 1 8 8 1 and to ,
i n 1 8 9 1 bu t fel l t o ,

i n 1 9 0 1 Th e i ncreases of ro — é per cen t between

P op ulat io n 1 8 2 and 1 8 8 1 and o f
.
.

per cen t during th e next

.

7 7 4 .

decade are partly attri bu tabl e to i m proved en u merat ion Several .

causes con tri bu ted t owards th e decrease o f 2 2 per cent d uri ng th e .

last decade Th e D is t rict already contai ned a larger pop ulat ion t han
.

i t can su ppor t and t he vol u m e o f em igrat ion sensi bly i ncreased Th e .

fam ine o f 1 8 9 7 told severely o n th e people and though i t caused no , ,

direct m ortal ity red uced th e ir v i tal ity an d lowered th e bi rth rate
,
-
.

P lague also ass u med ep ide m ic propor t ions du ring th e winter o f

1 9 00 —1 .
 P OP ULA TI ON 87

The princi pal s t a t is t ics of t h e Censu s o f 1 90 1 are sh own below

N mb
u er of

S b di i i
u v s on .

Di t i t t t l
s rc o a 4

Th e fou r towns are C H AP R A S I W AN R EV E LG A NJ an d M IR G A NJ, , ,

.

Th e v illages are s mall an d th eir average pop ulat io n i s only 3 9 7 as

, ,

compared wi t h 6 0 2 i n North B i h a r as a wh ole Th e densi t y of po p u .

lat ion is s urpassed i n only two B engal D istricts I t i s very evenly .

di stri bu t ed th roughou t th e D istrict and only o ne tb cin a has l ess than ,

8 0 0 persons per square m ile S a ran sends o ut a grea t er proport ion

.

o f e migran ts than any oth er D is tric t i n B engal ou t si d e Ch o ta N a gp u r ,

and in 1 9 0 1 m ore than a t enth o f t h e D istric t born popula t ion were -

enu merated away fro m h om e ; abou t one fi fth of t h e absen t ees were -

fou nd i n contiguou s D istricts b u t th e rem ainder had gon e farther

,

a field and were enu m erated i n large n u mbers i n R angpu r Calcu tta , ,

and the T wenty fou r Parganas O wing to t h is e m igration t h e p ro

-
.
,

portion of fe males t o m ales (6 to 5 ) is th e h igh es t i n Bengal I nfan t .

marriage is mu ch less com m on th an i n oth er par t s o f B ih a r ; and there

has been a marked fall ing o ff d u ring th e l as t two decades i n th e
'

proportion o f m arried perso ns and al so i n t h e n u m ber o f ch ildren

, ,

wh ich poin ts t o p reven t ive check s o n t h e grow t h o f pop u lat ion Th e .

language spoken is th e B hoj pu r i dialec t of H i nd i b u t M uha m madans ,

and K ayas t h s general ly speak A wadh i Seven eigh t h s of t he popu lati on .

-

are H indu s and prac t ical ly al l t h e res t are M uham madan s

Th e A ryan cas t es are s trongly represen t ed as S a ran lay i n t he ir ,

l i ne o f march eas t wards B r a h m ans nu m ber

. R ajpu ts
B a bhans K a yas ths and A h irs more than
a th ird o f t he pop ulation bel o n ging t o t h ese fi ve castes T hose .

excellen t hu sband men th e K o iris an d K u rm is are nu m erou s as also

, , ,

are Cham ars (leath er dressers ) K an dus (grai n parc h e rs) N un ias (sal t
-
,
-
,

petre manu factu rers ) D o sadh s and t h e com mon B ih a r fu nc t ional

, ,

castes A m ong th e M u ham m adan tri bes

. Path a ns an d ,

Saiyids are probabl y descen dants o f foreigners bu t t h e ancestors o f ,

Jo lah as and Shai kh s were dou btless l ocal converts to

I sl am O f every 1 0 0 person s 8 1 are agricu lt urists 9 are engaged i n
.
, ,

i ndus try o n e belongs to t he professional classes 4 are general labou rers

, , ,
88 S AR A N D I S TR I C T

and t h e remai nder fol low oth er occu pat ions The propor t ion of agri .

cul tu rists i s th e h igh est i n B ih a r .

Th e G erman E vangel ical Lu theran M issi on wh ich h as been a t work ,

at C h a pra s i nce 1 8 4 0 clai m s t o have bapt i z ed 5 0 0 persons m ost of

, ,

w h o m were p robably abandoned ch ildren o r orphans A R oman .

Cathol ic m issi on h as recently been started a t Ch a pra and a branch

‘
,

o f th e R egi ons Beyond M issi onary Uni on a t S iw a n T he n u m ber

’
.

o f nat ive Ch ris tians i n 1 9 0 1 was only 7 8 .

The hard clay i n the low swam ps (cb a n rs) produces onl y a som ewhat
precariou s crop of wi n t er rice and being dependen t on the rai nfall
, , ,

i s th e fi rst to sufl e r fro m drough t O n th e l igh t

'

Ag r icu lt ure .

sandy u plands an au t u m n rice crop i s obtai ned wh ich ,

i s general ly followed by a spring crop o f poppy i ndigo barley w h eat , , , ,

sugar cane pulses o r oilseeds Th e m ost fer t ile soil is a rich loam
-
, , .

know n as b a cb b and t h e fi nest y iel d i s ob tained from th e lands rou n d

t h e v illage sites w h ich are h igh ly manu red an d are reserved for s uch
, ,

l ucrative crops as poppy wh eat vege t ables and cond i men t s A season
, , ,
.

able rai nfal l i s of special i mpor t ance i n a D istri ct wh ere t h e n orm al

precipi t a t ion i s sm all and wh ere only 1 5 per cen t o f th e cu ltivated
, .

area is protected by irrigation Th e crucial period wh en rai n is .

u rgently needed is th e last for t nigh t o f Sep t em ber an d du ri ng th e ,

b a tb iy ci as t eris m at th e begin n ing o f O ctober A drough t during th is .

period n o t only ru ins th e wi nter rice bu t deprives t he soi l of t h e ,

m oist u re necessary fo r the s ubsequen t spring crops .

Th e ch i ef agri cu l t ural sta t i stics for 1 9 0 3 —4 are shown below areas ,

being i n square m iles

S b div i i
u s on . T o ta l . C l t iv
u ate d .

i s th e m o s t i m por t ant crop covering an area o f 5 1 6 square

R i ce ,

m i les or a quarter o f t h e cu l t ivated area 1 6 per cent o f i t is harvested

, .

i n th e au t um n an d t he re main der i n th e wi nter Barley an d mai z e .

cover 1 9 and 1 5 p er cen t respect ively o f th e cult ivated area K b esciri

. .

p ulse wh ich i s sown ex t ensively as a catch crop i n w in t er rice lan ds

,
-
,

m ay be cal led t h e poor m an s food T he m ost extensive non food ’

.
-

crops are oilseeds l i nseed occupying 1 2 4 square m i les and rape an d

, ,

m u stard 1 7 square m iles S ugar cane w h ich i s being largely s ubst itu ted
.
-
,

for indigo occup ies 3 per cen t o f t he cu lt ivated area I ndigo i n 1 9 0 3 4

,
. .
-

covered onl y acres or less t h an hal f t h e area sown five years

,
90 S AR A N D I S TR I C T

com petition of th e ar t i ficial dye ; an d several fac t ories have already

bee n closed wh ile oth ers are redu ci ng th e scale o f their operat ions
,
.

Th e reported ou t turn fo r 1 9 0 3 —4 was 9 5 tons valued at 3 -2 7 lak hs

-
, .

A s ugar fac t ory has recently been erected at Barh o ga w here th e can e ,

i s crush ed an d th e j u ice boiled and clari fied and m anu fac t ured i n t o
sugar by i mported mach i nery V arious i ndigo concerns are following .

th e example an d a good deal of sugar i s also prepared i n nat ive

,

re fi neries Shel lac is m an u factured an d 8 factories were at work i n

.
,

1 9 0 1 wi th an o u t t u rn valued a t over 3 lak h s

-
.

S a ran n ever p roduces s u fficien t food for i t s o w n consu m ption and ,

i mports largely exceed expor t s t h e cos t o f th e surpl us i mpor t s being ,

m e t fro m th e earnings o f na t ives o f th e D istrict em ploy ed elsewhere ,

wh o make large rem i tt ances for t h e suppor t o f t heir fam il ies Th e .

p ri ncipal i m por t s are r ice an d oth er food grain s fro m M u z a ffarpu r -

,

D arbhang a an d Bh agalpu r co tt on piece goods sal t and kerosene oi l

, ,
-
, ,

fro m Calcu t ta and coal fro m B u rdw a n an d Chot a N agpur T h e

, .

exports are opi u m sugar i ndigo sal tpe t re sh ellac m olasses li nseed
, , , , , , ,

m us t ard seed gram p ulses an d other food grai ns

, ,
M os t o f t h e
,
-
.

expor t s go to Calcu t ta bu t th e sugar fi nds a m arket i n th e U ni t ed

,

Provi nces Th e bu l k o f t h e t ra ffic now goes by rai lway ; an d th e

.

pri ncipal marts are C H AP RA R EVE LG A NJ Srw aN M A H AR AJG A NJ , , , ,

M iR GA N J D igh w a ra S O N P U R an d M airw a
, , , .

Th e m ai n lin e of th e B engal an d Nort h W es t ern R ailway t raverses -

t he D istrict fro m Sonpu r at th e sou t h east corner t o Mairw a on th e -

western bou ndary A branch l ine connects Ch a pra via R evelganj wi th

.

M a nj h i wh ere the Gogra i s crossed by a s team ferry A fi ne bridge

,
.

spans t he Gandak be t ween Sonpu r i n S a ran an d H aj ipu r i n M u z a ffar

p ur and e ffects a j u nctio n w i th th e T irh ut S tate R ailway system now
, ,

worked by th e B engal and North W es t ern R ai lway Com pany and v ia -

,

Ka t ih a r wi th th e north ern section o f t he E as t ern B engal Sta t e R ail way .

T h e B engal an d North W es t ern R ai l w ay is connected wi th th e E as t

-

I nd ian R ail way by a stea m ferry from Pale z a G h a t near Sonpu r to , ,

D igha C h at on th e oppos ite bank T he ch ief l i nes o f road ru n fro m .

north t o sou th original ly connecting th e Gandak w it h th e Gogra (an d

,

n ow w ith th e rai lway ) and foll ow ing t h e o ld t rade rou t es fro m Nep a l
,

t hrough C h amparan and M u z affarpu r Fro m Ch a pra i mportan t roads .

lead t o R ewah Gh a t Sattar G h a t an d Sal impu r Gh a t al l o n th e

, , ,

Gandak O th er roads also converge o n t hese poi nts su ch as th e road

.
,

fro m D orand a rai lway s t ation t o Mah a r ajganj and thence northwards ,

to Barau l i an d Sal impu r C h at Th e road fro m S iw a n to M irganj and .

th en ce t o Gop a lganj and t hrough Batardah to t h e C h amp aran border

i s also o f i m portance I n t h e D istrict contain ed
. m iles
o f roads mai ntained by th e D istrict board o f wh ich 1 3 7 w ere me t alled ,

and u n m etal led besi des m iles o f vil lage tracks

, .
 AD A/ I A’I S TR A TI
ON 91

Th e I ndia General S t eam Navigat ion Com pany has a daily steamer
service o n t he Ganges and Gogra fro m D igha C h at i n Patna D i stric t ,

nearly opposi t e Sonpu r to Ajodhy a i n O u dh Th ese steamers connec t ,

.

at D igha G h a t wi th t h e Goalu ndo li n e an d are oft en crowded wi t h ,

cool i es o n t hei r way going t o or returning from E as t ern Bengal .

Nu merou s i m portan t ferries cross t h e Ganges Gandak an d Gogra , ,

ri vers .

S a ran i s less liable to fa m i ne than t h e neighbou ring D istricts as i t ,

i s pro t ected both by t h e n u mber and varie t y o f i ts mo m and by th e ,

distribu tion of i ts harves t s t h rough ou t th e year

Neverth eless fam i n e or scarci ty has occurred o n
F am in e
.

several occasions notably i n 1 7 6 9 1 7 8 3 1 86 6 1 8 7 4 and 1 89 7 Little

, , , , ,
.

is known of t h e first two calam ities I n 1 86 6 t h e year of t h e O rissa .

,

fam ine th e wi n ter rice failed and the spring crops w ere extremely
,

poor ; the rel ief afforded was i nadequate and over persons died ,

of starvat ion an d disease I n 1 8 7 4 fa m i ne was cau sed by th e fai lu re .

of n ine tenth s o f th e w i nter rice crop R el ief on th is occasion was

-
.

given o n an ext ravagant scale an d no death s occu rred from s t arva t ion ,

th e nu mber on rel ief works exceeded a quar t er of a m i ll ion i n J u ne

1 874 . No less than tons of grai n were i m ported by Govern
ment and the ex pend it ure w as 2 4 lakh s I n 1 8 9 6 t he rai n fal l was
,
.

very deficien t amou nting to only 2 3 i nches and t h e au t u m n crop

, ,

yielded less than hal f and the w i nter rice only o n e sixteen t h o f th e -

normal ou t t u rn I n spi te of th is th e fam i ne was m uch less severe

-
.
,

t han i n the neigh bou ring D istricts and th e maxi m u m nu mber on rel ief ,

works was only i n M ay 1 8 9 7 Th e cost o f rel ief was 9 lakhs , . .

For ad m inistrat ive pu rposes th e District i s divided i n to th ree su b

d i visions w ith head quarters at C H AP RA S I W AN an d G O P ALG A N J
,
-
, , .

T he staff at h ead quarters consi sts o f t h e Magist rate

-

Admin istra t ion

Collector an A ss istan t Magistrate an d five D epu ty
.

, ,

Magistrates besides officers e mpl oyed specially o n parti tio n and excise
,

w ork . E ach of the ou tlyi ng su bdivisions i s i n charge of a su bd ivisional

offi cer assisted by a S ub D eputy Collec t or
,
- -
.

S ubord inate to th e D is t ric t J udge are two S u b J udges an d fou r -

M unsifs at Ch apra o n e M u ns i f at S i wa n and ano t her a t Gop a lganj

,
.

The Su b J udges hear appeal s fro m th e C h amparan civi l cou rts also
- .

Since th e comp letion of th e su rvey and record o f righ ts t he n u m ber - -

of rent su its has grea t ly i ncreased Crim i nal j u st ice i s adm i ni stered .

by the Sessions J udge an Assistant Sessions J u dge th e D istrict Magis, ,

trate and the above m ent ioned stipendiary magi stra t es B u rglary an d
,
-
.

petty th eft are com m on an d riots are frequen t bu t th ere i s very l i ttl e ,

heinou s cri me .

I n T o dar Mal s settlem en t of 1 5 8 2 S a ran was assesse d at 4 lakhs

’
,

th e area measured being 4 1 5 square m i les I n 1 6 8 5 t h e revenu e w as .

VO L . XXII . G
 ‘

92 SAR A N D I S TR I C T

raised t o 8 lakhs and i n 1 7 5 0 to 9 g lakh s o f wh ich half a lakh was

, ,

rem i tted I n 1 7 7 3 eigh t years afte r th e B ri t ish assu m ed th e fi nancial

.
,

ad m in is t rat ion th e revenu e was lakh s and i n 1 7 9 3 the Permanen t

, ,

Set t le m en t was conclu ded for 1 0 -2 7 lakh s A nu m ber o f estates h eld .

free of revenue u nder i nval id t itles h ave si nce bee n resu med and t h e
de mand i n 1 9 0 3—
,

4 was 3 lakh s payable by esta t es A l m ost , .

t he enti re D istrict i s perman ently set tled ; bu t 7 8 estates p a y ing

Rs . are set tled tem porari ly an d 2 8 es ta t es w ith a revenu e ,

of Rs . are m anaged direct by Govern m ent I t i s noteworth y .

th at w h ereas th e allowance fixed for t h e z a nn ndcirs at the Permanent

’

‘
,
’
Settlem ent was on e tent h o f th e assets t he S aran landlords now retain
-
,

n o l ess t han 7 8 per cent As t h e resu lt o f a very carefu l calcu lation

.

by t he Set tlem en t o fficer t he gross an n ual produce o f the soil is valued

,

at 4 2 5 lak hs o f wh ich su m t h e revenu e represents less than 3 per cen t

, . .

an d th e r e n t al 1 2 per cen t Th e D istrict was surveyed an d a record o f .

-

righ ts was prepared between 1 8 93 an d 1 9 0 1 T he average area cul ti .

y ated by a fam i ly is est ima t ed a t 3 8 acres Cash ren t s are al most .

u niversal only 4 per cen t o f t he hold ings of settled and occupancy

,
.

ryots paying produce ren ts The average ra t es o f rent per acre vary .

fo r t he d i fferen t classes o f ryots : t hose holding at fi xed rates pay

R s 3—
.
—
4 9 ; settled o r Occupancy ryots R s — —
4 5 4 ; no n occu pancy , .
-

ryo t s R s 5 0 —6 an d u nder ryots R s 5 —2 —8

,
.
-
Lower ren ts ru le -
, . .

i n th e north t han i n th e sou th where t h e pressu re o f popu lation ,

i s greatest and cu l t iva t ion m ore advanced O f t he occup ied area .

9 0 per cent is h eld by ryots an d p ractical ly al l o f t he m have

.
,

a righ t o f occu pancy only acres bei ng h eld by n o n occupancy

,
-

ryots .

Th e fol low i ng table shows th e collect ion s o f land reven ue a n d

of total revenue (principal h eads on ly ) i n t hou sands of rupees : ,

O u tside th e m u n icipal i t ies o f C H AP RA , S W AN , an d R EVE LG A NJ , local I

afl airs are managed by t he D istric t board , w it h s u bordi nate l ocal boards

at S iw a n an d Gop a lganj A s many as 1 9 E u ropeans p ri nci pally i ndigo

.
,

planters have seats upo n th e board

,
I n 1 9 0 3 —4 i ts i nco me was .

Rs . o f w h ich R s 1 was derived fr om ra t es ; an d the .

,

expend itu re was R s i ncl u di ng R s . spen t o n public .

works and R s o n educat ion . .

Th e D istrict con t ai ns 1 0 police stat ions and 1 6 ou tposts Th e force .

at th e d isposal o f th e D istrict S uperi n tenden t in 1 9 0 3 nu mbered 4

i nspec t ors 4 0 su b i nspectors 3 7 head —
, constab les an d 5 0 8 constables
-
, ,
.
94 S AR A N G A R / l S T ATE

area of 5 4 0 square m il es I t is si tuated be t we e n B il a spu r and Sam bal

.

pu r D ist ricts on t h e west and east wh ile th e M ah a nad i river divides ,

i t from th e R aigarh S t ate and t h e Chandarpu r z a mz ndciri o n t he north

'

Th e head quarters S arangarh i s 3 2 m iles fro m R aigarh s t a t ion on th e

-
, ,

Bengal N agpur R ailw ay Th e cou n try is generally l evel ; bu t a chain

- .
.

o f h ills runs from n or t h to sou t h across th e centre o f t he Sta t e d ivid i n g

t h e S a rangarh and Sari a p arg a n a s an d ano t h er range ex tends along th e ,

sou th ern border adj oi n i ng t h e Ph ulj har z a nzindciri o f R aipu r Th e .

rul ing fam ily are R aj Gonds wh o accord i ng t o t hei r own t radi tions , , ,

m igrated from Bh and ara m an y genera t ions ago S arangarh was a t first .

a dependency of th e R atanpu r ki ngdom an d afterwards becam e o ne ,

o f th e eigh teen G arh j at Sta t es su bordi na t e t o Sam balp ur I t h as been .

u n der Govern m ent m anagem en t si nce 1 8 7 8 i n consequence o f th e ,

death s o f two ch iefs at shor t i n t ervals Th e presen t ch i ef L a l Jaw a h ir .

,

S ingh was born i n 1 8 8 6 and is now being educated at th e R aj

,

k u m a r Col lege R ai pu r D u ring h is m i nori t y S a rangarh is admin is

, .

te re d by t h e Pol i t ical A gen t for th e C h h attisg arh F e udato ry S ta t es .

Th e population i n 1 9 0 1 was h aving decreased by 4 per cen t .

du ring th e prev ious decade T here are 4 5 5 i nhabited vi llages and o n e .

t own S AR A NG A R H (popu la t ion

,
and th e densi ty o f pop ulation ,

i s 1 4 7 persons per square m ile A bou t th ree fou rth s o f t h e populat ion .
-

speak th e C h h attisgarh i d ialec t o f H i nd i and t h e remai nder th e O riy a ,

language and these stat istics i ndicate t he proport ions i n w h ich th e

,

popula t i on h as b een recru i t ed fro m C h h attisg arh and O rissa Th e .

fores t t ribes are no t fou n d i n large n u m bers an d th e pri ncipal castes ,

are G andas R aw ats or Gabr a s Cham a rs and Kolt a s

, , ,
.

Th e soil i s generally ligh t an d sandy and o f i nferior quali t y bu t the

cu l tivators are i nd us t rious and supplem en t its d eficiencies by manu re ,

an d irriga t ion I n 1 9 0 4 t h e area occup ied fo r cu l tiva t ion am ou n t ed

.

to 2 5 4 s quare m iles o r 4 7 per cen t o f th e t o t al area havi ng i ncreased

, .
,

by 2 6 per cent s i nce th e las t revenu e se tt le m en t i n 1 8 8 8 Th e cropped

. .

area was 2 1 2 squar e m iles o f wh ich rice occup ied 1 6 3 square m iles , ,

u raa
’
acres an d b odon There are abou t 7 9 0 t ank s
,

and 6 0 0 wel ls from w h ich abou t ,

acres can be i rrigated u nder
norm al circu m stances Th e fores t s occ ur i n patch es all over t h e Open
.

cou n t ry and are no t ex t ensive or val uable There i s a s mal l quanti ty

, .

o f sal (Sb orea robusta ) bu t th e bu lk of th e fores t s are composed o f

,

i n fe rior t rees I ro n ore is fou n d i n s mall quanti t ies i n t w o o r t hree

.

l ocali t ies Tasa r silk and coarse cotton clo t h are t h e only man u
.

fact ures Th e Sta t e con t ai ns 5 7 m i les o f gravel led an d 4 0 m i les o f

.

e m b ank ed roads T h e principal ou tl et for produce i s th e Sarangarh

,

R aigarh road Th ere is also so m e t raffic from Se raipali to sa rangarh

.
,

and from Sari a t o R aigarh .

The to t al revenu e o f th e S t ate i n 1 9 0 4 w as R s of w h ich .

 SAR AN G P UR 95

Rs . was deri ved fro m land R s from forests and R s ,

.
, .

from excise T he vi llage areas have been cadastral ly su rveyed and

.
,

a regular se t tle men t on th e syste m followed i n B ritis h t erri tory was

effec t ed in 1 9 0 4 Th e land revenu e was raised by R s
. or .

2 1 per cent the i ncidence bei ng abou t 5 annas per cu l ti vated acre
.
, .

Th e total expend itu re in 1 9 0 4 was R s the p ri ncipal i tem s .

being Govern m en t tri bu te (R s allowances to t he chief s fam i ly .

’

( Rs . general adm in is tra t ion (R s pol ice ( R s . .

and p ubl ic works (R s The tri bu t e is l iable to period ical

.

revision D u ri ng eleven years s i nce 1 8 9 3 a su m o f 1 -7 4 lakh s has

.

been spen t o n pu bl ic works u n der th e su pervis ion of the E ngineer ,

of the C h h attisgarh S tates d ivis ion I n addi tion t o th e roads al ready .

men t ioned various bu i ldi ngs have been cons truc t ed for pu blic offices
, .

The educational institu t ions com prise 1 8 schools wi th pu pi ls ,

’
i ncluding 2 vernacular m iddle schools and a girls school I n 1 9 0 1 .

th e nu m ber o f persons retu rned as l iterate was the proportion

o f th e m ales able to read and w rite bei ng 6 per cen t These resu l ts .

compare no t u nfavourably wi th the average for neigh bou ring B ri tis h

D istricts The expend i ture on educatio n i n 1 9 0 4 was R s
. A .

d ispensary is m ai ntai ned at S a rangarh town at wh ich pa t ien t s ,

w ere t reated i n 1 0 4
9
S ara n g a rh T o w n —H ea d quarters of th e Feuda t ory Sta t e of th e
.

°
sam e nam e Cen t ral Provi nces si tuated i n 2 1 3 5 N and 8 3 5 E
, ,
° ’
.
’
.
,

3 2 m iles by road fro m R aigarh rai lway s t a t ion Popu lati on .

W ithi n the tow n is a large tank wit h a ro w of te mples o n t h e

northern bank the oldes t temple being that o f So mle sw ari Dev i bu il t
, ,

2 0 0 years ago by a diw c in o f th e State T he only i m portan t i ndu stry .

is the weaving o f tasar silk clo t h i n wh ich abou t fi fty fam il ies are ,

engaged S a rangarh possesses a vernacu lar m iddle school a girls

.
,
’

school and a di spensary

, .

S ara n g p u r Town i n D ew as State Cen tral I nd ia s i tu ated on th e

.
-
, ,
° ’ ° ’
east bank o f the K al i S i nd i n 2 3 3 4 N and 7 6 2 9 E 3 0 m iles ,
. .
,

from Maks i station on the Ujjai n B hop al R ai lway and 7 4 m iles fro m -
,

I ndore o n th e B ombay A gra road Pop u lation -

Th e .

si te i s very o ld bu t t he town as i t n o w stands does not date back

,

earl ier than th e days o f th e M u ham madan ki ngs o f M a lw a (fi fteenth

cen t ury ) and is en t irely M u ham madan i n character
,
Tha t i t was .

a place o f i mpor t ance i n H ind u t i mes is sh ow n by th e d iscovery of

old coins of th e p u nch marked Ujj ai n typ e wh i le many frag men ts
-
,

of H indu and Jain te m ples are to be seen bu il t i nto walls The place .

firs t becam e i mportan t u nder S arang S ingh Kh ich i i n 1 2 9 8 fro m whom ,

i t received its present na me D uring t h e fiftee nth and s ixteenth cen .

turie s i t rose t o great i m portance and is constantly men t ioned by the ,

M u ham madan h is torians wh i le th e wid e area covered by the ru i ns o f

96 SA R A N G P UR

t he ol d town shows t hat i t was th e n a large an d flo urish ing place I n

'

1 5 2 6 i t was w rested fro m M ah mtid Kh ilj i I I o f M alw a by R an a Sanga

'

of Ch i tor bu t du ring th e confus ion caused by B a bar s i nvasion i t fell ’

to o n e Mall u Kh a n who a t temp t ed to assu m e i ndependence i n M a lw a

, ,

bu t was soon after su bdu ed by Sh er Sh a h I t was th en i ncl u ded .

i n th e governorsh i p of Sh uj a a t K h a n and o n t h e fal l o f th e 8 uri ,

dy nas t y passed to h is son B ay a z id be tt er k nown as Baz Bah a du r , ,

wh o assu m ed i ndependence an d struck co ins o f wh ich a few have ,

been fou nd S a rangpu r is bes t k nown as th e scene o f th e d ea t h o f the

.

beau t i ful R ti p mati t h e fam ou s H indu wi fe of Baz Bah a dur Sh e was

, .

renowned t hrough ou t M a lw a fo r her si ngi ng and com posi ti on o f songs ,

many o f wh ich are s t i ll su ng H er lover is descri bed by M uh am m adan

.

writ ers as t h e m os t acco m pl ish ed m an o f h is day i n t he science o f

m u sic and i n H ind i song and many tales o f th eir love are c urren t i n
,

t h e l egends o f S a rangpu r and M AN D U I n 1 5 6 2 A kbar sen t a force .

to S a rangpu r u nder A dham K h a n Baz Bah a du r taken by su rprise .

,

an d deserted by h is t roops was forced t o fl y an d R ti p mati and t h e

, ,

res t of h is wives an d al l h is treasu res fell i n t o t h e hands o f A dham

Kh a n V arious accou n t s o f R up mati s en d are cu rrent b u t t h e mos t
.
’
,

p robable relates tha t sh e t ook poison to escap e falling i n t o t h e hands

of th e conqu eror Baz Bah a du r after variou s vicissi tu des fi nally
.
, ,

presen t ed h i m sel f a t D elh i and was graciou sly received and raised
,

t o rank and honou r H e di ed i n 1 5 88 an d l ies bu ried at Ujjai n

.
, ,

according to tradi tion bes ide th e re mai ns o f R fi p mati S a rangpu r

,
.

was fro m t h is t i m e i ncorpora t ed i n th e Sabab o f M a lw a an d b e ,

cam e t h e ch ie f t own o f t h e S a rangpu r sa rk ar I n 1 7 3 4 i t fell to .

t h e Mar a th a s and w as h eld a t d ifferen t t i m es by t h e ch iefs o f

,

D ew a s I ndore an d Gwal ior and t h e P in d a ri l eader Karim K h a n

, , ,
.

I n 1 8 1 8 i t was res t ored t o D ew a s u nder t h e trea t y made i n tha t

yea n
S a rangpu r was i n form er days fam ou s for i ts fi ne m usl ins T h e .

i ndu s t ry has decayed si nce 1 8 7 5 an d t h ough i t st il l l ingers i s gradu

, , ,

ally dyi ng o ut There are few bu i ldi ngs o f any no t e n o w s t and ing
. ,

and t hose wh ich re mai n are i n a d ilap ida t ed state O n e i s k now n as

‘
.

R zip uza tz aci G u mba z or R up mati s h al l ; b u t fro m i t s absolu t e s i m i

"
’ ’
,

larity to th e bu ildi ngs near it th is t itle would appear t o be an i nvent ion

,

of later days A noth er s i m ilar do med bu ilding bears an i nscriptio n o f

.

1 4 9 6 s t a t ing th a t i t was erec t ed i n t h e t i m e o f Gh iy a s ud din o f M a lw a

,
- - .

A J ama Masj id once a bu ilding o f som e p re t ens ions bears a record

, ,

da t ed i n 1 6 4 0 Th ere was form erly a fort b u t al l that now re mai ns

.
,

are por t i ons o f t h e w al l and a gateway w ith an i nscription referring t o

i ts repair i n 1 5 7 8 A m osqu e called t h e F i r j cin b i B b a ti is a p ic
.
, ,

ture sq ue b u ild ing now i n a d ilap idated sta t e A mong t he n u merous .

H i ndu and J ai n re mai ns one s t a t ue of a T irth an k ar has been fou nd

,
98 SA R A IV AN
by th e Garr h ills a conti nuat ion of th e Kh w aja A m r a n ; on the north
,

by t he Qu etta Pish in Bol a n Pass and S ibi D istricts ; and on the

-
,
.

sou th by th e Jh alaw an coun try Th e total area of t h e coun try is .

square m iles I t consists of a series of parallel m ou ntai n

.

ranges ru n ning north and sou th and enclos ing valleys someti mes ,

o f consi derable extent wh ich l ie at an elevation of ,

fro m to 6 5 0 0 feet above sea level R eckon ing ,

-
.

fro m east to w est th e pri nci pal m ou ntain ranges ,

a re th e N ag a u B haur and Z amu ri h i lls w h ich border on Kach h i

, ,
and ,

th e Bangul z ai h ills w i th th e peak s o f M oro and D il band

,
Sou th ward .

of these l ies the fi ne H arboi range abou t feet high W es t , .

w ard again the K oh i m ar a n feet ) form s anoth er parallel ri dge

- -
.

N ext th e Z ahri gh a t ridge co m mences from th e C h iltan h ill and sk irts

,
-

t h e M as t u ng val ley to th e east wh i le two m ore m i nor ranges separa t e ,

i t fro m th e wes ternm os t ridge th e Garr h i lls M os t of these m oun , .

tai ns are bleak bare an d barren b ut t he H arbo i and Koh r m aran

, , ,
- -

contain j u n iper t rees an d so m e p ictu resqu e scenery The drai nage .

o f th e co untry i s carried o ff n orth ward by th e Sh ir in a b and Saraw a n

ri vers E xcept i n fl ood ti m e each con tains only a s mal l suppl y

.
,

o f w ater d isappearing and reapp eari ng th rough ou t i ts cou rse The

, .

Sh ir in a b rises to th e sou t h east o f K al a t I t is j oi ned by th e M obi -

.

and G u rg ina stream s and eventually fal ls i nto th e P I SH iN LO R A u nder

,
‘
th e nam e o f the Sh o rartid or Shar rod T he Saraw a n river ri ses i n -
.

t h e H arboi h ills and j oi ns the Bol an near B ib i N a ni .

Th e pri ncipal peaks o f th e cou ntry consist of massive l i mes tone

and Cretaceou s beds of dark w h i te and variegated l i m estone some , , ,

t i mes com pact some ti m es s haly i n charac t er occu r

,
Sandstones ,
.
,

clays and conglom era t es of S i w ali k na t u re have also been fou nd

, .

Th e botany of Saraw a n resem bles that of t he Quetta — P ish in D is

tric t
. O rchards con tai n ing m u lberry ap ricots peach es pears apples
, , , , , ,

al monds and grap es abou n d i n th e val leys

, Poplars an d w illows
, .

grow wherever t here i s water and ta marisk i s abun dant i n t h e river ,

beds I n t he spring many plants of a b ulbou s nat ure appear i ncl ud

.
,

ing t ul ips and i rises The h ill si des are co vered w it h sou thernwood
.
-

(A rtemisia ) and many species of A strag a li M ou n tai n sheep and S i nd .

i bex occu r i n s mal l nu m bers Foxes are trapped for t h eir sk ins and .
,

hares afford cou rsing to local sportsmen .

Fro m A pri l to Sep te m ber t he cl i mate is dry brigh t b raci ng and , , ,

h ealthy T h e w inter especial ly rou nd Kal a t wh ich rece ives h eavy

.
, ,

fal ls o f snow is severe E xcep t i n th e east near B a rari th e hea t i n

,
.
, ,

su m m er is n owh ere i ntense T h e rain and s nowfal l general ly occu r .

in w i nter fro m J an uary to M arch

,
The ann ual rainfal l averages .

abou t 7 % i nch es of wh ich 6 inches are received i n w i n t er an d 1 i n

,

s u m me r .
 A GR I C UL T UR E 99

T h e Saraw a n cou ntry formed part o f the G h az n iv id and G h o rid

e mp ires and fel l i nto t he hands of th e A rg h ti n s toward s t h e en d of
'

th e fi fteenth centu ry Fro m t he m i t passed to th e

H is t o ry
.

M ughals u nt il t o w ards t he end of th e seventeenth

,

centu ry M ir A h mad o f Kal at acqu i red M astung from Agh a J a far th e

, ,

M ughal governor H ence forth Mastu ng remai ned u nder Kal at and
.

w as th e scene o f an engage men t between A h mad Sh a h D u rr a n i and

Nas ir K h a n I i n 1 7 5 8 i n wh i ch th e A fgh ans w ere at fi rst defeated bu t

, ,

A h mad Sh a h afte rwards ad vanced an d assau lted Kal at D u ri ng th e .

fi rst A fgh a n W ar the cou n try was one o f the d i stricts assigned by th e
,

B rit ish i n 1 8 4 0 to S h a h S huj a ul m ul k b ut i t was restored to Kal at i n

- -
,

1 84 2
. D u ring 1 8 4 0 th e Saraw an t ri bes men revolted and placed Nas ir
K h a n I I o n the th rone I n 1 8 7 1 ano th er rebel lion occ urred and th e
.
,

B r a h u i s received a crush ing d efeat fro m M ir K h ud a d a d Kh a n a t Khad

near Mas tu ng I n 1 8 7 6 th e latter place was th e scene of th e me mo r
.

able se t tl emen t effected by S ir R obert Sande man be t ween K h ud a d a d

K h an an d h is rebelliou s ch ie fs .

Cu riou s m oun ds situated i n the cen tre o f th e val leys occu r th rough
ou t th e cou ntry Two of the largest are S a m p ar i n Mastu ng and
.

K arb uk h a i n M ungachar Th ey are art i ficial being co m posed of

.
,

layers o f so il ashes and broken pottery

, ,
.

KA L AT T O WN and Mastu ng the head quarters o f th e Pol itical Agen t

, ,
-
,

are the onl y towns Th e cou ntry possesses 2 9 8 permanen t v illag es

. .

The populat ion i n 1 9 0 1 was M ost o f the

peopl e make th eir way t o K ach h i i n th e wi nter
P o p ula t io n
.
.

T he centre of th e coun try i s i nhab i ted by th e cul t ivati ng classes

k nown as D eh w ars K h o rasan is an d Jo h an is most o f wh o m are su b
, , ,

j e c ts o f the K h a n of Kal a t I n th e s urrou nding h ills and vales l ive

.

the tri bes men com posing the Sara w a n di vis ion of th e Br ah u i c o n
federacy . Th ey i ncl u de th e Lah ris Bangulz ais
K i nds Sh ah w an is M u ham mad Sh ah is R ai
s a nis an d Sarp arras all o f who m are c ul ti vators an d
fl o ck owners
-
. I n th is category m ust also be i ncl uded t he n u m erou s
L a ngav cul t ivators of M u ngachar A ll th e M u ham madan s
are o f th e Su nn i sect A fe w H i nd u traders are scat tered h ere and
.

there M ost of th e wealth ier m en possess servile dependan ts A rt isans

.
.
’

work i s done by Loris The p revai ling language i s B rah u i b u t t he

.

Langav s so me o f th e Bangulz ais and a few oth er clan s speak Bal uch i
, , ,

and th e D eh w a rs a corrup ted for m of Persian .

Cu l tivat ion is carried o n i n th e cen tre o f th e val leys w h ich possess ,

fl at plains o f a redd is h clay soi l h igh ly fert ile w hen i rrigated T hi s is th e

, .

best soi l and i s known as nza tt nza tmcil o r b a n a ina , ,

.

Ag ricult ure .

Dark loam is k nown as siy cib z a /n in T he g reater part .

of the cul t ivable area is dry crop O w ing to th e scan t y

’
 -

1 00 SA R A I VA N

rai n fall i t seldom produces a full ou t tu rn oftener than once i n fou r or -

‘
,

fi ve years T he pri ncipal dry crop areas are Narm uk Gwanden th e

.
-
, ,

Bhalla Dash t o r Dash t — i b e daulat K a bo K uak K had th e Chh appar -

, , , ,

valley and G urgina

, Kal a t M u ngach ar Mastu ng and J oh a n are th e
.
, , ,

bes t irriga t ed areas I rrigat ion i s derived from u ndergrou nd water

.

channels (b arez ) wh i ch nu m ber 2 4 7 from springs and fro m stream s

, , , .

M any o f th e b cirez are dry at presen t Fi ne springs occu r at K ah nak .

i n Mas t ung at K al a t D udran n ear Chh appar and I skal ku ; and th e

, , ,

Saraw a n and S h ir in a b rivers afford a smal l amoun t of irrigati on Th e .

p ri ncipal crop i s wh eat th e flou r o f wh i ch is the best in Bal uch is ta n

‘
, .

I n we t crop areas l ucern e t obacco and m elon s are produced i n large

-
’
, ,

quanti ties J oh a n t obacco is fam ous

. Th e cul tiva t ion o f on ions an d .

po ta t oes is i ncreasing Fi ne orchards are to be seen at M as t ung an d .

Kal a t ; an d i n t h e form er p lace w here m u lberri es abound experim ents , ,

are bei ng m ade i n the i ntroduct ion o f sericu l tu re .

Th e sheep are o f th e fat tai led variety an d goats and cam els are -
,

n u merous The best o f t he latter are to be fou nd in M u ngachar

. .

Fine h orses are bred th e principal breeders being th e Sh ah w an is , ,

Garr a n i Bang ulz ais M u ham mad Sh ah is an d so me Lan gavs ,

Th e , .

n u m ber o f branded mares is 1 7 9 and 1 2 Govern men t stall ion s are ,

at stu d i n su m m er M u ngachar donkeys are o f large si z e . T he .

b u llocks are shor t and th ick se t -

.

The ch ief fores t t rac t is th e H arbo i range wh ich i s well covered ,

w ith j u niper Pis t ach io forests also occu r h ere and there
. Tri bal .

righ ts ex is t i n mos t o f t h e forests an d portions are occasionally re ,

served for fodder N o systemati c reservation i s at t em pted by the

.

S tate . Great care o f pistach io trees i s t aken by t he people wh en th e -

fru i t i s ripen ing Coal i s worked i n t he S or range an d traces o f t he

.
,

sam e m ineral have been fou nd near Mas t u ng Ferrous sulp h ate exists .

i n t he M e lab i m oun tain .

T h e wool o f sheep and goats o f wh ich there i s a large produ ction ,

i n t h e coun try i s u til i z ed i n th e m anu fact ure of fel ts (tb app nr) rugs i n
, ,

th e da ri st itch (bou t and sb ifi ) saddle bags ,

-

Trade an d
co mm un icatio n s
an d overcoats ( z o r and sb dl
.
) T h e best rugs are .

manu factu red by th e Baddu z ai clan o f t he Bangul

z ais . All wo m en do excellen t needlework E m broidered shoes an d .

san dals w h ich are m ade at Kal a t and Mastu ng are popu lar
, ,
.

Th e ch ief t radi ng cen t res are M astu ng and Kal at T h e exports .

consis t ch i efl y of wool g bl w heat tobacco m elon s carbonate o f soda , , , , , ,

s heep and m ed ici nal drugs and th e i mports o f cot t on cloth sal t iron
, , , ,

s ugar dates and green tea Caravans carry t obacco w hea t and clo t h
, ,
.
, ,

t o P anj g fi r i n Makr an and return laden w it h dates ,

.

T h e M u sh k a f B ol a n sec t ion o f th e North W estern R ai lway tou ch es

- -

th e co u ntry and t h e Qu et ta N ush k i l ine traverses i t s nor t h ern end

,
-
.
102 SA R A I VA lv

the Kal a t n iciéa t revenu e is pai d by th e culti vators ei th er i n k in d or in

,

personal service as horse men foot men labou rers and messengers ,
In , ,
.

Mastu ng th e land revenu e i s recovered both i n k ind and a t a fixed

rate i n cash and ki nd (z a rri and b ala ng ) I n the case o f many o f .

th e b arez i n the M astung and K al a t n iciba ts th e S tate t o avoi d th e , ,

trou ble of collecting the produ ce revenue at each harves t h as acqui red ,

a propor t ion of the lan d and water supplied by a b arez i n perpetu ity
and converted th em -i nto crown property leavi ng th e re mai nder o f t h e ,

land and water free o f assess m ent I n 1 9 0 3 t he reven u e o f each n icibat .

was as follows : Mastu ng R s Kal a t R s ,

J oh a n wit h
.
, .

Ga z g R s,
total R s
.
, .

K A L AT T O WN is the head quarters o f t h e K h a n s m il i t ary forces -

’
,

a nd a regi men t o f cavalry 9 5 sabres s trong i s statione d a t Mastung

, ,
.

Tri bal levi es 3 2 i n nu m ber are p os t ed at M as t ung Alu and M unga

, , , ,

char I rregular levi es t o th e nu m ber o f 8 6 maintai ned by th e K h a n

.
, ,

for th e col lection o f reven u e an d keep ing th e peace in h is o w n

n ic iba ts are s t at ion ed a t Kal a t
, There is a smal l j ai l at Mastu ng and .

a lock up at Alu
-
.

D u ring th e second Afgh an W ar th e Saraw a n ch iefs rendered good ,

service i n guarding co m m u n ica t ions an d provi d ing suppl ies i n re c og n i ,

t ion o f wh ich the B ri t ish Govern m en t granted personal allowances to

so me o f t hem These pay men ts h ave s ince been conti nu ed to assist
.
,

the sa rdcirs i n mai n tai ni ng the ir pres t ige and in k eepi ng order among
t hei r tri besm en and amou nt to R s ,
per annu m . .

E du ca t ion i s neglec t ed A few persons of t he better class keep

.

nzn llcis to teach th eir sons and a sch ool wh i ch pro m ises to be well, ,

a t tended is abou t to be op ened at M astu ng Two dispensaries are

, .

m ai ntai ned one by th e B ri tish Govern men t an d the other by th e K a lat

,

S ta t e The t otal nu m ber of pat ien t s i n 1 9 0 3 w as

. an d t he total
cost R s . I noculat ion i s practised b y Saiyids wh o generally ge t ,

fees at th e ra t e o f eigh t annas for a boy and fo ur annas fo r a girl

S i rdéi —T he nam e given to part of a river syste m fl ow ing fro m the
.

-
.

H i m alayas through north western O udh T wo stream s t h e K u th i

-
.
,

Yan k ti and K al ap a n i rising i n th e lofty P a nch C h t ilh i mou n tains i n

‘

th e north east corner of K u mau n close to th e Ti bet front ier un ite

-
,

after a few m iles to form th e K al i ri ver or K a l i Gang a w hich divides ,

Nep a l fro m K u mau n A t a d is tance of 1 0 6 m i les fro m i ts sou rce th e

.
,

K a l i recei ves th e Sarj ti or R amgan ga (E ast ) at Pach e sw ar Th e Sarj ti .

a n d its trib u tary th e R amg anga (E as t ) rise i n a lofty range leadi ng

, ,

s ou th fro m th e peak o f Nand a K o t an d u ni te at R ame sw ar fro m wh ich , ,

p oi nt t he co mbi ned strea m is cal led i ndi fferently by eith er nam e Fro m .

the j u nc t ion at P ach e sw ar th e nam e K a l i is grad ual ly lost a nd th e river

i s k nown as Sarj ti o r as S ard a A t Barm deo the waters descend o n the .

plains i n a series of rap ids t he course to th i s poin t be ing t ha t of a,

 SA R l) / TRP UR 103

m ou n t ai n s t ream over a s t eep rocky bed The S a rd a now di vides into .

several ch annels wh ich reu n i te agai n aft er a fe w m i les a t M u ndi a G h a t

,

(ferry ) wh ere t h e las t rapids occu r an d the bed ceases to be com posed
, ,

o f bou lders an d sh i ngle From t h is poi n t th e river form s t he bou ndary

.

be t ween Nep a l and P il ibh it Dis t rict o f t h e Un i ted Provinces for a sh or t

dis t ance and th en cu ts across an d en t ers K h er i D is t rict I n P il ibh it
, .

i t is j oi ned on th e righ t bank by the Ch au k a wh ich i s n o w a river o f ,

t h e plains rising i n the tarai bu t may h ave been originally for med as
, ,

an o ld chan nel o f th e S a rd a Th e river is a t firs t called both S a rd a and .

Chauk a i n K h er i and i ts description i s rendered di ffic ul t by t h e m any

,

changes wh ich have t aken place i n i ts cou rse Fou r d isti nc t chan nel s .

may be recogni z ed wh ich are from sou t h t o north t h e U] t h e S a rd a

, , , ,

or Ch auk a t h e D ah aw ar an d t h e Suh e li Th e fi rs t of t hese is a s mall

'

.
, ,

stream wh ich j oin s th e Chau k a again T h e nam e S a rd a is occasional ly .

appli ed to t h e second branch in i ts lower co urse t h rough S it a pu r b ut ,

this i s m ore co m m only called Chauk a A fter a long meandering cou rse .

i t falls i n t o t h e G O G RA a t Bah ramg h at Th is channel appears to have .

been t he prin cipal bed fro m t he m iddle of th e eighteenth to th e m idd le

o f t h e n ine t eenth cent ury Th e larges t vol u m e o f water is however at
.
, ,

presen t brough t down by t h e D ah aw ar wh ich leaves th e Chauk a i n ,

pa rg an a D hau rah r a T he Suh e li brings dow n l it t le wa t er and j oi n s

.

th e K AUR I ALA (afterwards called th e Gogra) .

S ard arg a rh — C hi ef place in a n esta t e o f t he sam e na me i n t h e

S t ate o f Udaip u r R aj pu ta na si t uated i n 2 5 1 4 N an d 7 4 E o n t h e
,
’ °
,
°
. .
,

righ t bank o f th e C h an drab h aga river a t ribu tary of t h e Ban a s abou t , ,

5 0 m i les north b y north east o f U daip u r ci ty

- -
Popu la t io n
-
.

Th e o ld name of t h e place was L a wa bu t i t has been called Sard a rgarh ,

si nce 1 7 3 8 A strong for t su rrou n ded by a dou bl e wall s t ands o n

.
, ,

a h ill to th e north T h e es ta t e w h ich consists o f 2 6 v illages y iel ds an

.
, ,

i ncom e o f abou t R s an d Pays a tri bu te of R s

. to th e .

Darb ar The Th a ku rs of Sard argarh are R ajpu t s o f th e D o dia clan

.
,

an d are descen ded fro m on e D h a wal w h o came to Mew a r fro m G uj ar a t

at th e en d o f t h e fou r t een t h cen t u ry .

S ardarp ur —C ivi l an d m i litary stat ion i n th e A mj hera di strict o r

.

G wal ior S tate Cen t ral I nd ia being th e h ead quarters o f th e Pol itical
, ,
-

Agen t i n BH O P AW A R and o f th e M a lw a B h il Corps I t is si tuated on .

° ’ ° ’
the edge o f th e V i ndhyan scarp i n 2 2 4 0 N and 7 4 5 9 E o n th e , . .
,

righ t bank of th e Mah i river 5 8 m iles by m etalled road fro m M how , .

Pop ulation T h e station derives its na m e fro m its ori

ginal owner Sard a r Singh R a thor a near relation of th e A mj hera ch ie f
, ,

w h o was execu ted i n 1 8 H e was a fam ou s freebooter notoriou s for

57 .
,

h is cru elty of wh ich t al es are s t ill cu rrent i n th e n eigh bou rh ood T h e

,
.

M a lw a B h il Corps had i ts origi n i n so m e i rregu lar levies raised abou t

1 8 3 7 by Captain Stockley T h e m en w ere col lected at certai n points
.
1 04 SA R D A R P UR

u nder th eir own head men and i n h arvest t i m e u sed t o re t u rn home , ,

t h eir w i ves answering for th e m at m uster A few years la t er they were .

regularly orga ni z ed and stat ioned at Dep a lpu r i n I ndore territory and
,

D ilau ra i n D h a r B e twee n 1 84 0 an d 1 8 4 5 th e corps was moved to

.

Sard a rpu r more regularly equ i pped and dri lled and e m ployed local ly
, ,

on pol ice and escort d ut ies a m il i tary o fficer bei ng pu t i n co m mand , .

I n 1 8 5 7 th e corps was cal led i nto I ndore to pro t ect th e R esidency and ,

assi sted to escor t Colonel D u rand i n h is re t rea t to Seh ore Sard a rpu r .

was at t h is t i m e sacked by th e A fgh a n an d R oh i lla levies o f t h e Dh a r

State an d t he detach m en t t here was forced to ret ire A fter order had
,
.

been restored the corps was reconst ituted a t M A N DL E S H W AR be ing

, ,

su bsequen t ly sen t back to Sard arpu r an d p u t u nder th e Poli t ical Agent .

S ince 1 88 3 i t has been regu larly o ffice re d and discipli ned and was ,

lately rearmed w i th t h e m aga z i ne r ifle On t h e reorgan i z at ion o f th e .

I ndian Arm y i n 1 9 0 5 i t was agai n conver t ed i nto a m il itary pol ice

,

ba tt al ion ; and i n 1 9 0 7 i t was m oved to I n dore A sch ool a co mbi ned .

,

B rit ish pos t and t elegraph o ffi ce a hosp ital and an in spection bu ngalow , ,

are s i t uated in t h e stat ion .

S ardars h ah r — H ea d quar t ers of t h e ta b si! o f the sa m e nam e i n

.

t h e Sfi j angarh n iZ cinia t o f th e S t ate of B ikaner R aj pu ta na si tuated i n , ,

°
28 2 7 N and 7 4 3 0 E abou t 7 6 m iles n orth eas t o f B ikaner c ity
’
.
° ’
.
,
-
.

Pop ula t io n Mah ar aj a Sard a r S i ngh before h is acces ,

s ion to th e ch iefsh ip b u i l t a fort h ere an d called th e t own wh ich

grew u p rou nd i t Sard a rs h ah r I n the t own are a co mb ined post an d .

telegrap h o ffice an Anglo vernacu lar school a t tended by 8 2 boys an d

,
-
,

a hosp ital w i th accom m odat ion fo r 7 in— pat ients T h e w h ich .

use d to be called Bh artitia fro m the quantity o f bb a rzi t grass fou n d

'

h ere con tai ns 1 8 7 villages i n wh ich J at s and B r a h mans preponderate

, ,
.

S a rdh an a T a h s il — Ta b sil o f M eeru t D istrict U n i t ed P rovi nces

.
, ,

comprisi ng th e p a rg a n as of Sardhana and Barn aw a an d lying between ,

° ’ ° ° ’ ’ ° ’
2
9 1 an d 2 9 1 6 N and 7 7 1 9 and 7 7 4 3 E with an area o f . .
,

5
2 0 square m iles Th e pop ulat ion .rose fro m i n 1 8 9 1 to

i n 1 90 1 Th ere are 1 2 4 vi llages and only o n e t own SA R

.
,

D H A N A (popu la t ion th e ta b s?! head quarters I n 1 9 0 3 —4 t h e

,
-
.

de man d for lan d revenu e was R s and fo r cesses R s . .

Th e tab sil i s th ick ly pop ulated su ppor t ing 7 2 1 persons per square ,

m ile I t l ies i n th e north o f th e up lands of the D is t rict an d its two

.
,

parg a n as are separated by t h e river H i ndan w h ich i s also j oi ned by ,

th e K rish ni B oth th es e rivers are fringed wi th rav ines ; b u t the

.

ta b sil i s a fer t i le tract wel l irrigated by t he Upper Ganges and E astern

,

J u m na Canals I n 1 9 0 3 —4 th e area u n der cu ltivation was 2 0 1 square

.

m iles o f wh ich 8 2 were irrigated

, .

S a rdh a n a E s t a t e — Ah i mpor t ant estate i n M eeru t D istrict

. ,

Un ited Provi nces Th e area o f t he es t a t e i s abou t 2 8 square m i les

. .
1 06 SA R D H A N A TO IVN

entered th e service of M i r z a Najaf K h a n th e general and m i n is t er o f ,

Sh a h A lam I I and received th e p a rg a n a of Sardhana i n fi e f as an

, ,

assignm en t fo r th e su pport o f h is bat tal ions H e d ied h ere i n th e .

‘
fol low ing year and was s ucceeded by h i s wi dow th e Begam Su mrti
, , ,

wh o con t i nued to maintai n th e m i li tary force Th i s re markabl e .

wom an th e i ll egiti mate daugh ter of a M usalm a n of A rab descen t

, ,

and th e m i stress o f R ei nh ardt before beco m ing h is wi fe assu med th e ,

entire managem en t o f t h e estate and th e personal com mand of t h e ,

t r 00 ps wh ich n u mbered five ba t tal ion s o f sepoys abo u t 3 0 0 E u ropean

, ,

o fficers and gun ners wi th 5 0 pieces of cannon and a body o f irregu lar
, ,

h orse .

I n 1 7 8 1 the B ega m was bapti z ed into th e R oman Cat hol ic Ch urch ,

u nder t h e nam e of J oh an na H er t roops rendered excel len t service .

to th e Delh i e m pero r i n t h e ba t tle of G o k ulgarh i n 1 7 8 8 w h ere ,

a ch arge of Sardhana t roops personally led by th e Begam and th e ,

celebrated advent u rer George Th om as saved th e fortu nes o f the day a t ,

a cri tical m o men t I n 1 7 9 2 t h e Begam married Le vasso ult a French

.
,

man in com mand o f h er ar t illery I n 1 7 9 5 h er E u ropean o fficers .

becam e d isaffected an d an i llegiti mate so n of R einhardt k nown as

, ,

Z afary ab K h an p u t h i mself a t t heir h ead . Th e Begam and her

,

h u sband were forced to fl y I n th e fl igh t t h e Be gam s palanqu i n was .

’

overtaken by th e rebels an d she stabbed h erself to preven t falling al i ve

,

i nto their hands ; wh ereu pon Le vasso ult sh ot h i msel f in pursuance o f ,

a vo w that i f o n e of the m was k illed th e oth er wou ld com m i t su ici de .

Th e Be ga m s w ou nd however was bu t a sligh t one and sh e was

’

, , ,

brough t back to Sardhana A not h er accou nt i s th a t th e Begam h ad .

becom e tired o f her h usband and that her sel f in fl ic te d wou nd was ,
-

only a device to get rid o f h i m H owever al l her power passed te m .

,

p o rarily in t o th e hand s of Z afary ab K h a n and sh e was t rea t ed w ith ,

great personal i ndigni t y t ill s he was restored to p o w er som e m onth s

,

later by George Tho mas H enceforth th e B ega m re mai ned i n u nd is .

t urb e d possession o f h er esta t es ti ll her dea t h i n 1 8 3 6 .

A fter t h e battle o f D elh i and t he Bri ti sh con qu est Of th e Upper ,

Do a b i n 1 8 0 3 t h e Begam sub m i tted to th e ne w ru l ers an d ever aft er

, ,

re mai ned di st ingu ish ed fo r h er loyalty H er possess ions were n um e .

rou s and i ncl u ded several consi derable tow ns s uch as Sardhana
, , ,

Barau t Barn aw a and Dankaur lying i n th e i m m ediate neighbou rhood

, , ,

o f great m arts like M eeru t D el hi K h urj a an d B aghpat H er in , , , .

com e fro m h er estates in M eerut D istrict al one am ou nted to

She k ep t u p a considerabl e arm y and had pl aces of res idence a t ,

K h irwa Jal a l pu r M eeru t and Delh i besides h er palace a t Sardh ana

-
, , , .

S h e e ndowed w i t h l arge su m s t h e Cath ol ic Chu rch es a t Mad ras Cal ,

c utta Agra and Bom bay th e Sardhana Cath edral th e Sardhana poor
, , , ,

h ouse , St J oh n s R oman Cath oli c College wh ere nati v es are t rai ne d

.
’
,
 SA R G OD I TA TO W rV 7
’

10

fo r the p riesthood an d t he M eeru t Cathol ic Chapel S h e also made

, .

over a lak h of ru pees to th e B ishop o f Calcu tta for chari table purposes ,

an d su bscribed l i berally t o H i nd u and M usal m a n i nsti tu tion s .

Z afary ab K h a n th e so n o f Su mrfi died i n 1 8 0 2 lea ving one

, , ,

daugh t er who m th e B egam m arried to M r Dyce an o fficer i n h er

, .
,

service David O uch t erlony D yce Somb re t he issu e o f th is marriage

.
, ,

d ied in Paris J u ly 1 8 5 1 an d the Sardhana esta t es passed to h i s wi dow

, , , ,

the H o n Mary An n Fores t er daugh ter of V iscou n t S t V incen t Th e

.
, . .

palace and adj oin ing property have si nce been pu rchased by t h e
R oman Catholic M ission and t he forme r is u sed as an orphanage , .

Th e t own i tsel f l ies low and has a poor an d decayed appearance , .

I m med iately to th e north i s a wide parade grou nd beyond wh ich is -

,

the quarter called Lash k arganj fou nded by th e B egam as a can ton men t ,

for h er troops an d th e o ld for t now i n ru i ns E as t of th e town l i es

, .

t h e Be gam s palace a fi ne h ou se wi t h a magni ficen t fl igh t of steps at

’
,

the entrance and extensive grou nds I t form erly con tained a valuable .

col lect ion of paint ings bu t t hese h ave been sold ; som e of them are ,

now i n the I n dian M useu m an d oth ers i n G overnm en t H ou se A llah , ,

ab a d . The R oman Cat holic Cath edral is an i m posing bu ilding Th e .

‘
pu bl ic o flice s i ncl ude th e tabszlz post office and police station I n , ,
.

add ition to th e R oman Cath ol ic M ission th e A m erican M ethod is t s ,

have a branch h ere .

Sardhana was constituted a m u nicipal i ty i n 1 88 3 Th e i ncom e and .

e xpendi tu re du ring the ten years en di ng 1 9 0 1 averaged R s .

I n 1 90 3— 4 the i nco me was R s ch iefly fro m octroi (R s . .

and th e expend itu re was R s T he t rade i s enti rely local ex cep t .

,

for th e export o f grai n T he town con t ain s a m iddle school wi th 1 8 3 .

pupils an d six pri m ary sch ools w i th 2 8 0 p upils

, .

[ H G Keene Ca lcu tta R eview J anuary and A pri l 1 88 0 ]

. .
, , ,

S arg o dh a T a h s il — Ta b sil o f Sh a h pur D istrict Punjab lying b e

.
, ,
° ’ ° ’ ° ’ ° ’
tween 3 1 4 0 and 3 2 2 0 N and 7 2 2 8 and 7 3 2 E w ith an area . .
, ,

approxi mately of 7 5 1 square m iles and an esti mated pop ulation o f

,

i n 1 9 0 1 bu t th e popu lat ion has largely i ncreased sin ce th e

,

Census The formation o f th e ta bsi! i n 1 9 0 6 o ut o f portions o f th e

.

Sh a h pu r and B hera ta bs?!s of Sh ah pu r D istric t and the Ch i not ta b sil

of J hang was necessi ta ted by th e colon i z at ion o f t he B a r (see J H E L U M
CO L O NY ) Th e ta bs?! contai ns 2 6 7 v i llages i nclu di ng SA R G O DH A th e
.
, ,

head quarters Th e only c ul tivation i s carried on by m eans o f i rrigat io n

-
.

fro m th e Lower J helu m Canal I n th e sou t h th e soi l is a deep and .

ferti le loam ; i n t h e nort h th ere i s a prepon derance o f sand and clay ;

i n th e centre are the K i ra na h i lls lo w ou tcrops of rock resem bl ing ,

those at S a ngla and C h i niot .

S a rg o dh a T o w n — H ea d quarters of the n e w tab sil of t h e sam e

° ’ ’
nam e i n Sh a h pu r D i st rict P u nj ab si tuated i n 3 2 4 N an d 7 2 4 3 E , ,
°
. .

VOL . xx n . H
108 SA R G O D /{ A TO I VN

The construction of th e town only com menced i n 1 9 0 3 and th e ,

est i mated population i s Sargodh a is the cap i tal o f t he JH E L U M

CO L O NY and is connected by th e new J ech Do a b branch o f th e North
,

W estern R ai l w ay W i th M alak w a l on t he S ind S agar l in e and also w ith -

,

Sh orkot R oad on the W a z ir a b a d Kh a new al branch o f that railway -

.

T h e town possesses a n A nglo vernacular m iddle school and a c iv il -

h ospi tal main tained by the D istrict board .

S a rg uj a N ative S tate i n th e Central Provi nces See S U R G U J A

.
-
. .

S arh S a le m p u r — Form er na m e of t he N A R W A L ta b sil Cawnpore.

,

D istrict U n ited Provinces

S a rila —Petty sa n ad State i n Central I ndia u nder the B u ndel
.
,

.
,

khand A gency w ith an area of abou t 3 3 square m iles and entirely

, ,

s u rrou nded by th e Ham irpu r D istrict of t he Un i ted Provinces T he .

Sarila hold in g was fou nded i n 1 7 6 5 when A m a n S ingh B un de la , ,

a son o f Pah ar S ingh and great grandson of M ah ar aj a C h h atarsal of -

‘
Pann a obtai ned th e j cig z r Tej S ingh wh o su cceeded w as d is
,
.
, ,

p ossessed by A li Bah a dur o f B a nd a bu t was restored to part of h is ,

land t hrough t he m ediation o f H i m mat Bah a dur On th e es tablish .

:

m en t o f B r itish supre macy Tej S i ngh h eld noth i ng bu t the fort and ,

v illage o f Sarila I n recogn iti on o f h is i nfl uence i n t he neigh bourhood

.

an d h is profession of allegiance he rece ived a cash pay m ent o f ,

Rs . a m onth u nt il a su itable prov is io n o f land could be ,

m ade I n 1 8 0 7 a grant o f eleven villages was m ade t o h i m and th e

.

allowance stopped Th e present R aj a M ah ipal S ingh s ucceeded i n .

, ,

1 8 9 8 as an i n fant th e S tate being u nder ad m i n istration du ring h is

,

m i nori ty .

T h e pop ulat ion at t he last t hree en u merat ions was : ( 1 88 1 )

(1 89 1 ) an d ( 1 9 0 1 ) giving a densi ty o f 1 9 1 persons
per square m i le H indus n u m ber o r 9 4 per ce n t
. and M u sal .
,

m an s 4 0 6 T h e State c ontains ten vi llages O f th e total area

. .
,

1 4 square m iles or 4 2 p er cen t are c ul tivated ; 1 7 square m iles o r

, ,
.
,

5 2 per cen t are cu l tivable ; a nd th e rest waste

.
,
Th e ch ief being .

a m inor th e ad m in istrat ion is conducted by h is mother assisted by

, ,

a b ci/ndcir W hen not a m inor th e ch ief exercises l i m i ted powers

. .

Th e revenu e amou nts to R s of wh ich R s or . .

7 1 per cen t is derived fro m land .

,A m etalled road is u nder con .

str uct ion w h ich w i ll con nect Sar ila w i th K alp i station o n t he J h ansi
,

Ca w np ore section of th e Great I n dian Peni nsu la R ailway a distance ,

o f nearly 3 0 m i les T h e State has been s urveyed and settled o n t h e

.

m eth ods followed i n adj oi ni ng Br itish terri tory Th e ch ief tow n of .

° ’ ° ’
Sarila i s s i tuated i n 2 5 4 6 N and 7 9 4 2 E and contai ns a jail . .
, ,

a hosp i tal an d a sch ool P opu lat ion

, .

S a ris p u r — H i ll range between Sylhet and C ach a r D istricts E as t

.
,

ern Bengal an d A ssam See SA R A SP U R . .

 I I O

S iras P a l who was attacked and defeated by N as ir ud din of Gha z ni

,
- -
,

and i t i s also sai d t o have been plu ndered by Mah m ud o f Gha z n i I n .

B a bar s t i m e t h e m ou nd was s till a strong brick fort and t h e town

’
,

an d for t are m en tioned as i m por t an t places i n t he A in i A bba ri - -

.

A ccord ing to one version Sars a w a was th e bi rth place o f th e celebrated ,

sai n t G irg a or Z a h ir wh o i s reverenced by both H indu s and M uh am

'

madans all over N orthern I ndia 1

.

S a rs uti R i ver i n t h e Pu nj ab
.
-
‘
See SA R A SW AI I .
’

S aru — H i ll in th e Gu mla s ubdivis ion o f R a nch i D istric t B engal

.
, ,

si tua t ed i n 2 3 3 0 N an d 8 4 2 8 E I t is ’° ’
fee t above sea level
.
°
.
-
,

and is th e h igh es t peak o n t h e C h ot a N agpu r pla t eau .

S a rv a s iddh i — Coas t tcilub i n th e sou t h o f V i z agapatam D istric t

.
,

M adras ly ing be t ween 1 7 1 5 and 1 7 4 0 N an d 8 2 3 1 and

,
’ ° ° ’ ° ’
.

° ’
8 3 1 E w i th an area of 3 4 1 square m i les
.
, T he pop ulation i n 1 9 0 1 .

was co m pared w i t h i n 1 89 1 n u m ber o f villages 1 5 2 , .

T h e h ead quar t ers are at YE LL A M A NCH I L I (pop ulation

-
th e ,

only ot her place o f i n t eres t being UP M A K A The de mand for land .

revenu e an d cesses in 1 9 03 —4 am ou n t ed t o R s The greater .

part o f t h e talnb i s z a mindciri b u t i t contai ns abou t acres o f ,

ry otw ciri land Of t h is acres ch iefly s m all h ills ly ing near t h e

.
, ,

coast h ave bee n cons t itu t ed fores t R eserves ; bu t as m os t o f t h is had

,

bee n s t rip ped bare by charcoal burners fi re w o o d gath erers and goats -
,
-
,

before reservation i t w i ll be so me l i ttle t i m e before th e growth is of

,

much val ue Th e soi ls are fer t ile ch iefl y red and black loam s and
.
, ,

i rrigat ion i s available fro m t he V ar a b a and S a rad a r ivers and Kon da

k irla A va H is t orical ly t h e ry otzvari portion o f t he tcilnb cons is t s of
'

.
,

a n u m ber o f pe t ty esta t es p urchased by Govern ment be t ween 1 8 3 1

an d 1 844 for arrears o f revenu e o r other causes Th e z a intnda ri
'

por t ion belongs partly t o t he V i z ianagram and M e lupak a es t a t es and ,

par t ly t o t he Gode fam i ly

S arw ah i (Seora i Siw rae) —A ncient si te i n t h e A h m adpu r Lam ma
.

.
,
’
ta b sil of B ah a walp u r S tate P unj ab si tua t ed i n 2 8 1 0 N and °
.
, ,

7 0 2 E 8 m iles north eas t o f K o t Sab z al I t was i den t i fied by

° ’
-
.
.
,

Si r A Cu n ningha m w ith th e So drai o r Sogdoi o f th e Greek h istorians

. .

I t was o n e o f t h e six forts repai red by R ai Sah as i o f S ind i n the sixth

century and was destroyed by Sh a h H usai n Arg h ti n i n 1 5 2 5 I t is
’

.
,

s til l a place o f consi derable sanct ity to M uham madans .

S a rw a n Tb ab nrcit i n th e M ALW A AG E NCY Central I nd ia

.
,
.

S arw ar —H ead quarters o f a d is t rict o f th e sam e nam e i n t h e

.
-

° ’
sou t h o f t h e S t a t e of K ishangarh R aj p u t a na s i tuated i n 2 6 4 N , ,
.

and 7 5 2 E close to th e Nasira b a d D eol i road and abou t 4 0 m iles

’ °
.
,
-
,

sou th o f Ki shangarh t own Popu lat ion The t own .

possesses a co mb in ed pos t and tel egraph o ffi ce ; a s t eam h ydrau l ic

1
W . C ro o ke , P op u lar R e ligion c y
'

A’ortb e rn I n dia , p . 1 33 .
 SASA R / I M TO M JV
/
11 1

co tt on press ; a small jail w ith accom m odati on for 1 0 prisoners ;

-

a ve rn acular m iddle school at t en ded by abou t 7 0 boys ; and a d is ,

p e nsary for o u t patients A m unici pal com m i-

tt ee o f seven m em bers
.

attends t o th e l igh ti ng an d conservancy o f th e place I n th e vici ni ty

—
.

are garn et quarries wh ich have bee n worked regu larly s i nce 1 8 8 7 8 ,

and produce perhaps th e bes t garnets i n I nd ia Th e valu e o f t h e .

yearly ou t tu rn is est i mated a t abou t R s

-
Th e quarries consis t .

usually of shallow pits and are worked by a large colony o f J ogis an d ,

M a l is Th e D arb a r takes one hal f o r som et i mes three fifth s o f th e

.
-
,
-
,

crude ou t tu rn as royalty
-
.

S a s a ram S u b div is io n — Sou th eastern s ubd ivision of Sh a h a b a d .

-

’ ° ° ’ ’
District Bengal lying be t ween 2 4 3 1 and 2 5 2 2 N and 83 3 0
, ,
°
.

’ °
and 84 2 7 E w i th an area of square m iles I t s populatio n
.
,
.

i n 1 9 0 1 w as com pared wi th in 1 8 9 1 th e densi t y ,

being 3 6 2 persons per square m i le Th e su bdivision comprises two .

d ist inc t tracts tha t to the north bei ng an all uv ial fia t ex tensively
,

i rrigated by canals w h ile th e sou thern por t ion is occu pied by th e

,

Kai m u r H ills an u ndu lati ng plateau covered wi th j ungl e T hese h ills

,
.

a fi o rd li ttle space for cu l tiva t ion and th is part of th e subdivisio n

'

su ff ered severely i n the fam ine of 1 8 9 6 —

,

7 Th e su bdivision contains .

one town SA SA R KM its head quarters (popu lat ion

, , an d -
,

v illages The h ea d works of the So n Canal s sys t e m are at D E H R i

.
-
.

There are old for t s at S H ER G A R H an d R O H T ASG A R H and Sasar a m ,

‘
and T I LOI H U also contai n an t iqu i t ies o f i n t erest
’

S a s aram T o w n — H ead quar t ers o f th e s u bd ivision o f -

th e sam e nam e i n Sh a h a b a d D istrict B engal s it uated i n 2 4 5 7 N ’

, ,
°
.

and 8 4 1 E on th e M ugh al Sa rai Gay a sect ion o f th e E ast I ndian

° ’
.
,
-

R ai lway 4 0 6 m iles fro m Calcutta

,
Population of .

who m w ere H i ndu s and M usalman s Th e nam e Sasar a m

‘
.

s igni fies one th ou sa nd toys a cer t ai n A su ra o r dem on i s sai d to have

l ived here wh o had a thousan d ar ms each h ol d ing a separa t e play ,

th ing. Th e tow n is noted as con t ain i ng th e t om b o f the A fgh a n

Sher Sh a h who defeated H u m a y rin an d subse q uently becam e e m
'

, ,

p e ro r of Delh i H i s m au sol eu m is a t th e west end o f t h e t own with i n

.
,

a large tank the excavated eart h o f wh ich has been t hrown i nto u n
,

shapely banks som e distance off Th e to m b i tsel f consists o f an .

octagonal hal l su rrou nded by an arcade wh ich form s a gallery ; and ,

th e roof is supported by fou r Goth ic arch es The to m b o f S her .

Sh ah s father Hasan S h a h Sfi ri is si mi lar bu t less i mposing To th e

’

, , .

east of the town near th e su m m i t o f a spu r o f th e Kai m u r range o n

,

wh ich th e to mb of H a z rat Chandan Shah id p z r i s now venera t ed

'

there i s an i m portan t Asoka i nscription Sasar a m was const i tu t ed a

m u nicipal ity i n 1 8 6 9 Th e inco me du ring th e decade en ding 1 9 0 1 —
.

. 2

averaged R s and th e expenditu re R s

. I n 1 9 0 3- 4 th e .
 -
1 12 S ASA [ PA AI TO IVN

incom e was R s mainl y deri ved from a t ax o n person s (o r

.

property tax ) an d th e receip ts from a large m u n icipal m a rket ; an d

t h e expendi tu re was R s .

[ M
. Mart in ( B uchanan H am il ton ) E a sie r” I n dia vol i -
pp 2 -
4 3 30 , , .
,
.

A rr/zaeo/og zca l Su rv ey R ep or/s v o l i x pp 1 3 2

'

.
,
.
,

S as v a d — H ead quarters of th e Pu randh ar tea/M a of Poona D is t rict

.
-
,
’ ° °
Bo m bay si tuated i n 1 8 2 1 N and 7 4 2 E o n th e left bank of t h e
,
.
’
.
,

Karh a ri ver 1 6 m iles sout h eas t o f Poona c ity Popu lation

,
-
.

S asvad was t h e origi nal D eccan h om e of t h e Pesh w a s fam ily ’

.

Beyond th e town across th e Karh a river s t ands t h e o ld palace of th e

, ,

Pesh w a n ow u sed as the Collec t or s office

, Near t h e j u nc t ion of ’
.

t he Karha and o n e o f i ts m inor t ri bu t aries i s a walled bu i ld ing th e ,

palace of th e great B r a h man fam ily P u ran dh are of Purandhar wh ose ,

fort u nes for u pwards of a century were closely con nected wi th th ose of
th e Pesh w as Th i s latter palace was form erly s t rongl y fort ified and i n
.
,

1 8 1 8 was garrisoned and h eld o u t for ten days against a de t ach m en t of

B ri tish troops A bou t 1 84 0 th e M f rs o f S i nd were con fined i n S a svad

. .

Th ere i s a m osqu e bu i lt en t irely o f H e madpan ti pi llars and remain s .

Th e m u n ici pal i ty wh ich was establ i sh ed i n 1 8 6 9 h ad du ring th e

, ,

decade ending 1 9 0 1 an average i ncom e of R s I n 1 9 0 3 —4 .

t h e i ncom e was R s Th e town con t ai ns a Su b j u dge s cou rt

.
-
’
,

a d ispensary and four sch ools w i th 4 4 0 pupi ls o n e of wh ich i s for girl s

, ,

wi t h an a tt endance of 6 0 S a svad i s a s ta t ion o f th e United Free .

Ch u rch o f S cotland M ission wh ich works i n t h e s urrou nding villages ,

an d supports o n e sch ool .

s at a is g a rh —R u i ns i n M a lda D istric t E astern B engal an d A ssam

.
, .

See PA N D UA .

S a t an a Td/uk a i n N asik D is t rict B om bay

. See B AG L AN ,
. .

S at a-n o -n e s — Petty Sta t e i n K ATH I AW AR B om bay

.
,
.

S at ara A g e n c y —Pol i tical Charge i n S a t a ra D istrict B om bay

.
,

com prisi ng th e two j cin s of A u ndh lyi ng be t ween 1 6 2 4 an d ,

’

° ’ ’ ° ° ’
1 7 4 7 N an d 7 4 6 and 7 5 4 2 E wi th an area of 4 4 7 square m i les ;
. .

° ° ’ ° ’
and Phaltan ly ing between 1 7 5 5 an d 1 8 6 N an d 7 4 1 2 an d
,
.

7
°
4 4 4 E
’
wi th .an ,
area o f 3 9 7 square m iles u nder t h e poli tical ,

su peri n tendence of th e Collec t or of S at a ra Phal tan l ies to th e nort h .

of th e Mah a deo range wh ich d rai ns in to th e N ira between Poona and

, ,

S a t a ra D istri c t ; A u n dh i s scattered wi th i n t he l i m its of S a t ara D ist rict ,

th e cons iderable block o f th e A tp a di ldluk a lyi ng to th e north east o f

’

Kh a n a pu r i n t hat D istrict Th e su rface o f both Phaltan and A un d h .

i s ch iefly flat ; l ines of stony h i lls divide th e former fro m S at ara

D is t rict Th e N ira ru ns i n th e north of Phaltan and th e M a n fl ows
.
,

north and sou th i n th e A tp a d i idly 6a of A u ndh Both S tates l i e / .

w i th i n th e area of Deccan trap T h e cli m ate i s h o t an d th e rai n fal l.

,

scanty and u ncertain T h e ann ual rain fall averages 2 0 i nch es at Phaltan
.
 - —
1 14 SA TA R A A G E JVC Y

H indu s nu m bered M usalman s and J ai ns Th e

pri nci pal castes are B rah mans D h an gars Ku n b is
M ah ars M a l is M ar ath a s and
R amo s h is M ore than h al f o f th e populatio n are su pported
by agricu lture .

T h e soi l is o f t wo k inds black and red an intermed iate variety , ,

bei ng fou nd i n A u nd h O f th e to t al area 2 5 square m iles are u nder

.
,

forest and 7 6 squ are m iles are n o t cu ltivable Th e area o f cul ti vabl e
,
.

land i s 7 0 8 square m iles o f wh ich 6 9 7 square m iles w ere cu l t ivated

i n 1 90 3 —
,

4 , and 3 4 square m iles were irrigated I ndian m illet j ow a r

'

.
, ,

w h eat cotton s ugar cane and gram are the ch ief crops Garden land
, ,
-
,
.

i s m ostly watered fro m wells B u ildi ng t i m ber ex t ensive sheep gra z ing .
,
-

lan ds and sal t are th e ch i ef natu ral resou rces ; th e weavi ng o f cotton
,

and silk goods and th e carving o f stone i dols are th e only man u factu res
o f i mportance in Phaltan The mai n exports are cotton molasses .
, ,

o il
,
an d clari fied but ter ; i m ports inclu de pi ece goods m etals an d -
, ,

m iscellaneou s E u ropean goods I n th e t own o f P hal tan a nu m ber o f .

G uj ar a ti V an is carry o n a bri sk trade between th e coast and th e

i n t eri or
T he Agency su ff ered severely fro m fam ine i n 1 8 7 6 —
.

7 1 8 9 6 —7 an d ,

1 8 99—
,

1 9 00 wh en a good deal o f land fell waste I n 1 8 9 6 —7 t h e

,
.

m ax i m u m nu m ber o f persons on rel ief works exceeded wh ile

—
. -

i n 1 8 9 9 1 9 0 0 i t was nearly an d m ore t han R s was spen t .

o n fam ine rel ief i n that year The S tates were fi rs t visi ted by plagu e .

i n 1 8 9 6 and,
person s fell vict i m s u p to t h e e nd of 1 9 0 3 na mely ,

i n A u ndh an d 4 0 0 i n Phaltan .

Th e Collec t or o f S a t a ra i s Pol it ical A gent fo r bo t h Sta t es W hen .

the States becam e tribu t ari es of t h e Brit ish G overn men t i n 1 84 9 th e ,

j dgiradrs retained all t heir form er righ ts and privi leges w i t h t h e e x c e p

’
,

ti on o f th e power o f l ife and death and o f adj u d ication u pon seriou s

cri m i nal cases Th ei r ad m i nistrat ion i s conduc t ed o n th e pri nciples
.

o f B rit ish law Cri m i nal and ci vi l j u s t ice i s adm i n istered by th e

.

ch i efs t h em selves w i th t h e aid o f s ubordinate courts

,
H ei nous .

o ffences requ iring capi t al p un ish m ent o r t ranspor t ation fo r li fe are

tried by t h e Polit ical A gent assi sted by tw o assessors th e preli m inary , ,

proceedings being cond uc t ed by t he j dg im cirs T he gross annual ’

.

revenu e of th e Agency i s abou t 4 % lak hs : Phaltan 2 lakhs and A u ndh ,

2
% lakh s Th e ch ie f sou rces o f revenu e are : land 3 lakh s forest and
.
,

excise R s
,
. Th e excise an d salt arrangem ents are i n t he hands
of G overn men t S urv ey operat ions were com m enced i n 1 8 6 9 and
a revi sion settlem en t was i ntroduced i n 1 8 9 4 —
.
,

5 i n both States In
— ‘
.

A u ndh t he rates va ry per acre fro m R s 1 2 to R s 4 0 o n dry land— . .

’
,

an d fro m R s 3 to R s 1 0 in th e case o f garden lands wh i le on rice

. .
,

land the max i m u m rate i s R s 8 I n P haltan the assessm en t ra t es var y . .

 1 1 5

fro m R s 1 —4 to R s 2 - 8 per acre Th e r e gular pol ice i n P hal t an

. . .

nu m ber 9 5 and i n A u ndh 8 3 i n add i tion to irregu lar pol ice fo r guard ,

and escort p u rposes nu m bering 3 2 i n P haltan and 8 7 i n A u ndh

,
.

There were 3 3 schools w ith pu p ils i n Phal t an and 2 7 wi th

i n A und h i n 1 9 0 3 —
,

4 ,
A bou t persons are annual ly vacci nate d
.

i n th e A gency Th e nu m ber of d ispensaries i s t h ree o ne a t Ph altan

.
,

treating annual ly pa t ien ts an d t wo i n A un dh t reating ,

patients .

S atara J ag irs A grou p o f S t a t es i n th e Bo m bay Presi dency

.
-

u nder th e pol i tical superi n t endence of th e Collec t ors o f Poona S a t a ra , ,

Shol a pu r an d B ij ap u r com pris ing B H O R A U ND H P H A LT A N A K A L K O T

, , , , , ,

J A TH and D A P H LKP UR w i th a total area of

, square m iles O f
,
.

t hese Bhor l ies i n t he nort h wes t o f S a t a ra D is t rict Phal t an i n th e

,
-
,

north A u nd h i n t he east Jath i n th e extre m e sou t h east Daph l a pu r

, ,
-
,

also i n th e sou t h east and A kalkot i n th e sou t h eas t of S hol apu r Th e

-
,
-
.

S a t ara j dgz rs were feuda t ory t o th e R aj a o f sa t a ra an d became t ribu

’

taries o f th e B ri tish G o ve mme n t o n t h e lapse o f t hat State i n 1 84 9 .

Th e j dg f radrs re t ain al l th eir form er rights and privi leges w ith th e

’
,

except ion o f t he power o f l i fe an d dea t h and o f adj ud ication u pon

serious cri m i nal cases Thei r ad m i n istra t ion is now cond uc t ed o n t h e
.

principles o f B rit ish law Cri m inal and ci vil j u stice i s ad m i nis t ered .

by th e ch iefs t h emsel ves with th e aid o f s u bord inate courts In

, .

cri m inal cases h ei nous o ffences requ iring cap i t al p u nish men t o r tran s
,

p o rta tio n for li fe are tried by the Pol i tical A gen t s assisted by t wo ,

assessors t he preli mi nary proceedi ngs being conduc t ed by t h e

,

Su ch cases are com m i t t ed by th e ord inary m agis t erial cou rts o f th e

States whether t h e court con cerned be pres ided over by th e ch ief
,

h i msel f o r by an o flic e r wi th com m i tt al powers I n th e lat t er case t h e .

proceed ings are forwarded through t he ch ief N o appeal l ies t o th e .

Poli tical A gen t s agai ns t th e decis ions o f t h e ch i ef i n cri m inal m atters .

D E T A I LS OF S AT AR A J AG IR S

A rea in
N mb
u er
G ro ss Ch g ar e
Of
j ég irs T it l e of c hi f e s
q ua re*
to w ns
re v e nu e i
n whi h c
—
. .

m1]es
v illa
in 1 903 4 i l d d
nc u e
g e sd
. . .

P t P i idh i
an rat n 447 72 7 oo satara
Di t i t
2 , 30 ,
N imbalk r a 397 72 2, o o , 4 o o
P t S hi P
s rc .

an ac v
9 25 5 02 o o na.
R aj Bh o n sla 498 1 08
4 1 5 7 1 40 0 S h l ap r
o u .

8 84 ” 3 3 7 2 7 1 3 00
D esh muk h

T o ta l 87 3

h l
Th e fi g u re s fo r a re a in t is c o umn dif e r fro m t o se in t h e Ce n s u s R e o rt fo r h b
b p
ase d u o n m o re re c e n t in fo rma t io n
p 1 90 1 , e in
g

A l
1 At the C e n s u s o f 1 9 0 1 t e re w e re
k a ko t , t h e re s t b e ing u n in a t ed
h
.

7 1 , 4 8 4 , a n d 1 0 3 i ag e s re s e c t i e y in
h bi .
un d v ll p vl A h Bh
, o r, an d
 - - -

1 16 SA TA R A lA G i/i S
’

Th e ch arges are now permanen t th ough th e Bombay Governm ent ,

h ad occasion to e ffec t trans fers i n th e past O rigi nal ly t h e j ag irs .

,

wi th th e except ion of Akalkot were placed u nder th e pol it ical control ,

of th e Collec tor o f sa t ara I n 1 8 7 4 J ath and i ts d ependency Daphl a

.

pu r wh ich had been m is managed were placed i n ch arge of th e Poli ti ca l

, ,

Agen t Kol h apu r and Sou thern Mar a th a Cou ntry bu t were later t rans
, ,

ferred to the control o f th e Collector o f B ij a pu r Bh or was transferred .

from th e S at ara to th e Poona Agency i n 1 8 8 7 Th e presen t ch ie f .

o f B hor has a personal sal u te o f n i ne gu ns .

s at ara Dis t ric t —D istrict i n th e Central D ivis ion o f th e Bombay

.

Presidency lying be t ween 1 6 4 8 an d 1 8 1 1 N and 7 3 3 6 an d

,
° ’ ° ’
.
° ’

° ’
7 4 5 8 E w ith an area of .
, square m ile s I t is bou nded o n th e .

nor t h by the S tates o f B h or an d Ph al tan and t h e N ira river separat ,

ing it from Poona ; on th e eas t by Sh ol a pu r Di stric t an d th e States

of A u nd h and J at h on the sou t h by th e river V arna separating i t ,

fro m th e Stat es of K ol h apu r an d S a ngl i and by a fe w v illages of ,

B elgau m D is t rict ; and o n th e west along th e W estern Gh a ts by , ,

th e D istricts of Kol a ba and R at n agi ri .

Fro m Mah a bal esh war i n th e north west corn er o f th e D i s t rict -

,

feet above th e sea s tar t t wo h i l l ranges of equal h eigh t an d ne arly

,

at righ t angles to each oth er — on e th e m ain rang e

of th e W es t ern Gh ats ru n n ing towards th e sout h
for six t y m iles an d th e other t h e M ah a deo range ,

of h i lls wh ich going firs t i n an easterly and t h e n i n a sou t h —

, ,
eas terly
di rect ion ex tends t owards th e eastern boun dary wh ere i t si nks gradually
, ,

i n t o th e plai n Th ese h i lls t hrow o u t nu m erou s spurs over th e D istrict

.
,

form ing th e valleys o f th e several stream s w hi ch m ak e u p th e h ead

waters o f th e K I STN A o n e of th e larges t rivers i n Sou th ern I nd ia
,
.

E xcep t near M ah a bal esh war and i n th e valley of th e Koyna th e h ills , ,

o f th e D istric t are very lo w and have a strik ingly bare an d rugged

aspect Th e Mah a deo range even i n th e rai ny season is bu t scan ti ly

.
, ,

covered wit h verdu re Th e h il ls are bol d and abrup t presen ting i n

.
,

m any cases bare scarps o f black rock an d look ing at a d istance like
so m any fortresses Th e h igh est poin t of th e W es t ern Gh ats i n
.

th e D is trict is M A H AB A L E S H W AR T h e crest o f th e ra n ge is gu arded .

by fi ve forts : P RA T APG A R H th e north ernm ost M ak aran dgarh 7 m iles ,

sou t h j angl i —
,
J aigarh 3 0 m il es sou th o f M ak aran dgarh Bh airav garh ,

10 m i les sou t h of j angl i — Jaigarh and P rach itgarh ab ou t 7 m i les ,

sou th of Bh airavgarh .

W i thi n S a t a ra l i m i ts are two river sys t em s : th e Bh im a syste m i n

a small part o f t h e nor t h east an d th e K i stna sys t e m th rou gh ou t
-
,

th e rest of th e D istric t A narrow bel t beyond th e Mah a deo h i lls

-
.

drain s n orth in to th e N ira and th e n or t h east corner o f th e D istric t

,
-

drai ns south east along th e M a n Th e total area of th e B h ima system

-
.
,
 1 18 SA T/IR A D I S TR I C T

A ccord ing to th e h eigh t above and d istance from th e sea t h e , , ,

cl i mate varies i n di fferen t parts of th e D istrict I n t he east especially .

,

i n the months of A pri l and May th e heat i s considerable B u t near , .

t h e Gh ats i t is m uch m ore modera t e being tempered by th e sea bree z e ,

-
.

° °
The tem peratu re fa lls as low as 5 8 i n J anuary and reach es 1 0 0 and
over i n May D uring th e south wes t monsoon t he fresh westerly bree z e
.
-

makes t h e cl im ate agreeable A gai n wh ile few parts of I ndia hav e .

,

a h eav ier and m ore cont in uou s rai nfall than the western slope o f th e
W estern G h at s i n so m e of th e eastern Zd/uk as t h e supply is very
,

scan ty . The average an nual rainfal l at Mah a baleshwar is nearly

3 00 i nch es wh i le i n S a t a ra town i t i s only 4 1 i nch es an d i n so me
, ,

places farther east i t i s as l ittle as 2 0 inches Th e wes t o f th e D is .

trie t draws al mos t its whole rai n supply fro m th e sou th west m onsoon - -

bet ween J u ne and O c t ober Som e o f th e eastern ref /a lerts h owever

.
, ,

h ave a share i n th e nor t h eas t m onsoon and rai n falls t h ere i n Nove m
-

‘
,
’
ber and Dece mber Th e May o r mango s howers as they are called
.
, ,

also i nfl uence th e cu lt ivator s prospects ’

.

I t seem s probable that as i n the rest of th e Bom bay Deccan an d

,

Konkan th e A ndh ra o r Satavah an a k ings (2 0 0 B c A D

, an d . .
-
. .

probably their Kolh a pu r branch h eld S at a ra t ill th e ,

H istory
t h ird o r fou rth centu ry after Ch ri s t F o r the n ine
.

h u ndred years ending early i n the four t ee n t h cen t u ry w i th t he Muh am

madan over t hrow of t h e D e ogiri Ya davas n o h is t orical i n for ma t ion ,

regarding S a t a ra is avai lable ; an d m os t of th e Devan a gari and K anarese

i nscrip t ions wh ic h h ave been fou nd o n o ld te mples have no t ye t bee n
t ransla t ed S ti ll as i nscribed stones and copperplates h ave been fou nd
.
,

i n the neigh bou ri ng D is t ricts o f R a t n a giri and B elgau m an d t he S t a t e

of Kolh a pu r i t is probable t ha t t h e early a nd W estern Ch a lukyas hel d
,

S a t a ra D istrict from abou t 5 5 0 t o 7 5 0 the R ash trak fi tas to 9 7 3 ; t h e

W estern Ch al uk yas and under th e m th e Kolh a p ur Silah aras to abou t
, ,

1 1 90 and t h e D e o giri Ya davas ti l l t h e M u ha m madan conques t o f t h e

D eccan abou t 1 3 0 0 .

T h e firs t M uha mmadan i nvasion t ook place i n 1 2 9 4 and t h e ,

Ya dava dynas t y was over t hrown i n 1 3 1 8 Th e M u ham madan power .

was t hen fairly establ ished an d i n 1 3 4 7 th e Bah man i dynasty rose to

,

power On th e fall o f th e Bah m an is t owards th e en d of th e fi fteenth

.

cen t ury each ch ief set u p for h i m self ; th e B ij apu r Su lt a ns fi nally

,

asserted t he mselves and u nder the m th e Mar a th a s arose

,
S at a ra .
,

w i t h t h e adjacen t D i s t ricts o f Poona an d Sh ol apu r for med th e centre ,

o f th e Mar a th a power
-
I t was i n th is D istrict and i n t he adjacen t
.

t rac t s o f t h e K onkan t ha t many o f t h e most fam ou s acts i n Mar a th a

h istory occu rred S ivaj i first became pro m in en t by th e m u rder of th e
.

R a j a of j avli close t o Mah a balesh war and by t he captu re o f th e strong ,

fort of V aso ta and t he conquest of j avli H e th en b u il t the stronghold .

 H I S T OR Y 1 19

of Prat a pgarh agai ns t w hich the B ij ap u r S ul t a n d irected a large

force u nder A fz al K h a n with th e obj ec t o f su bdu ing h is rebelliou s
vassal S ivaj i m e t A fz al K h an i n a conference u nderneath th e walls
.

o f Prat a pgarh slew h i m w ith th e fam ous vdg /z —

(steel tiger s claw )
’
,
n ak ,

and routed h is army i n th e confus ion wh ich ensu ed N u merous acqu i .

sitio n s of terri tory followed i ncl u ding t h e cap t u re o f S a t ara i n 1 6 7 3 ;

,

and S ivaj i shortly fou nd h im self i n a posi t ion to organ i z e an in de p e n

dent govern m ent placing h is capital at R aigarh where h e was crowned
, ,

i n 1 6 7 4 O n th e death o f S ivaj i i n 1 6 8 0 t h e fort un e o f t he M ar a th a s

.

was tem porari ly overshadowed D issens ion s occurred be t ween h is .

sons R aj a r a m and Samb h aj i ; and t hough t h e la tt er as t h e elder estab , ,

lish e d h is clai m to succeed h e was su rp rised an d cap tu red by th e

,

M ughals u nder A u rang z eb i n 1 6 8 9 an d p u t to death R aj a r a m was , .

equally u nable to s tay t he advance o f t h e em peror an d i n 1 7 0 0 the ,

cap t ure o f S at a ra crowned the efforts of A u rang z eb to reassert h is

power i n th e Mar at h a t erri tory I n 1 7 0 7 A urang z eb d ied and Sa m .
,

bh aj i s so n S a h u w as released A i ded by h is m i nister B a l aj i V isw anath

’
.
,

th e fi rs t o f t he Pesh w as b e secu red Sivaj i s possession s i n th e face

,
’

o f th e oppos it ion of T a ra B ai R aj aram s w idow T h e re mai nder o f ’

.
,

S a bu s reign w as devoted to freei ng h i m sel f from th e power o f Delh i

’
,

and asserting h is righ t to levy c/za u t/z and i n ou tlyi ng

portions o f t he D eccan H e was gradually su perseded i n au thori ty by
.

h is able m in ister the Pesh w a who o n h is deat h i n 1 7 4 9 re m oved th e

, , ,

Mar ath a capital to Poona T i tular k ings co nti n u ed to res ide a t S a t a ra

.

u nt i l the power o f t he Pesh w a was broke n i n 1 8 1 8 .

Th e t erritory was th ereupon an nexed bu t th e B ri tish wi th a poli tic ,

ge nerosi ty freed th e t itu lar Mar a th a R aj a (th e descendan t o f S ivaj i)

,

fro m the Pesh w a s control and assigned to h i m th e pri ncipal i ty o f

’
,

S a t a ra Cap tai n G ran t D u ff was appoin t ed h is tu tor u n t il he sh ou l d

.

gai n som e e xperience i n rule I n A pril 1 8 2 2 th e S ata ra terri tory was

.
, ,

formally handed over to the R aj a and t henceforward was managed by ,

h i m en t irely A fter a t i me h e becam e i mpat ien t o f the control e x e r

.

c ise d by t he Brit ish Govern ment ; an d as h e pers is t ed i n i ntrigu ing

an d h old ing com m un ica t ion s wi th oth er princes i n contraven tion o f ,

h is engage men t s h e was deposed i n 1 8 3 9 and sen t as a s tate p risoner

, ,

to B enares an d h is brother Sh a hj i w as placed o n t h e th rone T h i s

, .

prince w h o d id m u ch for t h e i m provem ent o f h is p eople d ied i n 1 8 4 8

, ,

with ou t male heirs and after long del iberat ion i t was decided that th e
State sh ou ld be res u m ed by th e B ritish G overnm en t L i beral pen .

s ions w ere granted t o th e R aj a s three w i dows an d th ey were allowed ’

,

t o l ive i n th e palace at S a t a ra Th e su rvivor of th es e lad ies d ied i n

.

1 874 . D uring th e M u t iny a w idespread conspi racy was d iscovered at

S a ta ra to restore th e Mara th a power wi th assistance fro m t h e North ;
bu t the movem en t w as s uppressed w i th only tri fl ing dist urbances .
 ’

SA TA A A D I S TR I C T
’
1 20

Be s ides the B u ddh is t caves near K A R AD and \V A I there are groups

o f caves and cells both B uddh ist and B r ah man ical a t Bh osa i n T a s
, ,

gaon M alavdi i n the M an trill/ h r Ku n dal i n t he S tate of A u ndh

, , ,

P a tan i n P at an and P ate sh w ar i n S a t a ra

,
W ai i s locally beli eved .

t o be V airatnagari the scene o f t h e th i rteenth year of ex ile of th e

,

P a n davas S at ara C handan and V andan forts si tuated 1 0 m iles

.
, , ,

north east of S at a ra were bu il t by t h e Pan h a la k ings abou t 1 1 9 0

-
, .

E xcept th e J a ma Masj id at K ar a d an d a m osqu e i n R ah im atpur th e

D i s trict has no M u sal m a n re mai ns S ivaj i bu i lt a few forts i n S a t ara .

t o guard th e frontiers Th e bes t k now n o f th ese are th e M ahi man

.
~

garh fort i n M a n to guard th e eastern fron ti er Prat a pgarh i n Jav li to ,

secu re access t o h is possessions o n the banks of th e N ira and th e

Koyna an d t o strength en t h e defences of th e P a r pass and V ardh an ,

garh T he D is trict has a n u mber o f H indu temples recently b uil t a t

.

places o f great sanct i ty e g M a h u l i W ai and Mah abalesh war , . .

, , .

Th e n u m ber o f towns and vi llages i n t h e D istrict i s I ts

p op ulat ion at each o f th e last fou r enu merat ions has fl uctu ated as
Pop ula t ion fol lows : ( 1 8 7 2 ) ( 1 88 1
) ( 1 89 1 )

and ( 1 9 0 1 )
.

The decrease i n
1 9 0 1 was d u e to fa m i ne an d also to plague The d istribu t ion of t h e
, .

pop ul at ion by tri/uk as i n 1 9 0 1 is show n below

'

N mb u e rof

T dlu k a .

hian
j avli
M alco lmp e th p et/z a
Sat ara
K rg
K h a ap
o e ao n

n ur 86 7 0 4 9
Pat an

1 34 9 47

Sh irala [ fie/Ir a

T asg ao n 927 4 12

Di
stric t t o ta l
The Ag ric u lt ura ldp e
‘
art me nt s re tu rns gi v e l
t h e t o t a n um b er o f v ill ag e s a s

Th e towns are S AT ARA th e head quarters W A I A SHT A I SLKM P UR ,

-
, , ,

K AR AI ) T ASG AO N M H AsvaD and M A H AB A L E S H W A R Th e average den

, , , .

sity o f pop ulat ion is 2 3 8 persons per square m ile bu t t h e M an tea/ak a ,

w h ich i s th e mos t precarious has only 1 0 3 persons per squ are m i le ,

.
 - —
122 SA TA R A D I S TR I C T

C l tiv
u a te d . I rrig a te d .
C l tiv bl
u
w a s te
a
.
e
F o re st s .

T o ta l
Thi s fi g u re is b ase d o n t h e mo s t re c e n t in fo rma t io n St a t is t ic s a re n o t a v il bl
a a e
il hi
.

fo r 3 3 5 s q ua re m es o f t s a re a .

f ow dr an d bdj m t he s t aple food of the p eople occ upy

,
square ,

m iles i n al most equal propor t ions R ice fi e lds (6 9 ) are fou nd i n th e .

-

valleys o f t he Gh ats especially along t h e Koyna ri ver W heat occupies

, .

I n th e wes t rdgr (6 9 ) an d m m (6 9 ) are th e ch i ef

'

7 7 square m iles
’

.
,

crops Pu lses occupy 4 7 8 s quare m iles ch ie fl y gra m f ur k zdz tfi uaz d

' '
’
.
, , , , , ,

mag and ma t/z

, I n the K is tna valley sugar cane and grou nd n u ts are
.
- -

ex tens i vely cult ivated Chi ll ies occu py 1 4 square m i les and cotton
.
,

covers 2 8 square m iles i n th e east o f th e D is t ric t At M ah a balesh war .

and P a nchgan i po t a t oes and s t rawberries are grown for the Poona
a nd B om bay m arke t s Tobacco is an i m portan t crop i n S at ara
.
,

occupy ing acres .

I n 1 86 0 an experi m ent was made i n th e cu l t ivat ion o f z mp /zz ( H o/( us

’ '

sacc/za ra tus
) or Ch inese sugar can e T he crop reach ed a h eigh t -
.

o f 8 fee t and was m u ch apprecia t ed D uring t h e ten y ea rs end ing .

1 904 ,m ore than 1 6 lakh s was advan ced to t he cu lt ivators u nder

th e Lan d I mprove ment and Agricu lturis t s Loans A cts Of th i s su m ’

—
.
,

9 lak hs was advanced duri ng th e t h ree years endi ng 1 9 0 1 2 .

S ata ra has t wo breeds o f ca t tle th e local and th e k Izz Icirz wh ich is

’ ’

, ,

said to com e fro m t he eas t Th ough larger and m ore m us c u lar t h e .

,

k /z ildrz is som ewhat m ore delicate an d shor t l ived than t he local cat tle
'

-
.

Th e val ley o f t he M a n used to be fam ou s fo r i ts horses A ll i n t eres t .

i n horse breed ing has n o w died o ut and excep t in t h e case o f the

-
, ,

ch iefs and wealth y landowners th e ani mals ridden are seldo m ,

more th an pon ies S h eep an d goats are bred locally few o f them
.
,

ei th er co m ing i n t o t h e D i stric t o r leaving i t Goa t s are valued ch ie fl y .

fo r th eir m i lk O n e breed o f goats wh ose long hai r i s t wisted i nto

.

ropes is kep t by D h angars Su rat goats are occasional ly i m ported . .

Pigs are reared by V adars an d K aik adis and donkeys as pack ani m als ,
-

by Laman is K u mb ars and V adars Mules are used as pack ani mals
, , .
-

sparingly and cam els are rarel y seen

, .
 F OR E S TS 123

A total area of 1 5 4 3 square m iles o r 6 per cent was i rrigated i n , .

,

1 03— 4 t he principal sou rces of su pply bei ng Govern m en t canals and

9 ,

channels ( 1 1 square m i les ) tanks and wells oth er sou rces (5 5 3),
-

Th e ch ief irrigat io n works are th e K istna C h ik hli and R ew a ri canals , , ,

the Yerla an d M a n river works and the lakes at M hasv a d and M a y n i ,

.

The K istna canal w h ich has i ts h ead works 2 m iles above K ar ad has
,
-
,

an u n failing supply o f water and irrigates 6 square m i les i n th e h ilt/ ear ,

o f Kar a d V a lva and T asgaon,

Th e works wh ich cos t 8 lakh s were
, .
, ,

opened i n 1 8 6 8 and can su ppl y acres T he Ch ikh li R e w ari

,
.
, ,

and Gondol i canals cos t respec t ively R s Rs an d . .

4 lakh s and can s upply

, and acres T he Yerla .

ri ver works begu n i n 1 8 6 7 and finished i n 1 86 8 th e righ t ban k canal

, ,
-

being 9 and th e left 8 % m i les long are s up ple m ented by th e N eh ra ,

lake finished i n 1 880 —1 wi th a capacity o f cu bic feet

The whol e sch e m e i nvolved a cost of nearly 8 lak hs up to 1 9 0 3 —
.
, ,

4 and ,

co m mands an irrigable area o f acres Th e M hasv ad lake having .

,

a catch ment area of 4 80 square m i les an d a ful l s upply dep th o f 6 7 feet ,

completed at a cos t of nearly 2 1 lakh s covers an are a o f 6 square m iles ,

and can hold cu bic feet o f water I t incl u des a large .

lake on th e river M a n i n t he M a n td/uk a an d also a h igh level canal ,

-

( 1 3 m iles long ) co m manding th e area be t ween th e M a n an d th e

B h ima Th e M a y ni lake o n a trib utary o f the Yerla cost abou t
.
, ,

lakhs and com mands ,

a cres .

The water s upp ly i n the wes t is plent ifu l bu t th ere i s m uch scarcity
-
,

i n the eas t duri ng th e hot season Th e supply co m es partly fro m rivers .

and partly fro m n u merous ponds and wells I t i s esti mated tha t t here .

are wells i n th e D istric t o f wh ich are u sed for irrigat ion , .

The cos t of bu ild ing well s varies greatly T hey are o f every descripti on .
,

from holes su nk i n th e rock or soi l to careful ly bu i lt wel ls faced wi th

stone .

Forests cover an area o f 7 0 2 square m iles (i nclud ing one square m i le

of protected forest ) o f wh ich 6 1 6 square m i les i n charge o f th e Forest
,

depart men t are adm i nistered by a d ivisional an d a

su bd ivisional officer Th e forests are scattered over .
F o re s t s .

the D istric t and are m u ch broken by priva t e and c ult ivated land I n
,
.

th e w est the bel t o f evergree n forest along t h e l ine o f th e W es t ern

,

G h a ts is d ivided i nto si x fairly com pact ranges w it h l ittle cu lt ivated

land between T he seven eastern ranges are bare h ills w i th h ere an d
.
,

there a lit t le scru b and teak T he forests o f th e wes tern ialzzk as h ave
'

'

a large store o f t i m ber and firewood f air/Mu ] g eld Vafl g uerz a .

,

and p er/ m grow o n th e mai n ridge of th e

W estern G h ats an d s mal l teak on th e eas tern slopes
, Sandal w ood .
-

is occasionally fou nd and th e mango j ack and gu ava are ofte n grown , , ,

fo r their fru i t Patches of bam boo so meti m es occu r

. A ci nchona .

VO L . XX I I . I
1 24 s i r/ 113 4 . D I S TR I C T

plantation establ ish ed i n Ling mala n ear Mah a baleshwar has proved a
, ,

fai lu re I n 1 9 0 3 —
.
4 th e forest reven u e amou nted to R s .

I ron i s fou nd i n abu ndance on t h e Mah a balesh war and Mah adeo
h ills and was form erly worked by th e M u sal m a n t ribe of D h avads
, .

O wing h owever t o the fal l i n the val ue o f iron and

, ,
M in e rals ‘
t he rise i n th e price of fuel s m elti ng i s now no longer
.

carried o n M anganes e occurs e m bedded i n lateri te i n the neigh bour

.

h ood o f M ah a bal eshwar T h e oth er m i neral p roduc t s are bu ilding st one

.

(trap i n th e plains and lateri te o n t he h ills) road m etal and li m eston e ,

-
,
.

Cotton is spu n by w omen o f the K unb i M ah a r and M a ng castes , ,

.

The yarn thu s prepared is m ade u p by H in du w eavers o f th e S a l i

o r K osh t i cas t e and by M uh am m adans i nto cloth , , ,
Tr a de an d
co mm un ica tio n s
tape and ropes Blanke.
t s , w h ich co m mand .

a large sale are woven by m e n o f t he D hangar caste ,

.

S a t a ra brass dishes and S h ir a la lam ps are well known t h rough ou t th e -

D eccan N o t withs t and ing th e great n u m ber o f carpenters wheel s and

.
,

axles for cart m ak ing have t o b e brough t from Ch ipl un i n R at n a giri

-
.

Paper is manu fac t ured t o so m e ex t en t .

T h e D istric t expor t s grain and oi lseeds a cer t ai n nu m ber o f blankets , ,

a s mal l quan ti ty o f coarse cotton cloth ch ill ies g ar (u nrefined sugar) , , ,

and a l i ttle raw cotton The ch ief i mpor t s are cotton p iece goods.
-
,

hardware and s al t T he S ou t hern M ah ratta R ailway has largely in

,
.

creased the trade w i t h Poona and B elgau m and at th e sam e ti m e has ,

di m in ish ed th e road tra ffic be t ween th ose places Th e road borne .

-

traffi c w i th C h ipl un i n R a t n agiri D istrict is h owever stil l consider , ,

able t h e expor t s being u nre fined sugar blankets and cloth and t he
, , , ,

i mpor t s sp ices sal t coco n u ts an d sheets of corrugated i ron W eekly

, ,
-
,
.

or b i weekly m arke t s are h eld i n large vi llages an d towns such as

-
,

M hasv a d w h ich i s fam ou s for i ts blanke t s and Belav di for i ts cattle

, ,
.

T h e t rade centres are W ai S ata ra Kar a d T asgaon and I sl a m pu r

-
, , , , .

The Sou thern Mahrat ta R ailway t raverses t h e cen tre o f the D is t rict
for 1 1 5 m i les fro m north t o sou t h Th e t otal length o f roads is 4 3 3 .

m etal led an d 2 8 4 u n me t alled O f th ese 1 5 9 m i les o f m etalled an d

, .
,

2 6 4 m iles o f u n m etalled road are mai ntai ne d by the local au thorities ,

th e re mai nder be ing i n charge of t h e P u bl ic W orks depart ment There .

are aven ues o f trees on abou t 4 0 0 m iles T h e Poona and B angalore .

road crossing t h e D is tric t fro m north to sou t h n ear th e rai lway and
, ,

bridged and m etal led through ou t is th e m os t i mp ortant A fi rst class , .

-

road is maintai ned from W athar s t at ion via W ai to P anchgan i an d Mah a

b al eshwar wh ence i t passes by th e Fit z gerald g /z a t to Mah ad i n K ol a ba
'

, ,

and another ru ns from Kar a d westwards t o Ch ipl un i n R atn agiri and

eastwards to B ij a pu r A n al ternative rou te to M ah a baleshwar ru ns
.

th rough S a t a ra t own an d there are n u m erous feeder roads for th e

,

rai l w ay .
122

M an
Jav li
Sat ara
K rg o e ao n

Kh a ap n u
Pat
K ad
an

Kh t
ar

a ao

V alv a

T asg ao n

To ta l

77 s quare m i les I n th .

crops Pu lses occupy 4

.

mag and ma t/z

,
In the .

ex tens ively cult ivated .

covers 2 8 s quare m i les i n

an d P a nchgani potatoes
and Bom bay m arkets .

occupy ing acres .

I n 1 86 0 an experi m ent
sacc/za ra tz/ s) o r C hinese

o f 8 fee t an d w as m u ch

1 90 4 m ore than
,

t h e Lan d I mprove
9 lak hs was a
S a t a ra has two
said to com e fro m t he
fi/zz ld rz is som ewhat mo
’ ’

Th e val ley o f t h e M a n
i n horse breed ing has -

ch iefs an d weal th y l
more t h an poni es Sh ea .

eit her co m i ng i nt o t h e D tri

fo r th eir m il k O n e bred .

ropes is kep t by D h an grs .

P igs are
by Lam a
sparingly
 1 26 S/ I T/ f R / I D I STR I C T

i n 1 8 7 6 —7 to i n 1 8 7 7— 8 I n 1 8 7 8 th e c ult ivated .

area fel l short o f that i n 1 8 7 6 by abou t acres .

I n t he fam i ne of 1 8 9 6 —7 th e D istric t agai n su ffered severely In .

Decem ber 1 8 9 6 th e n u m ber on relief works was

, ,
I t rose to
i n A pril ; 1 8 9 7 and then began t o fall T h e nu m ber on ch ari
, .

table rel ief was i n Septe m ber 1 8 9 7 Th e las t scarci ty occurred

i n 1 899—
.
,

1 0 0 w he n t h e late rai ns fai led Th e d rough t was specially

9 , .

m arked i n th e region east of th e Kis t na river R el ief works were .

necessary i n 1 8 99 B y May 1 9 0 0 . person s were on works , , ,

excl uding dependents and i n receip t of grat ui tou s relief .

The latter n u m ber rose to i n Sep te mber The distress con .

t in u e d t il l O ctober 1 90 1 ow ing to t he capriciou s rai nfal l of 1 9 0 0

, ,
.

Th e to t al cost of t h e fam i ne was es ti ma t ed at 1 6 lakh s an d th e ,

advances t o agricu lturists an d re m iss ions of land revenu e a mou nted

to 1 8 lakh s I t is calcu lated that th ere was a mortal ity of nearly
.

i n excess o f th e norm al du ring t h e period and that ,

cattl e d ied .

Th e Collector s staff usually i nclu des t hree A ssis t ants or D ep u ties

’
.

Th e D is t ric t i s divided i nto eleven ta luk as : nam ely K AR AD V AL V A

'

, , ,

S AT AR A W A I JAV LI K H AN AP U R KO RE G AO N P AT A N
, , , , , ,
Adm in is t ra t io n
M AN K H A T A O an d T ASG AO N Th e lei/M as o f V a lva
.

,
.
,

an d W ai i ncl ud e th e petty di vis ions (p ettluis) o f S hir ala an d K hand ala ,

an d Javli i nclud es M alco lmp e th Th e Collector i s Pol it ical A gen t for .

th e A un d h and Phaltan Sta t es .

Th e D istrict an d Sess ions J udge is ass isted fo r c ivi l busi ness by

an A ssis tant J udge o n e S ubord inate J udge u nder the D eccan A gri
,

cu l t u ri sts R el ief A c t an d eigh t other S u bord i nate J udges

’
,
There are .

usual ly 3 4 magistrates to adm in ister cri m i nal j ust ice T h e usual forms .

of cri m e are h urt t he ft and m ischi ef ,

Dacoity is co m m on i n th e
, .

sou ther n port ion o f th e D istrict .

B e fore th e rise o f t he M ar a th a s and during t heir su pre macy many

su rveys were made of parts o r th e w hole o f th e S at ara territory appa ,

re n tl
y wi t h t he object of readj u s ting rath er than of altering t h e assess
m ent wh ich u n der th e nam e of k arma?! o r rack rental had re mained t he
, , ,

sam e fo r years No accurate accou n t o f t he B ij ap ur survey remai ns

.
,

b u t the standard o f assess m en t was continu ed i n so me villages to t he

end o f the P eshw a s rule W h en S ivaj i took t he cou ntry ( 1 6 5 5 )
’

h e made a new b ut i m perfect s u rvey o n t he m odel of Mali k Amb ar s ’

fi x ing two fifth s o f th e produce or i ts equ ivalent i n m oney as the

-

govern m en t share T h e M ughals i ntroduced th e syste m o f T o dar

.

Mal fixi ng t he assessm en t not by measu re men t as i n th e districts

, ,

conquered earl ier bu t by th e average produ ce or its e qu ival ent in

,

m oney . I n som e cases A u rang z eb raise d th e rents for a few years

as h igh as h e c ou ld and th is amou n t was ever afterwards entered i n
,
12 8 D I S TR I C T

Su peri n tenden t an d t wo i nspec t ors There are 1 7 pol ice stat ions and .

a total pol ice force o f 9 6 6 o f wh ich 1 6 are ch ief constables 1 9 6 head , ,

constabl es an d 7 5 4 constables Th e mou nted pol ice nu m ber 7 u nder

,
.
,

one o afi o o dr Th e D is t ric t con t ai ns 1 9 subsid iary jails wi th aecom

’ ’
.
,

mo datio n fo r 4 2 4 pr isoners The daily average nu m ber o f prisoners .

du ring 1 9 0 4 was 8 9 o f wh o m 5 were fem ales ,

.

S at a ra stands n in eteent h am ong th e twen ty fou r Di stricts o f th e -

Presiden cy i n the l iteracy o f i ts popu la t ion o f w h om 4 per cen t ,

( 8 per cent m ales . and 0 - fe males

3 ) cou l d read an d write i n 1 9 0 1 I n .

1 86 5 t here were 1 0 4 sch ool s and p u pi ls Th e n u m ber of pu pils .

rose to i n 1 8 8 1 and to i n 1 8 9 1 bu t fel l i n 1 9 0 1 to

I n 1 90 3 —
,

4 there were 3 5 2 p ubl ic schools wi th pu pi ls of wh o m ,

were girls besides 4 7 priva t e sch ools wi th 8 7 8 pup ils O f t h e

,
.

3 5 2 i nstitu tions classed as p ubl ic o n e is managed by Governm en t , ,

2 8 2 by t h e local boards and

3 6 by t he m u n icipal boards 3 1 are aided
, ,

an d 2 u naided Th e p u bl ic sch ools i ncl ude 3 h igh 7 m iddle an d

.
, ,

34 2 pri mary sch ools Th e t otal expendit ure . o n edu cat ion i n 1 —
9 3 4
0

was more t han 1 — 3 lakh s O f th i s Local fu nds contribu

. ted R s , .

m u n icipal i ties R s an d fees R s

. A bou t 7 4 per cen t . .

o f th e total was devoted to pri mary sch ools .

I n 1 9 0 4 th e D is t ric t possessed 2 hospi t als and 9 dispensaries an d

7 other m edical i nsti tu tions wi th accom m odat ion for 1 2 4 iii patients
-
-
.
,

A bou t persons were t reated i ncl uding 8 1 8 in pat ients an d ,

-
,

Operat ions were performed The to t al expend i tu re was R s . .

of wh ich R s was m e t fro m m u nicipal an d local board funds

. .

Th e nu mber of persons successful ly vacci na t ed i n 1 9 0 3 —4 was nearly

represen t ing a propor t ion o f 2 4 per o f populat ion wh ich ,

is al mos t equal to the average of th e Presi dency

‘
.

[ S ir J M Cam pbell B omoay G o z ez teer v o l x i x 1 88 5 ) W W Loch

‘
. . . . .
, , ,

I z zs torzoal A mou n t of th e P oona Sciz rim a nd Sfi o/ap ur D istricts

' '
’
’

, ,

s at ara T aluk a — Trilzzk a o f sa t a ra D is t rict B ombay ly ing between

.
, ,
° ’ ° ’ ° ’ ° ’
1 7 3 0 and 1 7 5 0 N an d 7 3 4 8 an d 7 4 1 0 E with an area o f . .
,

3 3 9 square m i les I t con tains one town S AT AR A (population

.
, ,

the D is tric t and iii/a i m h ead quar t ers an d 1 5 2 vi llages Th e p o p ula -

.

t ion i n 1 9 0 1 was co mpared w it h i n 1 8 9 1 Th e .

density 3 7 9 persons per s quare m ile i s th e h igh est i n th e D i strict

T he de mand for lan d revenu e i n 1 9 0 3 —
, , .

4 was m ore than 1 - lakhs and

9 ,

fo r cesses R s S a t a r a i ncl u des t h e th ree val leys of the K is t na

.
,

V ena and Urmo di r ivers wh i ch are open and sl ope gently towards th e
, ,

base of s t eep and bare h ills Cl u mps o f mangoes s t u d th e val leys and .
,

may grows plenti ful ly o n th e banks of t h e K istna Th e soil n ear th e .

ri vers is rich and black bu t grows gradually grey and p oorer towards ,

th e h i lls Th e cl i mate is h ealth y and th e rai nfall averaging 4 0 i nch es

.
, , ,

is high er th an in m os t o t h er f d/ZI RCZS .

 SA TH ALLI 1 29

S atara C it y —H ead quar t ers of S a t a ra D is t ric t B om bay s i tua t ed

.
-
, ,

i n 1 7 4 1 N and 7 4 E 1 0 m iles fro m S a t a ra R oad station on th e

° ’
.
°
.
,

Southern Mahrat t a R ai lway near th e con fl uence o f t h e K istna an d th e ,

V ena . The strong for t of S a t a ra is perch ed o n t he su m m i t o f a s m all ,

s t eep rocky h ill I t takes its nam e from th e seven t een (sata m ) walls
, . ,

towers and gates wh ich i t is su pposed t o h ave possessed A t th e close

,
.

of the war wi th th e P eshw a i n 1 8 1 8 i t fell after a short res is t ance i n to , , ,

the hands of t he B ri tish bu t was res t ored w i th th e adj acent t erri tory ,

to t he represen t a t ive of Sivaj i s l i ne wh o d uring t h e Pesh w a s asce n ’

, ,
’

dancy had l ived t h ere as a State prisoner I n 1 8 4 8 on t h e death

,
.
,

o f th e las t R aj a t h e pri ncipal ity escheated to th e B ri tish Th e t own

,
.
,

lyi ng at th e foo t o f th e h il l fortress consis t ed i n 1 8 2 0 o f one long ,

street of t iled h ouses bu il t partly of s t one and partly of brick A fter ,

.

the break ing u p o f th e R aj a s cou rt t he popu la t ion consi derabl y ’

,
'

decreased B u t S ata ra is sti ll a large place w i th a pop ula t ion i n

.
,

1 9 0 1 of i ncluding i n suburban and 99 o in can t on m en t .

l i m its H indus n u m bered

. M uham madans J ain s 2 5 3 ,

and Christians 5 9 9 Th e m u n ici pal i ty establ ished i n 1 8 5 3 h ad an

.
, ,

average incom e du ri ng t h e decade ending 1 9 0 1 of R s In .

1 90 —
3 4 t h e i ncom e was R s Th e su burban m un icipal i t y es t ab ~
.
,

lis h e d i n 1 8 9 0 had an average i ncom e d u ring th e decade e nding 1 9 0 1

,

of R s . I n 1 9 0 3 —4 th e incom e was R s S a t a ra has few .

large or ornamen tal build ings w i th th e excep t ion of th e R aj a s palace ,

’

now used as the J udge s cou rt O n accou n t o f i ts h igh posi t ion ’

.
,

feet above sea l evel t h e cl ima t e is u nu sual ly pleasan t -

Th e ,
.

water su pply i s obtained by aqu educts and p ipes fro m th e Kas lak e
-

i n the h ills 1 6 m iles from t h e ci ty A c ivi l h ospi tal is si tua t ed h ere

, . .

S atg a o n —R u i ned t ow n i n Hoogh ly D is t ric t B engal s i t ua t ed i n

.
, ,
°
N an d 8 8 2 3 E to the nor t h wes t o f Hoogh ly t own F opu
’ ° ’
2 2 5 8 . .
,
-
.

lat ion 153 S a tgaon was th e m ercan t i le cap i tal o f Bengal fro m
.

th e days of H i nd u rul e u nti l t h e fo u ndat ion o f H ooghly by th e Portu

g ue se . I t s decay dates fro m t h e s il ting up of th e ch annel o f th e -

Saraswati ; and noth ing n ow re mai ns t o i ndica t e i ts form er gran deu r

except a ru ined mosque the m odern vi llage consis t ing o f a few m iser ,

able h u ts S a tgaon is sai d to h ave been o ne o f th e res t ing places o f -

‘
.

Bh agirath i D e Barros writes t hat i t was less frequ en t ed t h an Ch i t t a

.

gong o n accou n t o f th e port no t being so conven ien t fo r t h e en trance

‘
,

and the depar t u re of sh ips Purchas states i t t o be a fai r c itie for .

’

a c itie of th e Moores an d very plenti ful bu t some t i m es su bj ect t o , ,

’
Patnaw I n 1 6 3 2 when H oogh ly was declared a royal port al l th e
.
, ,

publ ic o flic e s were w ithdrawn from S at gaon wh ich rap idly fel l i nto ,

ru ins.

S a t h alli —V illage i n th e Hassan tab / k of Hassan D is t ric t M ysore

.
, ,

situated 1 0 m iles sou th wes t of H assan town Popula t ion -

10
5 . .
1 30 SA TH A LLI

I t i s of i nteres t as th e cen t re of a Ch ristian agricul tu ral com m u ni ty ,

w h ich had i ts origin i n th e labou rs of th e well known A bb é D uboi s -

.

Th ere is a grou p of twel ve vil lages al m ost en ti rely i nhabi ted by ,

Ch rist ians wh o fol low th ei r original cu stom s i n al l matters n ot con

,

cerned wi t h rel igion .

s ath a mb a Petty S tate i n M A H I K ANTH A B om bay

-

s at k h ira S u b d iv is io n — W estern su bdivision o f K h u ln a D i strict

.
, .

.
,
’ ° ° ’ ° ’
B engal lyi ng between
,
an d 2 2 5 7 N and 8 8 5 4 an d 8 9 2 3 E . .
,

w ith an area o f 7 4 9 squ are m iles Th e north ern part of th e su bd ivi sion .

rese m bles i n i ts general physi cal ch arac t eristi cs t h e adj oin ing t/z cin as of
J essore th e drainage i s bad an d t h ere are n u m erou s swamps Th e .

southern por t ion i ncl u des a large area i n th e Sun darb ans wh ere th ere ,

i s m uch fertil e land awaiting reclamation Th e populat ion i n 1 9 0 1 was .

com pared with i n 1 8 9 1 th e densi ty bei ng 6 5 2 persons ,

per s quare m ile I t contai ns t wo towns S AT K H I R A (popu lation

.
, ,

th e h ead quart ers and D E BH AT A

-
and , vi llages I SW ARI .

P U R was th e old capi tal of R aj a P ratapadity a D e b h ata and K AL IG A NJ .

are tradi ng cen t res .

S at k h ira T o w n —H ead quarters o f th e su bdivisi on o f th e sam e .

-

nam e i n Kh u ln a D is t rict B engal s ituated i n 2 2 4 3 N and 8 9 5 E , ,

° ’
.
° ’
.
,

on a £1 d or ch annel con nec t ed wi th t h e I ch a mat i river P opu lat ion .

S a tkh i ra was constitu ted a m un icipal i ty i n 1 86 9 T h e .

i ncom e during t h e deca de en di ng 1 9 0 1 —2 averaged R s an d .

th e expendi t ure R s I n 1 9 0 3 —4 th e i ncom e was R s . .

mainly from a t ax on persons (o r property tax ) ; and th e expend i ture

was R s 6 5 0 0 T he town con t ains th e u sual p u bl ic o ffices a su b j ai l
.
,
.
,
-

wi th accom m odat ion for 1 2 prisoners as wel l as many H i nd u t e mpl es ,

.

S a tlas n a — Pet t y S tate i n M A H I K ANTH A Bom bay

.
, .

s atm ala R ange of b ills i n Bom bay B er a r an d th e H yder a b a d

.
-
, ,

S tate w h ich also bears th e nam es of th e A J A NT A Ch a ndor an d

, , ,

I n dh y adri h i lls and Sah y adriparb at , .

S at n a (or R ag h uraj nagar) — Town i n th e R ewah State Central I ndia .

, ,

si tuated i n 2 4 3 4 N and 8 0 5 0 E o n th e J u bbul pore A llah a b ad

° ’
.
° ’
.
,
-

section of th e E as t I nd ian R ail way Popu lation Satn a .

i s t h e h ead quarters o f th e Pol itical Agen t i n Bag h e lk h an d an d of th e

‘
-

R agh uraj n ag ar ta/zsil o f R ewah I t i s a place o f cons iderable com .

m e rcial i m por t ance and th e principal cen tre o f trade i n the S tate th e ,

val u e o f exports an d i mp orts passing th rough th e to w n bei ng abou t .

4 lakh s a year Th e pri ncipal exports are wheat rice l inseed and g /zz
'

.
, , ,

an d th e i m por t s k erosene oi l cotton cloth and s ugar Th e tow n i s

, , , , .

cl ean and wel l bu il t w i th m any good h ou ses To th e west and across , .

t h e rail way l i e th e A gency l im i ts con tai ni ng th e residence o f the ,

Pol i ti cal Agen t o ffices and other bu ild ings Satn a was selected as
, ,
.

th e h ead quarters i n 1 8 7 2 before wh ich date th e Pol i tical officer l i ved

-
,
I
32 SA TP UR AS

o f th e M a ch na and Samp n a near Be t ti ] and t h e ope n plain between ,

Seon i and Chh indw a ra there are exten sive areas o f produc t i ve land
, ,

Scattered over t he plateau i solated fl at t opped h ills rise abrup t ly from

,
-

th e plain Th e scenery of th e north ern an d sou thern h ills as observed

.
,

fro m the roa ds wh i ch traverse t hem i s of re markable beau ty Th e ,

.

drai nage of th e Satp uras is carried o ff o n th e north by th e Narbad a ,

and o n th e south by the W ainganga W ardh a an d T ap ti al l o f wh ich

, , ,

have t hei r sou rce i n th ese b ills .

Th e h ighest peaks are con t ai ned i n the n orth ern range rising ,

abrup tly from th e valley o f t he Narbad a and generally mpi ng dow n ,

to the plateau bu t toward s th e wes t t h e sou thern range has t h e greater

,

elevat ion A noth er noticeable fea t u re i s a nu mber o f sm al l t able lands

.
-

lyi ng am ong th e h ills at a grea t er h eigh t t han the bul k of th e p lateau .

O f th ese PA C H M AR H I
, feet ) an d C H I K A LD A i n B er a r feet )
h ave been form ed i n to h il l stations : wh ile R aigarh feet ) i n
B al agh a t D istrict and K h a m la i n Bet ul feet ) are fam ou s gra z ing
an d breedi ng grou n ds for ca t tle D h upgarh . feet ) is th e h igh es t
poin t o n th e range an d there are a few o t h ers of over
, feet .

A m ong th e peaks tha t rise fro m to fee t above sea level -

,

the grandes t i s T UR A N M AL (Bom bay Pres idency ) a long ra t her narrow , ,

table l an d
-
feet above th e sea and abou t 1 6 square m iles i n area .

W es t o f th is the m ou ntainous land presen ts a wal l l i ke appearance -

towards bo t h the Narbad a o n th e north an d th e T ap ti o n th e sou th .

O n th e east ern side t h e T asdin V al i (Cen t ral I nd ia ) com man ds

a magn i ficen t v iew of th e su rrou n d ing cou ntry T h e general h eigh t .

o f th e plateau is abou t feet .

Th e h ills an d slopes are cloth ed wi th forest extend ing over som e

th ousands o f square m i les ; bu t m u ch o f t h is i s o f l i ttle valu e ow ing ,

to u nres tricted fell ings prior to th e adop t ion o f a sys t em o f conservancy ,

and to th e sh ifting cu l tivat ion practise d by t h e aboriginal tribes wh ich ,

led to pa t ch es being ann ually cleared and burn t down T h e m ost .

val uable fores t s are those of $ 5 1 (SIzorea robu sta ) on th e eastern h ills ,

and teak o n th e wes t .

Th e S atpu r a H ills have form ed i n th e past a refuge for aborigi nal

or D ravi d ian tribes driven ou t of t h e plai ns by th e advance o f H i nd u
c ivi li z ati on H ere th ey re t ired an d occ up ied t h e s t ony and barren
.
,

slopes wh ich th e new se t tlers w ith th e rich lowlands at t heir d isposal

, ,

d isdai ned to cu l tiva t e ; and h ere they still rear the ir l igh t rains crops
of m i llets wh ich are scarce ly m ore t han grass barely t ickl ing th e soi l ,

wi th th e p lough and eking ou t a scan ty subsis tence w it h th e roots an d

,

fru its of th e forests and the pu rsu i t o f gam e T h e BAI G AS the w ildest
,
.
,

o f these tribes h ave even now scarcely at t ai ned to th e ru d i ments o f

,

cul tivation ; bu t th e GO N DS th e K o R K fi S an d t he B H I LS have made

, ,

som e progress by con tact w ith th ei r H i nd u neigh bou rs .

 SA TTI I I VA 1 33

The open plateau has for two o r th ree cen t uries been peopled by
H indu i m m igrants ; bu t i t is on ly i n th e l ast fifty years tha t t ravel ling
has been rendered safe an d easy by t h e construct ion o f m etalled roads ,

winding up t h e s t eep passes a nd enabl ing w heeled t ra ffic t o pass over

the h eavy land of th e valleys Till th en su ch trad e as exi s t ed was .

conduc t ed by n omad Banj aras o n pack bullocks T he fi rs t rai lway -

.

across th e S a tpu ra plateau a narrow gauge ex t ension o f th e Bengal ,

-

N agpu r l in e fro m G ondi a to J u b bulpore has recen t ly been opened , .

Th e G reat I ndian Pen insula R ai l way fro m B om bay t o J u b bulpore , ,

runs th rough a breach in t h e range j us t eas t o f A sirgarh w h ile t h e ,

Bom bay Agra road crosses farther t o th e west

-
.

S atp u ras E a s t — Th e eastern ex tension of th e S a tpur a H ills of

,

Central I nd ia lying east an d sou th of th e So n I n t h e U n i ted

,
.

Provi nces they form a w ilderness o f parall el r idges of l ow rocky h ills ,

extending over squ are m iles i n th e sou th o f M ir z a pu r and ,

covered wi th j u ngl e w i th th e excep tion o f a large basi n i n tapp a

,

Sing rauli and a s maller area i n D udh i wh ere th e soi l is all uvial an d
,

allows cul tivation Coal h as been fou n d i n Sin g rau li and a n a t tem p t
.
,

w as made i n 1 8 6 to work i t T h e few inhabitan ts are ch iefl y j u ngle

9 .

tribes K ols & c rese m bl i ng those i n Ch ot a N agpu r

, ,
.
, .

S atta n a p a lle —
‘
l uk i n th e nor t h o f G un trrr D is t rict Madras
.
, ,

lying be t ween 1 6 1 5 an d 1 6 4 9 N an d 7 9 5 1 and 8 0 2 6 E w ith

° ’ ° ’
.
° ’ ° ’
.
,

an area of 7 1 4 square m i les Th e popu lation i n 1 9 0 1 was .

compared w i th in 1 89 1 I t contain s 1 6 8 v illages o f w h ich .

,

Sattanapalle i s th e h ead quar t ers Th e dem an d on accou n t o f lan d

-
.

revenue and cesses i n 1 9 0 3 - 4 am ou n t ed to R s A wi de .

ex t ent o f black cotton soi l produ ces h eavy crops o f cotton t h e staple ,

product There is p ract ically only on e m ai n road wi th tw o or th ree

.
,

subsidiary branch es ; and i n we t wea t h er t h e black soil an d the wa t er

cou rses wi th their treach erou s beds becom e al m os t i m passabl e .

s at tan k ula m — Tow n i n th e Srivaik u n ta m {ti/w k o f Ti n nevelly

.

' ° ’ °
District Madras si tu ated i n 8 2 7 N an d 7 7 5 5 E I t deri ves i ts
, , . .

i mportance fro m i ts si tuati on o n th e border o f th e great pal myra fores t

in the south east of th e D is t ric t J aggery (coarse sugar ) goes from
-
.

here to P alamcottah i n large qu an ti ties I t is a Un io n w ith a p o p u .

~
,

lat ion ( 1 9 0 1 ) of an d i s th e h ead quarters o f a R o man Cathol ic -

m ission wh ich possesses a ch u rc h and so m e schools T w o m i les to .

the east is M udaltir o ne of th e ch ief Ch ris tian vi llages i n Tin nevelly

‘

D istrict w ith a fi ne Goth i c ch urch

,

S a tt h w a —
.

Sou th eas t ern t ownsh i p of M agwe D istrict U pper

.
-
,
° ’ °
Burma lying between 1 9 3 9 and 2 0 9 N and 9 5 1 9 an d
,
’
.
° ’

° ’
9 5 5 1 E w ith an area o f 4 6 9 square m i les
.
, Th e townsh i p i s o n e .

of th e great rice prod ucing areas of Upper B u rma being lo w lyi ng and
-
,
-

fairly w ell w atered Near K ok kogwa o n th e Yabe s tream is th e o ld

.
, ,
1
34 SA TTI I IVA

capi tal of Paik th ado t h e w alls o f th ree sides of wh ich remain Th e

, .

population was i n 1 8 9 1 and i n 1 9 0 1 distribu ted i n , ,

on e town T A U N G D W iN G v r (population
, an d 2 2 3 villages , .

Th ere were abou t Ch ins i n th e townsh i p i n 1 9 0 1 Th e h ead .

quarters are at Satth wa (popu lation a village d u e sou th o f ,

Tau ngd wingyi wh ere th ere i s an i mpor t an t ba z ar I n 1 9 0 3 —4 th e

, .

area cu l t i vated was 1 2 7 squ are m i les and th e land revenu e an d ,

f /z a lfi a mea a amou nted to R s

’
.

s att ur S u b d iv is io n —Su bdivi sion of T inn e v e llv D is t rict M ad ras

.
, ,

consisting o f th e idly /ts of S ATT UR an d S RIV I LL I P U TT U R .

s att ar T aluk — North ern mos t 147 705 o f Ti nn evelly D istrict Mad ras
.
, ,

lying be t ween 9 2 an d 9 4 3 N an d 7 7 4 3 an d 7 8 9 E w ith an

° ’ ° ’
.
° ’ ° ’
.
,

area of 5 6 0 square m i les Th e td/uk i s com para t i vel y sparsel y peopl ed

.
,

t h e total populat ion i n 1 90 1 bei ng com pared w i t h in

1 89 1 ,
or a l ittl e m ore th an 3 3 0 persons per square m i le I t contai ns .

three towns V I RU D U P A TT I (popu la t ion

, Si v A x as r ,

and S ATT UR th e h ead quarters and 2 0 6 villages Th e -

.

demand for land revenu e an d cesses i n 1 9 0 3 —4 am ou nted t o

Rs . Th e north ern an d eas t ern v illages are ch iefly black
cot t on soil wh i le t h e sou thern and sou th western portions cons ist o f
,
-

red loam and san d Th e on ly ri ver i s th e V aip p ar wh ich is n o t o f

.
,

m uch use for i rriga t i on Co tt on is the s t aple produ ct bu t ca r/1&2: i s

.
,

also largely grown T here is a good deal o f carefu l cu lt ivat ion of

‘
.

garden crops w i th wel l irrigation bu t th e area o f wet lands is s mall

-
,
’
.

Th e li lo /2 i ncl udes a consi derable nu m ber o f z a mino drz an d z mim

' '
’

vil lages none o f wh ich h owever i s very large

, , ,
.

s at tfi r T o w n — H ead quarters o f th e lei/11k o f th e sam e nam e i n

.
-

Ti nnevelly D istrict Madras s i t ua t ed i n 9 2 2 N and 7 7 5 5 E wi th

, ,
° ’
.
° ’
.
,

a station on th e Sou th I nd ian R ail way S a t t ar i s al so th e h ead .

quarters o f t he officer i n ch arge of th e su bd ivision co mp rising th e

S at t ar and Srivillipu tt ur {K i/M s I t is a U ni on wi th a p opulat ion .
,

( 1 90 1 ) of an d h as a Local fu nd hosp ital Th ere are t wo cot t on .

p ressing an d gin n i ng factories wh ich e mploy i n th e aggregate 2 0 0 ,

hands .

S a t w as —H ead quar t ers o f th e Nem a war district o f I n dore S t a t e

.
-
,

Central I ndia si tuated i n 2 2 3 2 N an d 7 6 4 3 E between t h e

,
’ ° ’
.
o
.
,

C h ank e sh ar an d D atuni ri vers i n th e Narbad a valley Pop u lat ion ,

.

Th e v i llage i s an old o n e and from t h e n u merou s ,

rem ai ns wh ich i t con tai ns m u st h ave been a place o f considerable

i m portance u nder th e M ughals wh en i t was th e h ead quarters o f ,
-

a mar/251! i n th e sa rk cir o f H in dia i n th e Saba /z o f M a lw a A fort

"

stands i n th e cen tre of th e v illage T h ree m iles sou th east i s a fi ne .

-

ol d dam across th e D atuni river n o w m u ch o u t o f repai r I n 1 8 0 1 , .

a severe encou nter t ook place at Sa t w a s between Jaswan t R ao H o lk ar

1 36 SA T YA /lI A /VG A LA M T O ”AN

u nder Colonel Floyd d u ring General M e do w s s cam paign i n th is ’

D istrict i n 1 7 9 0 preparatory t o a gen eral advance i n to M ysore by th e

,
‘
G az alh att i Pass B u t T ip ti descended t he pass i n Sep tember of th at
.

year crossed th e B hav an i above Satyamangalam and fough t two

, ,

engage me nts w i th t h e B ri tish on th e sam e day I n t he fi rst o f these .

,

a caval ry figh t t he B ri t ish were completely successfu l an d i n th e

, ,

second an artillery d uel th ey h eld th ei r grou n d th ough th ey su ffered

, ,

severely I t w as h owever decided not to risk a general encou n t er

.
, , ,

a n d th e place w as abandoned by Colonel Floyd o n th e fol lowi ng

m orni ng Satyamangalam i s now th e h ead quarters o f a dep u ty
.
-

ir and s tat ionary s u b magistra t e

’
ia / s /o r I t is an ordinary marke t -
.

tow n w i th ou t spec ial feat ures .

S au g o r D is t ric t (Sdg a r) — D i s t rict of the J u bbu lpore D ivision i n .

t he extre m e north west o f the Cen t ral Provi nces ly ing be t ween 2 3 9
-
,
° ’

° ’ ’ ° ’ °
an d 2 4 2 7 N and 7 8 4 and 7 9 2 2 E with an area of
. square .
,

m i les I t for ms wi th D am oh an extens ion o f th e great M a lw a plateau

.
,

and consists o f a flat ope n black soil trac t abou t feet above th e -

level of t h e Narbad a val ley fro m w h ich i t is separated by th e steep ,

escarp men t o f th e V i nd hyan H ills I t i s bou nded on th e north by t he .

J h ans i D istrict o f th e Un ited Provi nces an d by th e Native S tates o f

Pan na B ij a war an d C harkh ari ; o n th e eas t by Pann a and D amoh
, ,

D ist rict ; o n th e sou th by Narsi ngh pur D istrict and th e Nat ive S tate
o f B hop a l ; an d o n th e wes t by th e States o f B h op al and Gwal ior .

T h e D istr ict i s narrowest at i ts sou th eastern corner

P h y sical
-
,

a sp e c t s
and slopes towards
.
th e nor th east gradually extend -
,

i ng i n width u nti l i t cu l m inates i n t he h eigh t s over

looking th e B u ndelkh and plain T he cou ntry generally i s u ndulating .
,

wi th nu m erou s isola t ed h i lls Th e m ost ope n par t s are the plai n .

form ing th e Kh u rai f airs?! on the nor t h west an d th at wh ich consi sts -
,

o f th e G arh a kot a R ehl i and Deor i p a rg a zz a s o n th e sou th east

, ,
E ast -
.

of th e K h urai ia fi szl wh ich i s separated fro m Saugor and Band a by ,

a low range o f h i lls t h e character of the cou n t ry i s very broken low

, ,

fl at topped h ills risi ng fro m th e plai n i n all d irections som e covered

-
,

w i th trees oth ers stony an d barre n

, On th e south east and north eas t .
- -

o f th e D istrict li e t h ick bel ts o f fores t Th e drainage o f th e cou ntry .

i s al most enti rely t o th e north an d east th e w a t ersh ed of th e Narbad a ,

com m encing only fro m t he su m m i t of th e range i m m ediately over

l ook ing it T h e pri ncipal rivers are th e SO N AR th e B ewas th e
.
, ,

B H A S AN t h e B ina a ,
n d th e BE rw a Of th ese th e Son ar B ewas an d
,
'
.
, , ,

D h asan fl ow fro m sou t h west to north east th e cou rse o f th e last - -

,

nam ed being more north erly than th at o f t h e other two The B ina .

fl ows t hrough t h e ex tre me wes t o f t h e D istrict and th e Be tw a marks ,

for so m e d istance th e border separa t ing t h e north ern portion o f th e

K h urai f a lls?! from th e S t ate of Gwal ior T w o s mall stream s th e .
,
 SA UG OR D I S TR I C T 1 37

Biranj an d Sindh o r take th ei r rise i n th e Deori p arg mza of th e R eh l i

,
‘
la/zsz l and flow sou t h to th e N arbad a .

The greater part o f the D istrict is covered by th e Deccan t rap ; b ut

ther e are t wo great i nl iers o f V i ndhyan sandstone o n e to t h e north ,

running dow n nearly as far as Saugor an d th e other to th e east e xtend ,

ing from near Garh a kot a t o beyond S urk h i To th e east or sou th east .
-

o f Saugor th e i n fra trappean o r Lam eta l i mestone i s largely developed

- .

Calcareous i n ter trappean bands w ith fossil i z ed sh ells an d plants also

-

occu r largely n ear Saugor .

T he V i ndhyan H i lls are generally poorly wooded Saugor contai ns .

some al m os t p ure teak forest i n th e w es t near Jais ingh nagar and

R a ha t garh and t eak m i xed w i th other species elsewh ere
, Sandal .

w ood is fou nd in s mall areas an d bam boos occu py th e slopes of m ost ,

of the h ills T h e bam boo i s fairly w ell reproduced by seed bu t th e

.
,

forests are ful l o f dead trees and are i n poor cond ition for th e mos t ,

part B elts o f cfz z u/a o r p a /ds (B u f f er f rondosa) are fou n d i n th e rich

' '

black soi l o f th e open plateau x and of plains at th e foot of th e h i lls , ,

such as those near Saugor Th e c ul tivated portion s o f th e D istrict .

are marked by t he presence near v illages o f scattered trees o r groves

of mango ta marind ma m/ ti (B o ssier
, ,
an d pip er] .

A mong wi ld an i mal s sci/” oar mlg az and sp otted deer are n u m erous
' '

, , , ,

and h og are st ill m ore com mon Fou r h orned deer barking deer and .
-
,
-
,

mouse deer are occasi onally met w i th H erds o f an telope are fou nd .

all over th e open cou ntry especially i n th e K h urai fa /zsil Gam e birds ,
.
-
,

such as peafowl sp u r fowl san d grouse partridges and green p igeons

,
-
,
-
, , ,

are fairly nu m erou s ; bu t water fow l are not plent iful owing to th e -
,

absence of ta nks Mahseer o f s mal l s i z e are nu merous i n m os t o f

.

the r ivers and w a rm! ‘ ‘

szrza f us) are caugh t i n every
,

tank .

T he cl im ate of t he D istrict is pleasan t considering th e lat itu de .

°
The m in im u m temperature is abou t 4 1 in th e cold season and th e ,

maxi mu m su m m er h eat abou t Th e D istrict i s h eal thy d uring

the greater part o f t he year Th e annual rainfal l averages 4 7 i nches . .

Failures of crops app ear o n th e whole to have been cau sed i n equal
degree by deficiency an d by excess of rai nfal l .

The early h istory o f Saugor i s mai nly a matt er of tradit ion Th e .

old capital Garh pah r a 7 m i les north of th e present c ity is supposed

, , ,

to have been fou nded by a G ond dynasty Th e .

H ist o r y .

Gonds w ere succeeded by a tribe o f A h irs cal led

the Fauladia to w ho m is attribu ted t he fou ndat ion o f th e fort at R eh l i
, .

Some A h ir landowners st ill clai m to be their descendants and bear th e

title o f R ao A bou t 1 0 2 3 th e A h irs were supplanted by one N ih alsh a
.
,

a R aj pu t of J a lau n who took possession of Saugor and th e su rrou nd

,

ing cou ntry N ih alsh a s descendants retained po ssession for abo ut

’
.
 138 SA (1 6 OR D I S TR I C T

6 00 years b u t are said to have been defeated by th e C h an de ls of

,

M ah ob a and s ubj ected to tri bute T h e t wo Ban ap h ar warriors of th e .

Chandel Raj a s Alh a a nd Udal are popu lar h eroes and th ei r fi fty t wo
, , ,
-

battles are celebrated i n song A l b a is st il l supposed to l ive i n th e

.

forests of O rchh a and nigh tly to ki ndle th e lam p in a tem ple of D ev i

,

o n a h il l i n th e forest Saugor i tself was fou nded i n 1 6 6 0 by Udan

.

Sh a a D angi ch ief said to be o n e o f N ih alsh a s descendants wh o b ui lt

, ,
’

a s mal l fort o n th e s ite o f th e presen t o ne a nd se ttled th e village of

Park o ta wh ich i s now par t o f th e town
, T h e grandson of Uda n Sh a .
,

P rith w ipat a m an of weak i ntellec t was d ispossessed by C h h atarsal

, , ,

the famous Bun de la R aj a H e was res t ore d by t he R aj a of J aipur bu t

.
,

was agai n ousted by th e M u ham madan ch ief of K urw ai and ret ired ,

t o B i leh r a wh ich w ith fou r other v i llages is still h el d free o f revenu e by

,

h is descendants I n 1 7 3 5 Saugor was t aken by a nephew of B aj i R ao

.
,

th e Mar ath a Peshw a w ho left h is l ieutenant Govin d R ao Pandi t i n

, , ,

charge o f t he conquered t erri tory Govin d R ao paid great attention .

to th e i mprove men t of t he town and s urro u nd ing cou n try The fort .

of Saugor as i t n o w s tands was b u il t by h i m and th e town grew into ,

a ci ty u nder h is ad m in is tration and becam e th e capital o f th is part of

t he cou ntry H e was k illed i n 1 7 6 1 a t t h e battle of P anipat and th e
.
,

Peshw a gave Saugor an d the surrou nding cou ntry reven ue free to h is
descendan ts wh o cont in ued to hold possession u nti l i t was ceded to
,

the British D uring t hei r ru le th e c i ty was sacked t hree t i mes : t w ice

.

by A m ir Kh a n Pi nd a ri and once b y S i ndh ia after a long siege i n 1 8 1 4

, ,
.

I n 1 8 1 8 Saugor was ceded to th e B ri tish by t he Peshw a and becam e ,

part o f th e Saugor an d Nerb u dda Terri tories wh ich were fo r a t i me ,

attached to th e North W es tern P rovinces I n March 1 8 4 2 occurred

-
.
, ,

wha t is k nown as t he B un de la i nsurrect ion Two Bun de la landholders .

,

wh o had been served w ith civi l court decrees rose i n rebellion and ,

sacked several towns T hey were j oi ned by a Gond ch ief an d dis

.
,

affectio n extended into t he adj o ini ng D istric t o f Nars inghp ur I n th e .

fol lo w ing year th e revol t was p u t down b u t the D istrict had su ffered ,

severely and th e lan d revenu e was reali z ed w it h di fficul ty for several

years .

I n 1 8 5 7 th e garrison of Saugor consisted o f t wo regi m ents o f native

i n fantry and o n e of cavalry w i t h a few E u ropean gu nners S hor t ly
,
.

after th e com mencem en t o f the M utiny t he E uropean res idents m oved

i nto th e for t Th e sepoys rem ai ned i n their l ines for a sh ort ti me w hen
.
,

th e 4 2 n d R egi men t and th e 3 rd I rregu lar Cavalry m u t inied th e 3 rst ,

R egi men t rem ain ing fai thfu l Th e two m u ti nous regim ents m oved off
.

towards Sh a hgarh a Na t ive State to t he north ; t he R aj as o f Sh ahgarh

,

and B a npu r th en entered th e D istrict and took possess ion of the

greater part o f i t At th e sam e ti me th e Naw a b o f Garh i Amapan i
.
,

a place now i n B h op a l occup ied R ahatgarh T he w hol e D istrict w as

, .
 S A UG D ]S TI t I C T
’
1 40

s ta t is tics of population i n 1 90 1 gi ven below have been adj usted on

accou nt of th is transfer

N mbu e ro f
r
e
p e
f
o n
b
e
f
t
lm
1
i
o e d

l
i e 9
n n n8 b n
g 0 r
o a o o 1 i 9 e a a e
t
b
i i

T a /z s il
m
t
t e t 1 i

.
a r n a a n s d r
e d n a

t lp t
a e i

u u c r u e n u o e
wa
lp
r a s r
o
q
s
e v o N r
e

—
P P p

00
1
I
5 25 l

00
i
2 4 70
9 40
2 660 d
i 0 0
269
3
H0 0
7 04

D i tri t t t l
s c o a 5
u

u
--
0
t

u
0

A bou t 8 7 per cent of th e p opu la t ion are H i ndus and 4 per cent
.
,
.

A ni m is t s the la t ter proport io n being very low i n com parison w ith th at for
,

th e Provi nce as a w hole M uham madans n u mber . o r 5 per cen t .

o f th e pop ulat ion b u t o f th ese l ive i n towns

,
There are m ore .

than J ai ns i n th e D istri ct o r nearly a t h ird o f th e t otal n u m ber ,

i n the Provi nce T h e language o f Saugor is t he B undel i dialect o f

.

W estern H i nd i w h ich i s spoken by al mos t the wh ole pop ula t ion O nly
,
.

‘
person s spea k Urd ir an d 6 5 0 0 Mar a th i I t i s no t iceable that th e ,
.

Mara th i spoken i n Saugor i s th e p ure form o f the language belongi ng

to P oona and not th e N agpu r d ialect T he forest t ri bes have entirely
,
.

abandoned t h eir o w n languages .

T h e p ri ncipal landhold ing cas t es i n t he D istrict are B rah mans D a n ,

gis Lo dh is Ku r m is an d Bun de la R aj pu ts B r a h m ans

, , ,
w ho .

consti tute nearly 9 per cen t of th e pop ulation h ave come fro m th e .
,

north and west of I ndia Th e north cou n t ry B r a h man s h ave been i n

.

t he D istrict longest and th e M ar a th a s i m m igra t ed at t h e t i m e w h en i t

,

came u nder t he ir rul e Th e D a ngis . were form erly a dom inan t

caste and Saugor was so meti mes called D an giw ara after t hem
,
T hey .

are pri ncipal ly mdlgrz z a rs (landholders ) and tenants rarely labou rers
'

, .

Lo dh is const itu te 8 per cen t of th e popu lation Th ey had th e . .

repu tat ion o f being quarrelsom e an d fond o f d isplay bu t are now losing ,

t hese characteristics K u rm is .are qu iet and i nd ustriou s cul t i

v ato rs an d averse to l itigat ion
, The Bu n de la R aj pu t s were a renow ned .

freebooting t ribe Th ey are prou d and pen urious to th e las t degree

.
,

and qu ick to resent t h e s mallest sl igh t E ven now i t i s sai d that no .

B an i a dare g o past a Bun de la s h ouse wi th ou t getti ng down fro m h is pony ’

and folding u p h i s u m brella Th ere are only one or t wo M u ham m adan .

landowners o f any i mpor t ance Of th e forest t ri bes Gonds nu mber .

or abou t 4 % per cen t o f the popu lation an d Savaras . or ,

rather less than 3 p er cent The Go nd R aj a o f Pite h ra was for merly a .

feudatory of th e Mandl a dynasty hold ing a considerable porti on of th e ,

 A G R I C UL T UR E 14 1

south o f th e D istrict Both G onds and Savaras i n th is D is tric t are

.

comparat ively civili z ed and have partiall y adopted H indu u sages

,
.

A bou t 6 5 per cen t of the total popu lat ion are su pported by agricu ltu re
. .

Ch rist ians n u mber o f wh o m 6 6 5 are R o man Cath ol ics 2 30 ,

Lu therans an d 4 4 3 belong t o th e Ch u rch o f E ngland O f th e total

,
.

nu mber 7 6 8 are natives Th ere are S wed ish Lu theran an d R oman

,
.

Cathol ic m iss ions of wh ic h t h e forme r i s located at Saugor and K h u rai

,

and th e latter a t Shy ampu r a E t a wa contains a stat ion o f th e Ch ristian

.

M ission a body wi th no sectarian tene t s

,
.

Th e prevalen t soil i s a dark colou red loa m of varying depth wh ich

-
,

has been form ed partly by lacu stri ne deposi t an d partly by th e disin te

ratio n o f th e t rap rock th e loose par t icles o f wh ich
g ,
Ag r icult ure
are washed o ff th e h ills i n t o th e depressions below
.

Th is soi l i s local ly known as mm m and is m uc h pri z ed becau se i t i s ’

,

easily workable and not so favou rable to th e growth o f rank grass as th e

,

more clayey soi l fou nd in oth er parts I t covers 5 6 per cen t o f th e area . .

u nder cu ltivati on Yilz ar o r good black soil covers 2 per cen t and
.
, , .
,

ra iy a n or th i n black soil 1 0 per cent of t h e area u nder cu lt ivat ion

'

. .
, ,

The other soi ls are i nferior an d u nsu itable for wh ea t The soi l of th e .

Kh u rai contai ns a large adm ix tu re o f clay an d h ence is so m ewhat ,

stifl e r and m ore d i ffi cu lt t o work than that of Saugor and th e open par t

o f R ehl i The m os t seriou s obstacle to cu l t iva t ion in Saugor D i stric t

.

is t he coarse k eins grass sp o n ta neu m) th i s rapidly i nvades

black soi l wh en left fallow and wh en once i t has obtai ned a h old
, , ,

covers th e w h ol e field wi th a network o f roots and can scarcely be ,

‘
eradicated by th e ordinary cou n t ry plough K o zzs fl ou rish es part icularly .

i n th e clayey soi l of th e Kh u rai la /zsil an d d uring t h e period of adverse ,

seasons has overru n large areas of fertile l and A t tem pts are n ow bei ng .

made to eradicate i t by m eans of em ban k m en t s wh ich w ill k eep th e

fields u nder water during th e rains .

A bout 2 3 square m i les of land taken fro m Govern men t forests are
’

hel d on ry of zo rirz tenure 1 4 square m iles by revenue free grantees an d -

the balance on th e ordinary proprietary (mailg uz dri) t en ure T h e mai n

agricultural statistics for 1 9 0 3 —
.

4 are given below areas being i n square ,

m i les

Ttl
o a . C l t iv
u
3

a te d . I rr ig at e d .
C l t iv bl
u a
w as t e .
e
F o re s t s .

For merly th e wh eat cr 0 p i n Saugor D istrict far exceeded any oth er .

K 2
 142 S A(I G OR D I S TR I C T

I n 1 8 9 1 —2 th e area u nder wheat was 8 0 5 square m iles bu t i t th en began ,

to decl ine owing to a su ccession of bad seasons and fel l to 1 5 3 square ,

m i les i n 18 9 6 7 There has now been som e recovery an d th e figures

-
.
,

for 1 9 0 3 —4 sh ow 4 6 6 square m i les u nder wh eat or 3 7 per cent o f t h e , .

cropped area G ram h as been stead ily growing i n popu lari ty both
.
,

because i t has a recuperative effect on th e soi l an d because i t i s a less ,

expensive crop to cu lt ivate I t occu pies 1 4 6 square m iles or 1 2 per cent .

, .

of th e cropped area Li nseed has been affected by th e u n favou rabl e

.

seasons n o less t han whea t and now occu pies 5 6 square m i les or 4 3 per , ,

cent of th e cropped area j ozo o r has in recen t years i ncreased greatly

'

. .

i n populari ty as i t is a ch eap food crop and very li ttle seed i s requ ired
,
-
,

for it A t presen t th e area u nder i t i s 1 7 1 square m iles or 1 4 per cen t

.
, .

of th e t o t al K oo on covers 7 0 square m i les o r m ore t han 5 per cen t

.
’
, .

Th ere are 2 0 square m i les u nder co tt on and 2 6 u n der r ice TI ! and .

y ssz mca ) occupy 7 2 square m iles

Ta mil/I i ( G uz z o lz a a o
' ' '

Betel vi ne gar
’

-
.

dens are fou nd i n Saugor Baleh Sah aj pu r an d Jaisingh nagar an d th e , , , ,

leaf o f Baleh h as som e rep u tat ion .

A t t h e t i m e o f se t tlem en t ( 1 8 9 2 —3 ) th e cropped area amou n t ed t o

abou t squ are m iles bu t th e prolon ged agricu l t u ral depress ion ,

redu ced t h is i n 1 9 0 5 t o abou t square m il es I t m ay be antici .

pa t ed tha t w i th good h arves t s th e m ore val uable spring crop s w i ll co n

tin u e to recover th e grou nd los t D uri ng th e recen t bad seasons large .

agricultu ral loans have been made th e to t al advances between 1 8 7 1 ,

and 1 9 0 4 amou nting to m ore th an 8 lakh s O f t h is total abou t .

,

Rs. has bee n rem i tted Loans for t h e i mprovem en t o f lan d .

have been t aken to a m u ch s maller ex t en t bu t over R s w as ,

.

advanced be t ween 1 8 9 1 an d 1 9 0 4 for th e construction o f em bankm ents

for wh ea t fi e lds -
.

M ost o f th e cattle i n t he D is t rict are bred locally an d are smal l bu t ,

h ardy th ough n o care i s ex ercised i n breedi ng an d special bulls are

, ,

not kep t fo r th is pu rpose Superior plough cattle are i m ported fro m .

-

M a lw a an d G wal ior bu t no t i n large n u m bers B uffaloes are n o t used

,
.

for cul t ivati on bu t they are kept fo r t h e man ufactu re of g /zi and the
, ,

young b ull s are tak en by road t o C h h attisgarh and sold there P on ies .

are bred i n t he Di str ict b u t n o t to so large an ex t ent as form erly Th ey

,
.

are o f very s m all s i z e and are u sed bo t h for ri d ing an d pack carriage
,
-
.

S i nce th e ex t ensi on o f m e t alled roads th e peopl e prefer to travel i n

bu llock car t s M ules are bred i n sm al l nu m bers for sale to th e M i litary
-
.

depar t men t D onkeys are used only as pack an i mals by the lowes t
.
-

cas t es .

O nly acres o r 1 per cent o f t h e t o t al u nder cul tivation were

,
.
,

i rriga t ed i n 1 9 0 3 —4 and th is area consis ts pri nci pally of rice o r garden

,

crops I rrigat ion fro m tem porary wells i s com m on i n th e north o f th e

.

B and a {cl /55 21 wh ere t h e ligh t soi ls respon d m ore readily to i t Th e

, .
1 44 SA (I G OR D I S TR I C T

Provi nces and t he sk in s and h orns of antelope are sold for orna mental
,

p u rposes Th e i m ports are principally cot ton piece goods kerosen e oil
.
-
, ,

me tals al l m inor art icles o f hardware groceries an d sp ices Cou ntry

, , , .

cloth co mes principal ly fro m th e B om bay m i lls ; u nrefi ned sugar is im

ported fro m th e Un i ted P rovi nces re fi ned sugar fro m B o mbay and ,

Cawnpore and tobacco fro m Cawnpore and Bengal N early all th e sal t
,
.

u sed com es fro m the Pachbhadr a sal t marshes i n J odhpu r .

B efore t he openi ng o f t h e rai lway fro m B ina to Katn i nearly th e

whole trade of Saugor D i strict wen t to Karel i sta t ion i n Narsingh pu r
D istrict by th e Saugor Karel i road crossing t he Narbad a at Barm h a n
-
,

bu t at present th e b ul k o f the trade o f t he D istrict is concentrated

at Sau gor sta t ion T he th ree sou thern p arg a nas o f th e R eh l i tails?!
.

N ah armo w Gou rj h a mar and D eori— st ill sen d t heir exports to Karel i
, , ,

w h ile th e S h a hgarh
p a rg a zza i n t he nor t h o f the Band a {a /zsil has
a certai n am ou n t o f tra ffic w it h Cawnpore by road The branch .

l i ne fro m B ina o n th e I nd ian M idland sect ion of th e Great I ndian

,

Pen i nsu la to K a t n i o n th e E ast I ndian R ail way passes t hrough the

, , ,

cen t re o f Saugor D ist rict Th e length of t h is rai lway w ith in th e D i s .

tri e t is 7 1 m iles and th ere are seven stations o f wh ich B ina K h urai
, , , ,

Saugor and Sh ah pu r are trade centres The m ai n l i ne o f th e I ndian

, .

M i dland R ai lway from I t ars i to Cawnpore also ru ns th rough th e

n orth west o f t he Kh urai ta/zsil fo r 1 7 m iles an d the stations of
-
,

B a m ora B ina Ag a sode and K aro nd a are s ituated o n i t wh ile another

, , , ,

b ranch leads fro m B ina to B a ran Th e pri ncipal roads are t hos e .

l ead ing fro m Saugor to Karel i R a hatgarh and R eh l i to Cawnpore , , ,

th rough B and a to Dam oh th rough Garh a kot a an d t o J h a ns i through

, ,

M a l thon e O f t hese th e K arel i and R a hatgarh roads are m etalled

.
,

th roughou t the R eh l i road for m os t o f i ts length and the Cawnpore

, ,

and J h a ns i roads for a few m i les ou t of Saugor t own T he i mportance .

o f the K arel i road has now largely decreased Th e total length of .

metalled roads i n the D istri ct is 1 1 7 m iles and o f u n metal led roads ,

1 6 2 m iles ; the annual expend itu re on m ai ntenance i s abou t R s .

A few m i nor roads are m ai ntai ned by th e D is t rict cou ncil bu t al l others ,

are i n charge o f th e Pu bl ic W orks depar t ment The length of aven ues .

of t rees is 1 8 5 m iles .

Little i s o n record concern ing the ag ricu ltural h i story o f the D is t ric t
prior to th e t h irty years settlem en t o f 1 8 6 7 bu t severe fai lures o f crops
’
,

are kn own t o h ave occurred m ore than once du ring

F amin e the fi rs t hal f o f t h e cen t ury and also i n th e years
.

1 85 4— 6 I n 1 8 6 8— 9 th e au t u m n harvest fai led e nt irely ow ing

5 .

to drough t and so me distress w as fel t by the poorer classes I n 1 8 7 8

,
.
,

1 88,9 and 1 8 9 0 the harves ts were poor and t here was agai n a certai n ,

amou n t o f privation Th e spring crops were below the average i n

.

1 8 2— and i n 8 —4 and 1 8 4 — t hey failed al mos t entirely from

9 3 ,
1 93 9 5
 A D M I N I S TR A TI ON 1 45

excessive w i nter rai ns R el ief works were opened i n 1 8 9 4 bu t th e

.
,

people d id not resort to the m i n large nu m bers I n 1 8 9 5 —6 both .

crops were agai n seriously i nj ured by drough t and i n 1 8 9 6 —7 an ,

al most comple t e fai lu re cau sed severe fam ine R el ie f opera t ions were .

i n progress during t he w h ole of 1 8 9 7 Th e to t al expenditu re exceeded .

1 2 lakh s and th e max i m u m daily n u m ber of persons on rel ief was

I n 1 89 8—
,

i n May 1 8 9 7 9 Saugor h ad a poor s p ring crop ,

an d i n 1 8 9 9—
.
,

1 0 0 t he aut u m n c rops fai led en ti rely th ough th e S pring

9 ,

crops gave an average ou t tu rn Th ere was agai n fam i ne i n thi s year

-
.
,

th ough far less severe i n Saugor than over m ost of th e Provi nce .

Nearly 1 1 lakh s was spen t on rel ief an d th e nu m bers rel ieved rose ,

to i n A ugu st 1 9 0 0 I t wil l th u s be seen that th e D istric t has

,
.

lately passed through a m os t severe and protrac t ed period o f ag ric ul

tu ra l depress ion .

The execut i ve head of th e D istric t i s th e D epu t y Co m m iss ioner wh o -

,

is also D istric t Magistrate wi th th ree A ssistants For ad m i nis t rat ive

,
.

purposes th e D istrict i s d i v ided i nto fou r la /zsz ls each

'

Adm in istr atio n

,
.

of w h ich has a an d a mu o excep t

'

Band a wh ich h as only a

, An E xec u t ive E nginee r and
a Forest o ffi cer are stationed at Sau gor .

Th e c ivi l j ud ic ial staff cons ists of a D istric t an d a Su bord inate

J udge w it h a M unsi f at each to /zsil
, Th e D ivisional and Session s .

Judge o f J u bbulpore has su perior civi l an d cri m inal j urisd ic t ion Th e .

cri me o f t he D istrict i s somewhat h eavy as co mpared wi t h oth er parts

of the Provi nce R obberies and dacoi ties are com paratively frequent
.
,

and cattle steal ing and si m ple the ft are also com mo n o ffences O pi u m
-
.

s muggl ing fro m th e adj oin ing Native States is prevalen t .

Under th e Mar a th a reven u e syste m v illages were farm ed ou t to th e

h ighest bidder and any righ ts or considerat ion wh ic h the vi llage h ead
,

men may have enj oyed i n th e pas t were al m os t entirely effaced No .

legal s tatus was gi ven to tenants an d th e older cult ivators were pro ,

te c te d only by custom w h ich enjoined that so long as th e annual ren t

, ,

demand w as paid t h ei r tenu re sh oul d be hered i tary an d con ti nu ou s

, .

The land reven ue h istory of th e D istrict during t h e period followi ng

the c ession i n 1 8 1 8 consists of a series of abort ive attem pts to raise
a reven ue equal to or exceedi ng th at of th e Marath a govern m ent w h en ,

the peopl e had beco m e i m poverish ed by th e exact ions of tha t govern

ment during t he las t period o f i ts ru le an d by th e depredations of th e ,

Pind a ris Th e demand at cession was a l it tl e short o f 6 lakh s A series

.
.

of annual and short term settlem ents ensued t i ll 1 8 3 5 when a twenty

-
,
’
years settlemen t was made and th e reven u e fixed at R s ,
.

This settle m en t d id not work well an d th e di stu rbances of 1 8 4 2 ,

seriously i nj ured th e D istrict n ecessi tating a general red uction of ,

revenu e varying from 1 0 to 2 0 per cent Large rem i ssions o f the .

 1 46 SA UG O/e D I S TR I C T

ord inary deman d were also frequently m ade d uring the cu rrency o f
th is settle m ent I n 1 8 5 4 a re v isio n o f se t tlem ent w as com menced
.
~
,

bu t owing to th e M uti ny and other causes was not com ple t ed th rough
o ut th e D istrict u nt i l 1 86 7 T he effec t of t h is se t tle men t was t o reduce
.

t h e reven u e to R s O n th is occasion th e vi llage h eadm en

.

recei ved accord ing to th e general pol icy of the Central Provi nces
,

A d m i n istrat ion proprietary an d transferabl e righ ts i n th ei r v illages

,
.

Th e settle ment was for t he term o f th irty y ears and th e D istrict ,

prospered the cropped area in creasi ng fro m

,
to 5 0 square
m i les I n 1 8 9 1 after a prel i m inary ca dastral su rvey had been co rn
.
,

p le te d a new se t tle ment com menced b u t owing to i nterrupt ions caused

, ,

by fam ine i t was not co mpleted t ill 1 8 9 7 T he revenu e th en fi xed .

a mou nted to nearly R s I n spi te of t he enh anced re ven u e

‘
.
,

th e share o f th e assets left to th e proprietors was consi derably larger

than at t h e former settlement B u t th e successive fai lu res o f crops
.

have so greatly reduced both t h e area u nder cu lt ivat ion and t he val ue
of t he crops grown that th e D istrict has been u nable to pay t he revised
demand an d s uccessive redu cti ons h ave been m ade The revenu e .

th e i ncidence per acre be ing R 0 —

,

as now fi xed i s R s 1 0—3

1 3 —7 m in i m u m R 0 —1 5 —
. .

0—
( max i m u m R .
,
1 wh i le t he i ncidence o f
.

t he ren tal i s R s 1 —1 —6 (max i m u m R s 1 —7 m i ni m u m R 0 —1 0

. .
, .

T h e land revenu e and to t al revenu e receipts i n th e D is t rict h ave

varied as shown below (i n t h ou sands o f rupees )
,

T he m anagemen t of local affairs ou tside m u ni cipal areas is en t rus t ed

t o a D is t rict cou ncil u nder wh ich are four local boards each having
,

j urisdict ion over a si ngle ta/zsil The i nco me of th e D is tri ct council .

i n 1 9 0 3 —4 was R s T he mai n i tem s o f exp endit ure were

.

edu cat ion (R s p u bl ic works ( R s

. and m edical rel ief .

(R s . S AU G O R D EO RI and K H U RA I are m u n icipal town s

, , .

T he sanc t ioned streng t h o f th e police force i s 6 5 3 o f al l ranks .

Th is incl udes a special reserve o f 2 o fficers an d 2 3 men 7 m ou n t ed ,

constables and cantonm en t pol ice n u m bering 3 1 I n proportion to

, .

area an d pop ula t ion th e p ol ice force is s tronger i n Saugor than i n

any other D is t ric t of the Central Provinces owing to th e fact that i t ,

i s su rrou nded by Native S tates an d th ieves an d dacoits fi nd i t easy ,

to escape across th e border There are v il lage wa t ch m en fo r

.

i nhab i ted towns and vi llages Saugor has a fi rst class D istric t .
-

jail w ith accom m odation fo r 1 4 5 male and 2 2 fem ale prison ers Th e
,
.

average daily n u m ber of p risoners i n 1 9 04 w as 9 1 .

1 48 SA UG OR T O I VN

Calcu tta I t s population ( 1 9 0 1 ) i s

. i ncludi ng th e cantonment
and i t i s th e th i rd largest town i n th e P rovi nce The p O p u .

lation in 1 9 0 1 incl uded H i ndus M u ham madans , ,

J ai ns and 7 6 2 Ch ristians of w ho m 4 0 6 were E uropean s and E u ra

, ,

sian s Th e p opu lation i n 1 8 7 2 w as

'

. in 1 8 8 1 and i n ,

1 89 1 ,
Th e garrison consi sts of o ne Nat ive cavalry and one
Native i n fantry regi m en t a detach men t of British i nfantry and a field
, ,

battery .

Saugor i s su pposed to be th e Sag e da o f Ptole m y Th e nam e i s

‘
.

derived from scig a r a lake after th e large lak e rou nd w h ich i t is

, ,
’

bu ilt The tow n i s p ictu resquely si tuated on spu rs o f t he V i ndh yan

.

H i lls wh ich su rrou n d th e lak e o n th ree sides and reach an el evation

,

of abou t feet Saugor h as an old fort ex tend ing over an area

.

o f si x acres wh ich was bu i l t by th e M ar a th a s and wh ich th e E uropean

, ,

resi dents h el d for several m onth s i n 1 8 5 7 controlli ng the town wh ile ,

th e su rrou nd i ng cou ntry was i n t h e h ands of the rebels A mu n ici .

p ality was consti tu ted i n 1 86 7 T he m u n icipal receip ts during th e

I n 1 90 3 —
.

decade endi ng 1 9 0 1 averaged R s 4 th e i ncom e was .

Rs . th e m ai n h ead o f receip t being oc t roi wh i le water supply ,

-

and conservancy form th e larges t i tem s o f expend iture wh ich a mou n t ed ,

to R s . i n th e sam e year Th e receipts of th e cant on ment fu nd .

i n 1 9 0 3 —4 were R s Saugor i s not a growi ng t own an d each

.
,

Census has shown i ts populat ion as ei th er s tat ionary o r slowly decl ining .

I t has no factories ; and th e i nd us t ries of weaving brass — work ing oi l , ,

press ing and t h e m anufactu re of gol d and si lver ornam ents wh ich
, ,

formerly contrib u ted substantially to its weal th are n ow decl i n ing ,

.

There i s a pri n ting press wi th H i ndi t ype T he h igh sch ool at .

Saugor was establ ish ed i n 1 8 2 8 by Cap tai n Pato n of th e B engal

A rtillery fro m h is private fu nds and supported by a Mar ath a gentle ,

m an R ao K rish na R ao Lord W ill ia m Bent i nck o n h i s visi t to Saugor

, .

was so struc k by th e p u bl ic spiri t displayed by th e latter gentl eman

t hat h e i nvi ted h i m to Calcu tta an d presented h i m wi t h a gold m edal
and an estate of th e valu e o f R s a year Th e sch ool was sub se . .

qu ently re m oved t o J ubbulpore bu t was r e es tabl ished at Saugor i n ,

1 88
5 Th e tow n contains variou s bran ch and m ission sch ool s three
.
,

d ispensaries an d a veteri nary d ispensary A stat ion o f th e Swedish

, .

Lu th eran M ission has been establ ished h ere .

S a u g o r I s la n d —I slan d at th e m outh of th e H oogh ly ri ver

.
,

B engal See S AG A R . .

S au n d a tti-Y e lla mm a — A j oin t m u n icipal i ty in Belgau m D istrict

‘
. ,

B ombay i ncl ud ing th e tow n Saundatt i (Sug a n d/zo w rti th e sweet

, ,

th e h ead quarters of th e P arasgad tci/zck a si tuated i n

-
,
° ’
15 4 6 N and 75 7 E .and Y el lam
°
ma a fam’
ou s h i l
. l o
,
f pilgri mage ,

5 3 m i les sou th east o f th e form er P opu lation Sau n

-
.
 SA USAR TA E SIL 1 49

datt i is an i mportan t centre o f t rade Th e tow n is co m manded by .

an o ld fort i n tolerable repai r A bou t 2 m i les to th e sou th are th e .

ruins o f an extens ive h il l fort cal led P arasgad fro m w h ich th e trill/ lea ,

derives i ts na me Th e m u n icipal ity establ ish ed i n 1 8 7 6 had an

.
, ,

average incom e du ring the decade ending 1 9 0 1 of R s In .

1 9 03 —4 the i ncom e was R s T he town was formerly t h e strong

.

hold o f th e R atta ch iefs (8 7 5 I t contains a S ubordinate J udge s ’

cou rt a d ispensary and a m u n icipal m iddle school besi des five oth er
, , ,
’
boys schools w ith 3 6 3 pu pi ls and a gi rls sch ool w ith 5 5 ’
.

Yellam ma h ill takes its nam e fro m a shrine of th e goddess Yellam ma

w h ich is hel d i n grea t venerat ion t hrough ou t t he B o m bay Carnat ic .

About pi lgri ms v is i t t he shri ne an nu al ly wom en p re do mi ,

nating and many of the m co m e fro m grea t d istances On t h ei r way to

‘
, .

the h ill th ey give u t t erance repeatedly to a l ong drawn cry A i Yet -

la mmo—olz ” wh ich resou nds along t h e h igh roads fo r m iles as i t i s

,

taken up by s uccessive bands o f pilgri m s T he s hrine i s bu i l t i n th e .

bed o f th e Saraswa t i stream a tri bu tary o f th e M alprab h a T hough

,
.

local ly said to be abou t tw o t housand years o ld th e tem ple e x clud , ,

ing the sanctuary ap pears to have been b u i l t i n th e seve nteen t h o r

,

eighteen t h cen t u ry o n t h e si t e o f an older b u ild ing da t ing fro m th e

,

th irteenth T h e te mple stands i n t he m iddle o f a cou rtyard sur

.

rounded by arcades o f poi n t ed arch es Fai rs are h eld i n h onour of .

the goddess at t he fu l l m oon o f A pri l —M ay and N ove mber— Dece mber .

A tax o f half an anna i s levied fro m each pilgri m bri nging i n a reven u e ,

of abou t R s to th e m u n icipal ity I n th e earl y days of B ritish

. .

rule wo men cam e to t he s hri n e naked to pray for c h i ldre n o r for th e

cure o f ski n d isease H ook swi nging was com m only prac t ised at th e
.
-

‘
shrine and 1 7 5 persons were sw u ng i n 1 8 3 4 B oth o f t hese prae
, .

t ices have been d isco nt i nu ed Noth i ng is k nown o f th e origi n o f th e

.

shri ne .

S aurat h —V i llage i n t h e M adh u ban i su bd ivision o f D arbh ang a

.

District Bengal s itua t ed i n 2 6 2 4 N and 8 6 3 E P opulation

, ,
° ’
.
° ’
.

I t i s fam ou s for t h e meta (religious fair ) wh ich takes

place annually i n J u ne o r J uly wh en large n u m bers of B r a h m an s ,

assemble to se t tle t he ir ch i ldren s m arriages A fi ne tem ple t o

’
.

Mah a deo was bu il t i n 1 8 4 5 by th e Darbhang a R aj .

S a u s a r T a h sil — Sou t hern taIzsz Z o f Ch h i ndw a ra D istrict Cent ral

'

.
,

Provi nces lying be t ween 2 1 2 8 an d 2 1 5 5 N and 7 8 2 0 an d

,
° ’ ° ’
.
° ’

° ’
7 9 1 6 E w i th an area of .
, square m iles Th e pop ulat ion i n .

1 90 1 w as com pared wit h i n 1 89 1 T h e density .

is 1 1 0 persons per square m ile Th e ta /zsz t contains th ree towns

'

SAU S AR (populat ion th e head q uarters M O HG AO N

, ,

and P ANDH U R N A — and 3 83 inh abi ted v il lages E xclud ing .

3 3 1 square m iles o f Govern m ent forest 6 2 per cent o f th e availabl e ,

.
1 50 SA (I S/ IR TA H SIL

area is occu pied fo r cul tivat ion The cul t ivated area i n 1 90 3 —4 was .

4 3 7 square m i les Th e demand for land revenue i n th e sam e year

.

was and for cesses R s T he ta /zsi/ consists of .

a t rac t of u n dulating country lying bel ow th e S a tpu r a range covered ,

wi th l igh t shal lo w soil and i s o n e o f th e ch ief cotton growi ng areas ,

-

of th e P rovi nce .

S a u s a r T o w n —H ead quar t ers o f the ta/zsz l of th e sam e name

'

.
-
,

Ch h i ndw a ra D istrict Central Provi nces s it uated i n 2 1 4 0 N and , ,

° ’
.

7 8 4 8 E o n th e Chh indw ara N a gpu r road 3 3 m i les fro m C h h in d

0 ’
-
, ,
.

w ara tow n and 4 6 fro m N agpu r Pop u lat ion Sau sar .

w as created a m u n icipal i ty i n 1 8 6 7 Th e m u nicipal receipts d uring .

th e decade ending 1 9 0 1 averaged R s I n 1 903— 4 t he i ncom e .

w as R s . pri ncipally derived fro m a h ou se tax Cotton hand .

w eavi ng i s t h e only i ndus t ry Sausar possesses an E ngli sh middle .

school an d a d ispen sary A weekly cattle fair i s held a t B erd i a m i le

’

.
-
,

fro m t he town .

s av ali —Town i n th e Baroda p ram Baroda State

. See S AV L I ,
. .

s av a n du rg a — A consp icuou s forti fied h i ll

. feet h igh i n , ,
’
th e wes t o f B angalore D istrict M ysore si tuated i n 1 2 5 5 N and , ,
°
.

° ’
77 18 E I t is an enorm ou s bare do me shaped mass of gran ite the
.
-
,

su m m i t consisting of t wo peaks separated by a chas m each wel l sup ,

pl ied with water I t was fi rst fort i fied i n 1 5 4 3 by an o fficer of the

.

V ijayanagar k ings Th e ch ief of Bangalore nex t acqu ired i t w ith

.
,

M agad i abou t 1 5 7 0 an d i n h is fam ily i t re mained t il l taken by

, ,

Mysore i n 1 7 2 8 I t s captu re by th e B ri tish u nder Lord Cornwal lis

.

i n 1 7 9 1 was a m e morabl e exploi t I t i s now deser t ed an d surrou nded .

,

o n all sides wit h h eavy forest .

s av a n tv adi S t at e (or Saw an tw ari) —Sta t e i n B om bay lying .

,
’ ’ ’
between 1 5 3 8 an d 1 6 1 4 N an d 7 3 3 7 an d 7 4 2 3 E w ith
° ° ’
.
° 0
.
,

an area o f 9 2 5 square m i les I t i s bou nded o n th e north and west .

by t he Brit ish D istrict of R a t n a giri ; o n th e east by t h e W estern

Gh a ts ; and o n th e sou t h by th e Portuguese terri tory of G oa Th e .

gen eral aspect o f t he cou n try i s strik ingly p ictu resque Fro m th e sea .

coas t to t h e foo t o f th e Gh a ts a d istance varying

Ph y sical fro m 2 0 to 2 5 m iles are densely w ooded h ills and
,

asp e ct s , , ,
.

i n t he val leys gardens and groves of coco nu t and ,

-

areca nu t pal m s Sp u rs an d isolated peaks ris ing fro m 3 0 0 t o

-
.

feet above t he plai n form strong na t u ral fas t nesses som e o f w h ich , ,

l ike M anoh a r an d M ansantosh are said to have bee n forti fied many ,

cen t uries ago Th e ch ief streams are th e K arl i on t h e north and th e

.

Terek hol on t h e sou th wh ich open ou t i n t o creeks Both are nav i ,

.

gable fo r s mal l nat ive craft — t he Terekhol for abou t 1 5 an d th e K arl i

for about 1 4 m iles .

The S avan tv a d i S ta t e is com p osed for t he most part o f m eta m orph ic

15 2 S A VA N T VAD / S TA TE

M ughals i n th ei r struggles w i th S ivaj i an d mak ing frequen t raids ,

across th e Goa fron tier added considerably to h is territory ; and su b

,

sequ ently h avi ng supported Sivaj i s grandson S ah u i n h i s contes t

,
’

w i th t h e R aj a o f Kol h a pu r h e was con firm ed in h is possessions I t

1 7 0 9—
.
,

w as d uring th e t i m e o f K he m s successor
( 3 7 ) th at th e S a van t
’

v a d i S t a t e firs t entered i n t o rela t ions w it h th e B ritish Govern m ent .

A t reaty was conclu ded be t ween t h em agai ns t the p iratical C h ieftai n ,

K anh o j i An g ria of K ol a ba .

Th e ch ief wh o ru led fro m 1 7 5 5 to 1 8 0 3 u nder th e name of Kh em

,

S a van t th e Great married i n 1 7 6 3 t h e daugh ter o f Jay aj i Si ndh ia and

,

consequ ently th e t itle o f R aj a Bah a dur was conferred u pon h i m by th e

e mperor of D elh i Th e R aj a o f K olh a p ur e nviou s o f th is h on ou r
.
, ,

m ade a descen t on V a d i an d captu red several h i ll fortresses wh ich

, ,

were h owever t hrough Sin dh ia s i nflu ence s ubsequen t ly res tored

, ,
’

,
.

Th e rule of Khe m S a van t who no t con t e n t w i th wars on land al so, , ,

took t o p i racy was one long con t es t agai nst K ol h a pu r th e Pesh w a

, , ,

t h e Por t uguese and th e B ri tish K h e m S a vant d ied ch ild less i n 1 8 0 3

,
.

and th e contest fo r the s uccession was not decided t il l 1 8 0 5 w h en ,

K hem S a vant s w i do w Laksh m i Bai adop t ed a ch il d R a m ch andra

’
,

S a van t a lia s B hau S ah ib Th is ch ild l ived fo r three years and was

,
.
,

th en s t rangled i n bed P h o n d S avan t a m i nor was ch osen to

.
, ,

fi l l h is place D u ri ng th ese years o f disorder t h e ports s warmed with

.

p irates So severel y d id B ritish com m erce suffer t hat i n 1 8 1 2 P h o n d

.
,

S a vant was forced to en t er i n t o a treaty ced ing th e port o f V engu rla

t o th e B ri ti sh and engagi ng to gi ve u p all h is vessel s o f war Soon
, .

after the concl usion o f th is t rea t y P h o n d S a van t I I I died and was , ,

su cceeded by h is son K h em S a van t I V a ch i ld o f eigh t Th is , .

ch ief w hen h e cam e o f age p roved u nable t o m anage h is Sta t e and

, , , ,

after several revol u t ions an d m uch distu rbance at las t i n 1 8 3 8 agreed ,

to make over th e ad m inis tration to t he B rit ish Govern ment After .

th is rebel l io n t wice broke ou t (i n 1 8 3 9 and

,
bu t t h e dist urbances
were soon su ppressed an d th e cou ntry has s ince remai ned qu iet The
, .

State was eventual ly restored i n 1 86 1 on th e ch ie f u ndertak ing to ,

defray th e cost (5 3 lakhs ) of th e last rebel l ion t o pay a su ccession fee ,

o f one year s revenu e t o pro t ect h i s subj ects an d to m ee t t h e expense

’
, ,

o f a B ri ti sh R esiden t an d h is es t abl ish m ent .

T he ch i ef a Mar a th a by caste an d s t yled Sar D esai i s enti tled to

, ,

a sal u te o f 9 guns H is fami ly h ol ds a sa n a d au th ori z ing adoption

.
,

and i n poi n t o f suc cession fol lows t he rul e o f pri mogen i t u re .

T he popu lation nu mbered in 1 87 2 ; i n 1 88 1 ;

i n 1 8 9 1 and i n 1 9 0 1 Th e Sta t e contai n s o n e town .
,

V 8 0 1 an d 2 2 6 vi llages ; an d t he densi ty i s 2 3 5
P op ulat io n persons per square m i le H indus form per cent
.
,

94 . .

of th e total and t here are

,
M usalman s and C h ris t ians .
 TR A D E / 11V1) C OJ I /ll UN I C A TI O/VS 53

A mong H indu s t h e ch ief castes are B r a h mans wh o are of th e

Karh ade K u dalde sk ar and Sh e nv i su bcastes ; Bh an daris o r toddy
, , ,

drawers Mar a th a s wh o are largel y cult ivators ;

V an is o r t raders
,
an d M ah ars or low caste watch men an d ,
-

labourers Th e M usalman s descri be th emselves as Shaikh s

Native C hrist ian s are al m os t en t irely R om an Cathol ics th e ,

only m ission i n t h e State being th e Por t uguese Cath ol ic M ission .

They have i ncreased from to i n t he las t fi fty years The .

com mon language i s th e Konkan i dialect o f Mar a th i The s tu rdy .

and doci le Mar a th a s o f th e S tate are favou rite recru i ts for th e I ndian
army Th ey also su pply m u ch of t h e i m migran t labou r i n th e adj acen t
.

B ritish D istricts d ur ing th e cu lt ivating season O f the total populat ion .

,

7 4 per cen t are su pported by agric ul tu re

. .

The soi l is ch iefl y ligh t and m ixed w i th stone and gravel and not , ,

su itable for th e better class o f crops O f th e total area of arabl e land .

,

square m iles 2 2 1 square m i les were cu lt i va t ed

59 4 ,
ricult ure
i n 1 9 0 3 —4 : nam ely rice 9 7 square m i les garden
A g .

, ,

land 1 0 square m i les an d vark a s o r h i ll crop s 1 1 4 square m i les T h e

, .

staple crop i s rice ; bu t th e quan t ity grown i s no t su fficien t for t h e

wants of th e people and a good deal i s i mported E xcepting rice
, .
,

none bu t th e coarses t grai ns and p ulses are raised A species o f .

oi lseed til saf e he mp an d black and red pepper are also grown bu t
, ,
-
, , ,

neither cotton n o r tobacco B oth soi l and cl i mate are agains t t h e .

cul tivat ion o f wh ea t and oth er su perior grains For th ese t h e peopl e .
,

have to look to th e cou ntry east o f th e G h a ts wh ence d uring th e fai r ,

season fro m O ctober to J u ne large su ppl ies are received

, , .

S avantv a di with an area of 5 4 squ are m iles of forest lands i s rich

, ,

in valuable teak I ron ore o f fair qual ity i s fou nd i n th e neigh bou rhood
.

of the R am g /z cit and also near D an o li i n th e W estern Gh a ts I t i s .

worked o n a ve ry s mal l scal e wh ich does not su ffi ce even for the local ,

de mand T he A ker stone a slate colou red talc sch ist extrem ely hard
.
,
- -
, ,

compact an d h eavy i s u nri val led for bu ildi ng pu rposes Lateri te i s

, ,
.

quarried i n m an y places Tal c of in ferior qual ity i s found at K udaw al

.

and i n o t her parts o f th e S tat e .

Sal t of an i nferior k in d was once m anu factu red bu t th e sal t w ork s ,

have been aboli sh ed Th e principal indu stries o f the S ta te consis t o f

.

gold and silver e m broidery work on both l eather and

Trade an d
cloth ; fans baskets and boxes o f k /zas k /z as gras s -

co mm un ica tio n s
, , ,
.

ornamen t ed w ith gol d th read and beetles wi ngs ; ’

lacquered toy s an d playing cards an d draw i ng roo m ornamen ts carved

,
- -

from th e horn of th e bu ffalo and bison A pottery establ ish m ent for .

the manu facture of t iles i s n o w at work i n th e S tate an d i n 1 9 0 3 —4 ,

a factory w as establish ed i n th e jai l for ex tracting plan tai n and aloe

fibre B efore th e con struct ion of th e Sou t hern Mah ratta R ailway
.
I
54 SA VA N T VA 0 1 S TA TE

a consi derable t rans i t trade exis t ed be t wee n B elgau m and V engu rla .

Th e t rade i s now pu rely local the i m ports being val ued a t 5 3 lakh s
,

and t h e expor t s a t R s .

There are no rai lways ; bu t an excellent tru nk road from th e seaport

o f V engurla passes t h rough th e Sta t e lead ing by an easy gradien t over ,

the W estern Gh at s t o B e lgau m Th e o t h er ch ief li nes of co mmun ica

.

tion with t h e Deccan are th e R am g /z cit t h e T alk at g I ct an d th e , ,

Phon da g /z at I n 1 9 0 4 a branch road to M ale w ad was constructed to

'

faci l itate the sea borne t rade via Arao n da

-
.

I n 1 7 9 1 the rain failed sh or t ly after t he cou n t ry had been pl undered

by th e R aj a o f K olh a p u r and scarci t y ensu ed I n 1 8 2 1 excess ive
, .

rai n des t royed th e crops Th e Sta t e is l iable to l ocal fl oods cau sed
.

by th e rap id fal ling an d overflowi ng o f i t s m ou n tai n streams I n .

1 88 3 - 4 so m e da mage t o t h e crop s was done by locusts an d agai n i n

1 9 0 3—
,

1 90 2 — an d 4
3 .

F o r ad m in is t rat ive pu rposes t h e area of t h e State i s div ided in t o

th e th ree subd ivis ions of V a di B a nda and K u d a l Under th e s uper
, , .

v is ion o f t he Pol it ical A gent wh o is aided b y an ,

Admin is tra t io n
A ssis t an t Po lit ical Agen t the revenu e and magisterial
.

charge o f each o f t hese fiscal su bdivis ions is placed i n th e hands o f an

o fficer styled A ppeals i n revenu e m at t ers l ie fro m th e
Pol i tical A gen t to th e Com m issioner Sou th ern D ivision Lan d i s , .

d ivided i n t o fou r classes nam el y S tate al i ena t ed ren t ed and ry otzo ari
'

, , , , .

S ta t e lands are either crown lands o r privat e lands th e latter bei ng t h e ,

personal proper t y of t he ch ief B o t h classes are managed by t he

.

reven u e o fficials and are le t t o th e h igh es t b idder for a fi xed ter m o f

,

years A li ena t ed lands are classed as imim hel d free eith er i n per
.
,

i o f t h e h older ; a a stz a
'

p e tu ty o r du ring th e l ifeti m e a d wh ich are rare

’
,

an d are l iable only t o th e pay m en t of certai n cesses and o er/sic or ’

,

rel igiou s lands th e p rod uce o f wh ich i s devoted to t e m ples R en t ed

,
.

o r k /z oti l an ds are ti lled o r su blet to others by th e k /zo t wh o pays ,

a certai n fi xed su m to the State and i n t urn rece ives a cer t ai n sh are
,

of th e produce fro m h is sub tenan ts Ry otw ari o r peasan t held

-
.
-

lands pay a fi xed assess m ent as i n B ritish terri tory ,

The S tate .

has been su rveyed an d a regu lar se tt lem en t i ntrod uced since 1 8 7 7 .

B y i ts co mpletion i n 1 8 9 5 — 6 the lan d reve nue was i ncreased fro m

,

t o 2 -7 l akh s Th e rates per acre vary fro m 1 an na t o 6 annas for

‘
.

dry lan d R s 5 to R s 1 4 fo r garden land and R s 4 to R s 7 fo r

’
,
. .
,
. .

rice land .

T here are 5 c i vil cour t s exercising original j urisd ic t ion o f w h ich ,

3 are perm anen t and 2 are t e mporary T he D esai of Parma presi des.

over an h onorary cou rt o f S mal l Cau ses ; t h e fifth cou rt is that o f the
R egistrar of th e S mal l Cause Court Th e Ch ief J udge has appel late
.

j u risd iction and th e Pol it ical Agen t exercises t h e powers of a H igh

,
15 6 SA VA N OR S TA TE

t h e Brit ish Govern m ent and recei ved du rin g h i s l i feti m e an addi t ional
,

yearl y gran t of R s Th e State pays no tri bu te The fam ily

. .

h olds a sa n ad au t hori z i ng adop t ion an d th e succession fo llows th e ,

ru le o f pri mogen i t u re .

The popula t i on i n 1 9 0 1 was com pare d w i th i n 1 89 1 ,

residing i n on e town S AVA N U R and 2 2 v illages H i n du s n u mber , ,

.

M usalman s O f t h e H i ndus nearly o n e half are ,

-

Ling a yats Th e M u salman s describe th e m selves as Sh ai kh s

.

an d Path a ns w i th a few A rabs and Saiy ids A bou t tw o th ird s .

-

o f t h e popul ation are s upp orted b y agricu l tu re .

Th e soi l of t h e northern eastern an d sou t h e rn vi llages is both red , ,

and black and tha t o f th e western v illages i s red T he pri ncipal

, .

‘
crops are co t ton j ozoar k u /it/z tzcr p an wh eat gram plan tains and
, , , , , , , ,

sugar cane O f th e t ota l area o f 7 0 square m i les abou t 2 square m iles

-
.
,

are u nder forest and 6 square m i les are u n cul tivable Th e area o f
, .

cu lt ivable lan d is 6 2 s q uare m i les o f wh ich 5 1 square m iles were ,

crop ped i n 1 9 0 3 —4 abou t 3 square m i les being irrigated The betel leaf
, .
-

ro w n in t h e Savan ur gar dens is celebra t ed fo r i t s superior quality an d

'

g ,

h as been exported i n grea t er quan t ity si nce t he openi ng o f th e Sou t hern

M ah rat ta R ai lway Cotto n cloth s such as saris a fi otzs & c are ’
'

.
, , , .
,

manufac t u red to a s m all exten t and t here is som e trade i n grai n an d ,

raw cot ton T he S t at e escap ed t he severity of t he fam i ne o f 1 8 9 9

.

1 9 0 0 only tw o villages bei ng affected

,
.

Th e Col lector o f D h a rw a r is Pol i t i cal A gen t fo r t h e S t a t e h is Senior ,

A ssi stant being A ss is t an t Pol i t ical Agen t Th ere are t wo cri m inal .

courts an d on e civ il cou rt and th e Pol i t ical A gen t has th e p owers o f ,

a D i s t ric t J udge The S tate laws are modelled o n t hose o f B ri t ish

.

t erri t ory .

The reven u e is abou t o n e lakh ch iefly derived from land Th e , .

State levies no cu s t om s o r trans i t du ties A Loca l fu nd cess o f o n e .

ann a is levied from all lan dh olders Th e s urvey settlem en t i n t rod uced .

i n 1 8 7 0 —1 was rev ised i n 1 8 9 5 an d t h e revised rates were lev ied in

1 896 —
,

7 The original revenu e de mand o f R s

. was i ncreased .

to R s . T h e ac t ual de mand i n 1 9 0 3 —4 was R s in .

cl u di ng a qu it — ren t 0f R s bu t exclu di ng th e assess men t o n .

imam was t e an d forest lands Th e ra t es per acre vary fro m 4 annas

— ‘
.
, ,
’
to R s 5 5 for dry land R 1 to R s 1 2 for r ice land and R s 3 to
.
, . .
, .

R s 2 4 fo r garden land
. Th e pol ice force consis t s o f 4 8 me n T h e
.
.

S ta t e con t ai ns 1 1 sch ools with 5 4 8 p u pi ls Th e d ispensary a t Savan tir

'

t rea t ed persons i n 1 9 0 3 —4 and 5 0 2 person s were vacci nated i n ,

th e sam e year .

S a v a n u r T o w n — Cap i tal o f t h e S t a t e o f Savan ii r B om bay

'

.
, ,

4 0 m iles south eas t of D h a rw a r si tuated i n 1 4 5 8 N and 7 5 2 3 E

’ ° ’ °
-
.
, .

Populat ion Th e t own covers an area o f th ree quar t ers -

 I S7

of a m ile and is enclosed by a d i t ch w it h eight gates now fall ing i n t o , ,

ru ins Between 1 8 6 8 and 1 8 7 6 t h e t own was greatly impro ve d th e

.
, .

roads w idened and m e t alled and many o ld wells an d ponds repaired ,

.

T he m u n icipal i n c o me is abou t R s Th ere are 5 sch ools w it h .

4 0 3 pupi ls inc lud ing 1 1 6 g irls and a class for draw ing and carpen t ry
, ,
.

The town contains a dispensary T he ch ie f obj ects o f i nterest are th e .

Naw a b s palace nu merou s m osqu es a V ai sh nava rel igiou s es t abl ish

’
, ,

ment a nd th e mat/z o f Sri Sa t ya Bo dh asw ami

,
.

s av da — Town i n th e R a ver ta/u/ca of E ast Kh a ndesh D istrict

. ,

Bombay si tua t ed i n 2 1 9 N an d 7 5 5 3 E o n t h e G reat I ndian

,
’ °
.
° ’
.
,

Peni nsula R ailway Populat ion S avda was finally

.

ceded by th e N i z a m t o th e Peshw a i n 1 7 6 3 an d was sh or t ly afterwards ,

bestowed on Sard a r R a ste whose daugh ter was given in marriage to ,

the Peshw a I n 1 8 5 2 i n con nexion w i th th e i n t roduct ion o f th e

.
,

revenue survey a seriou s d is t urbance occurred at S a vda Fro m

,
.

to malconte n t s gath ered an d were not d ispersed t ill a detach ,

men t of t 1 0 0 ps arrived and arrested 5 9 of the ringleaders Th e .

m u n ici pal i ty establish ed i n 1 88 3 had an average i ncom e du ring th e

, ,

decad e ending 1 9 0 1 of R s I n 1 9 0 3 —4 t he i ncom e w as .

Rs. The ch ief trade is i n co t ton gra m l i nseed and wh ea t , , , .

A t the weekly market val uable N i m a r and Ber a r ca t tle are offered for ,

sale The town contai ns tw o co t ton gi n n ing factori es a dispen sary

.
-
, ,

and fou r schools w i th 5 2 0 p u p ils of wh ich o ne wi th 3 6 pu pils is

, , , ,

for girls .

S a v di — V i llage i n th e R o n ta/zck a o f Dh a rw a r D istrict Bom ba y

.
~
, ,
’ ° ° ’
sit uated i n 1 5 3 9 N and 7 5 4 5 E abou t 5 m i les sou t h wes t of Ro n . .
,
-

town Pop u lat ion

. I t contai ns te mples o f Brah ma
deo and N aray an de o each w i th an i nscript ion ; an d tw o schools o f , ,

w h ich o n e is fo r girls .

S av l i H ead quarters of the tall/ Ea o f t he sa m e nam e Baroda

.
- -
,
.

pri n t Baroda State s it uated i n 2 2 3 4 N and 7 3 1 5 E Pop u la t io n

,
°
,
° ’
. .

I t possesses M unsif s and magistra t e s Cou rts a vern a ’ ’

c ular school a dispensary and local o ffices and is ad m inis t ered as a

, , ,

mun icipal i ty receiving an an nual grant fro m th e State o f R s

, .

A cons iderable trade in grain and cattle i s carried on and th e town is ,

th e com m ercial centre of a w ide grou p of villages I n th e i m m ed iate

neighbourhood are large tanks shady t rees and f ru i tfu l fields ; a t no , ,

great d istance is the w i ld me/zzorisi co un try o f ravi nes and j ungles

'

bordering th e Mah i At one corner o f the S a vl i tank stand two .

tem ples wh ich co m m em ora t e th e nam es of D am aj i Gaik w a r and hi s

father Pil aj i The latter was assassinated at D akor i n 1 7 3 2 bu t h is
.
,

body was carried away fro m t hat place by h i s followers and t he last ,

honou rs were h urriedly paid i t a t S a vl i Th e t reach erou s m urder th e .

,

i nvasion of A b b ai S ingh and th e hasty funeral of the fou nder o f th e ,

L 2
 1
58 S A VE ]
G aik w ar s h ou se mark a cri sis in the h is t ory of t h e Marat h a conqu est
’

and give so m eth i ng o f h istoric d igni t y to t h e u npreten ding tem pl e

o f Pi l a j i
—
.

S aw Sou t h wes t ern t ownsh ip o f Pakokku D is t ric t Upper B u rma

.
-
, ,
° ° ’ ° ’ ° ’ ’
ly i ng between 2 0 4 8 and 2 1 3 7 N and 9 4 0 and 9 4 2 0 E along . .
,

t h e eastern edge o f t h e Ch i n H ills w ith an area o f square m iles , .

The grea t er part o f th e t ownsh ip l ies i n th e bas i n o f th e Yaw bu t the ,

sou t hern portion i s wa t ered by t he Maw wh ich rises n ear M ou n t ,

V ictoria Th e pop u la t io n was

. i n 1 8 9 1 and i n 1 90 1 , ,

d is t ri bu ted i n 1 1 7 villages Th e m aj ori t y o f t h e i nh ab itan t s are .

B u rmans bu t Ch i ns and T aung th as are also n u m erous Saw (pOp u

, .

lat ion ,
a t t h e foot o f t h e h i lls i s t h e head quar t ers T h e area ,
-
.

cu lt i va t ed i n 1 9 0 3 4 was abou t 2 3 square m i les an d t h e land revenu e

-
,

and t/za t/za mea a am ou n t ed to R s '

.

S a w ai M adh o p ur — H ead quar t ers o f t he m z cimat and ta/ s / o f

’

-
.

t h e sam e nam e i n t h e S t a t e o f Jaipu r R ajpu ta na s it ua t ed in 2 6 N °

, , .

and 7 6
°’
E abou t 6 m iles sou th —eas t o f J aip ur ci t y I t is c o n
2 3 7 .
, .

n e c te d wi th t h e R aj pu ta na — M a lw a R ailway a t D aosa s t a t ion by a road

ru nn ing v ia L a lso t and wi ll be t h e term i nu s o f t h e Jaipur Sawai
,
-

M a dhopu r bran ch no w u nder cons t ruction Popu la t ion .

Th e town wh ic h is walled t akes i t s nam e fro m M a dho S ingh ch ief o f

, , ,

J aip ur fro m 1 7 5 1 t o 1 7 6 8 by who m i t was lai d o ut som ewha t o n t h e ,

plan o f t h e cap i t al Th ere are nu m erou s schools i ncl u d ing a verna

.
,

c ular m iddle a Jai n p er ,

m /a an d 6 i ndigenous sch ools a tt ended by ,

abou t 3 00 boys besides a h osp i t al wi t h acco m modat ion fo r 4 in

,

patients Copper and brass vessels are largely m anufac t ured an d

.

ex por t ed sou t h wards ; and th ere is a bri sk t rade i n lacqu ered wooden
articles rou nd playi ng cards an d t h e scen t ex t rac t ed from t he M as M as
,
-
,
-

grass (A n drop og on muricatus) .

s aw an tw ari — S t a t e and t own i n Bo mbay See S AVA NT V AD I an d

. .

V AD I respec t ively
S ay la S t a te —
.

S t a t e i n t h e Ka th i a w a r Pol i t i cal Agency B o mbay

.
, ,

ly ing b et ween 2 1 2 6 and 2 2 5 1 N and 7 1 1 2 and 7 1 3 4 E wi t h

’ ° ’ ° ° ° ’ ’
. .
,

an area o f 2 2 2 square m iles T he populat ion i n 1 9 0 1 was .

residi ng i n o n e town and 3 8 vil lages Th e reven u e i n 1 9 0 3 —4 was .

Rs . and 5 9 square m i les were cu l t ivated The S t a t e ranks as .

a t h ird class S ta t e i n K a th i a w a r
-
S a yla is m ent ioned as a p arg a n a .

o f J h a law a r in t h e A in i— A k ba ri bu t by t h e eigh t eenth ce ntury i t had

-
,

fallen i nto t h e han ds o f the K at h is Sh e sh ab h ai th e so n o f th e .

,

H alavad ch i ef t ook possession o f S a yla i n 1 7 5 1 and added i t to th e

, ,

g z rds o f N aric h ana an d L iya wh ich h e had ob t ai ned i n h i s s t ruggle

'

for th e possession o f D h r a ngadh ra H e was succeeded by K ak o b h ai .

,

also called V ik matsingh ( 1 7 9 4 i n wh ose t i m e a permanent

set t le m en t o f t ribu t e w as made w it h th e B ri t ish Governm en t His .
 -
160 SE C UI VD E R / I b A D
’

col u mns ; t wo ba t tal ions of B ri tish and si x regi ments of Native i nfantry ;
a com pany o f sappers and m iners w i th a propor t ion o f m ul e corps and ,

transpor t bearers Th e co m bi ned can t on m ent com p rises t he areas of

.

Secu nder ab a d C h ilk alg uda Bo w an palli B egam pe t t T rimulg h e rry

, , , , ,

N orth T ri m ul gh erry an d B ol a ru m , .

Up to 1 8 5 0 th e canton m en t of Secu nder a b a d consis t ed of a l ine of

barrack s an d h uts ex tend ing for a d istance o f three m i les fro m eas t
,

to wes t wit h th e ar t illery i n fron t and on th e left flank and t he in

, ,

fan try on th e righ t S i nce t hat date however th e cantonm en t bou n

.
, ,

darie s have been ex tended so as to incl ude t he areas already m ention ed ,

c overing 2 2 square m i les i ncl ud ing many i n t erspersed vi llages N e w

, .

double storeyed barracks h ave been erec t ed fo r th e E u ropean troops

-
,

and i mproved quarters fo r the Native t roops .

Th e cou n try for m i les rou nd Secu nder a b a d u ndulates i n t o h u m

m ocks w ith ou tcrops o f underlyi ng rock crossed fro m eas t to west by
, ,

greens tone d ikes E ast o f th e canton men t are two large ou tcrops of
.

grani te and a h i ll o f som e si z e known as M aul a A li and near i t ano t h er , ,

cal led Kadam R as ul fro m a legend tha t i t bears an i mp res s o f t he

Prophet s foot Shady trees l i ne th e roads o f t h e can t on m ent and h ere
’
.
,

and there are clu s t ers of date an d pal myra pal m s ; bu t oth erwise the
face of t he cou n try i s bare w i th b u t l i ttle dep th of soi l on the m ore
,

elevated spo t s R ice is c ul t ivated in the d ips and vi llages in m ost of

.
,

wh ich t anks have been construc t ed The water supply from w el ls is .

-

n o t abu ndan t and o f late years the Jidimatla tank wh ich has not been ,

an u nqual i fied success has been constructed for th e pu rpose of pro l

,

vidin
g an adequa t e supply of wa t er for th e troops an d civi l popula t ion
of Secu n der a b a d .

Th e cl i ma t e of Secunder a b ad i s generally h eal th y though at t h e ,

l at t e r en d o f th e rai ny season in Sep t ember fever is som ewhat pre va , ,

lent Th e rai nfall varies considerably ; du ring th e t wen ty fi ve years

.
-

e nding 1 9 0 3 i t averaged 3 3 i nch es .

S e e b s au g a r — D istrict subd ivision and town E as t ern B engal an d

.
, , ,

Assam See S I BS AG A R
. .

S e e p ra — R iv er i n M a lw a
. See S I P R A . .

S e e t amau — State and town i n Cen t ral I ndia See SI T AM AU

. . .

S e g o w lie — V i llage in C h amp aran D is t ric t B engal

. See S A G AU L I ,
. .

S e h o re —B ritis h m il i t ary s t ation an d head qu ar t ers of a Sta t e -

tab s?! and o f t he B hop a l A gency si t ua t ed i n the N iz ama t i Magh rib or ,

- -

wes t ern d istrict of B h op a l State Cen t ral I nd ia i n 2 3 1 2 N and ’

, ,
°
.

'
°
77 5 E on th e Ujj ai n Bh op al R ailway
.
,
feet above sea level
-
,
-
.

Population of who m i nhabi t ed t h e native town ,

an d t h e m il i t ary station the t wo por t ions form ing on e con t i nu ,

o u s si te n ear t h e j u nc tion o f th e S iwan an d Lo t ia s t reams wh ic h have

, ,

bee n dam med to give an am ple water su pply -

.
 SE H OR E 16 1

A m osqu e erec t ed i n 1 3 3 2 sh ows that Sehore was even at that

ti me a place of some i m por t ance I n 1 8 1 4 i t was th e scene of th e .

famou s figh t between Sin dh ia s generals J aswa nt R ao and J ean Baptiste

’
,

Fi lose wh ich practically saved the ci ty of B hop a l fro m cap t u re

,
The .

real i mportance however of Sehore dates from 1 8 1 8 when after th e

, , , ,

trea t y made w i th the Bhop a l Sta te i t was selected as th e h ead qu arters ,

-

of the Pol i tical o fficer and t h e newly raised local contingen t Up to .

1 8 4 2 th e Pol itical officer ranked as an Agen t to the G overnor G eneral -

,

bu t then becam e a Pol itical Agen t Sehore is also th e h ead — quarters of .

t he Agency Su rgeon .

I n 1 8 1 8 after the treaty concl uded w i th th e Naw a b in th e previou s

,

year t he cont ingent force wh ich th e Bh op a l State had agreed to main

,

tai n w as quartered at Seh ore T he Bh op a l Contingent as i t was .

,

designated was s uppl ied from the B hop al State army deficienc ies b e
, ,

i ng made good by d rafting men from th e State regi men t s T here were .

no British o fficers w i th th e corps wh ich was di rectly u nder t h e orders ,

of th e Pol itical officer These State levies howeve r obj ected to wearing
.
, ,

u niform or u ndergoing proper d iscipl in e ; an d i n 1 8 2 4 th e Con tingen t

was reorgani z ed and a B ritis h o fficer attach ed as co m mandant th e force ,

then consisti ng of 2 0 gun ners 3 0 2 caval ry and 6 7 4 i n fantry the las t , , ,

bei ng rearm ed w ith m uskets i n place of m atchlocks Th e troops were .

e mployed to pol ice th e district an d fu rn ish escorts Several reorgan i z a .

tions took place a t differen t periods th e n u mber o f B ri tish o fficers ,

being raised to 3 i n 1 8 4 7 I n 1 8 5 7 th e force consi sted of 7 2 gu nners

.
,

2 5 5 caval ry and 7 1 2 i nfantry

,
M ost of t h e m en were then recru ited
.

i n Northern I ndia S ikhs bei ng enl isted i n bo t h t he caval ry a nd in

,

fa n try. T he regi m en t sh owed sym pto ms o f u nrest at th is period bu t ,

never m u tinied i n force and assisted i n protect ing th e Agen t to th e

,

G overnor G eneral at I ndore and also escorted th e Pol itical A gent and
-
,

E u ropean residen ts of Seh ore to Hoshang a b a d to wh ich place they ,

reti red at the reques t of the Begam Th e art il lery served as a complete .

uni t u nder Si r H ugh R ose t h roughou t th e cam paign I n 1 8 5 9 th e force .

was reconstitu ted as an i nfantry battal i on and became t he Bh op a l Levy .

I n 1 8 6 5 i t was agai n reconsti tu ted as th e Bh op a l Battal ion an d i n 1 8 7 8 ,

was employed i n t he A fgh an cam paign on th e l i nes of com m u nicat ion .

I n 1 8 9 7 i t was brough t u nder t h e orders o f th e Co m mander in Ch ie f - -

,

and th e stat ion was i ncl uded i n the Nerbudda d istric t i ns tead o f be ing ,

as h itherto a poli tical corps d irectly u nder th e Governor General I n

, ,
-
.

1 9 0 3 i t was reconsti tuted i n fou r dou bl e compan ies o f Si kh s M u h am ,

madan s R aj puts and B r a h mans w ith 8 B rit ish o fficers and 8 9 6 rank
, , ,

and file and delocal i z ed rece iving the t i tle of th e 9 th Bh op a l I nfan try ;
, ,

and i n th e fol lowing year fo r th e firs t ti m e s i nce i ts creation i t was

, ,

moved fro m Sehore on rel ief bei ng replaced by a regi ment of th e ,

regular arm y The Bh op a l S tate contri bu te s towards th e u pkeep o f

.
1 62 SE I I O R E

t he force The con t ri bu tion origi nally fixed a t 1 -3 lakhs was final ly
.
, ,

raised i n 1 8 4 9 to lak hs .

The station is d irectly u nder the con trol o f a Su perin t enden t ,

act ing u nder th e Pol itical o fficer H e exercises th e powers o f a fi rst .

class M ag istrat e and S mall Cause Cour t j u dge A n i ncom e o f abou t .

Rs . is derived fro m t axes o n houses an d lands and other m is

c e llan e o u s sou rces w h ich i s spen t o n drainage
,
wa t er supply ligh ting ,
-
, ,

ed ucation and h ospi tal s The sta t ion has increased considerably o f
, .

la t e years and is now an i mpor t ant t rading centre th e yearl y fair cal led
, ,

t h e H ardaul L a la meta held i n the las t week o f D ecem ber being , ,

attended by m erchants from Cawnpore Agra and Saugor A h igh , ,

.

school opened i n 1 8 3 9 an d a girl s school opened i n 1 8 6 5 both

, ,
’
, ,

largely supported by th e ch iefs o f t h e Agency are m ai n t ained i n t h e ,

stat ion bes ides a charitable h osp i t al a l eper asyl u m a a ak bu ngal ow

, , ,
’
-

for E uropeans t wo sa rais fo r nat ive travel lers a Protes ta n t ch u rch and
, , ,

a Govern m en t pos t and t elegraph o flice Th e nat ive t o wn con t ain s a .

school a S t a t e pos t o ffice and a sara z

, , .

S e h w an S ub div is io n — S ubd ivision of L a rk ana D is t rict S ind .

, ,

B o mbay com posed o f th e D 3 3 6 J O H I an d S E H W AN taluk as

, , ,
.

S e h w an T alu k a — Ta/uk a o f L a rk a na D is t ri c t S in d B om bay

.
, , ,

ly ing be t ween 2 5 5 3 and 2 6 3 9 N and 6 7 2 9 and 6 7 5 8 E

° ’ ° ’
.
° ’ ° ’
.
,

wi th an area of square m i les Th e pop ula t ion i n 1 9 0 1 w as .

co m pared w ith i n 1 89 1 Th e talak a con t ai ns tw o .

t owns — SE H w aN (popu lation th e h ead quar t ers an d B U B A K -

,

—an d 6 5 vi llages O wing t o i ts ph ysical fea t u res th is tab/ t a

,

.
,

wi t h a dens i ty o f onl y 4 3 p erson s per squ are m ile is less t h ick ly p o p u

Th e land revenu e and cesses i n 1 9 0 3 —
,

la t ed t han any o t her .

4
am ou n t ed to 1 -6 lak hs Seh w a n is th e m ost p ic t uresqu e tea/a k a i n t he
.

D is t ri c t fo r the h i lls curve sou th wes t al m ost u p t o t h e I ndus wh ile

,
-
,

th e Manch har Lak e form s i ts nor t h w estern bou ndary Th e lands -

.

rou n d t h e lake are i rrigated by its o verflo w an d produce excellen t

w h eat , bu t sou th o f t he m there is l i t t le regu lar cul tiva t ion The .

C h itaw ah a m eanderi ng s t ream w h ich e n t ers th e tatzck a fro m th e

, ,

nor t h and wi nds t owards the I ndus i s t h e ch ief sou rce o f irriga t ion ,

i n t h e n or t h eas t T h e riparian lands o f t h e I ndus are irriga t ed by

-
.

s mall wa t ercou rses wh ich debouch fro m an d agai n fl ow into t he ri ver .

S e h w an T o w n — H ead quarters o f th e taluk a o f th e sam e name

.
-

i n L a rk a na D is t rict S i nd B ombay s it uated i n 2 6 2 6 N and

,
’
, ,
°
.

6 7 5 4 E o n a bran ch of t h e Nor t h W es t ern R ailway and on th e

° ’ -
.
, ,

mai n road fro m K o t ri t o Sh ik a rp u r via L ark a na 8 4 m i les nor t h north ,

-

wes t o f Kotri an d 9 5 m iles sou th sou t h wes t of L a rk a na ; elevation

,
- -

above sea -level 1 1 7 fee t Pop ulation Th e river I ndus

.
,

whic h formerly fl owed close t o the t own has now qui te deserted i t ,
.

A few m iles sou th o f Seh w a n th e Lakh i h il ls term i nate abruptly for m , ,

164 SEj A K I UR ’

S ej a k p u r — Petty State i n K ATH I AW AR Bom bay

.
, .

S e m b ie m
'

l own i n th e Saidapet ta/u/z of C h ingl ep u t D is trict

’
-
.
,
° ’ ° ’
Madras si tuated i n 1 3 7 N and 8 0 1 6 E
, Popu lation . .

I t l ies near the Peram b ur rai lway s t ation of th e Madras

R ailway and j ust beyond th e l i m its of t h e M adras m u nicipal ity and ,

wi th i n i t are the P e ra m b ii r rai lway works hops wh ich e mploy ,

h ands . I t i s consequen tly al m ost a su b urb o f Madras and being ,

a heal thy local ity wi th good water i s growi ng rap idly i n population
, , .

There is a considerable E u rasian com m un i ty i n t he place I t con tai ns .

t en s mal l paper mak i ng establ ish m en t s wh ich give e m p loy men t to

-
,

a bou t a do z en hands ap iece .

S e n d a ma n g a la m — Town i n th e N a makkal tatak of Salem District

.
,

M adras s i t uated in 1 1 1 7 N and 7 8 1 5 E Popu la t ion

,
° ’
.
° '
.

I t is the th i rd larges t town i n t h e D istrict bu t th e occupa t ions of t h e ,

people are p urely agricu lt ural and i t is o f l ittl e o t her i n t eres t ,

.

S e n durj a n a — T ow n i n th e M ors i ta/a é o f A mraot i D istri c t Ber a r

.
, ,

s i tua t ed i n 2 1 N and 7 8 6 E Population

°
.
0 ’
Th e town .

has decli ned i n i m por t ance si n ce 1 8 7 2 bu t a large ba z ar is held h ere ,

once a week .

S e o h ara —T o w n i n th e D h a m pu r tafi sil of B ij nor D is

triet Uni ted Provin ces s itua t ed in 2 9 1 3 N and 7 8 3 5 E o n th e
, ,
° ’
.
° ’
.
,

mai n l i ne o f the O u dh and R o h ilk h and R ail way Popu lation .

T h e town con tai ns a pol ice sta t ion an d a h andsom e mosque ,

an d also a branch o f t he A m erican M eth odist M i ssion I t i s admin is .

te re d u nder A c t X X o f 1 8 5 6 with an i ncom e of abou t R s ,

I ts .

trade is of som e i mpor ta nce A pri mary sch ool has 6 3 and fi ve aided .

sch ools h ave 1 8 2 p up i ls .

S e o n dh a (Seora ) — H ead quarters of a p arg a zza i n th e Dati a State

.
-
,

’ ° ’ °
Central I ndia s i tuated i n 2 6 1 0 N and 7 8 4 7 E o n th e east bank
,
. .
,

of th e S i nd river 3 6 m iles fro m Dat i a town Pop ulat ion

,
.

The town has been stead ily decl i ning i n i mp ortance o f late years I t .

is of ol d fou ndat ion th e re m ains of the earlier se tt lemen t ly ing close

,

to th e m odern town Seond h a was a fl ourish ing place i n the fi fteenth

.

cen tury and the fort is supposed to h ave been o f i mportance som e
,

centuries before I t may poss ibly be t he Saru a fort take n by Mah m ud

.

o f G ha z n i i n the eleventh cent ury wh en i n p ursu it of Chan d R a i At .

th e beginni ng o f th e ni neteen th century R aj a P aric h h at of D a t i a

gave asylu m at Seondh a to t h e m other o f D aulat R ao S i ndhi a wh o ,

had fl ed fro m Gwali or ; and th e fort was u nsuccessfully attacked on

Sin dh ia s behal f by R agh u n a th R ao and General Perron A sch ool and
’

‘
.

a co m bi ned B ritish and S tate post o flice are si t uated i n t h e town .

S e o n i D is tric t — D istric t in the J ubbu lpore D ivision o f the Ce ntral

Provi nces consis ting o f a long n arrow sect ion o f th e S a tpur a pla t eau
,

overlook ing th e Narbad a valley on the north and t he N agpur plain on

 SE ON ] D I S TR I C T 16 5
° ’ '
the sou th and ly i ng be t ween 2 1 3 6 and 2 2 5 7 N and 7 9 1 9 and
,
°
.
° ’

° ’
80 1 7 E wi th an area of
.
,
square m iles I t i s bou nded on th e .

north by Narsi ngh p u r and J u bbulp ore D i s t ricts ; on th e east by

Mandl a B a l agh a t an d B hand a ra o n th e sou th by N agpu r ; an d on
, ,
‘
the w est by Ch hi ndw a ra All rou nd t he north an d n or t h west o f th e
.
-

District the border h il ls of t h e S a tpu ra range th ickly ,

fringed with forest and overlooki ng th e Narbad a ,

separate Seon i from J u bbulpore and Narsingh pu r ,

except along a strip to th e north eas t w h ere th e Narbad a i tself is t h e -

,

boundary t owards M andl a and 4 4 vi llages lyi ng below th e h ills are ,

included i n the D istric t I n the ex t rem e north wes t also a few villages
.
-

below the h ills belong to Seon i S ou th of t he northern passes lies th e .

Lakhn adon plateau a rol ling cou n try of al ternate ridges and hollows
, ,

terminating i n ano t her bel t o f h ill an d fores t wh ich leads dow n to th e

W ainganga E xcep t to th e eas t wh ere an Open plai n stretch es to t h e
.

Man dl a border an d along par t o f the w estern bou ndary the Lak h
, ,

na don plateau is su rrou nded by j ungl e Th e Sh er river fl ows th rough .

the cen t re of t he plateau from eas t to wes t and passes i nto Narsi ngh ,

pur to join t he Narbad a The Te m ur and So mer are o t her tribu taries .

of the Narbad a rising i n t h e sou th T o th e south west o f th e D is t rict .

-
,

and separa t ed fro m th e Lakh n adon plateau by th e Thel and W ai n

gang a rivers l ies th e Seon i H aveli a l evel t ract o f th e m ost ferti le
, ,

black soil i n the D istrict e x t endi ng from t h e l i ne of h ills eas t o f Seon i

,

town t o the Chh indw a ra border I n th is plateau th e W aing an ga rises .

a t Parta bpu r a few m i les sou t h o f Seon i an d fl ows for som e d istance
'

, ,

to t he north u ntil i t i s j oi ned by t h e Th el from Chh i ndw a ra and th en ,

across the D istrict t o th e east crossi ng th e N a gpu r J u bbulpore road ,

-

at Chhap a ra On th e sou th west th e Pe neh separa t es Seon i fro m

.
-

Chhindw a ra Th e heigh ts o f the Seon i and Lakh n a don pla t eau x are
.

about feet above sea level b ut the peak of Manori o n t he western-

,

border of the D is t rict rises t o feet and t hat of K ariapah ar near ,

Seoni to fee t E as t of Seon i a li ne o f h ills ru ns from sou th to

.

north ; and beyond th is l ies anoth er open t rac t abou t 2 0 0 feet lower ,

than the Seon i plai n cons t i tu t ing t h e val leys o f t he S agar and H irri
,

rivers and con t ai ni ng the trac t s of G hansor and Bargh a t A nother

, .

line of h ills separa t es th e Ghansor plai n fro m th e val ley o f th e W ai n

ganga wh ich after crossing th e D istrict fro m west to east tu rns sou th
, , ,

at the point where i t i s j oi ned by the T h a nwar river fro m M andl a ,

and forms the boundary of Seon i for so me m i les u n ti l i t d iverges i nto

B al agh at Th e valley o f th e W aingan ga at first stony an d broken an d
.
,

confined by h ills as i t w inds rou nd th e north ern spu rs of th e Seon i

plateau becom es afterwards an al ternation of rich all uvial basi ns and
,

narrow gorges u ntil j us t before reach ing th e eas t ern border o f th e

,

Distri c t i t com mences i ts de s cent to the lo w er cou ntry passing o ve r ,

16 6 SE OIVI D I S TR I C T

a series of rap id and deep stony ch annels overh u ng by wal ls o f gran i te ,

2 0 0 feet h igh The falls o f t h e W ainganga and i ts course fo r the last

.

si x m i les before i t s j u nc t ion wi t h t h e Th a nwar o n t h e border o f the

,

D istric t may perhaps rank nex t t o th e B h er agh at gorge o f the Nar

,

bad a for bea uty o f river scenery T he lower valley o f t h e W aingang a .

i s abou t 4 0 0 fee t belo w t h e G hansor plain fro m wh ich i t is separa t ed ,

by ano t her l ine o f fores t clad h ills an d a narrow rice grow ing strip -
,
-

along i t s western bank called th e Ugl i trac t i s i nclu ded in Seon i , ,

.

I n t h e extre m e sou th o f th e Seon i tafi sz t a s mal l area o f su b mon tan e

'

land form i ng th e D o ngartal o r K ura i trac t and largely covered w ith

, ,

forest i s the residence o f nu m bers o f G ao lis who are professional

, ,

cattle breeders T he Baw anth ari river r ises i n t h e sou t h ern h ills and
-
.
, ,

receiving th e wa t ers o f nu merou s s mall s t ream s carries th e drainage of ,

th i s area i n t o N a gpur D is t ric t o n its way to j oi n t h e W ain gang a .

The D is t rict is covered by t h e D eccan t rap excep t o n th e sou th ern ,

an d sou t h eas t ern borders where gneissic rock s prevai l

-
,
.

T he forests are ex t ensi ve form ing a t h ick bel t along th e nor t hern ,

and sou th ern h i lls w i th nu merou s isola t ed pa t ch es i n t h e i n teri or I n

,
.

t he nor t h t hey are stu n t ed an d scanty and t h e open coun try i s bare ,

o f trees and presen t s a bleak appearance t h e v illages consisting o f

, ,

squal id — loo k ing c o lle c tio n s o f m u d h u t s perch ed general ly o n a bare

ridge I n t h e rice t rac t s o n th e o t her h and t h e vegetat ion i s l ux u
. .

, ,

rian t an d fr u i t trees are sca tt ered over th e open cou ntry and rou nd
,

t h e v illages O wing t o t h e abu ndance o f wood t h e houses are large

.

and wel l bu ilt and su rrou nded by bam boo fences enclosing s mal l
-
,

garden plo t s Th e northern forests have m uch t eak bu t usu al ly o f

.
,

s m all s i z e an d th ere is al so t eak along th e W ainganga river the forests

,

i n th e sou th east are pri ncipal ly com posed of bamboos T he open

-
.

cou ntry i n th e sou th is wooded wi th t rees an d groves o f main“? (B a s

z ar B uck a n a ma
'

sia la ti f /i ) ebony (D i p m
’

) / (
'

o a te n a zc o r ,
os y ros to en tosa a c ,

Iatzf otz a ) and fru it trees such as mango and tamarind

'

.
, ,

Tigers an d leopards are n o t very co m mon ; bu t deer are fou nd i n

consi derable n u mbers an d bo t h land an d wa t er b irds are fairly fre,

quen t i n differen t parts of th e D istri c t .

Th e cl i mate i s cool and pleasant excessi ve h ea t being rarely fel t ,

even i n t h e s u m m er mon ths .

T h e an nual rainfal l averages 5 3 i nches D uring the th irty years .

p revious to 1 8 9 6 t h e rain fall was only once less t han 3 0 inches i n ,

1 86 7 — I rregu lar d is t ri bu t ion is h ow ever no t u ncom m on

"

8 .
, ,
.

Fro m the i nscript ion on a copperplate fou nd i n Seon i co m bined

w ith oth ers i n th e Ajanta caves i t h as been in ferred that a l in e o f ,

pr inces t he V ak atak a dynasty was rul ing on t h e

, ,
H is t o ry
S at pu r a pla t eau from th e th ird cen t u ry A D th e
.

. .
,

nam e of th e perhaps m ythical hero w h o fou nded i t being gi ven as

168 SE ON I D I S TR I C T

b ills to N agpu r wh ile Seon i recei ved accessions of 1 2 2 villages

, ,

i nclu d ing th e A degaon talc/ Ea fro m C hh in dw ara and 8 vil lages from ,

M andl a .

The ar c haeological rem ain s are o f l it t l e i m portance A t G hansor .

i n t he Seon i ta lzs?! are th e ru i ns of n u m erou s J ai n t e mples n o w only ,

heaps of cu t and broken s tone an d several tanks Asht a 2 8 m iles

,
.
,

fro m Seon i i n th e Bargh a t t rac t con tai ns three te m ples bu i l t of cu t

,

ston e w i thou t ce men t There are three s i m i lar te mples i n Lakh n a do n

.

and som e scu lp t ures i n t h e talzsz ! Bisap u r near K u rai h as an o ld

'

te mple wh ic h is said t o have been bu il t by Son a R a n i w idow o f t he ,

Gond R a j a Bh o p at an d a favouri t e pop u lar h e roi ne Th e ru ins of h er

,
.

palace and an old fort are also to be seen at Amo dagarh near Ugl i
o n t he H irri river A long t h e sou t hern spu rs of t he Satp uras th e
.
,

rem ain s o f a nu m ber o f oth er Gond fort s are vis i ble at U margarh "

B h ain sagarh Par t abgarh an d K o h w agarh

, , .

Th e popu la t ion of Seon i a t th e last th ree enu m erations was as

follows : ( 1 88 1 ) ( 1 89 1
) and ( 1 90 1
) B e

t ween 1 88 1 and 1 8 9 1 t he D i s t ric t prospered and the

P op u lation rate o f i ncrease was abou t the sam e as th at for ,

t he Province as a wh ole T he decrease of more t han 1 1 per cen t

.
.

du ring the las t decad e was due to bad seasons and em igrat ion to
‘

A ssam . T he pri ncipal s t atis t ics i n 1 9 0 1 are sh ow n below

Se o n i

T h e stat istics of reli gion sho w that 5 5 per cen t o f t he populat ion .

are H i ndus 4 0 per cent A ni mis ts and abou t 4 3 per cen t M uh am

, .
,
.

madans T here are so me large M u ham madan landlords th e pri ncipal

.
,

be ing the represen tati ve of t he D iw a n s fam ily w h o holds a con ’

,

s ide rab le es t ate th e Gond i tam/ta o n qu i t ren t tenu re T he people

, ,
-
.

are for t h e m os t part i m m igran t s fro m the north west and rather -
,
‘
m ore t han hal f s p eak th e B undel i d ialec t o f W es t ern H ind i Urdti .

i s th e language o f n early of th e M u ham madans and K a yasth s ,

and abou t p ersons i n the sou t h east o f th e D istrict below t h e

h ills speak M ar ath i Th e P o n w ars h ave a d ialect o f thei r own ak in
.

t o R aj a sth a n i ; and Gond i i s spoken by person s o r rath er ,

m ore than th ree fou rth s o f th e n u m ber of Gonds i n th e D istric t

-
.

Gonds n u m ber or 4 0 per ce nt of th e population Th ey . .

 A G R I C UL T UR E 169

have los t many o f the i r v illages bu t t he i m portan t estates of Sare k h a

,
‘
and D h tima st ill belong t o Gond landlords A h irs n u m ber .

Malis and th e m en ial caste o f M e h ras ( weavers and labou rers )

Lo dh is and K ur m is are i m por t ant c u lt ivat ing
castes Ban i as
.
have now acqu i red over 1 0 0 v i llages A noth er .

lan dhol din g caste are the B agri R aj pu ts wh o possess between 6 0 and ,

villages and are fa irly prosperou s Th e P o n w ars are th e

7 0 .

landowners i n th e rice tracts o f Bargh at and Ugl i Th ey are i ndus .

trio us skilled i n irrigat ion an d take an i nteres t in cattl e breed ing

-
, , .

About 7 0 per cen t o f t h e wh ole popu lat ion were shown as dependent
.

on agriculture i n 1 90 1 .

Christians nu mber 1 8 3 o f wh om 1 6 5 are na t i ves , A m ission .

of the original Fr ee C h u rch o f Scotland i s mai ntai ned i n th e town

of Seoni .

Over the greater part of th e D istric t th e soil is formed from th e

decomposi t ion o f t rap rock T h e bes t black soi l i s very rare covering
.
,

only one per cent o f t he cu lt ivated area ; an d the

.

Ag ricult ure
greater part o f the land o n t h e plateaux o r i n th e
.

valleys is black an d brown so il m ixed to a greater o r less ex ten t wi t h

,

sand or l imestone grit wh ic h covers 4 9 per cen t o f t he c ult iva t ed area

,
. .

There is a large quanti ty o f i nferior red and s t ony land o n wh ich only ,

the minor millets an d ti! can be grown Lastly i n t h e rice tracts .

,

of Seon i is found ligh t sandy soi l n o t i tself o f any great fert il ity bu t , ,

responding readily to m anu re an d irrigatio n f Th e lan d o f t he Seon i

ta /zsz ! is generally superior to tha t o f Lakh n adon
'

Abou t 2 3 6 square m i les are h el d w holly or part ial ly free o f revenu e ,

the greater part o f t h is area being comprised i n th e large Gond i ta!uk a

which belongs to the D iw a n fam ily N early acres have been .

sold ou trigh t u nder the W ast e Land R ules ; and 1 8 0 square m i les ,

consisting p artly of land wh ich was form erly G overn men t fores t and
partly of villages of escheated estates are being settled on t h e ry otavari
'

system Th e re mai ning area is held o n th e ord i nary malg a z ari ten u re
The principal agricultural stat ist ics i n 1 9 0 3 —
. .

4 are sh own below areas ,

being in square m i les

T o k s il
. T o ta l . C l tiv
u at e d
. I rri at e d
g . F o re s t s .

T o ta l

The principal crops are wh eat aorta” a n d rice W heat occu pied , ,
.

3 6 5 square m iles or abou t 3 2 per cen t of the cropped area the greater
, .
,

part being i n the H avel i and G h ansor tracts O nly 3 per cen t of t h e . .
1 70 SE ON I D I S TR I C T

fields classed as fi t t o grow wh ea t are e mbanked R adon and Ru th

“

.
,

th e l igh t au tu m n m i lle t s were sown i n 1 9 5 square m iles o r 1 7 per

, ,

cent of th e cropped area

. R ice occupi ed abou t 1 1 4 square m iles
.
,

o r 8 per cent o f t h e cropped area

. I t h as decreased i n popu lari ty .

d uring t he last few years o wi ng to th e d is t ri but ion o f t h e rai n fall

,

having been generally u n favou rable an d t h e area u nder i t a t presen t ,

i s abou t 5 0 square m iles less t han a t t h e t i m e o f se tt le m en t R ice .

i s generally t ransplan t ed only abo u t 2 0 per cen t o f t h e t otal area

, .

bei ng sown broadcast i n n ormal years Li nseed ti! and o t h er oilseeds .

, ,

gram lentils tia ra j ozoar and co t ton are th e other crops j ow ar and
'

, , , , .

co t ton have lately increased i n p opularity wh ile t h e area u nder l inseed ,

has greatly fal len o ff .

A grea t deal of new land has been broken u p since t h e settle men t
1 8 6 4—
of 5 t h e i ncrease i n cult iva t ed area u p t o t h e las t se tt le men t
,

1 8 9 4— t 0 per cen t t
( 6 ) a mou n ing to 5 A cons iderable propor ion of th e .

new lan d is o f i n ferior qual i t y and requ ires period ical resting fallows .

T he t h ree co ulte re d sowi ng dri ll and weed ing harrow u sed by cul t i
-

v ato rs o f t he D eccan forj o w ar have la t ely been i n t rodu ced i nto Seon i
'

Sa n h e m p is a p ro fi t able m i nor crop wh ich has recen tly com e into

-
,

favou r N o co nsiderable su m s have been t aken u nder th e Land

.

I mprove m ent Act th e t o t al amou n t borrowed between 1 8 9 4 an d

,

1 9 0 4 bei ng R s bu t n early 2 3 lakhs h as been advanced in

.

agricu l t u ral loans .

Cattle are bred pri ncipally i n t he Ku rai t rac t and i n t h e nort h

o f th e Lakh n a don ta lzsil Th e Gao lis an d Go lars in K u rai are pro
.

fe ssio nal ca t tle breeders and keep b ul ls

-
Large wh i te bu llocks are
, .

reared and sold i n N a gpu r an d B er a r wh ere t h e y fe t ch R s 5 0 or

, ,
.

R s 6 0 a pair as yearl ings

. The Lakh n a don b u llocks are s mal ler and
.
,

t he maj ori t y are of a grey colour Frequently n o sp ecial bul ls are k ep t .

,

and the i m matu re males are allowed to m i x wi th t h e cows before

castrat ion Gonds an d poor M u ham madans som eti mes u se cows for
.

plough ing especially w he n t hey are barren I n t h e rice t rac t s bu ffaloes

,
.

are u sed for cu ltivat ion Sm al l pon ies are bred an d are used for rid ing
.

i n th e H avel i especially d uri ng the rains S h eep are no t nu m erou s

,
.
,

b u t considerable n u m bers of goa t s are bred by ordinary agricu l t urists

both fo r food and for religiou s o fferi ngs Lakh n a don has an especially .

good breed o f goa t s .

A bou t 4 6 square m i les o f rice land and acres o f su gar cane -

and garden crop land are classed as irrigable and th is area was shown
as i rriga t ed i n the year o f se tt lem ent I n 1 9 0 3 —
,

4 t he i rriga t ed area .

was only 6 square m iles ow ing t o th e u nfavourable rai n fall wh ich was
, ,

i ns u fficien t to fi ll t h e t anks Abou t 1 8 square m iles are irrigated fro m

.

tanks and acres from wells an d other sou rces i n a good year ,

R ice i s watered fro m tan ks both by percolat ion and by cu t ting the ,
1 72 SE O/VI D I S TR I C T

W heat is the pri ncipal export ; bu t rice is exported t o Ch h indw a ra

and the N arbad a valley and su b h emp fibre is sen t to Calc utta often
,
-
,

t o the val ue o f four o r five lakhs an nually G ram and o ilseeds are .

exported to so me ex ten t , and also th e o il of the b asar plant a varie t y ,

o f safflower , w h ich i s very prickly and is sown o n the borders o f wheat

fields to keep o ut cat tle Th e expor t s of fores t produce are teak saj
.
, ,

bij asal (P terocarp zzs I ll arsc ium) and bam boos for bu ilding ma b u a o il
'

, ,

lac cb iroflj z (the fru i t of B ucb a n a ma la tgf ob a ) and my rab o lams s

’ ' ‘
.
, , ,

cotton and h ides and horns are also exported Sal t com es pri ncipally
, .

fro m the marshes n ear A h mad a b a d and to a less ex t en t fro m Bombay .

Both s ugar and g a r are obtained fro m the U ni ted Provi nces an d t h e ,

latter also from C hh i ndw a ra M il l m ade p iece goods from both Bo m bay
.
- -
,

and Calcu tta are n o w generally worn by the better classes i n place of
, ,

hand made cloth B e t el leaves tu r mer ic and catech u are i m ported

-
.
-
, ,

from s urrou n ding D istric t s S uperior cou n try made sh oes co m e fro m
.
-

Calcutta a nd Delh i Th e t rade in grain and g bi is principally i n the

.

han ds o f Agarw a l and Parw a r B ani a s and there are o n e o r tw o s hops ,

o f C u t ch i M u ham madans Th e cen tre of t he t i m ber t rade is a t K u rai

.
,

to wh ich w holesal e dealers co me fro m Kam p tee to m ake p u rchases .

Bargh a t is t he m ost i mp ortant weekly market and after i t G op a lganj , ,

Kan i w a ra and K eol a ri

, .

Th e narrow— g auge S a tp ur a ex t en sion o f the B engal N agpu r R ai lway -

has recently been cons tructed A branch l i ne runs fro m Nainp ur

.

j u n ct ion i n M andl a th rough Seon i to C h h in dw a ra fol low ing c losely ,

t he d irection o f the S eon i Mandl a an d Seon i— Ch h i ndw ara roads ; t he

-

lengt h o f l i ne i n th e D istrict is 5 5 m iles T he m ai n connecting l in e .

betwee n Gondi a and J u bbulpore also crosses th e north eastern por t ion -

o f the Lakh n a don ta b sil w i t h s t ations at Ghansor , Bin aik i and Sh ik ara
, ,

the length o f l ine i n t h e D is trict i s 2 0 m i les T he great northern road .

fro m N a gp ur to J u bb ulp ore me talled and bridged throughou t excep t

, ,

at th e Narbad a passes fro m south to north o f the D istric t T he trade

,
.

o f Seon i has h i therto been al mos t entirely along th is road that o f t he ,

portion sou th fro m Ch hap ara going to Kamp tee and tha t o f t he nort h ,

ern par t of t he Lak h n a do n ta bsi! to J u bbu lpore R oads have also .

been constructed fro m Seon i to C h hin dw a ra M andl a B a l agh a t and , , ,

Katang i along w h ich prod uce is bro ugh t fro m the i nterior
, Fro m .

the h i lly cou ntry i n t he eas t an d wes t o f the Lakh n a don tas ! car
riag e has h i th erto been by pack — b u llocks and over all t h e res t o f ,

the D istric t b y c ar t s T he lengt h o f m etal led roads is 1 3 3 m i les and

.

o f u n me t alled roads 1 1 6 m iles al l mai ntained by the P ublic W ork s

,

d epar t men t Th e main tenance charges i n 1 9 0 3 —

.
4 were R s .

A ven ues o f trees ex is t for shor t and broken length s o n the principal
roads .

Fro m 1 8 2 3 to 1 8 2 7 the D i s trict su ffered fro m a s uccession o f s hort

 A D AI I N I S TR A TI ON 1 73

crops due to fl oods b ail and bligh t res ul ting i n the desertion of many
, , ,

villages I n 1 8 3 3 —4 the au tu m n rains fai led and a part o f t he spri ng

.

crop area was left u nsown Grain w as i m por t ed by

Govern ment fro m C h h attisgarh T he w i nter rains
.

F amin e .

w ere excessive i n 1 8 4 — and the spring crops w ere t otally destroyed

.

5 5 ,

by rust I n 1 8 6 8 the monsoon failed i n A ugust and t h e year s rain fall

.
,
’

was only abou t hal f t he normal bu t a heavy s t orm i n Septe m ber saved ,

a portion of the crops D istress was not severe i n Seon i and th e

. ,

people made great use o f fores t prod uce From 1 8 9 3 to 1 8 9 5 th e .

w in ter rai ns were abnormally heavy an d t he S pring crops were damaged

by rust ; and th is was followed i n 1 8 9 5 and 1 89 6 by early cessation

o f the rains I n the former year the au tu m n crops failed partially
.
,

and i n the latter year com pl etely wh ile i n 1 8 9 6 a considerable portion ,

o f t he spring crop area cou ld n ot be sown owing to t h e dryness o f th e

-

land There was severe fa m i ne d uring th e year 1 8 9 7 wh en 4 4 lakh s

.
,

was expended o n rel ief the n u m bers relieved risi ng to

,
or 5 per
c e nt of th e popu lation i n Septem ber I n 1 8 99 1 9 0 0 Seon i h ad a very
.
,
.
-

bad au tu mn harvest and a modera t e spring h arvest T h e di stress was .

considerable bu t not acu te the n u mbers o n rel ie f ris ing to ,

or 1 2 per cen t of the population and th e total expendi tu re bei ng

.
,

6 6 lakhs .

The Depu ty Com m issioner is aided by one E x t ra A ssis ta n t Co m m i s

- -

sio n e r .Fo r ad m in istrat ive p u rposes t he D istric t i s d ivided i n t o t wo

ta/zsi/s each o f wh ich has a f a /zsildcir and a fl a tb
'

,
Admin ist ratio n
l z/zsI /drir The District sta ff i ncludes a Fores t o fficer
.

t .
,

but pu blic works are in ch arge o f th e E xecu tive E ngi neer o f Jub b u l
pore .

The civil j ud icial staff consists of a D istrict and a S u bordi nate J udge ,

and a M u nsi f at each ta/zsil Th e D ivisional and Session s J u dge o f .

t he J ubbu lpore D ivis ion h as j u risdiction i n Seon i Th e cri m e of th e .

D istrict is ligh t .

N either the Gond no r M ara th a govern m en ts recogni z ed any ki nd o f

righ t in land and the cu ltivators were protected only by the strong
,

custom enj oining h ereditary tenure Th e ru le o f th e Gonds was never .

oppressive bu t the pol icy o f th e M ar a th a s was la t terly d irected to the

,

extortion o f the larges t poss i ble revenue R ents were generally col .

le cte d d irec t and l eases o f villages were granted only fo r very sh ort
,

terms The measu re however wh ich con t ributed most largely toward s
.
, ,

the i mpoverish ment o f th e cou n t ry w as t he levy o f the revenu e before

the crops on wh ich i t was charged cou ld be cu t an d sold I n 1 8 1 0 .
,

eigh t years before com ing u nder Brit ish ru le i t was reported that Seon i ,

had paid a revenu e o f m ore th an th ree lakh s b u t in th e i nterval th e

e xactions o f th e las t Mar a th a ruler A ppa S ah ib and t h e depredation s , ,

o f the Pi nd aris had caused the ann ual real i z ation s to sh ri nk to le s s

,

M 2
1 74 SE OI VI D I S TR I C T

than half th is s u m The period of sh ort term settl ements wh ich

.
-
,

followed the com mence men t of B ritish admi nistrat ion consti tuted in ,

Seon i as elsewhere i n t he Central Provi nces a series o f attem pts to

, ,

reali z e a revenue equal to o r h igh er than that no m inal ly paid to th e

, ,

Mar a th a s from a D istrict w hose cond ition had seriou sly deteriora t ed
, ,

Three years after cessi on th e de mand rose to 1 -7 6 lak hs Th is revenu e .

,

h owever cou ld no t b e reali z ed and i n 1 8 3 5 a settle m en t for t wen t y

, ,

years reduced the de mand to 1 -3 4 lakhs E ven u nder t h is greatly .

decreased assessm e nt som e portions o f the D istrict suffered and th e ,

reven ue was revised The rise o f prices begi nn ing about 1 86 1 how
.
,

ever res t ored prosperi ty an d rev ived the de mand fo r land and at t h e
, , ,

nex t revi si on a large enhance men t w as made The completion of th e .

settlem en t was retarded fo r ten years ow ing to th e disturbances co n se

qu ent o n th e M u t iny an d i t took effect fro m 1 86 4 —5
, Th e rev ised .

revenue a mou nted t o 2 -2 7 lakhs o n th e D is t ric t as i t then stood o r to ,

1- 6 2 lakhs on th e area now const itut ing Seon i an d was fi xed for th irty ,

years D uring i ts cu rrency th e seasons were generally favou rable

‘
,
.

p rices rose and cu lti vat ion e xtended

, W h en records we r e attes ted
.
’

for revis ion i n 1 8 9 4 —5 i t was foun d that th e c ul tivated are a had

,

increased by 5 0 per ce nt s i nce t he preceding set tlemen t and that

.
,

th e prices o f agricu ltural produce h ad dou bled Th e new assess ment .

took effec t from th e years 1 8 9 6 —8 and was made for a ter m o f ,

eleven to twelve y ears a shorter period than th e u sual t wen ty years

,

be in g adop ted i n order to produ c e a regu lar rotat ion o f D is t ric t settle
m ents Un der i t th e reven ue was en hanced to 2 -93 lakhs or by
‘
.
,
’

7 8 per cent The new reven u.e absorbs 4 8 per cent o f th e assets .
,

and t he average i ncide nce p er cu lt ivated acre is R 0 —5 —9 (maxi m u m

—
.

R 0 —9—
.
4 m i n im u m ,
R 0 2 wh i le the corresponding figure fo r
.

rental is R 0 — —
10 10 ( m ax i.mu m R 0 —1 —
5 9 m i ni m u m R 0
.
—6 , .

T he reven ue receipts fro m land and al l sources h ave been i n ,

t h ousands o f rupees

Local affairs o u tside the m u nicipal area of Seon i are entrusted t o

a D is t rict cou nci l and two local boards Th e incom e o f th e District .

Co u nci l i n 1 9 0 3 —4 was R s Th e expe n ditu re o n p ubl ic works

.

was R s . on edu cati on R s and o n m ed ical rel ief.

Rs .

T he pol ice force cons is t s o f 2 7 8 o fficers an d m en in clud ing 3 ,

m ou nted constables u n der a D is trict Superinten dent and

,
w atch ,

m en i n 1 3 9 0 i nhab i ted tow ns and villages Seon i t own has a D istrict

, .
 SI ZON I TO W N
'
176

fou nded in 1 7 7 4 by t h e Path a n governor o f Ch hap a ra wh o rem oved ,

h is head quarters h ere an d b u i l t a for t i n wh ich h i s descendant stil l

-
,

resides I t was crea t ed a m u n icipal ity i n 1 8 6 7 Th e m u nicipal receip t s .

I n 1 90 3—
.

d uring t h e decade e nding 1 9 0 1 averaged R s 2 4 th e .

receip t s were R s o f wh ich R s . was derived from octroi . .

S eon i is the principal com m ercial t ow n o n th e S a tpu r a pla t eau and ,

has a co t ton h and — weaving i ndus t ry The wa t er su pply i s ob t ained .

-

fro m th e Bub aria t ank 2 m i les dis t an t from wh ich pipes have been , ,

carried t o th e town T h e large ornamen t al D alsagar t ank i n th e t own

.

i s k ep t filled fro m t h e sam e sou rce Seon i contain s a h igh sch ool .

wi th 3 3 pu pi ls and boys and girls sch ools suppor t ed by t h e Sco t tish

,
’ ’
,

Free Ch u rch M ission besi des m u nicipal E ngl ish m iddl e an d branch
,

sch ools The m edical i ns t i t u t ion s com prise th ree d ispensaries i nclud ing
.
,

a pol ice hospi t al and a ve t eri nary di spensary .

S e o ni-M alw a T a h sil — Ta/zsil o f H oshang a b a d Di s t ric t Central .

,
° ° ’ ° ’ ’
Prov inces lyi ng between 2 2 1 3 and 2 2 3 9 N and 7 7 1 3 and
, .

7 7 4 4 E wi t h an area o f 4 9 0 square mi les

° ’
.
,
Th e popu lation i n 1 90 1 .

was co mpared w ith i n 1 8 9 1 The densi t y i s 1 3 6 person s .

per square m i le The tal s l h as o n e t own SE ON i—

. M KLW R (popu la t ion , ,

t h e h ead quar t ers ; an d 1 9 6 i nhab i t ed v illages E xclu ding

-
.

1 2 6 square m i les o f Govern m en t fores t 7 5 per cen t o f th e available

area i s occu pied for cu l t iva t i on Th e cul t ivated area i n 1 90 3 —
.
,

4 w as .

2 3 2 square m i les T h e de mand for lan d revenu e i n th e same year

.

was R s . an d for cesses R s Th e ta /zsil wh ich i s .

,

a very small o n e consis t s o f a h igh ly fer t ile b lack soil plai n adj oining
,
-

th e Narbad a and a s t rip o f h illy cou ntry to t h e sou t h .

S e o ni-M alw a T o w n — H ead quarters o f th e of t h e sam e

.
-

nam e i n H oshang a b a d D is t ric t Cen t ral Provinces si t ua t ed in 2 2 2 7 N , ,

° ’
.

’ °
and 7 7 2 9 E o n th e Great I ndian Peni nsu la R ailway 4 4 3 m iles
.
, ,

from B om bay Popu lat ion . Th e town was crea t ed

a m u n icipal ity i n 1 86 7 Th e m u nicipal recei pts du ri ng th e decade
I n 1 90 3 —
.

ending 1 9 0 1 averaged R s 4 they were R s . .

derived m ainly fro m octroi Seon i M a l w a was formerly t h e m os t .

-

i m portan t trad ing t own i n t h e D istric t bu t i t has been supplan ted ,

i n recen t years by Hard a and I ta rsi A n u m ber o f betel vi n e gardens .

-

are si t uated near t h e t own i n wh i ch a special vari e t y o f l eaf i s grown , .

Seon i M a l w a possesses an E ngl ish m idd le sch ool and a dispensary

-
.

S e o ra i — A nci ent site i n Bah a walpu r S t a t e P unj ab See SKR W A H T

—
.

S e o raj —Ta/zsil i n K a ngra D istrict Pu njab

, . .

. See SAR It ] , . .

S e raj g u n g e Su b di visi on and t own i n P a bna D is t rict E as t ern

.
-
,

Bengal an d A ssam See SmaJG A N J . .

S e ram T aluk E astern tei/uk o f G ulbarga D is t rict Hyder a b a d

.
-
,
‘
Sta t e T he popula t ion in 1 9 0 1 i ncl uding j agz rs was co m
'

.
, ,

pared w i th i n 1 8 9 1 ; th e area was 4 0 4 square m iles Up to .

 mm M P OR E
9 TO W N ( 77

1 90 5 th e con t ai ned one t own S ERA M (populat ion

ti lt/ k th e , ,

h ead quar t ers ; and 1 1 7 villages o f wh ich 4 5 were j tzg ir Th e lan d

'

-
.
,

revenu e i n 1 9 0 1 was 1 -8 lakhs I n 1 9 0 5 2 1 vi llages from G urmatk a l .

,

were added to Seram R ice is grown i n t h e tei/uk by t ank irrigat ion

.
-
,

The [ fiazgdlz tdluk o f Ch it apu r wit h a popu la t ion ( 1 9 0 1 ) of

r
an d
,

3 8 vi llages l i e s to t h e eas t o f t h is ram an d has an area o f abou t

, ,

1 2 1 square m il es .

S e ra m T o w n — H ead q uar t ers of th e tribe/é o f t h e sam e nam e i n

.
-

Gul barga D is tric t H yder a b a d S t a t e si t uated i n 1 7 1 1 N an d 7 7 1 8 E

,
’
,
°
.
° ’
.
,

on t h e N i z a m s State R ail way Popu lation

’
Seram .

con t ain s man y o ld t e m ples an d m osqu es n o t abl e a m ong t h em bei ng ,

th e o ld J a m a Masj id const ruc t ed i n t h e pillar an d l intel styl e and th e

, ,

t em pl e of Pan ch alinga t he pillars o f wh ich are rich ly carved wh ile th e

, ,

ceil i ngs are wel l decora t ed I t h as a gi nn i ng fac t ory a lso

S e ramp o re S u b div is io n —Sou t h e astern su bd i vis ion o f Hoogh ly
. .

D is t ric t B engal lying be t ween 2 2 4 0 an d 2 2 5 5 N and 8 7 5 9 an d

, ,
’ ’ ° °
.
° ’

°
8 8 2 2 E w i t h an area o f 3 4 3 square m iles
’
.
, T h e subd ivis ion cons is t s .

o f a level s t rip o f lan d bou nded o n th e eas t b y t h e H ooghly river ,

and exh i bi ts all t h e fea t u res o f a t h ickl y peopl ed del tai c trac t Th e .

popu la t ion i n 1 90 1 was com pared wi th i n 1 89 1 I t .

con t ai ns five to w n s S ER A M P OR E (popu la t ion ,

t h e h ead qu ar t ers ,
-
,

UTTAR PKR A B A I DY A B A T I B H A D R E SW A R
and K O T RA NG an d 7 8 3 vi llages Th e t owns wh ich are al l .
,

situa t ed along t h e ban k o f t h e H ooghly con t ai n a large i ndu s t rial ,

popu la t ion an d t h e su bd ivi sion is m ore t h ickly popu la t ed than t h e rest

,

of t h e D is t ric t t h e re being n o fewer t han

,
persons per s q uare
mile . A sh ri n e a t T KR A K ESW A R i s largely resor t ed t o by pilgri m s .

S e ramp o re T o w n (Srircimp ur) — Head qu ar t ers o f th e subdivision .

-

o f th e sam e nam e i n Hoogh ly D is t rict B engal si t ua t ed i n 2 2

° ’
45 N , , .

an d 8 8 2 1 E o n t h e righ t ban k of t h e H oogh ly river opposi t e

° ’
.
, ,

Barrack pore Th e popu la t ion i ncreased from

. i n 1 8 7 2 to
i n 1 88 1 t o i n 1 8 9 1 and to
,
i n 1 9 0 1 t h e progress , ,

bei ng du e t o t h e i m por t ant m i ll s wh ich i t contai ns O f th e total .

,

8 0 per cen t are H indu s and 1 9 per cen t M u salman s wh il e o f th e

. .
,

remai nder 4 0 5 are Ch ri stians .

Serampore was originall y a se tt lem en t o f th e Danes wh o remain ed ,

h ere u n t il 1 8 4 5 wh en by a t rea t y wi th t h e K ing o f Den mark al l t h e

,

Danish possessions i n I ndia consisting o f th e towns o f Tranquebar ,

and Serampore (o r F re de rik snagar as i t was called ) an d a smal l piece ,

o f groun d a t Balasore form erly occu pi ed as a Danish factory were sold

, ,

t o t h e E as t I ndia Com pan y for 1 2 lak h s o f rupees Seram pore was .

th e scene o f th e labou rs o f th e famou s Bapt is t m issionaries Carey , ,

Marsh man an d W ard ; an d t h e m ission i n connex i on with wh ich i ts

, ,

fou nder e s t abl ish ed a ch u rch sch ool an d li brary sti ll fl ou rish es Two , , ,
.
 1 78 sa fe/ 1M P G /BE TO mv
g re at me/a s th e Snanj atra an d t h e R ath j atra are an n ual ly h el d i n th e
, ,

M a hesh and Ballabh pu r su bu rbs of th e town A t th e fi rst th e i mag e .

o f J agan n a th is brought from hi s te m ple at M ahesh and bath ed ; at

th e secon d and more i mportant th e i mage is dragged to th e tem pl e

’
of a brother god R adh ab alla b h and brough t back after an ei gh t days
, ,

visi t During th ese days an i m portan t fai r i s h el d at M a hesh wh ich

.
,

i s very largely attended as many as person s bei ng presen t o n

,

t h e fi rst and l ast days of th e festi val Th e town contai ns several .

‘
i m portan t m ills an d si lk an d cotton w eaving by hand i s also largely
,
-

carried on ; ot h er i n dustries are silk dyei ng brick mak ing pot te ry and -
,
-
, ,

mat mak ing

-
.

Seram pore was const it uted a m u n icipal it y i n 1 8 6 5 Th e i ncom e .

d u ri ng th e decade end ing 1 9 0 1 —2 averaged R s and th e

I n 1 9 03—
.

ex pendi t u re R s .
4 the i ncom e was R s .

i n clu di ng R s deri ved from a tax on h ou ses and lands

.
,

Rs . fro m a conservancy rate R s fro m tolls R s ,

.
,
.

fro m a tax o n veh icles R s 1 5 0 0 from a tax on professions & c and , .

, ,
.
,

Rs fro m th e m u n icipal m arket wh ich is held i n a corrugated

i ron b ui ld i ng T h e i nci dence o f taxati on was R s 1 — —
.
,

.
3 5 per head of .

t h e pop ulat ion I n t h e sam e year th e expend it u re was R s

. .

th e ch ie f item s bei ng R s spen t on l igh ting R s

-
on .
, .

drai nage R s o n conservancy Rs on me dical re lie f

‘

.
, .
, ,

Rs . on roads an d R s o n educat ion

,
Th e tow n contai ns . .

3 7 m iles o f m etalled an d 1 8 m i les o f u n m etal led roads .

Th e ch i ef bu i ldings are th e cou rts wh ich occu py t h e si te o f th e ,

o ld Dani sh Govern m ent H ou se th e sch ool (late th e col lege ) th e , ,

Dan ish (now t h e E ngl ish ) ch u rch b u il t by s ubscript ion i n 1 8 0 5 ,

th e M i ssion chapel th e R o man Cath ol ic chapel a s u b jai l wi th

, ,
-

acco m m odat ion fo r 2 8 prison ers w h ich was form erly th e Danish ,

cou rth ou se a dispensary w it h 4 2 beds and th e temples of R a dh a

, ,

b allab h at Ballabhp ur an d o f J agan n a t h at M ah esh Th e form er .

college wh ich was fou nded by th e three Seram pore m issionaries is

, ,

n o w a h igh school I t possesses a fi ne li brary i n wh i ch are several

.

h istoric pi c t ures and h ad 3 1 2 boys o n th e rolls i n 1 9 0 2 ; attach ed

,

to i t is a t rai ning sch ool for nati ve pasto r s of t h e Bapti st Ch urch .

T h ere are 3 oth er h igh schools 6 m iddl e vernacu lar sch ools and , ,

15 pri mary sch ools o f wh ich 4 are for gi rls , A p u bl ic l ibrary i s .

main tai ned by su bscri ptions .

S e rin g a p at a m T alu k —Cent ral td/u ie of M ysore D ist ri ct M ysore .

,

S t ate i nclu d i ng th e French R ock s su b tfi /uk and lyi ng bet w een 1 2 1 8

,
-
,
° ’

° ’ ° ° ’ ’
and 1 2 4 4 N an d 7 6 3 2 and 7 6 5 5 E w ith an area of 2 7 4 square
. .
,

m i les Th e popu lat ion i n 1 9 0 1 was

. com pared w it h in
18 1
9 .Th e td/uk contai ns four towns S ER I NG A P A T A M (population , ,

th e head quarters M E L U K O T E -
French R ocks ,
1 80 SE E I N G / I P A TA /l/ TO IVN

1 7 99 h e prolonged resistance t il l th e place was storm ed losing h is l i fe ,

d uring th e assault By th is victory Seringapatam becam e th e property

.

of th e B ri tish wh o leased i t t o Mysore for R s

,
a year At th e . .

rend it ion i n 1 8 8 1 i t was given u p to Mysore the Bangalore canton men t ,

being taken over instead as an assigned tract .

’

Th e h istorical i n t erest o f th e place con tin ues t o attract m any V is it ors ,

w h o vi ew th e site o f t h e breach th e ram parts t h e dungeon s i n which , ,

B ri tish prisoners were chai ned an d oth er parts i n th e for t i tsel f Out , .

side th e fort o n t h e eas t is th e D ary a Dau lat a pleasu re garden with

, , , ,
‘
a lavi sh ly pai n t ed s u m mer palace o f Ti p it Su lt a n s ti m e afterwards ’
,

occup ied by Colonel W ellesley (t h e fu t u re D uk e o f W ell ing t on ) O n .

t h e walls are elabora t e panoram i c pai n t i ngs of th e defeat o f Colonel

‘
B ailli e a t P o llilo re i n 1 7 8 0 H aidar and T ip ti i n processions an d , ,

n u m er o u s represen t a t i on s o f R aj a s and oth er no tabil ities Farth er .

east i s t h e su bu rb o f Ganj am or Sh ah r Ganjam to populate wh ich ,

‘
Tip it forci bly deported fam i lies from S ira E ast again o f th i s .

i s th e Gu m ba z o r m au soleu m o f Hai dar and T ip a s i t uated i n wha t ,

was t h e L a l B agh ano t h er pl easu re garden wi th a palace o f wh ich

,

no t h i ng n o w remai ns Th e islan d i s wa t ered by a canal wh i ch i s

.

carr ied across t h e sou t h branch o f t h e river by an aqueduc t constructed

by T ip a I n 1 8 0 4 t he W ellesley B ridge was bu il t across t h e eastern
.

branch by t h e D iw a n P fi rnaiy a an d nam ed after th e Governor General ,

-
.

I t i s an i n t eres t ing sp eci m en o f na t ive arch i t ec t u re being su ppor t ed ,

o n rough stone pillars l et in t o t h e rock i n th e bed o f t he ri ver .

Si nce 1 8 8 2 t h e rai l way has ru n th rou gh Seringapa t am t he for t wall s ,

being p ierced i n tw o places for i t Several new b u ildings for o ffice .

p u rposes have been erected w it h a new ba t h ing g /zdt as a m em orial ,

to th e lat e Mah a r aj a Th ese and variou s m un ici pal i mprovem en t s

.
, ,

have given t h e plac e a m ore prosp erou s l ook th an i t had worn since
t h e rem oval o f th e B ritish garrison i n 1 80 9 Th e m u nicipal i ty dates .

fro m 1 8 7 1 Th e receipts an d expend itu re du ri ng t h e t en years ending

.

1 90 1 averaged R s I n 1 90 3 —4 t h ey were R s
. and .

Rs . respect ively .

S e rin g h a m — I slan d and t own i n Tr ich inopol y D istrict Madras

.
,
.

See S RIR A NG A M
S e rm ade v i S u b div is io n —
.

Su bdivisi on o f Tinnevel ly D istrict.

,

Madras consisting o f th e AM BF
,
ASAM UD R A M TE N K A S I an d N KN G U , ,

N RR I té lu k s
—
.

S e rmade v i T o w n . Town i n th e A m b a sam u dram

of T inne tit/21k
vel ly D is t ric t M adras si tuated i n 8 4 1 N and 7 7 3 4 E I t i s a
,
’
,
°
.
° ’
.

Uni on w i th a popu lat i on ( 1 9 0 1 ) o f

,
Serm a devi i s th e h ead
quar t ers o f th e d ivisional officer i n ch arge o f th e N a ngu neri A m b a ,

sam u dram and Tenk a si lei/M r an d a sta t ion on th e recent ly opened

, ,

Ti nnevel ly Qu ilon branch o f th e Sou th I nd ian R ail w ay T h e fields in

-
.
 7 )
SE 7 7 5 11 1 3 ;

t h e neigh bou rhoo d are very fer t il e an d t he pop ulati on i s en ti rely ,

agricu ltu ral Th ree m iles dis tan t is Pattamadai where mat s o f fin e
.
,

textu re are manu fac t u red fro m reed s b y a few M u s a l man fam i lies .

S e ra m
—P a g a n a an d t own i n Tonk S tat e Central I nd ia See
.
,
.

S I RO NJ .

S e s h ac h ala m M ou n t ai n range i n Cu ddapah D istri ct Madras

.
-
,
.

See P RLK ON D A .

Se t M ah e t —A vas t collection o f rui ns ly ing partly i n th e G ond a

and partly i n t h e Bah raich D istrict o f O u dh Un ited Provi nces i n , ,

3 1 N an d 8 2 1 E o n t h e sou th bank of th e R a p t i
° ’ ’ °
27 . Th e ru i ns
.
, .

w ere exam i ned by General Cu nn ingham and excavated more com ,

le t e l by D r W H oey i n 1 88 4 —5 Th ey i nclude two mou n ds t h e

p y . . .
,

larger o f wh ich is k nown as Mah et and th e s mal ler as Se t or Sah e t .

These cover th e remains o f an a ncien t city wi th many tem pl es and ,

oth er bu ildings I n th e cou rse of th e excavat i ons a n u m ber o f i nterest

.

ing sculptu res an d terra -cot ta figu res were found speci m en s o f wh ich ,

are now i n th e Provi ncial M u seu m a t Lu ck now A noteworth y in sc rip .

tion dated in 1 1 7 6 o r 1 2 7 6 Sam va t (A D 1 1 1 9 o r

, records th e . .

sur vival o f B u ddh is m t o t ha t date F o r m any years i t was h eld that .

Set Mah et was t he site of th e anci en t ci ty of Sravasti A t t h e death .

of Ra ma accordi ng to t h e H i ndu sacre d writi ngs t he north ern part

, ,

of th e k ingdo m o f K O SA LA was ru led by h i s son Lava fro m th is city , ,

.

Th rough ou t th e B u ddh ist period references to Sravasti are frequ en t ,

and Gau tama B u ddh a spen t m any peri ods of retrea t i n th e Je tavan a
garden th ere W he n Fa H ian visi ted th e place i n th e fifth cen
.

tu ry A D i t was i nhabi t ed by only 2 0 0 fam ili es ; an d H inen Tsiang

. .
, ,

a cou ple o f centu ries later fou nd i t com pletely desert ed Th e recent , .

discoveri es of th e approx i mate sit e of K A P I LA VA ST U i ncreased dou b t s

w h ich had been before fel t as to th e correc t ness o f th e iden ti fication ,

and i t has n o w been suggested th a t Srav asti m u s t be sough t fo r on th e

up per cou rse of t h e R a p t i w i th in Nep a l terri t ory Th e word Sravasti .

occurs on th e pedestal o f an i mage dug u p a t Set Mah et bu t th is fac t

is not concl usive .

rclza eolog ical Su rv ey R ep orts vol i p 3 0 an d vol

[ A Cu nn
. ingham A , ,
.
, .
,
.

xi p 7 8 ; W H oey j ou rn a l A siatic Society of B eng a l 1 8 9 2 ex tra

, . .
, , , ,

n u mber ; V A S m i t h j ou rn a l R oy a l A sia tic Society

. . 1 898 p 5 20
, , , ,
.
,

and 1 9 0 0 p 1 ; Bl och j ou rn al A sia tic Society of B eng a l 1 89 8

, .
, , , ,

p 2 7 4 T W R hys Davids B udd/zist I n a ia passini ]

. . .
’

S e ttfi r —Ch ief t own o f th e z a nz z na a ri o f th e sam e nam e i n th e

, ,
‘ ’
'

south west corner of th e Sriv illipu tt fi r taluk o f Ti nnevell y D is t ric t

-
,

Madras s ituated i n 9 2 4 N an d 7 7 2 0 E I t i s a Un ion w ith

,
° ’
.
° ’
.
,

a popula t ion ( 1 9 0 1 ) o f T he z anz z na cir i s o f th e M ara y an ’

'

caste and i s descended fro m an o ld fam ily of f olig rirr Th e estate

,
.

i s irrigated b v th e stream s flow ing down from th e W estern Gh a ts .

182 S E VE A P A G O D AS
’

Sev e n P a g o d a s — V i llage in th e D istrict and tall/ k of Ch inglepu t ,

.

Mad ras si tuated i n 1 2 3 7 N an d 8 0 1 2 E 3 5 m i les sou th o f

,
° ’
.
° ’
.
,

Madras city o n th e B uckingh am Canal between i t and t h e sea

, ,
.

Popu lat ion T he vernac ular nam e is variou sl y spel t

as M ah a bal ipu r M ah av e llip ur M avallip u r M amalaipu r M amallap u r
, , , , ,

an d Mal lap ur T h e dispu ta t ions regarding i ts form are di scussed i n

.

M aj or M W Carr s book regard ing i t and i n M r C ro le s M a nu a l of

. .
’
.
’

th e D istrict .

Th e v illage i tsel f i s i nsign i fican t bu t n ear i t are som e o f th e m ost ,

i n teresting an d to archaeol ogists t h e m ost i m portan t arch itec t ural

, ,

re mai n s i n Sou thern I ndia Th ese an ti qu iti es m ay be divided i nto .

th ree grou ps : th e five so called ra tns (monol ith ic templ es ) to th e -

sou t h of th e village belonging perhaps to th e la t est B uddh ist period ;

,

th e cave te mples m onol it h ic figures carvings and sculpt ures west

-
, , , ,

o f th e vi ll age perhaps o f th e s ix th o r sevent h cent ury wh ich contai n

, ,

som e m arvellou s rel iefs rank ing w it h th ose o f E l lora an d E lephanta

,

th e m ore m ode rn tem pl es of V i sh n u and Si va th e la t ter bei ng w ash ed ,

by th e sea To these las t t wo w it h five other pagodas b u ried (accord

.
,

i ng to tradi t ion ) u nder th e sea th e place owes its E ngl ish na me W ho ,

.

were th e au th ors of th e older of these con s t ru ctions is a quest ion whi ch

cannot be con si dered to be defin itely set at res t M r Sewel l after . .
,

exam in ing th e question i n i ts di fferent aspects co ncludes by observing ,

th at exac t ly a t th e p eriod wh en accordi ng to th e s t yle o f arch it ec t u re , ,

as j udged by t h e bes t auth ori ties we fi nd a northern race tem porarily ,

resid ing a t o r n ear th is place sculpt uri ng th ese won derful reli cs an d ,

su ddenly depar t ing leaving the m u n fini sh ed i nscri ptions give u s th e

, ,

Ch a lukyas from th e north con qu eri ng th e P allava dynasty o f K a nch i ,

t em porarily resid ing t here an d t h en dri ven o ut o f th e cou ntry after ,

a struggle perm an ently and for ever E veryth ing t h erefore w ou ld

, .
, ,

s ee m t o po int to th e Ch a l u kyas o f K aly an a pura as being th e scul p

tors o f th e Seve n Pagodas M r C ro le describ es th e antiqu i t ies as
. .

fol lows
‘
Th e best and by far t he m ost i mporta n t
,
i t s class i s th e pas t oral , of

grou p i n th e Krish na nz an tapanz as i t is called Th e fac t is that it , .

,

represents I n dra th e god o f t h e sky supporti ng t h e clou ds wi th h is

,
1
,

left h and t o protec t t h e cattle of Bala from th e fury o f th e Maru ts or

,

te m pes t de mons N ear h im th e cattle are being tended and m i lked

.
,
.

To th e righ t a young bu ll is seen wi t h h ead sligh tly tu rned and fore

, ,

foo t extend ed as i f sud denly startled Th i s is on e o f t h e m ost spirited

, .

a n d l ifel ik e p ieces of sc ulpture t o be seen anywh ere

‘
.

A l ittle to the north o f t h is is th e great bas rel ief wh ich goes by t he -

“
nam e o f A rj u na s Penance I t covers a mass o f rock 9 6 fee t i n
’
.
”

“
l ength an d 4 3 feet i n heigh t and is descri bed by Fergusson as th e ,
“ “ ”
m ost rem arkable t h ing o f i ts class i n I ndia Now says h e that .
,
”
,

M o re cor ec r tly ,
K ih
rs n a su
p p o rt ing a bi l ; l see G I I R X]
R .
1 84 SE VE N m e mo / 15
1 1 fe e t by 1 6 feet i n plan and 2 0 fee t i n h eig ht Th e th ird i s very
, .

re markable ; i t is an ob long bu i lding wit h a curvi l i near shaped roof -

w i th a straigh t ridge I ts di mensions are 4 2 fee t l ong 2 5 feet wide

.
, ,

and 2 5 feet h igh E xternally i t see m s to h ave been com pletely carved
.
,

bu t i nternal ly only partial ly excavated th e work being apparently ,

stopped by an accident I t is cracked co mpletely th rough so t hat

.
,

dayl ight can be seen t h rough it and several m asses o f th e rock have ,

falle n to the grou nd This has been ascri bed to an eart h quake and
.

other causes M y i m pression i s th at the ex planati on is n o t far to

.

se ek bu t arose fro m u n skil ful ness on th e part o f work men em ployed i n

,

a first a ttem pt H aving comp leted th e exterior th ey set to work to

.
,

excavate the i nterior so as to make it rese mble a structu ral bu ild ing
,
-

o f t he sam e class leaving only su ch p illars an d su pports as w ere

,

su ffi cient to support a wooden roof of th e ord inary construction I n .

th is i nstan ce i t was a mass o f sol id grani te w hi ch had t he excavation

, ,

been co mpleted wou ld certai nly have cru sh ed the lower s torey to
,

powder A s i t was th e b u ilders see m to have taken the h in t of the

.
,

crack and s topped th e further progress of the work

‘
.
,

T he last however i s th e most interesting o f the series I ts dime n

, , .

si ons are 2 7 feet by 2 5 feet i n plan 3 4 feet i n h eigh t I ts upper part ,

.

i s en tirely fi nish ed with i ts scu lptu res th e lower merely blocked o ut ,

.

I t may b e that frigh tened by th e crack i n th e last named ra t/z or fro m

,
-
,

som e o ther cause they desisted and i t sti ll re mains i n an u nfi nished

, ,

state
‘
.

The m aterials fo r fi xing the age of th is rat/z are fi rst th e palaeo , ,

graph ic form o f t he characters u sed i n th e nu merou s i nscri ptions with

w h ich i t is covered Co mparing these wi th P rin se p s alphabets
.
’
,

allowing fo r di fference of locali ty th ey seem cer t ain ly t o be anteri or ,

to t he seventh centu ry T he language to o is Sanskrit wh ile al l th e

.
, , ,

Chola i nscrip t ions o f the t enth and s u bsequent centu ries are i n Tam il ,

and i n very m uc h m ore m odern characters A nother proof o f .

an tiqu ity is th e charac t er of the sculptu re W e h ave on t h is rat/z .

m ost o f t h e H indu Pan th eon su ch as B rah m a and V ish nu ; S iva t oo , , ,

appears i n m ost of h is characters bu t al l i n form s m ore s ubdued t han ,

to be fou nd elsewh ere The o n e ex travagance is tha t t h e gods have

generally fou r arm s —never m ore — to dist ingu is h the m fro m mortals ;
.

bu t none o f th e co mb i nations o r extravagances we fi nd i n t he caves

here as at E llora or E lephanta I t is th e soberest an d mos t reason
,
.

ab le version o f t he H i ndu Pan th eon ye t d iscovered and consequ ently ,

o n e o f th e most in terest i ng as well probably as th e earl iest

‘
.
, , ,

None o f th e i nscriptions on th e ra t/z; have dates ; bu t fro m t h e

m ention o f th e Paliavas i n connex ion w i th t h is p lace I see no reason ,

fo r dou bting the i nference d rawn by S ir W alter E lliot fro m their

i nscriptions that th e excavat ions coul d not wel l h ave been made
Add to all th is tha t these ra t/ts are
”
later than t he si xt h century .
,

certai nly very l ike B u ddh is t bu i ldings and i t seem s hardly to adm it of ,

dou bt t ha t we have h ere petr ifaction s o f t h e last form s o f B u ddh ist

arch itect u re and t he first form s o f that of the Dravidian
,
.

The wan t of i nteriors i n these ra t/ZS m akes i t som et im es di fficu l t to

mak e th is as clear as it m igh t be W e cannot for i nstance tel l .
, ,

w hether the aps idal ra t/z was m eant to reproduce a clz aity a hall or ,
 SE VE N P A G OD A S 1 85

a vi/zcira From i ts bei ng i n several storeys I would i nfer th e latter ;

.
,

bu t t h e whole is so conventional i z ed by transp lan tation to the So uth ,

and by th e d i fferen t u ses to wh ich th ey are appl ied for t h e p urposes of

a differen t religion t hat we m ust not stretch analogies to o far
‘
.
,

T here i s o n e other ra ta at som e d istance from th e oth ers called , ,

“ Ar un a s R ath ”
w h ich strange to say is fi nish ed or nearl y so and
j
’
, , , , ,

gives a fair i dea o f th e form t hei r oblong te m ples took before we have
any struc t ural bu ildings o f the class Th is temple though entered i n .
,

the side w as never i n tended to be p ierced through bu t al ways to

, ,

contain a cel l Th e large oblong ra t/z on th e contrary was i nt e nded

.
, ,

to be open al l rou nd ; and wh eth er consequ en tly we sh ould consi der , ,

i t as a choul try or a g op ura nz i s n ot qu ite clear On e th ing at al l .

,

events seem s cer tai n — and i t is w hat i nterests u s most h ere —

, c at th e
square ra tlzs are copies o f B uddh is t o i/zaras and are th e originals fro m ,

w h ich al l th e viz/lan d s i n Sou th ern I ndia were cop ied and con ti nue d ,

to be cop ied n early u nchanged to a very la t e peri od O n th e .

other hand th e oblong ra t/ts were halls o r porticoes w ith th e

,

Buddh ists and became th e g op ura ms or gateways w h ic h are frequen t ly

, ,

indeed generally m ore i mportant par t s o f D ravi dian tem ples than th e
,

w man a s the m selves T h ey too l i ke th e w man as retain their original

' '

.
, , ,

features very l ittle changed to th e p resen t day

‘
.

Th e other an t iqu i ties at M ah a balipu r t hough very i n teresting i n ,

themselves are not nearly so i mportant as th e ra t/2s j ust descri bed

,
.

The caves are generally s mall and fai l arch i tect u rally fro m th e feeble , ,

ness and tenu i ty o f t heir supp orts The Sou thern cave diggers had .
-

eviden t ly not been grou n ded i n th e ar t l ike th ei r Northern com peers ,

the B uddh ists Th e l ong experience o f th e latter i n th e art taugh t

.

them t hat ponderou s masses were n ot only necessary to support the ir

roofs but fo r arch i tectural effect ; an d nei ther th ey n or th e H indu s
,

w h o succeeded t he m i n th e N or t h ever h esi tated to use pi llars o f two

or three d iameters i n h eigh t o r to crowd the m together to any requ ired ,

ex tent I n t he Sou th o n the contrary th e cave diggers tried to copy

.
, ,
-

l iterally the s t ructural p illar u sed to su pport wooden roofs H ence .

,

I believe th e acci dent to th e long ra t/z ; and hence cer t ai nly t he poor
,

and modern look o f all the Sou thern caves wh ich h as h itherto proved ,

such a stu mbli ng block to all who have tried t o gu ess t h eir age Their
-
.

sculpture is better and so me o f t hei r bes t designs rank w i t h th ose o f

,

E llora and E lephanta w i th wh ich they w ere i n al l probabil ity con

, , ,

temporary Now h owever that we k now that the scu lp tu res i n

.
, ,

Cave N o 3 at B a d a m i were exec uted i n the s ix t h cen tu ry (A D

. . .

we are enabled to approx i mate to the date o f t hose i n the Mah abalip u r
caves w ith very tolerable certai nty Th e B a d a m i scu lptures are so .

si mi lar i n style wi th th e best examp les th ere that th ey can no t be far ,

dista n t i n date ; and if p laced i n t he following cent ury i t w i ll n o t ,

probably be far from the tru th

, .
’

A nu m ber o f coi n s o f all ages have been fou nd in the neigh bou r
hood among others R oman C h i nese and Persian A R o man coi n
, , ,
.
,

damaged bu t bel ieved t o be o f T h e o do sius (A D

, formed part of . .

Colonel Macke nz ie s col lection O thers have bee n fou nd o n t he sa nd

’
.

hills along t h e shore sou th o f Madra s ci ty .

1 86 SE If V/ lN

Se w é n .
—S ubdivis ion an d town i n sa ran D istrict ,
B engal . See
S I W AN .

S h a b k a d a r — Fort in th e Ch a rsadda ta lzsz l of Pesh awar D is trict

‘
.
,
’ ° ° ’
North W est Frontier Province situated in 3 4 1 3 N and 7 1 3 4 E
-
, . .
,

1 7 m iles north wes t o f Pesh awar c ity wit h w h ich i t i s connected by

-
,

a good road leadi ng t o A b a z a i across three branches of th e K a bu l

river O riginally b u i l t by th e S ik hs and by the m cal led Shankargarh
.
, ,

th e fort l i es 2 m iles from the v i llage o f Shabkadar bu t a t own has

now spru ng u p roun d it wh ich i s a local centre of trade w i th th e
,

adj oin ing M oh man d h il ls and wh ich i n 1 9 0 1 had a population o f

,

T he fort is a s trong one and used t o be garrisoned by regular ,

troops ; bu t i n 1 8 8 5 i t was m ade over to th e border m ilitary pol ice ,

w ho now hold i t w i t h 2 8 m en I n A ugust 1 8 9 7 i t was s uddenly .

, ,

attacked by a force o f M o h man ds wh o s ucceeded i n pl u ndering th e ,

town and b urn ing the H ind u s hop s and h ouses b u t th e s mall police ,

garrison w as able to hold the fort i tsel f O n A ugus t 9 t he M o h man ds .

were de feated wi th loss by a sm all force u nder General E lles an ,

engage m ent signali z ed by a brill ian t charge o f two squadrons of the

i 3 th D uke o f C o nnaug h t s Lancers ’
.

S h adiw al —V illage i n t he D istrict an d ta lz szl of Guj r a t Pu njab

'

.
, ,
° ’
sit uated i n 3 2 3 1 N and 7 4 6 E Pop ulat ion °
I t is
’

‘
. .

ad m i nistered as a not i fied area .

’

S h ah ab ad D is tric t — D istrict i n th e Patna D ivision of B engal ,

° ’ ° ’ ° ’ ° ’
lying between 2 4 3 1 and 2 5 4 6 N and 8 3 1 9 and 8 4 5 1 E wit h . .
,

an area o f square m i les I t is bou nded on t he north by th e .

D istricts of G h a z ip ur and Ball i a i n the U n ited Provi nces and by

t he B engal D istric t o f S a ran o n th e east b y Pa t na and Gay a D istricts
o n t h e sou th by P alamau and o n th e west by t h e D istricts o f M ir z a p ur
and B enares i n th e Uni ted Provi nces Th e K aramn asa ri ver forms .

par t o f th e wes t ern bou nd ary .

Sh ah a b a d consists o f t wo d istinct tracts di fferi ng i n cli mate scenery , ,

and produ ct ion s The north ern portion co mprising abou t three
.
,

fourth s of th e whole presents t h e ordi nary flat

P h y sical appearance co m m on t o th e val ley of th e Ganges i n
,

asp e c t s .

the s u b province o f B i h a r bu t i t has a barer aspect

-

than t he trans Gangetic D istricts o f S a ran Darbhang a and M u z a ff arp ur

-
, ,
.

T h is tract is enti rely u nder cult ivat ion and is dot t ed over w ith cl u mps ,

o f trees . The sou th o f t he D istric t is occup ied by t he Kai m u r H ills ,

a branch o f th e great V i ndhyan range Th e So n and th e Ganges may .

be called th e ch ief rivers o f Sh a h a b a d alth ough neither o f the m any ,

where crosses t he bou ndary Th e D istrict l ies i n the angle formed by

.

th e j u nc t ion o f th ese tw o rivers and i s watered by several m inor ,

stream s all of wh ic h rise among th e Kai mu r H ills and fl o w north wards

,

towards the Ganges The most noteworthy o f t h ese is th e K aramn asa

.
,
 '

SH AH J B / I D D I S TR I C T

of w h ich 5 5 fal l i n J u ne 1 1 7 i n J ul y 1 2 3 i n A ugu st and

,
in , ,

Septe mber .

Floods are occasional ly caused by th e river S on over fl owi ng its

bank s .I n re cen t t i m es th e h ighes t floods occu rred i n 1 8 7 6 and
1 90 1 i n the la t ter year th e wa t er rose 1 -2 fee t above any previously
recorded level and i t is s t ated that th e river was at one po int 1 7 m i les
,

w ide . O wi ng to th e cu t ti ng o f an e mbank m en t at Dar a ra by so m e

villagers t h e flood fou nd i ts way i nto A rrah t own and caused c o n
,

s ide ra b le damage to h ouse p roperty .

Sh ah a b ad was com prised w i th i n th e ancien t k ingdo m o f M agadh a ,

w h ose cap i tal was a t R aj g ir i n Patna D istric t and i ts general h istory ,

is ou tl ined i n th e articles o n M A GA D H A and B I H AR

H ist o r y
,

i n wh ich M agadh a was event ually m erged I t m ay

.

be added that w h en th e cou ntry relapsed i n to anarch y o n th e decl ine

,

o f th e G upta dy nasty S h a h a b a d cam e u nder th e s way o f a n u m ber

,

o f petty aborigi nal ch iefs and h ad a very s m al l A ryan pop ula t ion Th e .

r uli ng tribe at th is period was t h e C hero an d th e D istrict was til l ,

a co mparat ively recen t period i n a great degree owned by the C h e ro s

and govern ed by thei r C h ieftai ns T hey were s ubsequ en t ly conquered
.

by R aj pu t i m m igran t s and few o f t h e m are n o w fou nd in Sh a h ab a d

, .

t hough t h ey s ti l l nu mber several t hou sands i n th e adj o ining D is t rict

o f Pal a man U nder t h e M u ham madans Sh a h a b a d form ed par t o f th e
.

Saba /z of B ih a r and i n t he six t een th cen t u ry was th e scene o f par t

,

o f the strug les w h ich m ade S her S h a h e mperor o f D el h i Sher S h a h

g .
,

after establ ish i ng h i msel f at Chu n a r i n th e U n ited Provi nces w as ,

engaged o n th e co nques t o f B engal I n 1 5 3 7 H u may fi n advanced .

agai ns t h im and after a s iege o f s ix m onths reduced h is fortress o f

,

C h u n a r and march ed i n to B engal S her S h a h th en sh u t h i m self u p .

i n R o h tasgarh wh ich h e h ad captu red by a stratage m and m ade

, ,
‘
n o effort to oppose h is advance H u may tm spen t six month s i n
.

d issipation i n B engal bu t th en fi ndi ng th at S her S h a h had c u t o ff h is

,

co m m u nicatio ns an d that h is brother at D elh i woul d n ot co me to

h is ass istance h e retraced h is s teps and was defeated at C haus a near
,

B uxar . B uxar is also famou s as t h e scene o f th e defea t i n 1 7 6 4

by S ir H ector M u nro of M ir K a s i m i n t h e battle w h ich finally won ,

t he Lower Provi nces o f B engal fo r t h e B ritish S i nce t h en th e only .

even t of h istorical i nteres t i s the defence o f th e J u dge s h ouse at ’

A R RA H i n t h e M u t iny of 1 8 5 7 .

A mong H i nd u re mains m ay be m ent ioned th e te mple o n the

M UN D E SW A R I H i ll dat ing fro m t h e si x t h o r sevent h cen tury The .

sh ort reign of S her S h a h is sti ll born e w i tness t o by o n e o f t he

fi nest speci mens o f M uham m adan sepu lchral arch i tectu re h is o w n ,

to m b a t SA S A R AM wh ich he original ly h eld as h is j ag zr H is father s ’

'

, .

to m b i n th e sam e t own and the to m b o f Bakh ty a r K h a n n ear Chain ,

 P OP ULA TI ON 1 89

pu r i n t h e B habu a s u bd ivision are s i m i lar bu t less i m posing Th e

, , .

s mal l h i ll for t o f S H ER G A R H 2 6 m iles sou th w es t o f Sasar a m dates

,
-
,

fro m Sher Sh a h s t im e bu t at R O H T ASG A R H i tself few traces o f th i s

’
,

period re mai n ; t h e palace at t hi s place is attri buted to M a n S ingh ,

Ak bar s H i nd u general O ther places of i n t eres t i n Sh a h ab a d are th e

’
.

C H A I NP U R fort wi th several i nteresting m on u ments an d tom bs ; R am

garh wi th a fort and D arau ti and Bai dyan a th wi th ru i ns attribut ed
,

to the Savaras o r Suars M A S AR th e M o h o so l o o f H iue n Tsiang ,

- - -

T 1LOTH U near wh ic h are a fin e waterfal l and a very ancien t Chero

,

i mage ; Patan a once th e capi tal o f a H i nd u R aj a of t h e Suar tribe ;

,

and D e o Barunark and D e o M ark an de y a v illages wh ich contai n several

-
,

o ld tem ples and other remains i nclud ing an elaborately carved mono ,

l ith at the former place Th e sacred cave o f G up te sw ar l ies i n a valley

.

i n th e Kai m u r H ills 7 or 8 m iles fro m Shergarh ,

.

The pop u lat ion i ncreased fro m i n 1 8 7 2 to in

1 8 8 1 an d t o
,
i n 1 8 9 1 bu t fel l agai n to i n 1 90 1 ,
.

The i ncrease i n t he firs t two decades was largel y d ue

to th e ex tensi on of cu lt i vat ion o wing to t he open ing
P op u l a t io n .

of the i rrigatio n canals The cl i mate of th e northern part o f th e D is

.

tric t is sai d to be s t ead ily deteriorat ing T he su rface is so fla t and lo w .

that th ere is no ou tle t for th e wa t er wh ich accu m ulates wh il e t h e i n tro ,

duction o f th e canals is sai d to have raised the water leve l an d made -

the drai nage eve n worse than before Fever began t o mak e i ts ravages .

felt i n 1 8 7 9 and fro m that t i m e t h e ep ide m ic grew steadily worse u n t i l

,

1 886 , wh en the D istric t was s t ig mat i z ed as t h e w ors t i n B engal i n

respect of fever mortal ity .

At the Censu s o f 1 8 9 1 a decreas e was aver t ed onl y by a large gai n

fro m i m m igration Fro m 1 8 9 2 to 1 9 0 0 the v i tal statist ics showed an
.

excess of deaths over births a mou nt ing to and i n 1 8 9 4 t he

death rate exceeded 5 3 per
-
A fter fever the pri ncipal d iseases ,

are dysen t ery diarrhoea cholera and s mal l pox B li ndness is very
, , ,
-
.

co m mon Plagu e broke o u t at A rrah j us t before t he Ce nsu s o f 1 9 0 1

. .

The nu mber o f death s reported was s mall bu t t h e alar m wh ich th e ,

epidem ic created s u fficed to drive to t heir ho mes m os t o f th e t e m

po rary settlers fro m other D istricts .

Th e pri ncipal s t atist ics o f t he Censu s o f 1 9 0 1 are shown i n th e tabl e

0 11 the nex t page .

The pri ncipal towns are A R R A H th e h ead quarters SA S AR AM D UM ,

-
, ,

RAO N and B U X A R W it h t he e xcep t io n of Sasaram al l th e towns see m

, .
,

to be decaden t The popu lat io n is denses t i n th e north and eas t o f

.

th e D istrict o n the banks o f t h e Ganges an d So n and decreases

, ,

rapi dly towards th e sou th an d south e as t where th e Kai m u r H ills ,

a fford bu t s mall space for cul tiva t ion Th e B habu a tlzana wi t h 1 8 1 .

,

persons per square m ile h as th e scanties t popu lation of any t rac t i n

,
 — —
1 90 SE AH E A D D I S TR I C T

S ou th B ih a r T h e n ative so f t h is D is t rict are i n de m and all over

.

B engal as z auztnaars pe as and clu b m en ; th ey are especially

’ ’

n u m erou s in P u rnea N o rthBe ngal D acc a and i n an d n ear Calcu tt a

, , , ,

an d a large n u m ber fi nd te ir way to A ssam M any also e m igrate .

t o t he colon ies Th e v e rnaular i s th e B h oj pu r i d ialec t o f B i h a ri bu t

.
,

t h e M u ham madans and Kyasth s m os tly sp eak A wadh i H i nd i I n .

1 90 1 H i ndus n u m bered or n o less than 9 2 -7 per cent .

o f th e total and M usalm ai

,
or nearly 7 3 p er c en t ; t here .

w ere 4 4 9 J ai ns an d 3 7 5 ( iris tian s .

1\ 1n b e r o f fig 5 ,

5 5 e ar
g “
S b divi i
u
i5‘ Egg‘g
L ? ESE5
s on .

Q
Ug G)
m a
Q u
(6
Z 2 l

s a

76 7 59
93 7 623 -
5 0
36 2
236

D i tr
s ic t to ta l l 4 49 4 7 0

The m ost n u merou s cast s are A h irs or G oalas B r a h mans

a n d R aj pu ts (each n um b ein K o iris C ha m a rs
g
D o sadh s (8 7 , K ab a rs
Ku rm is K an du Tel is and am ong ,

M u ham madans Jo lah as , ltu re s uppor t s 6 4 -8 p er ce n t .

o f th e pop ulat ion i ndus , nt co m m erce an d th e

,
.

m ixed
 -

1 90 SH / I I I A B AD D I S TR I C T

South Bi h ar T he nat iv e s of t hi s D is trict are i n de mand all over

.

‘
B engal as z anu uzlars peons and clu b m en ; th ey are especially ’

n u merou s i n Pu rnea N orth B engal Dacca and i n and near Calcutta

, , , ,

and a large n um ber find t hei r way to A ssam M any also e m igrate .

to the coloni es Th e vernacu lar i s the B hoj pur i dialec t o f B ih a ri bu t

.
,

t he M uham madan s and K a yasths m ostly speak A wadh i H i nd i I n .

1 90 1 H i nd us n u m bered o r no l ess than 9 2 -7 per cent .

o f the total and M usalman s

,
o r nearly 7 3 per cen t ; t here .

w ere 4 4
9 J ai ns and 3 7 5 Ch rist ian s .

L 0
N um b ero f
5 B
55
S ubdiv is n m
'

i8 t;
s
“
—
gg g? 55
S g 2
” Z
0
Ci
.
5
Q Q.

A rrah 76 7 59
66 9 93 7 62 3 50
I

1 36 2 1 -2

1 2 36

Di t s ric t to ta l 6 4 49 8 3 15 95

The m os t n u m erous cas t es are A h irs o r Go a l a s (2 B r ah man s

and R aj pu ts (each n u m berin g K o iris Cham ars
D o sadh s B abhans K ab a rs
Ku rm is K an dus an d Tel is and a m o ng ,

M u ham madans Jo lah as , A gricu lt ure supports 6 4 8 per cen t .

o f th e popu lat ion i nd us tries per cen t com merce

, and the .
,

professions per cent .

The only Ch rist ian m ission is a bran ch o f the G erman E vangel ical
L uth eran M ission whose head quar t ers are at R a nch i T h e n u m ber
,
-
.

o f native Christ ians i n 1 9 0 1 w as 7 2 .

C lay is the predom inati ng soil b u t i n parts i t is m ore o r less m ixed ,

w i th sand The clay soi ls know n as na ra il actual nzatiy ar an d

.
, , , ,

g urnzat are su itable for al l k inds of grain and t he

, ,
Ag ricu lt ure
level of th e land and t he possi bi li ty o f i rriga t ion are
.
-

h ere th e mai n factors i n determ i ning w h at crop sh al l be cu ltivated .

D oras i s a rich l oa m contai ning both clay and sand and i s su i ted ,

for sugar cane poppy m ustard and l inseed

-
,
Sandy soil is k nown
, ,
.

as [f a /ma t and whe n i t i s of very loose text ure as rill /7s T h e al luvial
,
.

t rac t i n th e nort h is extensively i rrigated by canals and i s ent irel y

u nder cu ltivation The lo w ly i ng land i n the neighbourhood o f th e
.
-

G anges locally known as k a da i i s annual ly i nu nda t ed so t hat rice

, ,

cannot be grown bu t i t p rod uces fi n e col d seaso n crops A long th e

,
- -
.

w est bank of the Son w i th i n abo ut 3 m iles fro m t he river th e so i l

is sandy and 1 e q u ire s co nt i nu ous irrigat ion to produce good crops

,
 A G R I C UL T UR E 191

To the west o f t h i s th e preval en t soi l sou t h o f th e grand trunk road

is (lora s wh ich i s an n ual ly fl ooded an d ferti li z ed by th e h il l stream s
,
.

I n th e Sasara m su bdivision k a ra il soi l i s mos t com m on and grows

excellen t ra oi crops The u ndula t ing p la t eau of th e Kai mu r H i lls
.

i n th e sou t h is unprotected by i rrigation an d yields poor an d precariou s

crops .

Th e ch ie f agricul t u ral s t a t is t ics fo r 1 9 0 3 —4 are given below areas ,

being i n squ are m il es

S b div i i
u s o n. T o ta l . C l t ivu at e d .

fro
Im rrig a t e d
c a n a ls .

To ta l

There are al toget her abou t 3 1 1 square m iles of cult ivable wast e ,

stat ist ics for each su bdivi sio n n ot being avai labl e ; an d i t is esti mated
that 1 1 2 square m iles are t wice cropped .

Th e staple food crop o f th e D istric t is rice grow n on

- squa re ,

m iles of wh ich
,
square m iles are u nder ag iza n i o r winter rice .

This crop is transplan t ed i n J u n e an d J ul y (except i n very l ow lan ds

w here i t i s so met i m
,

es sow n broadcast ) an d t h e water i s retained i n t h e ,

ri c e fi e lds by ridges t il l th e m iddl e of Septem ber wh en i t i s all owed

-
,

to drai n o ff T he fiel ds are left to dry for 1 2 to 1 4 days after wh ich

.
,

th e crop agai n needs wa t er for wh ich i t depen d s on th e lz a tlziy a rain

, ,

or fail ing th is on i rriga t ion These late rai ns are th e m ost i mportan t
, .

i n th e year as t hey are requ i red not only t o bring th e w inter crop
,
'

to matu rity bu t also to p rovi de m oisture fo r th e sowi ng o f th e ra ln

,

c r 0 ps . B oro o r spri ng rice i s grow n i n river beds an d o n t h e edge

, ,
-

o f marsh es ; i t i s sown i n J an uary a nd February t ransplan ted after ,

a m on t h an d cu t i n A pri l and May O f t h e other crops o f th e rain y

, .

season th e principal are mai z e o r mak a i nzarua j ormir an d l aj ra ;

, , , ,
i

these are grown on well drained h igh lands Th e ra ln crops con

'

-
.

sist of cereals an d pu lses T h e ch ief cereals are w h eat ( 1 8 8 square

.

m iles ) barley (8 1 square m i les ) and oats Th ey are sown i n October

, , .

and Novem ber and harvested between th e last w eek o f February an d

,

the m iddl e o f A pri l Th e p ul ses incl ude peas gram an d l in seed

.
, ,

gram an d l inseed are grown as a secon d crop b eing sown i n th e ,

standing ag lz a ni rice abou t a fortn igh t before i t i s cu t O th er i mpor .

tant crops are poppy (2 5 square m il es ) an d sugar cane ( 5 4 square m iles ) -

.

Th e open i ng o f th e Son Canal s h as resu l ted i n a considerabl e

increase in th e cul t ivated area A n ex peri m en tal far m i s maintained
.

at D iimrao n bu t even i n th e adj oi ni ng village s t he cu lt i vators are slow

,
1 92 SH A min/ f l ) D I S TR I C T

to pro fit by i ts les sons Lit t l e ad van t age h as been t ak en of t h e Lan d

.

I m pro vemen t and Agricul tu ri sts Loans A c t s excep t i n t h e fam in e ’

,

years 1 8 9 6 8 wh en R s
-
,
was advanced u nder t h e latter A c t
. .

T he cat tle are fo r th e m os t part poor bu t good b ulls are kep t a t t h e ,

B uxar Central j ai l and th ei r offspring fi n d a ready sale Pasture i s

, .

scarce excep t i n the K ai m u r H ills wh ere nu m erou s h erds are sent ,

to gra z e during t h e rains A large ca tt le fair is h el d at Barah p ur at

.
,

wh ich agricu l tu ral stock and produce are exh ib i ted for pri z es .

Th e Di st rict i s served by th e SO N CA N A LS syste m receivi ng abou t ,

80 per cent o f t h e t o t al quan ti ty o f water su ppl ied by i t

. W ells .

an d alz a rs o r reservoi rs are also m ai ntai ned al l over th e D istrict for

, ,

t h e pu rposes o f i rrigati on I n 1 9 0 1 i t was esti mated th a t 4 8 9 square

.

m i les were i rrigated fro m th e canal s 3 6 4 square m iles from wel ls an d , ,

9 3 7 square m i les from alza rs T h e exten t to wh ich an arti ficial water

.

supply is u sed depend s on t h e varia t i ons i n t h e rai nfal l in 1 9 0 3 —4 t h e

area i rriga t ed from t h e Govern ment canals was 6 2 3 square m i les .

R e d san dstone fro m t h e K ai mu r H il ls i s u sed ex t ensi vel y for bu ild

i ng pu rposes fo r wh ich i t i s ad m irably adap t ed Li m estone wh ich
,
.
,

i s obtai ned fro m t he sam e local i ty i s com m only dark grey o r blacki sh , ,

and b urns i n t o a very good w h i te l i me

f
R a nnar o r nodular l i me .

stone is foun d in al m ost all par t s o f th e plai ns an d especial ly i n th e ,

b eds o f rivers and al ong th e banks o f t h e So n i t i s u sed for m etall ing

roads an d i s al so bu rn t to m ak e l i m e A s mal l quantity o f al u m was .

form erly m anu fact ured in t h e area n orth of R o h tasg arh fro m slates b e
l onging to th e Kai m u r grou p of th e V i ndh yan series Copperas o r i ron .

sulph ate i s fou n d i n t he sam e region .

Sugar is m anu fac t u red t h roughou t t h e D is t ri ct th e principal cen t res ,

o f th e i ndu stry being a t N a sriganj an d J agd ispu r I ron s ugar can e .

-

m il ls m an u factu red a t B ih iy a are now i n general use

, ,
Trade an d
co m mun ica tio n s
over a great
.
par t o f Nor t h er n I ndia Carp ets and .

pottery are m ade a t Sasar am t h e special ity of th e

pottery cons ists i n i ts b ei ng pai n ted w ith lac an d overlai d wi th m ercu ry
and gilt Blankets and cotton cloth are woven th roughou t th e D istrict
. .

A small quanti ty of hand m ade paper i s prod uced at Hariharganj -

.

Sal tpet re i s m anu fac t u red i n smal l quan t it ies th e ou t t urn i n 1 9 0 3 —4 ,

-

being m aun ds .

Th e pri nci pal i m ports are rice gram and other food grai ns from th e , ,
-

neigh bouri ng D istric t s E uropean cot ton piece goods an d kerosene o il

,
-

fro m Calcu tta and coal and coke from H az a ri b a gh an d P alamau Th e

,
.

exports i ncl ude wh ea t gram pu lses and oilseeds ch iefly t o Cal cu tta
, , , , ,

an d raw sugar and g ur to th e Uni ted Provi nces and elsewh ere Th e .

ch ief centres o f trade are Arrah D u mraon B uxar an d Chau s a o n t he , , ,

E as t I ndian R ai lway Sasar a m and D eh ri o n th e M ughal Sarai Gay a

,
-

branch an d N a sriganj o n th e Son

,
Th e m ai n l ines o f com m u nication
.
 ’ ‘ ’

i 94 S I I A I I A I :A I ) D I S TR I C T

d ivision R el ie f works were s t arted i n O c t ober 1 8 9 6 and w ere not

.
, ,

final ly closed til l J uly 1 8 9 7 du ring w h ich period ,

days wages
,
’

were paid to adul t m ales e m ployed o n piece work an d to th ose -

,

on a daily wage th e aggregate pay men t s am ou n ting to R s

,
.

G ratu i tou s relief by m eans o f grai n doles w as also given an d poor ,

houses and k i tch ens were opened Th e cost o f gratu i t ou s relief was .

rath er less than 2 lakhs an d th e t otal cos t of the fam i ne operations ,

was 3 -3 6 lakh s of wh ich R s ,

w as pai d fro m D istric t and .

t h e balance fro m Provi ncial fu nds .

For adm i n istrat ive pu rposes t h e D istric t i s d iv ided i nto 4 sub divi
s ions wi th head quarters at A R RA H B U X A R S A S AR AM an d BH A BUR
,
-
, , , .

S ubordi nate to th e D is t ric t Magistra t e Col lector at -

Adm in istr a t io n
A rrah the D is t rict h ead quar t ers i s a staff cons ist
.
-
, ,

i ng of an Ass istan t M agis t ra t e Collec t o r s i x D ep u ty Magistra t e Collee -

,
- -

tors and t w o S u b Depu ty Collectors Th e su bdivi sions o f Sasar a m an d

,
- -
.

B u xar are each i n the charge o f an A ss is t an t Collector aided by a

S ub D ep u t y —
-
Collector an d th e B habu a subd ivision is u n der a D epu ty
,

M agistrate Collector -
Th e E xecu t ive E ng ineer o f t he A rrah d ivision
.

i s stationed at A rrah an A ss istan t E ngi neer resides a t Ko at h and t h e

E xecu t ive E ngi neer o f th e B uxar d iv ision at B uxar .

T h e p e rman e n t civil j udicial staff consis t s o f a D istrict J udge who i s

'

also Sessions J u dge two Su bordi nate J u dges an d three M un sifs at A rrah
, ,

o n e M u nsi f at Sasar a m an d anoth er at B u xar F o r th e d isposal o f .

cri m inal w ork t here are th e cou rts o f t he Sessions J udge D istrict
, ,

Mag istra t e an d th e above m ent ion ed A ssis t ant D ep u ty and S ub

,
-
, ,

Dep u ty Magistrates -
Th e D istric t was form erly notorious for th e
.

n u mber o f i t s dacoi ts and for th e boldness o f th eir depredat ions

bu t t h is crim e is n o longer co m m on Th e cri mes n o w m os t p re va .

l ent are b urglary ca tt le— t h eft and r io t ing t h e las t being du e to dispu tes
, , ,

abou t land and irriga t ion .

D u ring th e reign of A k b ar S h a h a b a d form ed a par t of sar/éar R oht a s

, ,

ly i ng for th e m ost part betwee n th e rivers Son and K aramn asa Hal f .

of i t comprising th e z a nzina ciri o f B hoj pu r was s ubsequen tly form ed

,
’
,

i nto a separate sa rk ar cal led S h a h a b ad

“

Th e land reven u e deman d o f .

t hese t w o sa rlears w h ich was fi xed at 1 0 -2 2 lakh s by T o dar Mal i n

,

1 5 8 2 had risen to 1 3 -
,
6 6 lakh s a t th e ti m e o f the settle m en t u nder Ali
V ard i K h an i n 1 7 5 0 bu t i t had again fallen to ,
lakh s at th e ti m e
o f th e D ecen n ial Se t tleme nt w hich w as concl uded i n 1 7 9 0 and declared

to be permanent i n 1 7 93 Th e de mand gradual ly rose to . lakh s

i n 1 8 4 3 an d lakhs i n 1 86 2 t h e i ncrease being due t o th e revenu e ,

survey wh ich took place i n 1 84 6 I n 1 9 0 3 4 t he total de mand w as .

-

lakhs payable by estates of wh ich w i th a demand ,

o f 1 4 -9 8 lakh s were permanen tly set tled 5 4 4 w i th a demand of lakh s ,

w ere tem porarily se t tled w h i le t he rem ai nder were h eld d irect by Govern
,
 A D A/ [ N I S TR A TI ON 1 95

m en t Th e i ncidence o f lan d revenu e i s R 0 —1 3 —

.
9 per cu l t ivated acre .
,

being abou t 2 2 per cen t o f th e es tima t ed rental R en t s vary w ith t h e

. .

class of soil and for very good land s ui table fo r poppy as m uc h as

,

R s 3 0 per acre i s occasional ly paid

. R ent i s gen eral ly pai d i n kind .
,

especially i n t he B hab u a and Sasar a m s u bd ivi sions Th e average hol d .

i ng o f a ryot is esti ma t ed at 5 9,
acres The only u nu sual t en ure is t h e .

g u z astlz a w h ich connotes not only a righ t t o hol d at a fi xed rat e i n

,

perpetu ity b u t an h eredi tary an d t ransferable i nterest i n th e land Th e .

t ru e g uz astlz a ten u re i s con fined m ainly t o t he B hoj pu r p arg a na b u t ,

t h e t er m i s u sed elsewhere t o i ndicate th e ex istence of occupancy righ ts .

Th e follow i ng table sh ows th e collections o f lan d reven ue and total

revenu e (pri nci pal h eads only ) in t hou sand s o f rupees ,

Lan d v e nue
re

To ta l re ve n ue

O u tside th e m u nicipal it ies of A R RA H JaG D iSP U R B U X AR D U M R AO N , , , ,

B H A BUZ an d Sa sA R aM local affairs are managed by th e D istrict board

, ,

wi th su bord ina t e local boards i n each su bdivis ion I n 1 9 0 3 —4 i ts .

i ncom e w as R s o f wh ich R s
. was derived fro m .

ra t es ; an d th e expendit u re was R s th e ch ief ite m bei ng .

Rs . expended o n p u b lic works .

I n 1 9 0 3 t h e D ist ric t contained 1 1 pol ice s t ations and 1 8 outposts .

Th e force su bord inate t o the D istrict S uperintenden t i n tha t year

consisted o f 4 i nspec t ors 4 3 s u b i nspec t ors 4 6 h ead cons t ables and
,
-
, ,

5 2 6 constab les ; there was also a rural pol ice force o f 3 0 1 a afi a aars
’ ’

and I n add it ion to th e D is t rict jai l a t A rrah wi t h

acco m modation fo r 2 7 8 prisoners th ere is a Central j ai l at B uxar w it h ,

accom moda t ion fo r wh ile s ubsi diary jails a t Sasara m B uxar and , ,

B habu a can h old 6 9 The prisoners i n t he Central jail are ch iefl y

.

em pl oyed i n weavi ng an d tent mak i ng -

.

O f th e pop ulat ion i n 1 9 0 1 4 -3 per ce nt (8 6 m ales and 0 3 fem ales )

,
.
-

cou l d read and write Th e t otal nu m ber o f p up ils u nder in struction

.

fel l from i n 1 8 8 3 —4 to i n 1 8 9 2 —3 bu t i ncreased agai n t o ,

in 1 9 0 0—1 I n 1 9 0 3 —4 . boys and 4 4 5 girls were at sch ool

, ,

being respect ively 1 8 6 and 0 -2 8 per cen t o f th e ch ildren o f sch ool go ing .
-

age Th e n u mber of ed ucat ional i nst itu tions pu bl ic and private i n

.
, ,

that year w as i ncl uding 2 3 secondary 6 2 3 pri mary an d 3 5 8 , ,

special schools T w o sm al l sch ools for aborigi nes are main tained at
.

R ehal and Dah ar Th e expend it u re o n educat ion w as 1 -3 6 lakhs o f

.
,

w h ich Rs .was pai d from Prov incial fu nds R s from ,

.

D istrict fu nds R s ,
from m u ni ci pal fu nds and Rs
. fro m ,
.

fees .
 - -

1 96 SH / I I I A R A D D I S TR I C T

t h e D istric t con t ai ned 1 2 d ispensaries of wh ich 7 had aecom

In 1 90 3 ,

mo datio n for 1 1 5 in patien t s Th e cases of o ut patien ts an d

-
.
-

2 3 0 0 in pat ien ts were t reated and

,
-
opera t ions were perform ed , .

The expend i tu r e was R s of wh ich R s was deri ved fro m . .

G overn m en t contribu t ions R s fro m Local and R s fro m ,

. .

m u nicipal fu nds and R s fro m su bscriptions

I n 1 9 0 3—
. .
,

V acci nation i s co mp ulsory onl y i n m u ni ci pal areas 4 th e .

n u m ber of persons success fully vaccina t ed was or 2 5 8 per

of th e populat ion .

[ L S S O M alle y D is trict G a z etteer

(Calcu tta M Marti n
’
. . .
,
.
,

( Bu chanan Ham i lton ) E astern I n dia vol i ( 1 83 8 ) J

-
, ,
. .

S h ah ab ad T alu k Cro w n talule i n th e sou th of t h e A tr a f i balda

’

- -

‘
.

D istric t H yder a b a d Sta t e also know n as t h e j un aoi o r south ern

, ,
‘
talu/l w ith an area i nclu d i ng j ag z rs o f 6 5 4 square m iles T he p o p u
’
, , , .

l at ion i n 1 9 0 1 was compared w i th i n 1 8 9 1 Th e taluk .

con t ai ns 1 6 8 villages of wh ich 1 0 3 are c n and Sh a h ab a d ,

is ,

th e hea d qu arters Th e lan d revenu e i n 1 90 1 was 1 -1 lak hs Th e

. .

p a zgalz ta luk o f V i k a r aba d w i th 2 5 vi llages a pop ula t i o n of 1 an d

'

an area of abou t 8 2 square m i les is si tua t ed to t he north west o f ,

-

S h ah abad .

S h ah ab ad T a h s il — Northern ta/zsz l o f Hardoi D istri ct Un i t ed ‘

,

Provinces comprising th e p arg a n as o f A lam nagar Sh a h a b ad Sarah

, , ,

( North ) P a n da rw a ,Sar o m an n a g ar P ach h o h a P a

,
l i and M a n s fi rna g ar , , , ,

° ’ ° ’ ° ’ ° ’
an d lying between 2 7 2 5 and 2 7 4 7 N an d 7 9 4 1 an d 8 0 1 9 E . .
,

w ith an area of
5 4 2 squ are m i les Pop ulat ion i ncreased fro m .

i n 1 8 9 1 to in 1 9 0 1 There are 5 1 8 vi llages an d three t ow ns .

,

S H AH AB AD (popu lat ion th e ta lzsil h ead quarters an d P I H AN I,

-
,

bei ng t h e larges t Th e demand fo r lan d revenu e i n 1 9 0 3 —4 was .

Rs . and for cesses R s Th e densi ty o f populat ion 4 6 2 .

,

persons per squ are m ile is a lm os t equal to th e D is t rict average Sh a h ,

.

ab a d is a poor to nsil contai ning large areas o f sandy soil I t l ies

,
.

bet ween t h e Se n dh a a tri bu tary of th e R amgan ga o n th e w est and th e

, , ,

G u m t i o n th e east an d is also crossed by th e Garr a and i ts tribu tary th e

,

Suk h e ta and by th e Sai ,

I n 1 9 0 1 —2 t h e area u nder cul ti vation was .

3 6 5 square m i les o f w h ich 6 9 were i rriga t ed W el ls supply t wo t h i rds -

.
,

o f the irrigated area an d tanks an d small stream s th e remai nder , .

S h ah ab ad T o w n — H ea d quarters of t h e talzsil of th e same nam e

° ’ ° ’
i n Hardoi D istrict Un i ted Provi nces si tuated i n 2 7 3 8 N and 7 9 5 7
, ,
.

E on th e O u dh and R o h ilk h an d R ailway

.
,
Population .

Th e town was fou nded i n 1 6 7 7 by Naw a b D iler Kh a n an A fgh a n ,

o fficer o f S h ah J ah an wh o w as sent to suppress a rising i n Sh a hj ah a n ,

pur D i ler Kh a n bu il t a large palace called th e Bari D eorh i and

.
,

filled th e town w it h h is ki ns men and t roops Sh a h a b a d rose to co n .

side rable i mportance du ri n g M ughal rule bu t decl i ned u nder t he ,

 AH A B / f l)
' -
1 9s SH To I VN

Population Lam i nated l i m eston e kn own as Sh a h a b ad ,

stone is largely quarried i n th e v ici n ity an d takes its nam e fro m th e

, ,

t own I t i s an i m portan t stat ion o n th e Grea t I nd ian Pen insu l a

.

R ailway A n elegan t m asonry enclosu re i n th e centre o f th e town i s

.

su pposed to be th e wal l of a royal palace and encl oses a large m osqu e ,

an d a well Th e tow n contains t wo pos t offices Bri tish an d N i z am s

.
,
’
,

a police stat ion a d ispensary and th ree vernacu lar pri mary school s
, , .

S h ah ab ad T o w n Tow n i n th e Th a nesar to nsil of Karn al -

’ ° ’ °
D istri c t Pu njab si tu ated i n 3 0 1 0 N an d 7 6 5 2 E on th e Del h i
, , . .
,

U mballa K alka R ai lway 1 6 m iles sou th o f A m b a la

-
P opulatio n
, .

T h e town was fou nded by o n e o f th e foll owers o f

M uh am mad o f Gh or at t h e e n d of th e t wel fth cen t ury I t is o f no
Th e m u n icipal ity was created i n 1 86 7 —
.

co m m ercial i mportance 8
T h e i ncom e during th e t e n years ending 1 9 0 2 —
. .

3 averaged R s
I n 1 90 3 —
.

and th e expendi ture R s 4 th e i ncom e w as R s

. .

ch ie fl y deri ved fro m oc t roi ; and th e expe nditu re was R s 1 Th e .

to w n h as a vernacu lar m iddle sch ool an d a dispensary .

S h ah ad a T alu k a — Talué a of W es t K h andesh D istri ct B o m bay

. ,
, ,
° ’ ° ’ ° ’ ° ’
lyi ng between 2 1 2 4 an d 2 1 4 8 N and 7 4 2 4 an d 7 4 4 7 E wi t h . .
,

a n area of 4 7 9 square m i les I t contains t wo tow ns S H AH AD A (p Op u .

,

la t ion ,
t h e head quar t ers bei ng t h e larger ; and 1 5 5 villages
-
, .

Th e popu lation i n 1 9 0 1 was compared w i th i n 1 89 1 .

Thi s i s th e most t h i n ly popu lated taluna i n th e D istrict t h e densi ty ,

bei ng onl y 1 2 5 persons per square m ile Th e demand for lan d revenu e
i n 1 903 —
.

4 was nearly 3 lak h s and for cesses R s A l th o ugh , .

Sh ah ada possesses t wo perenn ial s treams th e T apti an d i ts tribu tary ,

t he Gom i i t i s on th e whole scan tily p rov i ded wi t h surface w ater

, .

Th e prevail ing soi l i s a rich loa m rest ing o n a yel lowish su bs o il Th e .

annual rai nfal l averages 2 4 i nches .

S h ah ad a T o w n —H ead quarters of th e talu aa o f th e sam e name

'

-
.

i n W est K h a ndesh D istrict B om bay s itua t ed i n 2 1 3 3 N and , ,

° ’
.

74
°
2 8 E
’
4 8 m iles north
.
,
—wes t o f D h iilia Togeth er wi th K uk de l
‘

.
,

i t contained i n 1 9 0 1 a popula t ion o f A m u n icipal i ty was con

st it u ted i n 1 86 9 Th e incom e du ring th e ten years en d ing 1 90 1
—
.

averaged R s I n 1 90 3 4 th e i ncom e was R s

. The .

town con tai ns th ree cotton ginn ing factories a d ispensary and fou r -
, ,

schools wi th 2 6 2 pu pi ls of wh ich one w i th 2 1 pupils i s for girls

, , , , .

S h ah ap ur T alu k a -E astern taluk a o f T h a na D istrict Bom bay.

, ,
° ’ ° ’ ° ’ ° ’
l ying between 1 9 1 8 an d 1 9 4 4 N an d 7 3 1 0 and 7 3 4 3 E w it h . .
,

an area of 6 1 0 square m iles I t con tai ns 1 9 7 vil lages Sh a h a pu r being .

,

th e h ead quarters Th e pop u lation i n 1 90 1 was

-
. com pared
w i th i n 1 89 1 I t i s th e m os t th inl y popu lated tan/lea i n th e
.

D i stri ct an d th e density 1 3 8 person s per square m ile i s m u ch below

, , ,

th e D istri c t average Lan d reven ue and cesses i n 1 9 0 3 4 am ounted

.
-
 SH A H b AN D A R VI LLA G E
’
i 99

to lakhs The co u ntry w h i c h was formerl y k nown as Kolv an i s

.
, ,

for t he m os t part w i ld broken by h il ls and co vered w i t h large forests

, .

I n t he sou th t here are w ide tracts of rice lands T he soi l i s m ostly red .

and s t ony and th e cl i ma t e u n health y e xcep t i n t he rains T here are

, , .

l ive factories for h u sk ing rice i n Sh a h ap u r .

S h ah ap u r T o w n H ead quarters of t he s ubd ivision of th e sam e

.
-

nam e i n t h e Sta t e of S angl i B om bay s ituated in 1 5 5 0 N and , ,

° ’
.

° ’
7 4 3 4 E close to th e town o f B elgau m
.
, Popu lat ion .

Sh a h a p u r is th e most i m portan t trading place i n S a ngl i State Th e .

dyeing o f cotton and s il k yarn and th e w eavi ng o f cotton and s il k cl oth

are largely carried o n Th e popu lation is c h ie fl y com posed o f bankers
.
,

traders and weavers Th e town i s governed by a m u nicipal body

, .
,

w i th an inco m e of nearly R s B esides H i ndu t emp les Sh a h a .

,

pu r has a Protestan t ch u r c h and a R o man Cathol ic chapel M ethod is t .

E pi s c opal an d Cath ol ic m issions are both a t w ork i n S h a h ap u r T here .

is also a d ispensary
S h ah b a n dar S u b div is io n —
.

S u bdiv i s ion o f Kara ch i D i strict Si nd .

, ,

Bo m bay co m posed of th e MIR P U R BA ro x o S U J AW A L LT “ and

,
'

, , ,

S H AH B A N D A R taluk a s
S h ah b a n d a r T alu k a —
.

Taluna of Kar a ch i D is tri ct S i n d B om bay

.
, , ,

° ' ' ° ’ ° ’
l yi ng betwee n 2 3 4 1 and 2 4 2 5 N and 6 7 3 2 and 6 8 2 6 E wi th .
°
.
,

an area o f s quare m i les Pop u latio n i ncreased fro m in .

1 8 1 to
9 i n 1 90 1 Th e n u mber of vi llages i s 1 0 4 o f w h ich
.
,

Ladi u n is t h e head quarters bu t t h e m ost i mportan t p lace is S H AH

-

B A ND AR Th e lan d reven u e and cesses i n 1 9 0 3 —

,

.
4 a mou nted to
1 -1 lakhs T h e taluk a contains large trac t s o f na la r lan ds and sal t
.

deposi ts T h e soi l i s t he u sual alluvial loam m i xed w i th sand ; b u t

.
,

i n th e sou th w h ere th e I ndu s ou t fl ow m eets th e i nco m i ng t ide

, ,

a depos i t of soft m u d locally k nown as lz lza l appears Th e ta/uk a

, ,
.

‘
i s irrigated by m ore than ten canals ; and the ch ief crops are j o w ar ,

aa j ra rice barley and 711127 43

, , , .

S h ah b a n dar V illa g e — H ead quarters o f t h e taluk a of th e sam e

.
-

’
na me i n Kar a ch i D i strict S i nd B om bay s it uated in 2 4 1 0 N and , , ,
°
.

° ’
6 7 5 6 E i n the delta o f th e I n dus
.
, P op ulation 7 85 Sh ah . .

bandar stood formerly o n th e east bank of the M alir one of th e ,

m ou ths o f the I nd us bu t i t i s at presen t 1 0 m iles d i s tan t fro m th e

,

n earest poin t of t he river A great sal t waste co m mences a bou t .

a m ile to t he sou t h east o f th e town and on i ts w estward s ide are

-
,

extensi ve j u ngles o f long l nn grass I t w as to Sh a h bandar that th e

‘
.

E ngl ish factory w as re moved fro m A urang ban dar wh e n th e latte r

place was deserted b y t he I ndu s ; and previou s to t he abandonm e n t
o f th e factory i n 1 7 7
5 i t supported an establ ish m en t of fou rteen vessel s
,

f o r th e navigation of t he river T h e d isastrou s fl ood w h ich occurred .

about 1 8 1 9 caused m aterial changes i n th e lo w er part of the I nd u s ,

 -

SI I A H b A N D / I R VI LLA G E
’
2 00

and hastened th e decay of S h a h bandar wh ich is now an i nsigni fi can t ,

v illage Carless states t hat t h e nati ve rulers of S i nd h ad a fl ee t of

.

fiftee n sh ips stationed h ere V essels entered by th e R ic h al th e only .

,

accessi ble mouth and pass ing i nto the H aj amro th rough w hat is now
, ,

t he K h e de w ari creek ascended that strea m to abou t 1 0 m iles above ,

Ghorab ari w here i t j oined th e Mal ir

, .

S h ah dad p u r T aluk a Talu na of H yder a b a d D istrict S ind , ,

° ’ ° ’ ° ’ ° ’
B o m bay lying between 2 5 4 2 an d 2 6 1 6 N an d 6 8 2 7 an d 6 9 0 E
, . .
,

w i th an area of 6 4 4 square m i les Th e pop ulation i n 1 9 0 1 w as .

compared w i th i n 1 89 1 T he densi ty 1 1 4 person s .

,

p er square m ile i s a l it tle less t han t he D istrict average Th e land

reven u e and cesses i n 1 9 0 3 —
, .

4 amou nted to abou t 1 -8 lakhs T he .

n u m ber of v illages is 1 0 2 of wh ich Sh a h d a dp u r is the h ead quarters ,

-
.

The taluk a stands at a h igh leve l and i s t herefore devoi d o f grass ;

bu t i t produces th e best co t ton i n t he D istrict and also good baj ra ,

an d tobacco crops .

S h ah d ad p u r T aluk a — Taluk a o f the Upper S ind Front ier D is

triet S ind B ombay ly ing be t ween 2 7 4 0 and 2 8 3 N and 6 7 2 2
, ,
’
,
° ° ’
.
° ’

° ’
an d 6 8 1 1 E w i th an area o f 6 2 2 square m iles
.
,
I t contains 6 2 .

vi llages o f wh ich Sh a h d a dp u r i s the head quarters T he pop ulation

,
-
.

i n 1 9 0 1 was com pare d wi th i n 1 89 1 I t is th e m ost .

t h inl y populated taluk a i n th e D istrict wi th a densi t y o f only 5 2 persons ,

per square m ile T he land revenu e an d cesses i n 1 9 0 3 —4 amoun ted

.

to 1 -8 lakhs Por t ions of th e B eg ari G h ar an d S ukk ur canals irriga t e

.
, ,

t h e talu na and a certai n amou nt o f cu ltiva t ion is usually carried o u t

,

in the neighbourh ood o f h i ll torren ts

S h ah dara —
.

Town i n th e Gh a z i a b a d ta lzszl o f M eerut D istrict

'

.
,
° ’ ° ’
U ni ted Provi nces s it uated i n 2 8 4 0 N an d 7 7 1 8 E o n th e E as t
, . .
,

I n dian R ai l way 5 m i les fro m D el h i A l igh t rai lway to Sah a ranpu r

,
.

i s bei ng constructed Pop ulat ion I t was fou nded b y

.

S h ah Jah a n as a market and was sacked i n th e eigh teenth century ,

by Siiraj Mal th e J a t R aj a o f Bhara t p u r and plu ndered by t he sold iers

'

, ,

of A h mad S h a h D urr a n i j us t before th e ba tt le of P a n ipat I t i s badly .

drai ned and dri nki ng wa t er i s ob t ai ned from a d istance T h e A merican

,
-
.

M ethodist and R efor m ed P resbyterian M iss ions have b ranches here .

Fro m 1 8 7 2 to 1 9 0 4 Sh ah dara was a m u nicipal ity wi th an inco me an d ,

expend i tu re averaging abou t R s I t is now ad m inistered as

‘
.

a noti fied are a The t rade of th e place has fal len away an d i t i s
.
’
,

ch iefly celebrated for s weet mea t s b u t there i s stil l a s mal l manu factu re
o f shoes an d l eath er and a li t t le sugar — re fi n ing I n 1 9 04 there w as
,
.

a pri mary sch ool w ith 7 5 p u pi ls

‘
.

S h ah dh e ri (D ncri Sarina” th e k ings m ound — V illage in t h e ,

’

D istrict and talzsil o f R a walpi n di P unjab si tuated i n 3 3 1 7 N and ’

, ,
°
.

7 2 4 9 E 8 m i les sou th east o f Hassan Ab d a l

'
T o t h e nor t h eas t l ie
°
- -
. .
,
20 2 SH AHj A H / I N P UR D I S TR I C T

th e north by Barei lly and P il ibh it ; on t he east by K h eri on th e sou th

by H ardo i and Farrukh a b ad ; and 0 11 th e west by B u dau n T h e .

Di s t rict cons ists o f a narrow all uvial tract ru nning north eas t from ,
-

t he river Ganges towards th e H im a layas I t i s crossed .

n earl y at righ t angl es by th e river system o f Sou t h

R o h ilk h an d an d i t s natural fea t ures th u s depen d
,

al m ost entirely u pon th e variou s stream s wh ich h ave cu t deep ch annel s

th rough the all uvial soil of the Gangetic basi n Th e pri ncipal rivers are .

th e R AM G A N G A th e D e o h a or Garr a an d t he G U M T I Near th e Ganges

, ,
.

i s a stretch o f w i ld Hz aa a r fro m wh ich an area o f stiff clay d rained

’
’

, ,

by the Sot o r Y a r i W afadar reach es to th e R amganga Th e channel

- -
,
.

o f th e latter ri ver s h ifts from side t o s ide o f a broad valley to an

ex t raordinary extent B etwee n th e R amganga an d t h e Garr a l ies an

.

ex te n sive t ract o f sandy soil w h ich changes east o f t he Garai to clay

,

and then to a fertile loam extending north e ast of t h e Garr a Th e -

.

loa m trac t is crossed by t h e K h an aut a t ri bu tary o f t he Garr a beyon d , ,

w h ich another sandy area i s fou nd gra dually changi ng t o a fores t tract
,

o n th e b order o f th e damp su b H i m a layan D is t ricts -

.

S h a hjah a np ur i s s itu ated ent irely i n the Gangetic all uv iu m and ,

leannar or nodular l i m es tone is t he only s t one fou nd i n i t .

Th e D istrict i s fairly wel l wooded an d con t ain s nearly 5 0 square ,

m i les o f groves M ango bam boo meat (A cacia araaica ) slzz sna nz
‘
.
, , ,

( D lo i ) ( ) and i n th e north l (Sl

’
a er g a S issoo ,
tit / z C ea re la Too n a sa z ore a
, , ,

ro ou sta
) are th e ch i ef ti mber trees .

Leopards are som eti mes seen i n th e j ungles i n th e north of th e

D istrict and th e t iger and lynx h ave been sh ot t here b u t not recently
, ,
.

S potted deer frequen t th e sam e tract and nzlg a i an d w ild h og are ,

co m m on everywh ere especially n ear the ri vers A n telope are fou nd

,
.

near th e G u m t i an d Ganges H ares partri dges qu ai l sand grouse .

, , ,
-
,

and peafowl are i nclu ded i n th e s m aller gam e wh ile t h e large ponds ,

an d marsh es abou nd i n th e col d season w i th geese duck and teal , ,

.

The cl i m ate i s m o ister th an i n th e Do ab though drier than i n th e ,

m ore north ern D istricts o f R o h ilk h an d Th e central por t ion i s h eal th y ; .

b u t i n th e north bad fever and agu e are prevalent and i n th e sou th th e ,

neighbourhood of th e Sot is also u nh eal thy .

Th e ann ual rai nfall averages abou t 3 7 i nch es varyi ng fro m 3 3 i n ,

t h e sou t h wes t o f the D istrict to 4 0 i nches at Sh a hj ah anp ur ci t y

-

I n 1 89 5 —
.

6 t he fal l was only 2 3 inch es and i n 1 8 9 3 — 4 as m uch as ,

5 7 i n hes
c .

I n ancient t i mes th is D istric t m us t have been i ncl ud ed i n the

k ingdo m o f P A NC H AL A and du ring th e early M u ha mmadan period
,

i t form ed part of th e t ract k nown as K a te h r S h a h

H is t ory
.

jah a np u r ci ty was fou nded i n the reign o f S h ah Jah a n

.

‘
b y N aw ab Bah a dur Kh a n w h o nam ed i t i n h on our of th e em peror .
,
,
 I I I S TOR Y 203

E arly i n t h e eigh t een th cen t u ry par t of th e sou th of th e D is t rict w as

i nclu ded i n th e t erritory of M u ha m m ad Kh an Naw a b o f Farru kh ab a d ,

bu t th e central portions were acqu i red by A li M uham m ad th e R oh i lla ,

ch ief On th e eas t th e K ate h riy as retained th ei r i ndependence and

. ,

th e lan d hel d by the m form ed a deba t able grou nd be twee n O U DH

and R O H I LK H AN D I n 1 7 7 4 after t h e defeat o f th e R oh illas by t h e
.
,

al lied forces o f O udh and t h e B rit ish the two provinces becam e ,

u ni ted ; an d i n 1 8 0 1 th is D is t ric t w ith oth er territory was ceded t o , ,

th e B ritish .

Th enceforward order was never seriously d istu rbed u n t il t h e M u t iny ,

although th e D istric t bordere d u pon th e m os t tu rbu len t part of O udh .

I n 1 8 5 7 h owever Sh a hj ah anpu r becam e th e scene of open rebell ion

, ,
.

The news o f th e M eeru t ou tbreak arrived on May 1 5 bu t al l remaine d

qu iet til l th e 2 5 th w hen t h e sepoys i nformed t h ei r o fficers that th e
,

mob i n t ended to p lu nder th e treasury Precau tions were t aken agai ns t .

such an at t em p t ; bu t o n th e 3 i st wh ile m os t o f th e o fficers c ivi l and , ,

m i li t ary were a t ch u rch som e of the sep oys forced th eir way i n t o th e
, ,

bu ildi ng and at t acked the m Th ree E u ropeans were shot dow n at .

once ; the re mai nder were j oined by t h e o t h er officers an d th e wh ol e ,

par t y escaped firs t t o Paw ay a n an d afterwards t o M uham d i i n Kher i ,

D is t rict The m u ti neers bu rn t th e s t ation pl u ndered th e t reasu ry an d

.
, ,

made their way t o th e cen t re o f local d isaffec t ion at B are illy A rebel .

govern m en t u nder K a dir Ali K h an was proclai med on J u ne 1 On .

t he i 8th Gh ul a m K a di r K h a n t h e h eredi tary Naw a b of S h a hjah an pu r , ,

passed t hrough on h is way to Bareilly w here h e was app ointed N az i m ,

o f S h a hj ah a np u r by Kh a n Bah adur K h a n O n t h e 2 3 rd th e Naw a b .

re t urned to h is t i tu lar post and sup erseded K a d ir Ali H e re mained ,

.

i n power fro m J une 1 8 5 7 t il l J anuary 1 8 5 8 wh en B rit ish t roops

, , , ,

reoccup ied F ate h garh Th e Naw a b o f F ate h garh and F iro z S h a h th en

.

hastened to Sh a hj ah a np u r an d o n t o Bareilly A fter the fall of Luck .

now t he N a na S a h i b also fl ed t h rough Sh a hj ah a np ur t o B areilly I n

,
.

J anuary th e N aw ab pu t t o death H a m i d Hasan Kh a n D ep u ty Col lector ,

-
,

an d M uham mad Hasan S ubordina t e J udge for corresponding wi th t h e, ,

B ritish On A pri l 3 0 1 8 5 8 th e B ri tish force u nder Sir Col i n Cam pbell

.
, , , ,

reach ed Sh a hjah a np ur Th e rebels fl ed to M uham d i and Sir Col i n

.

wen t on t o Bare il ly o n M ay 2 leaving onl y a sm al l detach men t to ,

guard t he sta t ion T h e rebels t h en assem bled once more and besieged
.
,

th e detach men t for n i ne days b u t B rigad ier J ones s col u m n rel ieved ’

the m o n th e 1 2 th an d au t hority w as th en fi nally r e establ ished

,
.

Th e D is t ric t contain s a few ancien t s i tes w h ich have no t bee n

‘
explored th e largest being G ol a an d M a t i i n th e Paw a y a n ta /zsz l
,
.

A copperpla t e gran t by H arsh a of Kanauj dated A D 6 2 8 w as fou nd ,

. .
,

at B a nskhera 1
Th ere are no M uh am madan bu i ld ings of i mportance
. .

E p ig rap lz ia I n dica , v o l . iv p , . 20 8 .

VO L . mm . o
 S l I Al AI I / fN I UR )
D I S TR I C T
-
2 04

Th e D i st rict contains 6 to w n s and vi llages Th e population .

has fl uct uated du ri ng t h e last th i r t y years Th e nu m bers at th e fou r .

en u m eration s w ere as fol lows : ( 1 8 7 2 ) ( 1 88 1

)
Pop ulat ion
(1 89 1 ) an d ( 1 9 0 1 )
.

Be
t ween 1 8 7 2 an d 1 8 8 1 th e D i stric t su ffered severely i n th e fam i n e o f
1 8 7 7 —8 an d th e fever ep idem i c of 1 8 7 Th ere are fou r a lzsz ls
'

9 t .

S H AHJ A H AN P U R J A L AL AB AD T I LH AR an d PA W AY AN —each o f w h ich i s

, , ,

nam ed after it s h ead quarters Th e pri nci pal town s are th e m u n icipal i
-
.

t i es of S H AHJ A H AN P U R C I TY th e D i strict h ead quarters and T I LH A R ,

-
, .

Th e follow ing table gives th e ch i ef stat i st i cs o f popu lation i n 1 9 0 1

l O
l N u mb e r o f g 5
i
g 8‘ 5 4
SE E S SE 8 a is e s
r

T a j / $ 17 {5
'

. 0
Egg c
a
s o ¢ e

sv : Ss a
s e s w e
o
? g a
“m a “ ‘ .

I
'

a a

3 94 1 463 67 2 -8

3 24 360 5 42 + 106

418 558 615 8 -3

5 91 65 3 3 78
~ 10 0

D istric t t o tal 5 34 0 -3

A bou t 8 5 per c en t o f th e t otal are H i ndu s and m ore th an 1 4 per

.

cent M u salmans
. T h e A rya Sam aj th ough i ts m e mbers n u mber on ly
.
,

is i ncreasing i n i mportance M ore than 9 9 per cent of th e . .

peopl e speak W es t ern H i nd i t h e prevai ling dialect being K an auj ia ,

.

Cham a rs (leath er dressers an d cu l tivators )

-
are th e m ost ,

nu merou s H i n du caste T h e oth er large castes are K is a ns (cu lt ivators )

.
,

A h irs (gra z iers an d cult ivators ) R aj pu t s , ,

B r a h mans , K ab a rs ( fish erm en and cul t ivators ) K ach h is ,

(cu lti vators ) , M u rao s (market gardeners ) and Ku rm is -

,

(agricul tu rists ) A m ong M u salman s Path a ns n u m ber

, ,

fol lowed by Shaikhs and Julah as (weavers )

,
Th e ,

proport ion of th e p opu lati on suppor t ed by agricu l ture i s 6 9 per cen t .

a h igh figure Personal services s upport 5 per cent general lab ou r

. .
,

4 per cen t an d co tt on weavi ng 2 per cent R aj pu ts an d B r a h mans

-
. .
,

are t he ch ief h olders o f lan d ; an d R ajp u ts K ach h is M urao s A h irs , , , ,

an d Cham ars are t h e principal cu l t ivators .

O ut o f n ati ve Christians i n 1 9 0 1 were M eth odists Th e , .

A merican M e t h odi s t M ission opened work i n th e D i s t ric t i n 1 8 5 9 an d ,

has seven s t ations besides two i n O u dh , .

A gricul tu ral cond itions are exceed ingly complex owi ng to th e varied ,

ch arac t er of th e soi l an d o f th e faci l iti es fo r irrigat ion Th e Ganges .

k lzacla r i s ei th er sand or l igh t loam an d su ffers from

'

,
Ag r icult ure .

drough t th ough i t i s also li abl e to disastrous fl oods

,
.

The clay tract adj oi ni ng i t produces rice i n th e au tu m n an d requ ires ,

 2 06 SH AH/ A H A/VP UR D I S TR I C T

cl i ma t e d id no t su it th e ani mal s i m por t ed T h e ord i nary breed of .

h orses i s also poor s t alli ons have been k ept by Govern m en t for som e
years and tw o are n o w at stud Th e sh eep and goa t s are i n ferior
, . .

I n 1 9 0 3 —4 o ut o f 3 4 7 square m i les i rrigated w el ls suppl ied 2 0 7

, ,

square m i les t ank s o rj nz ls 8 6 an d oth er sou rces 5 4 Th e spring level

'

-
.
, ,

i s h igh an d i n ord inary years i rrigat ion i s not requ ired for many crops
, ,

o r can be su ppl ied easi ly by tem porary wel ls last in for a s ingl e harvest
g .

I n t wo trac ts a de ficiency of water i s experi enced i n dry years The .

sandy area along th e G u mt i i s u nprotected wh ile th e clay tract i n th e ,

sou t h o f the D istrict depen ds o n t he n u m erou s sm al l chan nels wh ich

i ntersect i t and wh ich are dam med at th e end of t he rains to supply
, ,

water fo r th e spring harvest

‘ ‘
.

Th ere are n o reserved or pro t ec t ed forests th e proper t y o f

’ ’

Govern m ent ; bu t i n th e n orth east o f th e D is t ric t are som e tracts -

o f u nreclai m ed forest ch iefly sal wh ich w ith a few excep tion s do n ot

, , , ,

n ow con tai n any large t i m ber bu t su pply poles fo r u se in house ,

bui ldi ng Their t otal area is abou t 5 2 squ are m iles

. .

K a n na r o r nodu lar l i m es t one i s the only m ineral product an d is ,

u sed for m e t all ing roads an d for bu rn ing i n t o l i m e .

Sugar— re fi n in g i s by far th e m os t i m portant in dus t ry in th e D istrict .

I ndigo was once m an u factu red bu t has n o w become a m inor product , .

The ma tt ing m ade from a j u ngle grass called na il)

Trade an d
co mm un ica t io n s
is largely expor.
t ed Coarse cot t on cloth ch i nt z and
.
, ,

brass vessels are m ade in vari ou s places for l ocal u se ,

an d th ere are Small man ufac t ures of i ronware i nlai d w ith gold and
si lver and of lacqu ered goods The R osa sugar and ru m fac t ory near
,
.

Sh ahj ah a npu r ci ty i s one o f t he largest i n I nd ia and em ployed 6 3 2 ,

h ands i n 1 9 0 3 .

T h e grai n t rade is o f ordinary d i m ens ions and sugar is th e principal ,

art icl e o f export t h e Sh a hjah a np u r produc t ion b eing celebrated

,

t hrough ou t I nd ia I t i s largely expor t ed t o R aj pu ta na and t h e P u nj ab

. .

There is also a consi derable trade i n oi lseeds at Tilhar E u ropean .

goods me t al s and sal t are th e pri ncipal i mports Forest p rodu ce i s

, ,
.

fl oated dow n th e rivers fro m P il ibh it ; b u t th e spread of railways has

large ly decreased t h e ri ver tra ffic wh ich w as form erly i mportan t ,
.

Ti lh ar and S h a hj ah anp ur are th e ch ief trade cen t res though markets ,

are h el d a t m any smaller places .

T h e O u dh and R o h ilk h an d mai n l ine crosses t he cen t re o f t h e

D istric t and i s t he ch ief trade route ; b ut a l i ttl e traffic is carried by
th e I uck no w S ita pu r Barei lly State R ai lway wh ich traverses th e north
.
- -
,

east corner The t wo l ines are con nected by a stea m tra mway or
.

l igh t railway 4 0 m i les long fro m Sh a hjah a npu r ci t y to Mai l a n i i n

, ,

K heri D is t rict Th e D istric t i s wel l suppl ied w ith roads except i n th e

.
,

t rac t sou t h wes t o f t he R amganga Of t h ese 1 1 8 m iles are m e t alled

-
.
, ,
 A D M I N I S TR A TI ON 29 7

and are m ai ntained by th e P u bl ic W orks depar t m ent bu t th e cos t of ,

4 6 m iles i s charged t o Local funds T h e re mai ning 3 2 6 m ile s are .

u n metalled A ven ues o f trees are main tai ned on 2 2 2 m iles Th e

. .

princi pal rou tes comprise th e branch o f th e grand t ru nk road from

Fatehgarh w h ich d ivides at Jal al a b ad o n e l i ne goi ng to Bareilly and ,

one to Sh ahjah a npu r ci ty ; th e road fro m Bareil ly th rough Ti lhar and

Sh a hjah a np ur to S it a p ur and Lucknow and the road fro m S h ahj ah a npu r
through t he north of the D istric t .

I n a large part o f th e D istric t th e effects of d rough t can be m i tigated

as long as th e cu lt ivators are able to make tem porary wel ls ; bu t
elsew here a fai lure o f th e rains i s disas t rous an d
S h ahjah a npu r has ofte n su ffered severely Th e grea t
F a m in e
.
,
.

fam i ne of 1 7 8 3 —4 d id not press so h eavi ly here as in th e tracts sou th

o f t h e Ganges I n 1 803 — 4 t wo years after cession rai n com plet e l y
.
, ,

failed for t he au t u m n harvest I n 1 8 2 5 —6 drough t agai n occurred b u t .

,

hardly cau sed fam ine T h e au tu m n rai ns fai led i n 1 83 7 —8 bu t a sligh t

fal l i n February saved t he spring harvests Th e fam i ne of 1 86 0 —
.
,

1 was .

severel y fel t th roughou t R o h ilk h an d t hough S h a hj ah a n pu r escaped

more l igh t ly t han t he con t iguou s D istrict of B u dau n I n 1 86 8 —
,

9 t he .

period of press u re was severe bu t only lasted for seven weeks Th e ,

.

fam i ne of 1 8 7 7 —8 was the worst s ince th e co m m ence m en t o f B ritish

ru le. A series of bad harvests had fol lowed t he previou s scarci ty
of 1 8 6 8- 9 an d prices h ad risen ow ing to th e demand fo r grai n i n
‘
,

Sou th ern I nd ia On A ugu s t 1 7 1 8 7 7 t h e Collector reported roaring

.
, ,

h ot w inds and no t a vest ige o f green anywh ere

, Th e au tu m n h arvest .
’
,

wh ich provides th e ch ief food grai ns for t he l ower classes was a -

,

comple t e failu re R ai n early i n October enabled th e sowings for the

.

ra lz i o r spring crop to be made and advances w ere given for seed ,

.

R el ief works were opened i n Decem ber ; bu t th e people refused to

co me on them and large n u m bers succu m bed i n the cold season T he
,
.

after e ffects of the fam i ne were severel y fel t w he n an epidem i c of fever

-

broke o u t i n 1 8 7 9 The regis t ered deat h rate rose fro m 2 9 -3 7 per

.
-

i n 1 8 7 7 to 5 7 -0 4 i n 1 8 7 8 an d stood at 5 3 -5 9 i n 1 8 7 9 I n 1 8 9 5 ,
.

th e rains ceased pre maturely and d is tress was fel t i n th e north of th e ,

D istric t by M ay 1 8 9 6 Th e monsoon o f 1 8 9 6 cl osed e ven earl ier than

, .

i n 1 8 9 5 an d t h e s ugar cane an d rice were seriou sl y damaged besides

,
-
,

the ord inary food crops Grea t us e was m ade o f river water so t hat
-
.
,

a fair spring harvest was secu red an d th e rel ief work s ope ned were no t ,

resorted t o by any large n u mber .

The Col lector is u s ual ly assis t ed by a m e mber o f th e I nd ian Ci vi l

Serv ice and by four Depu ty Col lectors recru ited i n
,
-

Adm inistrat ion

I ndia A ta lzsilddr is stat ioned at t he head quarters
.
-
.

of eac h ta lzsil T wo o fficers o f the Op iu m depart m en t are posted to

.

th is D istr ict .
 — -

2 08 SI I A I Ij A I / A N P UR D I S TR I C T

Th ere are th ree regular D istric t M un sifs and a sch em e for v illage ,

M un sifs w as in trodu ced i n 1 8 9 4 The D i strict J u dge and Su b J udge

.
-

exercise c ivi l j u risdiction over th e neigh bou ring D istrict o f B udaun

bu t th e form e r h ears sessions cases from Sh ahjah an pu r alone Crim e .

i s h eavy th e m ore serious forms of o ffences against l ife and l i mb

, ,

w i th robbery and dacoi ty bei ng com m on F e mal e i nfan t icide w as .

,

form erly s uspected ; bu t i n 1 9 0 4 onl y 1 5 4 person s remained u nder

s urvei llance .

A t cession i n 1 8 0 1 th e present area formed part of Bareilly bu t a

separate D istrict o f Sh a hjah a npu r was consti t u t ed i n 1 8 1 3 — 4 E arly .

set tlem en ts were for short periods being based as u sual o n th e previou s
,

collect ions cou pled with a syste m o f co mpet i ti on T h e first regular .

settlem en t u nder R egulat ion TX o f 1 8 33 was carried o ut i n 1 8 3 8—9 .

Th e D i s t ric t had been over assessed and cons iderable reduct ions
-
, ,

am ou n ting to abou t 1 2 per cent were m ade th e demand be ing .

, ,

fixed at 9 -8 lakhs V i llages were grouped according to thei r capa

.

b ilitie s o f soil and i rrigation an d reven u e ra t es fi xed per acre of

,

cu ltivat ion A noth er revi sion took place t h irty y ears later and th e
.
,

n e w se t tlem en t was based o n rat es selec ted fro m the ren t s actual ly

paid w i th so m e regard to prospec t i ve i ncreases T h e resu l t was an

, .

assessm ent o f 1 i 8 lakhs wh ich was su bsequ ently reduced by R s

2

,
.

Th e lates t rev ision was m ade between 1 8 9 6 an d 1 9 0 0 I n th is settle .

m en t prospective i ncreases i n th e rental val u e of v i llages w ere al togeth er

disregarded excep t wh ere th e rents were fou nd to be total ly inadequate
,
.

A bou t four fi fth s of th e area asses sed w as h el d by t enan ts cash ren ts

-
,

bei ng paid i n th e greater part The assess m ent amoun ted to 1 1 7 lak h s
‘
.
,

or 4 8 6 per cen t of th e accepted assets and th e operat ions ch iefly

.
,
’

res ul ted i n a red istrib ut ion o f th e demand Th e i ncidence per acre is .

R s 1 -2 vary i ng from R 0 5 i n th e north o f th e D is t rict t o R s 1 7 i n

.
, . .
2

th e fert ile cen tral tract .

Th e total collectio ns o n accoun t o f land reven ue and revenue from

all s ou rces h ave been i n thou sands o f rupees
,

T here are t wo m u nicipal i ties S H AHJ A H AN P U R an d T I LH AR an d

, ,

four t own s are ad m i ni stered u nder A c t X X o f 1 8 5 6 B eyon d th e .

l i m its o f th ese places l ocal affai rs are m anaged by th e D istrict board ,

w h ich h as an i ncom e an d expend itu re o f m ore th an a lakh I n 1 9 0 3 —4 .

th e expend i tu re o n roads and bu il dings amou nted to R s .

Th e Distri c t Superin t endent o f police com mands a force of 3 insp e c

2 19 SH AH/ A H AN P (I E CI T Y

has fl uctuated T he nu m bers at the fou r enu merations were as

.

follows : ( 1 8 7 2 ) ( 1 8 8 1
) ( 9 )
1 8 1 and ( 9
1 0 1)

o f w h om resided i n th e m u nicipal ity and in

can ton m ents H ind us nu mbered . in 1 9 0 1 an d M uham madans

Th e da t e u sually assigned to t he fou ndation of th e ci ty is 1 6 4 7 after ,

th e defeat of th e R aj pu t s i n th is n eighbourh ood by D iler K h a n and

B ah a du r Kh a n an d a m osque was bu il t h ere by t h e la t ter i n that year
,
.

Th e ci ty has n o h istory apar t fro m t ha t o f th e D is t ric t wh ich has ,

already been related Th ere are few bu ildi ngs o f any i nterest T he . .

o ld fort was com pletely destroyed after t h e M u tiny ; and the m osqu e

referred to above and a few to mbs i nclu d i n g tha t o f Bah a dur K h an , ,

o n e o f t h e fou nders o f t h e ci ty are th e only me morials o f t h e former ,

rulers Th e pri ncipal publ ic b u i ldings besides th e ordinary D istrict

.
,

o ffices are th e m u n icipal hal l th e D istric t school an d th e m ale and

, , ,

femal e dispensari es T he A m eri can Methodi s t M i ssion h as i ts h ead

.

quarters h ere an d possesses several ch u rch es and an orph anage

,
.

A new m eet ing— h ouse h as recently been bu i lt by t h e A rya Sam aj ,

S h ahjah a np ur i s th e h ead quarters of an o fficer o f t he Op iu m depart -

m ent T he m u n icipal ity was consti tu ted i n 1 8 6 4 D u ring th e t en

. .

years en di ng 1 9 0 1 the i nco m e and expend it ure averaged R s

"

and R s .respectively I n 1 9 0 3 —4 th e i ncom e was 1 -4 lakhs .

,

i ncl uding octroi (R s ren ts o f m unicipal m arke t s (R s

. .

and sale o f refu se (R s The m u n icipality al so h as R s . .

i nvested T h e expenditu re am ou nted to 1 -3 lakhs i nclu ding con

.
,

s e rv an c y (R s roads an d b u ild ings ( R s

. p ubl i c safety .

( s
R . and ad mi nis t rat ion (R s Sh a hjah a npu r i s .

re markable fo r th e excellence o f i ts drai nage and general sanita t ion .

B ri tish t roops form th e u sual garrison o f th e canton m en t and i n ,

1 90 1 - 2 B oer prisoners were encam ped here Th e i ncom e and .

e xp endi ture o f th e can ton m en t fu n d i n 1 9 03 —4 were R s and .

Rs . Th e trade o f Sh a hj ah a np u r i s s mall compared w i th i t s

population S ugar is t h e ch ief article o f manufac t u re and com m erce
. .

T h e R osa (R a nsar ) factory w h ich l ies two m iles sou th o f th e ci ty is , ,

th e only establish men t m anaged by E uropeans I t deals with abou t .

1 0 or 1 2 per cen t o f th e sugar p roduced in th e D istrict an d e m ployed

.
,

6 3 2 hands i n 1 9 0 3 R aw sugar was form erly pu rch ased for re fining

.
,

b u t cane cru sh ing m ach i nery has recen tly been erected to s upple men t
-
,

th e s upply R um i s also manu factu red and exported t o m any parts of

.

I nd ia Th e D istric t h igh sch ool has 1 8 8 pu pi ls an d th e ta lzsz lz school ‘

'

.
,

2 1 4 w h il e t h e m u n ici pal ity maintai ns 4 sch ools and aids 1

, 7 others ,

w i th pup ils .

S h ah -k i-D h e ri — V i llage an d ru ins in R a w alpin d i D is t ric t Punjab

.
,
.

See S H AH D H ER I .
 SH AH P UR D I S TR I C T 2 1 1

S h ah p u r D is trict ’
.
—
D istrict i n th e R a wal pi nd i D ivision of th e
P unj ab ly ing be t ween 3 1 3 2 and 3 2 4 2 N and 7 1 3 7 and
,
° ’ ° ’
.
° ’

° ’
7 3 2 3 E w ith an area of .
,
square m iles I t a dj oin s th e D istricts .

o f A ttock and J h el u m o n th e n orth Guj r at on th e east Guj r a nw ala o n , ,

the sou th eas t J hang o n th e sou th an d M i a nw a l i o n t he wes t

-
, ,
.

The J hel u m river d ivides Sh a hp u r i n t o t w o parts n early equal i n ,

area E ntering th e D is t ri c t a t i ts nor t h eas t corner t he ri ver fl ows

.
-
,

al mos t d u e wes t for 6 0 m iles an d then near ,

K h ush a b tu rns sou th ward i ts w idt h i ncreasi ng from ,

2 t o 1 5 m iles during i ts course th rough th e D istric t .

Th e tendency of t h e ri ver to m ove wes tward has cau sed i t to c u t i n

u nder i ts righ t bank reced ing fro m th e eastern bank u nder wh ich
, ,

deposi ts o f s il t have for med a fert ile stretch o f l ow ly ing lan d densel y -

popu lated by prosperous cu lti vators Th e J helu m val ley though i t .

,

comprises at mos t a fou rth of th e area of th e wh ole D istrict con tains ,

more than a hal f o f i ts popu latio n an d al l i ts towns .

E as t o f the Jh el u m th e D istrict i ncl udes that part of th e Ch aj Do ab

, ,

o r coun try bet w een t h e C hen a b and J hel u m w h ich i s cal led t he Bar , ,

consi sting o f a level u ncul tivated u plan d covered wit h brush wood .

I ts cl i ma t e is dry and health y Th e ch aracter of th is trac t is h oweve r .

, ,

being rap idly changed by th e J h elu m Canal A s t h e net w ork of .

i rrigation spreads t rees an d bu shes are cu t down an d th e cou ntry

, ,

cleared for cu lt i vat ion M e t al led roads are being bu il t and colon ists
.
,

i mpor t ed fro m t he congested D istricts o f t he Prov i nce wh ile th e J ech ,

D oab branch o f th e North W estern R ailway h as been extended to -

Sargodha th e h ead quar t ers o f the n ew J h el u m Colony

,
-
.

W est of th e J hel u m stretch es an u ndu lating waste of sandh i lls

k nown as th e Thal ex t en di ng to t he border o f M i anw ali B roken
,
.

only by an occasional well an d s tretch ing o n th ree si des to th e ,

‘
hori z on th e T hal fro m N tirp ur o ffers a dreary spectacl e of rol l ing
,

sandh i lls an d stu n t ed bu sh es rel ieved o nly by the Sal t R ange w h ich ,

rises t o th e n orth Good rai n w il l prod u ce a plen t i fu l crop o f grass

.
,

bu t a failu re o f t h e rai ns wh ich is m ore u sual m eans starvation for , ,

m en and cat t le North of th e Thal ru ns th e Sal t R ange R ising

. .

abru ptly fro m t h e plains these h i lls ru n east an d w es t t urn ing sharply , ,

to th e north i nto J hel u m D ist ric t at o n e e nd and M i a nw al i a t th e

oth er T h e general h eigh t of th e range is
. feet rising frequ en tly ,

t o over fee t and cul m i nating i n th e lit tle h ill station o f Salt e sar
feet ) T h e m irage is very com m on w h ere th e Sal t R ange d rops
.

in t o the Thal .

T h ro ug h out t h is t l
ar ic e th e in fo rmatio n g i e n v re l ate s to th e Di st rict as it w as

b e fo re th e f o rmat io n of th e r h
Sa g o d a ta lz s il in 1 90 6 . B if re n o tic e s o f th e n e w ta lz sil
and its h e ad-q ua rt e r s w il l b e fo und in th e a rt ic l e s on SA R G O D H A T A H SI L and SA R
G O D lI A To w x .
2 i 2 SI I AI I I ’
UR D I S TR I C T

Th e gr e a t er par t o f the D istric t l ies on th e all uv iu m bu t the c entral ,

portion of the Sal t R ange lying t o th e north o f th e J hel u m river is of , ,

i nteres t Th e ch ief featu re o f th i s portion o f t he range i s th e grea t

.

d evelopm en t attain ed by th e Productu s l i m es t one w ith its wealth o f ,

Perm ian fossils I t i s overlai n by t h e Triassic cerat i te beds wh ich are

.
,

also h ighly fossil i ferous H ere too u pper m eso z oic beds firs t begi n to .
, ,

appear ; th ey consist o f a series o f variegated sands t ones w i th J urassi c

fossi ls and are u ncon form ably overlai n by Nu m m ul itic l i mestone and
,

other Tertiary beds The lower par t of the palaeo z o ic grou p i s less .

ex t ensively developed than i n th e eastern part o f th e range bu t th e ,

sal t marl w it h i ts acco mpan ying rock sal t i s s t ill a constan t feature
,
-
,

i n m os t sect ions Salt o f great p u ri t y i s excavated at t he village of

.

W a rcha 1
.

E ast of t he J helu m t h e fl ora i s t ha t o f t h e W es t ern Punjab w ith an ,

ad m ix tu re of O rien t al an d deser t species ; b u t recent canal ex tensions

tend t o des t roy so m e o f t he characteris tic forms notab ly th e saltwor t s ,

(spec ies of H a loxy lon Sa licorn ia an d Sa lsola ) wh ich i n th e south , , ,

east o f th e D istrict often cons t i tu t e al m os t the sole veget at ion The .

Th al s t eppe west o f th e J hel um i s a prolonga t ion north wards o f th e

, ,

I ndian desert an d i ts fl ora i s very si m ilar t o th at o f W estern R aj pu t a na

,
.

I n th e Salt R ange a good many H i m a layan spec ies are fou nd bu t t he

'

general aspec t o f the flora i s O rien tal T h e box (B ux us) a w il d ol ive .

, ,

speci es o f Z ia-175 mm Sag eretia and D odo naea are associated w ith a , ,

n u m ber o f h erbaceou s p lan t s belongi ng to genera well k nown i n t h e -

Levant as well as i n th e arid North — W estern H i m a laya e g D ia n t/z us , . .

,

Scorz on era and M e rendera A t h igh er l evels H i m a layan for ms also

, .

appear Trees are u nknown i n t h e T hal and excep t A cacia nzodesta

.
, ,

and I ecozna u ndu la ta are u sually plan t ed ; bu t th e k ik a r (A cacia ,

ara a ica ) i s na t u ral i z ed o n a large scal e 0 11 the eas t bank of t he

J h el u m
‘
.

R av ine deer ( I ndian ga z elle ) are foun d i n th e Sal t R ange th e

’
,

T h al and th e B a r There are antelop e i n very s mal l nu mbers i n t h e

, .

Sh a hp ur ta lzsil wh ile hog are fou nd i n th e sou th — ,

east of th e D is t rict
an d occasi onally i n th e Salt R ange I n the Sal t R ange leopards are
‘
.

rare an d wolves com m on Urial (a k in d o f mo ufllo n ) also l ive on th e .

h il ls an d jackals are nu m erou s everywhere

, .

Th e town o f K hu sh a b and th e wa t erl ess t racts o f th e B a r an d Thal

are i n May an d J u ne among th e hottes t parts o f I ndia Th e t herm o
, ,
.

°
m et e r rises day after day to 1 1 5 o r more an d th e average dai ly ,

max i m u m fo r J u ne i s W h en t h e m onsoon has once begun th e ,

tem peratu re rarely rises above Th e Sal t R ange valleys are

1
W y n ne , ‘
Geo l og y of th e Sa lt R ang e ,
’
I lI c/I I oirs , Geolog ical Su rv ey f
o I n dia ,
v ol . xx iv C S M idd e miss ,
. . l Geo l ogy of th e Sa lt R ang e ,
’
R ecords , Geolog ica l S u rv ey

f
'

o l n clia , V o l . x iv ,
pt i . .
2 14 SH A H P UR D I S TR I C T

K h an a Khat t ak wh o held Pin d Dadan Kh a n and th e Sal t R ange for

, ,

A h mad Sh a h treach erou sly pu t the R aj a to death and sei z ed Bhera

, ,
.

B u t A bb a s Kh a n was h i mself thrown i nto prison as a revenu e defaul ter ;

and Fateh S ingh neph ew o f Sal amat R ai then recovered h i s u ncle s
, ,
’

dom i nions .

A fter th e fi nal success o f th e S ikh s agai ns t Ah mad Sh a h i n 1 7 6 3 ,

C hattar Si ngh o f th e Suk arc h ak ia I n isl o r confederacy overran th e

, ,

w h ole Sal t R ange wh ile th e B hang i ch ieftai ns parcel led o ut among

,

t he mselves th e cou n t ry be t ween th ose b ills and th e C hen a b M ean .

w h ile th e M uham madan ru lers o f Sah iw a l M it ha Tiw a na and K hu sh a b

, , ,

had ass u med i ndepen dence and managed t hough h ard pressed to , , ,

res ist th e encroach m en ts o f th e S ikh s T h e succeeding per iod was .

o ne of cons tan t anarchy c hecked o nly by th e gradual rise o f Mah a n

,

S i ngh and h i s son th e great Mah a r aj a R anj it Singh

, ,
T h e former .

m ade h i m sel f m aster of M i a n i i n 1 7 8 3 and th e lat t er s u cceeded i n ,

annex ing B hera i n 1 80 3 S i x years later R anj it S ingh turned h is ar ms

.
,

against the B aloch ch ieftai ns of Sah i w a l an d K h ush a b wh o m h e over ,

ca me by comb ined force and treachery A t th e sam e ti m e h e swallowed .

u p certai n s maller do mains i n th e same n eighbou rhood ; an d i n 1 8 1 0

b e eff ec ted th e conquest o f all th e cou n t ry su bj ect t o th e S i al ch iefs
o f J hang I n 1 8 1 6 t h e conqueror t u rned h is attent ion t o the M al iks
.

o f M i tha Ti w a na The M u ham madan ch ief retired t o N iirp ur i n th e

'

.
,

hear t o f th e Thal h 0p ing that scarci t y o f water and S uppl ies m igh t
,

check th e S ikh advance B u t R anj it S i ngh s general sank wells as.

’

h e march ed so that th e T iw an as fl ed i n despair an d wan dered ab ou t

, ,

for a t i m e as o u tcasts Th e M ah a raj a ho w ever after annex ing the ir

.
, ,

terri tory dreaded th eir i nflu ence and i nvi ted the m to Lah ore wh ere
, ,

h e m ade a l i beral prov isio n for thei r s u pport O n t h e death of th e .

famou s H ari S ingh t o who m th e T i w a na estates had been assigned

, ,

Fateh Kh a n t he rep resen t at ive of the T iw a na fam i ly ob t ai ned a gran t

, ,

o f th e ancestral dom ains T henceforward Mal i k Fate h K h an took

.
,

a prom i nen t par t i n t h e turbu le nt pol i t ics of t he S ikh real m after th e ,

rap idly su cceed ing dea t hs of R anj it S ingh h is son an d grandson , , .

Th rown i nto prison by th e oppos i t e faction h e was released by ,

Li eu tenan t (afterwards S ir H erbert ) E d wardes who sent h im to Bann u ,

on t he out break o f t he M ul t a n rebellion to reli eve Lieu tenan t R e y n e ll

Taylor Shortly afterwards th e S ikh t 1 00ps m u t in ied and Fateh K h a n
.
,

was sh ot down wh ile boldly chal lengi ng t h e braves t cham p i on o f th e

S ikh s to m eet h im i n single co mbat H is son an d a cou si n proved .

th em selves acti vely loyal d uring t he revolt and were rewarded for ,

t he ir good serv ice both at t h is period and after the M u tiny o f 1 8 5 7 .

Sh a h pu r D is t rict passed u nder direct B ri tish r ule with t he res t o f t h e ,

P unjab a t th e close of th e second S ikh W ar A t that t i m e t h e grea t er

, .

part of th e cou ntry was peopled only by w i ld pastoral tri bes withou t ,
 P OP ULA TI ON 2 1 5

fi xed abodes Under t h e in fl uence o f se tt l ed govern m en t th ey began

.
,

to es t abl ish t hem sel ves i n permanen t habi tat ions to cult i vate t h e soi l ,

i n al l su itable places and to acqu ire a feel i ng o f attach m en t t o thei r

,

regular ho m es T h e M u t iny o f 1 8 5 7 had l i t tle i nfl uence u pon Sh ah

.

p ur Th e D is t rict rem ai ned t ranqu i l ; and th ough t h e v illages of th e

.

Bar gave cau se for alar m n o ou tbreak o f sepoys t ook place an d th e

, ,

w i ld t ribes o f t h e u pland di d no t revol t eve n wh en th ei r breth re n

i n t h e neigh bouri ng M ul t a n D ivision took u p ar m s A body o f T iw a na .

h orse levied i n t h is D is t rict d i d excellen t service d uri ng th e M u t iny

, , ,

and was afterwards i ncorporated i n th e regi m en t n o w k nown as t h e

1 8 th
(Tiw a na ) Lancers .

No less t han 2 7 0 m ou nds have been cou n t ed i n t h e B a r None .

o f th e m has been excavated bu t they serve t o recal l t h e ancient

,

prosperi ty o f the t ract wh ich is tes ti fied to al ike b y t he Greek h is

,

to rian s and by l ocal t rad itio n T he m os t i nterest i ng arch i tectu ral .

remai ns are t h e t em ples at A mb i n t h e Sal t R ange b u il t o f block ,

lea nk ar .The s tyle is K ash m iri and they da t e probably from t h e ,

tenth cen t u ry th e era o f t h e H ind u k i ngs o f O h in d Sher Sh a h

,
.

i n 1 5 4 0 bu ilt th e fi ne m osqu e at B H ER A ; an d t h e great stone dam ,

now i n ru i ns across th e K a t h a t orren t a t th e foo t o f t h e Sal t R ange

,

is also attri bu t ed t o h i m .

Th e popula t ion o f t h e D istric t at th e las t fou r en u mera t ion s was

( 1 86 8) ( 1 88 1
) ( 1 89 1
) and ( 9 )
1 01

dwelling i n 5 towns and 7 8 9 v illages I t i ncreased

by 6 -2 per cen t during th e las t decade T he D is
.
P op u l a t io n
.

.
.

triet is di vided i nto three tanstls— SH RH P UR B H ER A and KH U SH AB , ,

th e h ead quar t ers o f each being at th e place fro m wh ich i t i s nam ed

-
.

The towns are the m u n ici pal ities o f S H AH P U R the ad m in istrative h ead ,

quarters o f the D istric t M I AN I S AH I W AL K H U S H AB and B H ER A

, , , , .

Th e following t able gives th e ch ief s tat ist ics o f pop u la t ion i n

1 90 1

N um b er of 2g
—
5
T a lt s z l
55 ~
ea s e
fi 5 “O
f:
°

5
° u
= m c
2
; r c
a E c a

a= s s as s as
3 IS z 53
:
0
$12 5: z
! 0
0 a.

2 28
9
111 77 1 9 4 3 46
2 2 94 9 7 1 90 7
1 20 6

D i tri t t t l
s c o a
5 7 89 108-
3

N OT — ETh e fi g ure s f o r t h e a re a s o f to ns ils a re t a k e n f ro m re v e n ue re t urn s T he

t l Di t i t h v
.

a re a is t a t
to a s rc
g i e n in t h e C e n s u s R eport .

M uham madans nu m ber or per cen t o f t he t otal ;

84 .

H indus ,
and S ik hs ,
T h e d ensity of th e populat ion
21 6 SH / f H R UR D I S TR I C T

is l ow as m igh t be expected i n a D istrict w h i c h co mprises so large

,

an area of desert The language spoken is W estern Punj abi or

.
,

Lah nda w i th th ree d isti nct form s i n the J h el u m valley the Thal
, , ,

and th e Sal t R ange respect ively Th e las t has been h el d to be th e .

oldes t form o f P unj abi n o w spoken i n th e Provi nce .

Th e m os t nu m erou s caste is that of th e agricu ltu ral R aj p uts w h o ,

n u mber or 1 4 per cent of th e t otal populat ion Next co me . .

the J ats A w a ns K h o k h ars and Baloch

A rai ns are few n u m bering only w h ile the M ah ars
, ,

very closely aki n to them n u mber Th e co m mercial and m oney

,

lending castes of n u m erical i mportance are th e A roras an d

K h attris Th e M uh am madan priestl y class th e Saiyi ds w h o , ,

have agri cu lture as an addit ional m ean s of l i vel ihood n u m ber ,

O f th e artisan classes th e Julah as ( weave rs 2 ,

Moch is (leath er ,

workers ,
K u mh ars ( pot t ers and T ark h ans (carpen ters , ,
‘
are t h e m os t i m portan t ; and of th e m e n ial classes t he C li ii h ras ,

( s w eepers ,
M a ch h is (fish er m en bakers and wa t er carriers , ,
-
,

an d Nais (barbers M irasis (village m in strels ) n u mber

,

A bou t 4 8 per cent of t h e popu la t io n are s uppor t ed by agr i

.

cu lture .

T he A m erican U ni t ed Presby terian M ission has a s ta t ion a t B h era ,

w h ere work was s t arted i n 1 8 8 4 I n 1 9 0 1 th e D ist ric t con t ained .

2 1 nat ive Ch ris t ians .

I n t h e valleys o f th e J h el u m an d Ch en a b an d i n th e plai n be t wee n ,

th e m t he soi l is ch iefly a m ore o r less san dy loam w ith patches o f clay

, ,

an d sand Th e Thal consists ch iefl y o f san dh ills

.
,
Ag ricu l t u r e
i nterspersed wi t h patch es o f hard level soi l and tracts
.

of grou nd i mpregnated wi th sal t s wh ile i n t he h ills a fer t i le detritus ,

o f sandstone an d l i mestone is fou nd Th e con dit ions of agricu lture .

,

h owe v er depend o n th e facil i t ies fo r irrigat io n an d not on soils

, ,

and th e u n irrigated c ul t ivation i s precarious i n th e ex t re me .

The D istrict is held ch iefly o n th e alz a zj dclzara and p a ttidari t en ures /

,

th ou gh z a nza dri lands cover abou t 1 4 5 squ are m iles and lands leased
fro m Govern m ent abou t acres Th e area for w hich detai ls are .

available fro m th e revenue records o f 1 9 0 3 —4 is squ are m iles ,

as sh ow n below

T o ta l . C l iv
u t at e d . I rri at e d
g . F o re s t s .

T ota l I , 5 30 7 48
1

W heat is th e ch i e f crop of the spring harvest occupyi ng , 5 79 square

2 I8 SI I / I H I UR ’
D I S TR I C T

of th e Lower J h el u m Canal I n 1 90 3 —4 th e D istrict h ad .

m asonry wells w orked by cattl e w i th Persian w h eels besides 2 4 1

, ,

u n bricked w el ls lever w ells and water l ifts Fields i n th e Sal t R ange

, ,
-
.

are em banked so as to u t i li z e to th e u t m os t th e surface drai nage of

t h e h ills and em bank ments are t hrown across the h il l t orren ts for th e
,

sa me purpose
‘
.

—
I n 1 9 0 3 4 the D istrict con ta i ned 7 7 5 square m iles o f reserved ’

an d 2 5 of u nclassed fores t u nder t h e D ep uty Conserva t or o f th e -

Sh a h pu r Fores t d ivision bes ides 2 1 square m iles

F o r e st s .

o f m i l itary reserved forest and 3 square m iles o f

,

‘
,

reserved fores t and 6 9 2 o f waste lands u n der th e Dep uty C o m

’
-

m iss ioner T hese forests are for the m ost part tracts o f desert th i nly
.

covered wi th scru b consisting o f th e v ein (Salva dora ) j a f zd

, ,

leafless caper and other b ush es w h ich for m th e characteristic v e g e ,

T h e A cacia a m bzca s/zzs/z a m ( D a léerg za Szksoo) and other

' ’

tatio n
'

.
, ,

com m on t rees o f th e p lains are t o be fou n d by th e r ivers and p lanted ,

along roads an d canals and by wel ls ; bu t as a wh ole t h e D istrict

is very poorly wooded T he fores t reven u e fro m t he areas u nder
.

th e Fores t depart ment i n 1 9 0 3 —4 was R s an d fro m th ose .

u n der th e D epu ty — Co m m issioner Rs .

Sal t i s foun d i n large quant i t ies al l over th e Sal t R ange and i s

”

excavated at th e v illage o f W a rcha th e average ou tp u t exceeding ,

mau n ds a year Sm al l quan t ities o f lignite have been fou nd

.

i n th e h i lls sou t h o f Sakesar gyps u m an d m ica are com m on i n places ,

and traces o f i ron an d lead h ave been fou nd i n t h e Sal t R ange Pe t ro .

leu m also has been noticed on th e su rface of a spring Li m es t o ne .

i s quarried fro m th e h i lls in large quant ities an d a grea t deal o f l i m e ,

i s b urnt Cru de sal t petre is man u fac t ured t o a large e x t en t fro m th e

.

earth of deserted village s i t es an d refi ned a t five l icensed distilleries , ,

w h ence i t i s exported Th e m anu fac t ure o f i mp u re carbona t e o f soda

.

fro m the ashes o f Sa lsa/a is o f som e i m por t ance .

Cotton cloth is woven i n al l parts and is exported i n large quan ,

t it ies wh i le s ilk and m i xt u res o f si lk and cot t on are wove n at

,

K h ush a b an d cotton pri nts are p rodu ced

,
Fel t .

Trade an d
rugs are made at that tow n and at B hera B hera
c o mm un ica t io n s
.

al so tu rns o u t a good deal o f cu tlery an d variou s ,

k in ds o f serpent i ne an d oth er s t ones are used th ere for th e handles

o f k n ives caskets paper weigh ts & c Th e woodwork o f B hera is
, , , .

above t h e average and good lac quered turnery i s made at S a h iw al

, .

G u npowder and fi reworks are prepared on a large scale at several

places Soap i s also m anufactu red
. .

Cotton is exported both raw and manu fac t ured and t here is a large ,

export o f w heat and other grai ns wh ich w il l i ncrease wi t h th e develop ,

m ent of th e J h elu m Colon y O th er exports are wool g /zz h ides an d

'

.
, ,
 A D A/ I N I S TR A TI OA ’
2 19

bon es sal t l i m e an d sal tpetre T h e ch ie f i m ports are piece goods

, , , .
-
,

m e tals sugar an d rice

, , .

Th e Si n d Sag a r branch o f th e Nor t h W estern R ailway crosses th e

- -

north — eas t ern corner o f th e B hera f a/zsz l and after passing i nto j h el u m
'

, ,
‘
D istri ct agai n enters th e Dis t ric t cross ing th e K h u sh a b ta /zsz l Th e
, , .

Jech D o a b branch st ri kes o ff t h rough th e heart o f t h e D istrict ru n n ing ,

as far as Sargodha th e h ead quarters o f th e J hel u m Colony Th ere i s

,
-
.

also a shor t branc h to B hera A l igh t rai l way fro m D hak t o t he foot .

o f th e h i lls near K ath a a d istance o f abou t 1 0 m i les i s u nder survey

, , ,

i n th e i nteres t s of t h e coal trade .

Th e D ist ri ct i s traversed i n al l d irect ions by good u nm etal led roads ,

t h e most i m portan t leading fro m Lah ore to th e front ier th rough Sh a h

pu r town and K h u sh a b and from Sh a h pu r to J hang an d G uj rat Th e
, .

t otal lengt h of m etalled roads i s 2 0 m i les and o f u n metal led roads ,

8 3 8 m i les O f th ese 1 3 m iles o f m e t alled and 2 6 m iles of u n m e talled

.
,

roads are u nder th e Pu bl ic W ork s depart men t and th e rest u nder th e

D i stric t board .

Th e J hel u m is crossed betwee n Sh a hp u r and Kh ush a b by a bridge

of boats dis m an tled du ri ng th e rai ns ; an d a footway is at tached to
,

th e rai lway bridge in t he Bh era ta/zsil Th ere are s ixteen ferries on .

th e J helu m th ose on t h e Chen a b being u nder t h e manage ment of t h e

,

au th orities o f Guj r an w a la D is t rict A certai n a mou nt of traffic is .

carried by th e former river bu t very l i t tle by th e la t ter ,

.

Prior to an nexa t ion t he greater par t o f Sh a h pu r was a sparsely

,

populated t ract i n wh ich cu lt iva t ion was m os t ly dependent o n w ells

,

and o n t h e fl oods o f th e J hel u m river ; and alth ough th e D i strict has

been a ffected by al l th e fa mi nes w h ich have vi si t ed th e Pu njab i t ,

is no t o n e i n wh ich d ist ress can ever rise to a very h igh p i t ch .

N o seriou s fam i ne has occu rred since an nexa t ion and wi th th e con ,

struc t ion of t h e Lower J h el u m Canal th e Chaj D o a b m ay be said to

be thorough ly pro t ec t ed .

The D ist rict i s i n charge o f a D epu ty Co m m iss ioner aided by t wo -

,

Assi sta nt o r E x tra A ssis t an t Com m issioners o f who m

-

Admin is tra t io n
,

one i s in charge o f t h e D is t ric t t reasury

.

It is .

divided for adm i nistrati ve pu rposes i n t o th e t h ree ta/zsi/s o f S H AH P U R ,

B H ER A and K H USH RB
, .

The Depu t y Com m issioner as D i s t rict Magistra t e is responsi bl e for

-

cri m inal j ust ice Ci vi l j u dicial work is u nder a D istric t J udge ; and
.

both o fiice rs are su bordinate t o th e D ivi sional j u dge o f t h e Sh ahpu r

Civi l D iv ision who i s al so Session s J udge
,
Th ere are t wo M un sifs .
,

o n e at h ead quarters and th e o t h er a t Bh era

-
Th e pri ncipal cri m e o f .

the D istrict i s cattl e l i fti ng th ough dacoit ies an d m u rders are n ot

-
,

u ncom m on I n th e Sal t R ange blood feu ds are carried on for

.
-

generations .

VO L . XXII .
 ‘
2 20 S I l / I I I I UR ’
D I S TR I C T

Att he begi n ni ng of th e n ineteen t h cent u ry th e trac t wh ich now

form s th e D istrict was h eld by vari ou s i ndepen den t pe tt y ch iefs al l ,

of w h om
ere su bd ued by R anj it S i ngh between 1 8 0 3 and 1 8 1 6
w .

Ti ll 1 8 4 9 i t w as governed by S ikh k rim drs w h o t ook leases o f th e ’

,

land revenu e of variou s blocks o f cou ntry exacting all they coul d and ,

payi ng only what t h ey were obl iged The u su al m odes o f collection .

were by tak ing a sh are o f th e grai n produ ce o r by appraisem en t of t h e

s t and ing mo m an d t h e demand w as n ot l i m i ted t o any fi xed share
,

o f th e harvest O n an nexati on i n 1 8 4 9 th e D is trict was assessed

.

village by village i n cash th e Sikh demand bei ng red uced by 2 0 per ,

cent bu t even t hi s proved t oo h igh I n 1 8 5 1 th e dist ress fou nd voice

. .
,

and th e reven u e was red uced i n t h e K alow a l (Chen a b ) mk s?! from

Rs . to Rs 7 I n 1 8 5 2 a su m mary se t tlem en t w as carried
.

o ut givi ng a redu c t ion of 2 2 per cen t I n 1 8 5 4 began th e regular

,
.

settle m en t wh ich las ted twen ty years and resu lted i n a furth er decrease
,

o f a quarter o f a lakh A revised settlem ent was concl u ded i n 1 8 94

. .

The average rates of assess m en t were R s 2 (max i m u m R s 3 —1 0

‘
m i n im u m 6 annas ) o n wet land an d R 0 —1 5 —
.
,
.

6 (maxi m u m R s 1 —9
’

‘
.
,
.
,

m in i m u m 6 annas ) o n dry land These rates resu lted i n an i m m e ’

.

d iat e i ncrease o f 3 8 per cent i n th e de mand th e i ncidence per acre o f

cu lt ivat ion being R 0—1 5 —
.
,

9 Th e average si z e of a prop rie t ary h olding

. .

i s 5 acres .

Th e col lec t ions o f land revenu e and o f to t al revenu e are sh own

bel ow i n th ousands o f rupees
,

T h e D is t rict contai n s five m u n ici pal i ties S H AH P U R B H ER A M I AN I , , , ,

S AH I W AL and K H U SH AB O u ts ide th ese local affai rs are m anaged by

,
.
,

th e D istrict board wh ose i nco me derived main ly from a local rat e

, , ,

was a lakh i n 1 9 0 3 —4 w h ile th e expen di t ure was R s 8

,
ed ucation .

bei ng t h e largest i tem .

T h e regu lar police force consists o f 5 0 2 o f al l rank s i nclu ding ,

1 0 0 m u nicipal pol ice and t he Su perintenden t u sual ly has o n e A ssis

,

t an t Su perintendent an d fou r i nspec t ors u nder h i m V illage wa t ch .

m en nu mber 5 3 8 Th ere are 1 7 pol ice stat ions and 5 ou tposts Th e

. .

D is t rict jail at h ead quarters has acco m m odat ion for 2 8 0 p ri soners
-
.

Sh a hpur s t ands ten th am ong th e t wenty eigh t D istricts of t h e -

Provi nce i n respect o f th e l i teracy o f i ts popu lat ion I n 1 9 0 1 the .

proportion of l itera t e persons was 4 -2 per cent (7 5 males and 0 7 .

fem al es ) Th e nu m ber of pu pi ls u nder i nstruc t ion was in

i n 1 9 0 0—
.

1 8 80— 1 ,
in 1 8 9 0 —1 1 an d i n 1 9 0 3 —4
, ,
.
 ‘
S I I / I I / P UA ’
I N V A D A TI O N ( A A A LS ’
’
222

wh ich had fallen i nto d isu se and was reopened i n 1 8 7 0 1 I t com -

.

m ands 7 2 square m i les i n th e B h era ta bs?! and i rriga t es 3 0 square

m i les annually yield ing a net reven u e o f R s ,
I t has ex .

t ing u ish e d i ts capi tal cost an d yielded a net p ro fit o f 4 -1 lakh s t o

Governm ent T h e C o rb y n w ah cons t ruc t ed i n 1 8 7 9 i rriga t es abou t
.
, ,

acres m os t ly grass lands i n t h e Kh u sh a b ta bs?! o n th e righ t

, ,

bank o f t h e J h el u m .

Th e Pin d D a dan K h a n Canal does no t pay ex penses bu t i t su ppl ies ,

t h e town w ith swee t wa t er I t perform s a small a m ou n t o f i rrigat ion .

as well th e area irriga t ed i n 1 9 04—5 having been 3 9 5 acres Th e

, .

pri vate canal s have a t otal length o f abou t 2 2 7 m iles and i rriga t e
8 7 square m iles Man y o f t he m are old canals wh ich h ad S i lted u p
.

and were re excava t ed u nder Si r D onald M c N ab b and oth er D epu ty

-
,

Co m m issioners o f t he D istrict by owners or l essees t o i rrigate their ,

own lands Th ey al so i rriga t e th e lan ds o f o t h er persons o n pay m en t

. .

of a water ra t e As noted in t h e article on th e L O W ER JHE LU M C A N A L

.
,

m ost o f th ese i n undat ion canals w ill cease to ex ist as such wh en th e

Sh a h pu r branch o f th e Lower J h elu m Canal has been cons t ru c t ed .

S h ah p ur T o w n — H ead quar t ers o f th e D istrict an d ta /zsii o f Sh a h

.
-

pu r P unj ab si t uated i n 3 2 1 8 N a nd 7 2 2 7 E o n t h e left ban k of

, ,
’ ° ’
.
°
.
,

t h e J hel u m river Pop ula t i on . The town founded by ,

a colony o f Saiy ids and called after t h ei r leader Sh a h Sham s l ies

, , ,

3 m i les fro m th e civ il li nes i n wh ich are t h e D ist rict o ffi ces jail and , , ,

ch u rch and 5 m iles from Kh u sh a b t h e nearest rai lway s tat ion o n th e

, ,

North W estern R ai lway The pl ace i s of n o com m ercial i mportance

-
. .

Th e m u nicipal ity was crea t ed i n 1 86 7 Th e i ncom e an d expen ditu re

d uring th e ten years en ding 1 90 2 — —
.

3 averaged R s I n 1 9 3 4
0 .

th e i nco m e amou n t ed t o R s ch ie fl y from oc t roi and t h e e x p e n .

dit ure was R s Th e town has an A nglo vernacular m iddle

.
-

sch ool main t ai ned by th e D istric t board besides Pandi t D iw a n

, ,

C h an d s girl s sch ool o ne o f th e best i n th e Province ; an d a c ivi l

’ ’
,

h ospi tal .

S h ah p ur S t a t e — Pe tt y Sta t e i n K ATH I AW AR B om bay

.

S h ah p u r T alu k —
, .

Tci/zck i n Gu lbarga D is t ric t H yder a b a d S tate

.
, ,

wi th an area o f 5 8 5 square m i les i ncl u di ng j cig irs T h e popu la t ion in , .

1 9 0 1 was com pared with i n 1 8 9 1 I t con t ai ns one .

t own S AG A R (p op ulation
,
and 1 5 0 v i llages o f wh ich 4 0 are , ,
‘
j ga ir . S h a hp u r (pop ula t ion is th e h ead quarters Th e Bh ima ,
-
.

fl ows along t h e sou th eas t border Th e land revenu e in 1 9 0 1 a mou nted

-
.

t o 1 -7 lakh s T h e soil i s ch iefl y o f th e black cotton desc ription

S h ah p ura C h ie f s h ip —
. .

Ch iefsh ip u nder th e poli tical su pervi sion .

o f the H arao t i and Tonk Agency R a j pu t a na

°
lyi ng between 2 5 2 9 , ,
’

° ’ ’ ° ’ °
and 2 5 5 3 N an d 7 4 4 4 and 7 5 7 E with an area o f 4 0 5 square
. .
,

m i les I t i s bou nded o n t h e north an d nor t h eas t by t h e B ri t ish D is

.
-
 SH / I H P UI LA C H I E F SI / I I
’ ’
23

triet o f Aj mer and on every o t her s ide by t he Udaip ur Sta t e except i n

, ,

t he nor t h eas t corner where i t s border touches tha t o f K i shangarh

-
, _
.

A s mall de t ached t rac t l ies abou t 5 m iles to th e wes t o f i ts so ut h

western bou ndary Th e cou ntry is fo r the m os t par t
.

fl at open and treeless an d con ta ins m uch pas t ure

, , ,

land . I n th e north are two s mal l rivers t h e K h a ri ,

‘
and th e M a nsi wh ic h fl o w fro m west t o eas t un i te near P h tilia and
, , ,

even t ually j oi n th e Ban a s river nort h of Deol i .

Th e northe rn p ort ion o f Sh a h pu ra is covered by th e all uvi u m of

these rivers A few isolated rocky h ills are to be fou nd formed o f th e
.
,

sch ists o f t he Aravalli syste m wh i le i n the sou t h a large area i s covered

,

by t h e sa me rocks t raversed by n u merous d ikes and vei ns o f gran i te

, .

Th e an nual rai n fall averages abo u t 2 6 inches and has varied fro m ,

over 44 i nch es i n 1 8 9 2 to abou t 1 0 i n 1 8 9 5 .

The Sh a hpu ra fam ily belongs to th e Se sodia clan of R aj pu t s bei ng ,

descended fro m A mar S ingh I R a n a o f Mewa r abou t t he end o f t h e ,

s ixteen t h cen t u ry through h is son S araj Mal Th e

, .

H is to ry
ch iefship o f Sh a hpu ra cam e in to ex is t ence abou t
.

162
9 wh en Sfi raj M al s son Sfi j an S ingh received fro m the e m peror
’
, , ,

Sh a h J ah a n as a reward fo r gallan t serv ices a gran t o f the pa rg a n a o f

, ,

Ph ti lia o ut o f t he crown lands o f Aj m er o n cond ition o f perf orm i ng

'

service wit h 5 0 horse men Sfi j an Singh a t once changed t h e nam e o f

.

th is district to Sh a hp ura after h i s benefactor an d fou nded the tow n

, ,

o f th e sam e nam e ; h e was th u s t he first ch ief o f Sh a hp u ra H e was .

k illed i n 1 6 5 8 at Fateh a b a d near Ujj ain wh en figh t in g o n t h e s ide ,

o f D a r a agai ns t A urang z eb H i s grandson B harat S ingh was th e

.
, ,

th ird ch ief a nd rece ived fro m th e e m peror A u rang z eb t h e t i tle o f R aj a

, .

The nex t ch ief w as Umed Si ngh w ho w as killed at Ujj ain i n 1 7 6 8 , ,

when figh ting for R a n a A ri Singh o f M ew a r agai ns t M ah adj i S in dh ia .

Th e seven th ch ie f A mar Si ngh ( 1 7 9 6

,
i s sai d to have received
fro m the Mah a r a n a of M ew a r th e t i tle o f R aj a Dh ir aj wh ich is ac ,

corded t o h is s uccessors to t h is day The eleventh an d presen t ch ie f .

is R aj a Dh ir aj N a har S ingh w ho su cceeded by adoption i n 1 8 7 0

, ,

received fu l l po wers i n 1 8 7 6 and was made a , in 1 9 0 3 .

Under t he sa zzaa o f J u ne 2 7 1 8 4 8 the ch iefship pays to th e B ri t ish

'

, ,

Govern men t a t ri bu t e o f R s su bj ec t to t h e proviso tha t i f th e

.
,

custo ms d ut ies levied i n Aj m er D is t rict be abol ish ed the ch ief shall , ,

if the Govern men t so wish also cease to collect s uch d u t ies an d in

, ,

such a case t h e trib u t e shal l be red uced to R s a year Th e . .

ch ief h as recei ve d t he righ t o f adopt ion I n add it io n to holdi ng Sh a h .

pura directl y by gran t from t h e B ritish G overn ment the Raj a D h ira j ,

possesses th e esta t e o f K AC H H O LA i n Udaipu r for wh ic h h e pays ,

tri bute and does formal ser v ice as a great noble of that State .

The nu m ber of town s and vi llages i n Sh a h pura is 1 3 3 and th e p e pu ,

 SH A I I I UR A ’
C I / I E F SH / l ’

lation at each t h e t hree en u merati ons was : ( 1 8 8 1 )

of (1 89 1 )
an d
( 1 90 1 ) T h e decl i ne i n th e last decade was d ue
to t h e fa m i ne of 1 8 9 9 —1 9 0 0 and t h e severe ou tbreak
P op u lat ion .

malarial fever w h ich followed i t The ch iefsh i p

of
,

i s d ivided i nto th e fou r to /zsz ts o f Sh a h pura D h ikola Koth ian and

'

, , ,

I h fi lia w it h h ead quarters at th e places from wh ich each is named

’
,
-
.

I n 1 9 0 1 H i ndu s nu mbered o r 9 0 per cen t ; M usalman s .

,

or nearly 6 per cent and J ai ns or 3 per cent

.
, .

‘
The mos t nu m erous castes are th e B ra h m ans G tlj ars and J a ts , , ,

al m os t al l o f wh om are agricul turists ; an d th e M ah aj ans who are ,

t raders an d m oney lenders N early 5 0 per cen t o f t h e populat ion

-
. .

are s upported by agricu l t ure and abou t 2 0 per cen t are engaged i n , .

such i ndus t ries as co tt on weaving and dye ing po tt ery carpentry boo t -
, , ,

mak ing & c , .

Th e soil is fo r the m os t par t a fertile loam Th e pri ncipal crops are .

j ra j ow ar m ai z e tit and co t ton in th e rainy season and wheat

'

ba , , , , , ,

barley gram an d poppy i n t he col d season The

area said to h ave been cu l tivated i n 1 9 0 2 —
.
, ,
Ag r ic ulture .

3 was
2 4 7 square m iles o r th ree fi fth s o f t he en t ire area of t he ch iefsh ip
,
-
.

Abou t 3 0 s quare m iles were irriga t ed : nam ely 1 7 fro m tanks and 1 3 ,

fro m wel ls T h e c o untry i s wel l su i ted fo r tanks and t he subj ect o f

'

.
,

i rrigation h as been receiv ing considerable atten tion du ring recent years .

There are no real forests bu t extens i ve grass reserves con t ai n bo o/7 1 , ,

a im an d o t h er co m m on trees useful for fuel

,
S u rplus grass is regu larly .

s tored .

T h e pri ncipal man ufactu res are th e lacquered tables sh ields and , ,

toys wh ich h ave more t han a local rep uta t ion ; o t h er arts are co t ton
,

weaving of th e ordi nary k ind pri nti ng o n fabrics , ,

Tra de an d
co m m un ica t io n s
dyeing and th e m anu facture o f bangles fro m coco
,
.

nu t shells A cotton press a t S h ahpura tow n th e .

-
,

proper t y of the ch iefshi p gives employ men t to 8 0 m en d uring th e ,

work ing season and abou t 4 5 0 0 bales o f cotton are pressed yearly
, ,
.

Th e ch ief exports are cotton an d g /zc to B o mbay and op i u m h i des

'

, , ,

barley m ai z e an d ti! m os t ly to B e a war T h e ch ief i mports are p iece

, , .

goods and s ugar fro m B om bay sal t fro m S ambhar and Pach bhadra , ,

wh ea t from Cawn pore r ice and tobacco from Aj m er and ca t tle fro m, ,

M arw a r and M a lw a .

There i s no railway i n th e ch iefsh ip b u t t he R ajp u t ana M alw a l ine ,

-

ru ns paral lel t o and abou t 1 2 m i les d istan t fro m th e wes t ern border
, ,
.

Th e proposed B aran Aj m er M arw ar R ai lway wi ll h owever pass th rough

- -
, ,

th e territory Th e only m etal led roads are i n th e vici nity o f S h a hpu ra

.

t own and t h e ir length is abou t 2 m i les Th e only B ritish post o ffice

,
.

i s a t th e cap ital wh ere t h ere is also a telegraph office The ch iefsh ip

, .

mai ntains a pos t al syste m of its ow n Letter s on S tate service are .

2 26 SII /I

struck by th e R aj a s of Sh a h pu ra si nce or 1 7 80 bu t the m int has ,

been closed s i nce 1 8 7 0 u nder the orders of Govern men t T he Gy arci/i .

s a n a rupee was formerly w orth abou t 1 0 or 1 0

% Bri t ish annas bu t now ,

exchanges for abou t 8 annas .

O f t h e 1 3 2 villages i n the ch iefsh ip 6 4 are k /za/sa 5 2 j ag ir an d , , ,

1 6 mini /i Land u nder t he las t t en u re i s hel d free wh i le the holders

.
,
°

o f 1 42 n land have to perform servi ce and pay tri bu te I n th e k aa/sa .

area th e land revenu e i s paid i n cash o n t he k /z arzjf o r rain s crops ,

vary ing from R s 3 t o R s 8 per acre w h i le o n t h e raoi o r spring crops

. .
,

i t is levied i n k ind Varyi ng from o n e fou r t h t o o n e half of the produce

,
- -
.

Save i n a few cases t he tenants have no proprie t ary righ ts and can be
, ,

dispossessed at any ti m e ; bu t w it h the ch ief s perm iss io n t hey can ’

dispo se o f o r transfer t he ir righ t o f cul tivat ion

, ,
.

T he m ili tary force cons is t s of 4 4 caval ry 6 5 ar med and 1 7 6 general ,

i nfan t ry o r a to t al o f 2 8 5 of al l rank s w i th 1 0 serviceable gu ns

, ,
.

T he pol ice force consists o f 4 0 0 men of who m 4 2 are mou nted and ,

1 0 are c a uk z ctars T he only j ail is at the cap i tal and has aec om
'

3 .

mo datio n for 2 9 prisoners t h e daily average n u mber i n 1 9 0 4 was 2 0 .

The j ai l m anu fac t ures are u n i mportant an d on a very s mal l scale co n ,

s is t ing o f co t ton carpe t s m atting and r0p e , , .

I n respect of th e l i teracy o f i ts popu lat ion Sh a hpu ra stan ds th ird ,

among th e S ta t es and ch iefs h ips o f R aj pu ta na w i th 5 3 p er cen t able .

t o read and wri te : namely 9 8 per cent o f t he males an d , o f the .

’
fe males There are only fou r sch ools o f wh ich th ree includ ing a girl s
.
, ,

sch ool are at th e cap i t al and o n e at Koth ian i n t he nort h w est The
, ,
-
.

daily average attendance a t these four in s t i t u tions in 1 9 0 4 —5 was 2 0 0 ,

and t he expendi ture abo ut R s .

A h ospi tal is m ai ntai ned a t th e cap ital wh ich cos t R s in 1 90 4 , . .

V accina t ion is not popular I n 1 9 0 4 —5 t he vaccinator success fully

.

vacc inated 8 9 4 persons o r abou t 2 1 per ,

of th e pop ulation .

S h ah p u ra T o w n — Capi t al o f t he ch iefsh ip o f the same name

i n R aj pu ta na fou nded about 1 6 2 9 by S uj a n S ingh the first ch ief o f
, ,

Sh a hp u ra and named after t h e e mperor Sh a h J ah a n I t is si t uated

, .

° ’ ° '
i n 2 5 3 8 N and 7 4 5 6 E abou t 1 9 m iles by u nm etalled road eas t
. .
,

o f Sareri station on the R ajp ut a na M alw a R ai lway and 6 0 m i les sou th -

,

b y sou t h eas t of Aj mer ci ty

- -
Populat ion The t own i s
.

s urrou nded by a wall hav ing fou r gates and possesses a com b ined pos t ,

and telegrap h o ffice ; a j ai l w ith acco m m odation for 2 9 pr isoners ; an

A nglo vernacu lar sch ool wi th board i ng hou se attached a t wh ich t he
-
,
-
,

dai ly average attendance i n 1 9 0 4 —5 was 5 0 ; a couple of pri mary

sch ools a tt ended by 1 2 9 boys and 2 0 g irls ; an d a h osp i t al wit h
acco m modat ion for 2 0 in patients O utsi de t h e walls and close to -
.

t h e K fin d gate s tands t he R ain dw ara o r monastery o f th e R amsan e h i

s e ct of m end icants T h is sect is said to hav e been fou nded abou t
.
 — -

5 11 24j z 4P U11 Z I L/ I
’
22 7

150 years ago by o ne R am C haran D as and the ma /za zz t or h igh

‘
,

prie s t res ides h e re T he R amsane h is (o r lov e rs of R am ) have no

’

bel ief i n the worsh ip of i dol s and their ch ief tenet i s th e repeating ,

of the nam e R am They shave the h ead mous t ache and h e a rd.
, ,

comple tely and usually cover the ir bod ies w ith an och re colou red
,
-

sheet t hough som e do no t wear m ore th an a si mple loin cloth a t any

,
-

season T hey l ive by begging and do not marry bu t adop t c/ze/as or

.
,

d isciples fro m t h e B ra h man R aj pu t and M ah ajan castes , ,

.

—Town i n t he Sawai J aipu r mz amat o f th e

' '

S h ah p ura T o w n
° ’
S t ate of J aip u r R aj p u t a na s i t uated i n 2 7 2 3 N and 7 5 5 8 E ° ’
.
. ,
, ,

abou t 3 4 m i les north b y north eas t of J aipu r c i ty I t bel ongs to th e R ao

- - - .

o f M anoharp u r Pop u la t ion . There are 2 elem en t ary

i ndigenous schools a t ten ded by 4 6 boys ,
.

S h ah p u ri —I sland in the Naaf estuary i n t he Cox s B a z ar su b

’
.

d ivis ion o f C hi t tagong D istrict E astern B engal and Assam si tuated i n , ,

20
°
3 8 N ’
and 9 2
. 1 9 E o n th e border of A
°
rakan I n 1 8 2 3 th e
’
.
,
.

B urmans clai m ed possess ion o f t he island and overpowered a B ri t ish ,

guard sta t ioned upon i t bu t th ey were afterwards driven o ut A second ,

.

attem p t led to th e com m encem en t o f t h e fi rst B u rmese W ar .

S h ah rig — S ubdivision and ta/zsi/ of S ibi D is t rict Bal uch is ta n

.
, ,
’ °
lyi ng be t ween 2 9 4 9 and 3 0 3 7 N and 6 7 1 4 and 6 8 2 2 E
’ ° ’ °
.
° ’
.

I t s area is square m iles and th e pop u lat ion in 1 90 1 was ,

showi ng an i ncrease o f only 3 3 2 si nce 1 8 9 1 T he head quar t ers are .

-

at S h a hrig bu t t h e A ssis t an t Pol i tical A gen t in charge of th e sub

,

di vision generally res ides at Z I AR A T o r S I B I Th e nu m ber o f v illages .

i s 9 3 T he lan d reven ue i nclu ding gra z ing tax i n 9 3 4 w as R s

. 1 0 — , ,
.

A ll irrigated lands are u nder a fi xed cash assess ment fo r

a term of t en years w h ic h ter m inates i n 1 9 1 1 Th e i nciden ce per
—
.
,

irrigated acre ranges fro m R s 2 1 4 1 1 t o — — R s 2 — 2 6 B es ides t he . . .

Z a w ar or Harnai valley th e ta/z sit i nclu des a mass o f mo u ntai nou s ,

coun t ry o n t he north i ntersected by the p ict uresque Kach Ka w a s ,

-

valley lead ing t o Z i a rat I t possesses the d ist inc t ion o f having th e .

h ighest recorded rai nfall i n Bal uch ist a n ( 1 1 -6 7 i nches ) .

S h aik h aw a t i — D istric t i n Jai pu r Sta t e R aj p u ta na See SH E K M A

.
,
.

W AT I
.

S h a ik h 0 t h man — S u burb o f A den Settlemen t Pop ulat ion

. .

See A D E N .

S h aik h p u ra — Town i n M onghyr D istrict Bengal See S H E I K H P U R A

.
,
. .

S h aj ap u r Z ila (or Sh aj ah an p ur) — D istric t i n t h e M a lw a d iv isi on .

’ ° 5
of t he G wal ior State Cen t ral I ndia lying between 2 2 3 4 and 2 4 1 9 N
, ,
°
.

and 7 5 4 4 and 7 7 6 E w i t h an area of

° ’ ° ’
square m i les Th e .
,
.

popula t ion in 1 9 0 1 was g iving a dens ity o f 1 0 3 persons per

square m ile T h e d is trict contai ns three towns S H AJ AP U R (popu lation
.
, ,

th e head quarter s S H U J ALP U R -

and A G A R (incl uding ,
2 2s SI M / AV U/ t ’ ’
mm
t he m i li tary station and villages ,
Th e cou ntry is .

ty pical of t he M al w a plateau an d th e soi l possesses h igh fertil i ty ,

.

I t i s drai ned by th e K al i S ind C ham bal an d Parbati rivers w ith , , ,

th e m inor tri b u tary s tream s o f th e Lak un dar and N e w aj Sh aj a pu r .

is d ivi ded in to s ix p a rg a n as w i th head quarters a t Sh aj apu r Sh uj al ,

-
,
°

pu r S onkach Agar S usner an d Nalkhera

, ,
Th e lan d re ve nue is
, , .

Rs . Besides t hese regular p arg a n as t he B hai nsoda tel/ p a ,

is separa t ely ad m i nis t ered by a special n aio and i s cu t off

fro m t h e rest of th e d istric t by i nterven i ng port ions of th e Dh a r and
I ndore S tates .

S h aj ap ur T o w n —H ead — quar t ers o f t h e d istrict and p arg a n a o f t he

.

sam e na me i n Gwal ior S tate Cen t ral I ndia si tuated i n 2 3 2 6 N and , ,

° ’
.

o ’
7 6 1 7 E on the left ban k o f the Lak un da r river a tri bu tary of th e
.
, ,

K al i S i nd fee t above sea level Popu lat ion

, Th e -
.

town was fou nded by Sh a h J ah a n wh o stayed here i n 1 6 4 0 d u ri ng ,

o n e of h is v isi ts t o M a lw a
; and th e present nam e is corrupted from
S h a hj ah a npu r I t con t ains a B rit ish post and telegrap h o ffice a S t ate
.
,

post o ffice a date bu ngalow a d ispensary and a school

,
-
, ,
.

S h a k a rg a rh — Ta /zsit o f Gu rd aspu r D i s t rict Pu njab lyi ng between

.
, ,
° ’ ° ’ ° ’ ° ’
3 2 2 and 3 2 3 0 N an d 7 4 5 7 and 7 5 2 3 E wi th an area o f 4 8 5 . .
,

square m iles T he R a vi d ivi des i t fro m t h e rest o f th e D istrict to

.

t he sou th wh ile on t he north i t tou ches J am m u territory

, W est of .

th e narrow lowlands alo n g th e R a vi th e cou n try i s an arid expanse ,

o f rol li ng downs i ntersec t ed by torrent beds Th e popu lation i n 1 9 0 1 .

was com pared wi th i n 1 8 9 1 I t contai ns 7 0 3 vi llages . , ,

o f wh ich Sh ak a r arh is th e head quarters T he land revenu e an d

g
-
.

cesses i n 1 9 0 3 — 4 am ou nted to R s .

S h a k ark h e lda — V i llage i n B uld a na D istr ict B er a r

. See FA TH ,
.

K H E LD A .

S h am B az ar —A quart e r o f Calcu tta B engal See CA LC U TT A

S h am l i —Town i n th e K air a na ta /zsit of M u z affarnagar D istrict
. . .
,

.
,

Un ited Provi nces s ituated i n 2 9 2 7 N and 7 7 1 8 E o n th e metalled ° ’ ° ’

,
. .
,

road fro m M u z affarnagar town t o Kair a na Pop u lat io n .

I t w as original ly k nown as M u ham m adpu r Z anardar and formed par t ,

of the gran t made to M ukarrab K h an phys ician to J ah ang ir an d ,

Sh a h J ah a n The t own was bu ilt later by a fol lower o f M ukarrab

.

K h a n s called S hy am I n 1 7 9 4 i t was the residence of a Mar a th a

’
.

com mandan t wh o was s u spected o f i n t rigu i ng wi th the S ikh s Lakw a

,
.

D ad a th e M ar ath a governor sent G eorge Thomas agai ns t t h e town

, ,
.

Thomas stor med it an d kil led the com mandant and h is pri nc ipal,

ad herents I n 1 8 0 4 Colonel B u rn was su rrou n ded near th is p lace

.

by an overwh el m ing force o f M ar a th a s w h o were j oi ned by t he inh ab i ,

tants bu t h e was relieved by th e oppor t un e ad vance o f Lord Lake

,
.

‘
D uri ng th e M u tiny th e ta /zsz tziar of S h a m l i g al lantly held the town
 50 N O R TH E / ( N s r/ aN S T ATE S

S ta t es cons t i tu ti ng a for m idable nat ural obstacle between the coun try
,

eas t and west I t h as a general north to sou t h d irect ion and flows
.
,

fro m Chi na th rough the entire length o f the S tates ,

wh ich i t rough ly d ivi des i n t o tw o parts Th rough .

ou t i ts cou rse i t preserves the sam e appearance

of a gigan tic d itch o r railway c u tting scooped t h rough t h e h ills , ,

w h ich everywhere rise o n e i ther bank to feet above

t h e ri ver Another i mportan t natural featu re of th e cou n t ry i s the
.

fault o r ri ft wh ich marks a l i ne o f great geological distu rbance

, ,

ru nn ing fro m th e Gokteik pass i n H sipaw State i n a north easterly ,

-

direction towards t he K u nlong ferry o n t he Sal ween and conti nu ing

, ,

i n the sam e d irec t ion far in t o C h ina along t he valley o f the Na m

Ti ng I t is roughly defined by the valley o f t he N am T u (Myi tnge )
.
,

below i t s j u nction with the Nam Yao and by th e high range o f h i lls ,

cal led the Lo i Hpa Tan wh ich j oins th e e m i nence k nown as Loi Sak
,

feet ) farth er to the east an d d ivi des North fro m Sou t h H senwi
,
.

Th e greater portion of th e Northern Shan States lyi ng wes t o f th e ,

Sal ween and sou th o f t h is rift cons is t s o f th e Shan tabl e lan d o r plateau
,
-
,

s tretch ing fro m H su mh sai eastwards w ith a m ean al titude o f abou t ,

feet T h is com parat ively fl at area e mbraces th e grea t er por

.

t ions o f t h e S tates o f H s ipaw and Sou th H senw i I t i s however .

, ,

i ntersected by m any h i ll masses that rise above th e level o f th e plateau ,

s uch as Lo i Pan i n eastern Hs ipaw wh ich at tai ns a h eigh t o f nearly ,

feet and Lo i Leng i n S ou th H sen w i nearly

,
fee t above ,

t h e sea . Th e i n terven i ng and surrou nding co untry consists o f grassy

up lands North o f t he Nam T u and th e fau lt referred t o above
.

stretch es th e State o f T aw n gp e ng a m ass o f moun tains cul m inating ,

north o f th e capi tal i n a range feet h igh Th e north ern .

portion o f N orth H senw i is a h uge stre t ch of up land affec t ed by the

faul t w h ich h as thrown u p a series of paral lel ranges ex t en ding to th e
,

Shwel i valley i n th e nort h west wi th out however altoge t her des t roy ing
-
, , ,

th e general n orth and sou th trend w h ich i s c harac t eri stic o f the S han
,

b ills as a wh ole I ts large grassy u pland plai ns are su fficiently u n iform

.

i n the ir al tit ude feet ) t o be looked u pon fo r all prac t ical pur
poses as a pla t eau .

The cen t ral physical fea t ure o f So u t h H sen w i is th e h uge mou n t ain
m ass o f Lo i Leng referred to above E ast o f Loi Leng i s a range
,
.

compris ing em inences known as Loi M aw Lo i Se and Loi Lan wh ic h , , ,

form s th e wa t ersh ed separat ing the Nam Pang fro m t h e Salween an d ,

runs i n a nor t h an d sou th direct ion along t he righ t bank o f th e latter

s t ream E ast of th e Sal ween i n th e no rth and separated fro m the
.
,

h illy d is t ric t o f M e ngs i i n North H senw i by th e great gu l f of the Sal

w een wh ich fl ows many thou s an d fee t below ex t ends th e mou n t ai nou s
, ,

tract o f Kokang where many of th e peaks ri s e to over

,
feet .
 P I I VSI CA I . A S PE C T S 23 1

Sou th of K okang i n th e S e n m u Sta t e t h e cou n t ry becom es a m edley

, ,

o f h ill s and valleys and retai n s t h is character t h rough ou t t h e rest of

,

t h e t rans Sal ween portion o f th e Nor t hern Shan S ta t es rising h igh er

-
,

and h igh er towards th e eastern range wh ich form s th e wa t ersh ed

be t w een th e Sal ween and th e M ekong Sou th o f t h i s t h e cou ntry .

of E ast Mangl on cons ists broadly speak ing of t h e mou n t ai n m ass

'

, ,

wh ich d ivides th e Sal ween from th e u pper cou rses o f i ts tri bu tary ,

th e Nam H ka .

Th e N orth ern Sh an States are i n th e d rai nage area o f t h e I rrawaddy

an d Sal ween rivers all th e s t rea m s on th e wes t o f th e watersh ed fin d
,

i ng t hei r w ay u lti mately i n to th e I rrawaddy by way of th e Nam T u

( My i t nge ) o r th e Nam Mao (Sh wel i ) and those o n th e east in to ,

th e Sal ween T he watershed l i es at n o great d is t ance fro m t h e last

.

nam ed ri ver ; and th e st ream s en teri ng i ts righ t bank with th e ,

except ion o f th e Nam Pang referred to below have consequently , ,

a com parat i vely short cou rse w ith a fall w h ich m akes many o f th e m
,

sheer m oun tai n t orrents A m ong th e largest are the Nam N i m and
.

Nam K ye t T h ose en tering fro m th e left bank of t he Salween are

.

of grea t er leng t h am ong t h e m os t i m p ortan t bei ng th e Nam Ting

, ,

w h ich fl ows from th e east rising i n the neigh bou rh ood o f S h u n n ing F u
,

i n C h i na th e Nam Nang o f th e M o th ai cou n try and t he Na m H ka

, ,

w h ich fl ows t h rough the W a S ta t es Th e Nam Pang alt hough a tribu .

,

t ary o f t h e Sal ween does no t j oi n tha t river i n t hese States I t i s th e

, .

m ost i m portan t o f al l th e Sal ween s affl ue n ts i n th is par t o f th e country

’
.

I ts h ead waters are i n th e h ills be t ween Lo i Leng an d Lo i Maw i n th e

-

Sou th H senwi S ta t e ; an d i t fl ows from north to sou t h parall el to th e ,

Salween for m ore than 1 0 0 m iles separa t ed fro m i t by th e interven ing

, ,

h ills o f Loi Maw Lo i Se and Loi Lan an d enters th e Salween on it s

, , ,

righ t bank fou r m iles below th e v illage of K enghkam i n t h e Sou th ern ,

S ha n States I t has many t ri bu taries wh ich fl ow down fro m Loi

.
,

Le ng an d Loi Maw and farth er sou t h i t i s j oi ned by th e stream s

,

w h ich water th e c ircles o f Tangyan and M on a i i n Sou th Hsen w i

gy .

Th e Na m Pang has recently been bri dged by th e Sawbwa o f Sout h

Hsenw i a t Man kat o n th e Lash io Tangyan cart road where i t has - -
,

a breadth o f nearl y 2 0 0 fee t The Nam Tu or M Y I TNG E is after th e

.
,

Salween th e m ost i m por t ant river i n th e N orth ern Shan S tates Th e

, .

mai n strea m rises i n th e Sal ween I rrawaddy w atersh ed east o f H senw i -

,

t own and fl owi ng generally wes twards an d sou th w ards i s swel led
, , ,

above H sipaw to a cons iderable river by t he N am Yao wh ich comes '

down from th e Las h io valley an d by t he Nam Ma w h ich winds , ,

t hrough th e South H senw i h il ls fro m Loi Leng Farthe r down i t i s .

j oined by th e Nam H si m o n i t s righ t an d by th e Nam H ka o n i ts

left bank E ver pu rsu ing i ts sou th ward and westwa rd cou rse i t ru n s
.
,

t h rough deep gorges bet w een H sumh sai an d La wk sawk and finally ,
 232 N O R TH E R N s if a N s ra ms
q uits th e Shan S t a t es n ear the sou th wes t corner o f H s ipaw The -
.

Na m K il t one o f i t s t ribu taries wh ic h ru sh es do wn fro m th e north

, ,

west is crossed n ot far fro m wh ere i t em p ties i tsel f into t h e m ai n

, ,

stream by th e steel girders of th e G ok t ei k viaduc t A cart bridge

, .
-

over th e Nam T u a t H sipaw i s i n cou rse o f cons truc t ion Th e Nam .

M ao o r Shwel i ri ver (called by t h e Ch inese Lu ng K iang) sk irts th e

Northern Shan S tates on th ei r nor t h western fron t ier at N amhkam -
.

O n e o f i ts m ore i m portan t t ribu t aries th e Na m Paw h as i ts e n ti re , ,

course i n North H senw i S tate Th ere are no lakes worth y o f th e .

n am e except th e Nawng e
, o lak e i n t he W a cou n t ry Th is sh eet .

o f wa t er i s sai d to be abo u t hal f a m ile long an d 2 0 0 yards broad bu t ,

l ittl e i s k now n o f i ts appearance o r su rrou ndings .

Th e geology of th e Nor t h ern Shan S t ates has no t been en t irely

worked o ut i n detail bu t enough h as been done to sh ow th at th e
,

rocks for th e m ost part belong to th e Palaeo z oic period T o th e .

nor t h i n contact w it h th e gneiss o f the R u by M i nes Dis t rict th ere

, ,

i s a broad z on e of m ica schists followed t o th e sou th by a grea t seri es

,

o f quart z ites slaty shales an d grey wackes wh ich may be o f Cam b rian
, , ,

age Th ese rocks formed an old land su rface along th e borders o f

.
,

w hich a series o f rock s ranging fro m Lower Si lu rian to M eso z oic t i m es

is laid down All t h ese have y iel ded characterist ic fossils
. A t th e .

base th ere i s a grea t th ickness o f l i m estones calcareou s sandston es , ,

and shales i n wh ich th e detach ed plates o f cyst ideans are very com
,

mo n especially i n t he sh ales
,
Nex t follow sand stones wi t h Upper
.

Si lu rian fossils wh ich frequ ently overl ie th e Lo w er S ilu rians an d res t

, ,

d irectly u pon t he older rocks benea t h These rocks are folded and .

den uded for m i ng a fresh land su rface u pon wh ich a great th ickness
,
‘
o f l i mes t one wh ich has yielded fo ssils o f D evonian t ype is laid down
, , .

Th is l i m es t one ex t ends over t h e wh ol e o f th e Sh an plateau an d may ,

i nclu de strata of Carbon iferou s as wel l as D evonian age T o th e eas t .

o f H s ipaw th ick beds o f red sands ton e are folded i n a m ong th e li me

stones and a calcareou s band i n th ese h as y ielded brach iopods and
,

other fossils w h ich are p robabl y J u rassi c or Lo wer Cretaceou s A bou t .

5 m i les north o f Lash i o i n th e valley o f th e Nam Yao river and i n th e

, ,

val ley of th e Na m M a farther sou th are patch es o f Tertiary clays and

, ,

sandstones con t ai ning workable seam s o f coal T he fau l t referred to

,
.

i n an earli er paragraph is perhaps th e most p rom inen t geological fea t u re

o f t h e cou n t ry .

Th e wild crab apple t ree is very com mon bei ng m e t wi th al mos t

-
,

everywhere above fee t W i ld pear and ch erry tree s are m uch

.

i n evidence i n E ast Mangl on an d elsewh ere i n th e States The gian t .

ba m boo an d oth er ki nds are frequ ently m et wi th both i n th e

j u ngles and rou nd t h e v i llages Th ey form a most i m por t an t branch
.

o f th e econom ic produc t s ; i n fact i t i s di ffi cul t to i magine what th e ,

2
34 N OR TH E R N S i/ A N S TA ms
th e H k u n and t h e L u of Kengtu ng and a h os t of oth er com m u n i t ies ,

i n th e interior of th e I ndo C h i n ese Pen i nsula such fo r i n stan ce as th e

-
,

M uongs o f Tongk ing are al l th e descendan t s o f t h e pri m i tive h ordes

,

wh ich swarmed dow n fro m th e nort her n u p lands i n th ose early ages .

Th e Shans proper se t tled fi rst i n th e valley o f th e Shwel i o r Nam Mao

i n th e ex t rem e n or t h of t h e ex is ting Shan S ta t es and i n cou rse o f ti m e
a powerfu l S han k ingdo m k now n as M ong M ao Long was es t abl ish ed
, ,

i n th i s region with i ts cap ital a t Sel an i n t h e north of Nor t h H senw i

, ,

abou t 1 3 m iles eas t of Nam hkam wh ere t h e re mains o f fort i fications ,

are st i ll t o be seen Fro m th i s cen t re th e m ove ment o f th e people

.

was westwards and sou th wards so t h at i n process of ti m e n o t on ly , , ,

had th e greater part o f th e p resent Sou t h ern Shan Sta t es been overru n
by a Tai folk bu t Shans h ad also occu pied a consi derabl e por t ion of
,

th e cou n t ry ly ing b etween t h e I rrawaddy an d th e Ch i nd wi n (Hkamt i ,

M ogau ng H saw ngh sup , and h ad ex ten ded i n t o wha t i s now

,

A ssam T he ancien t ch ron icl es relate t ha t th e M ao k ingdom estab

.
,

lish e d abou t th e seve nth centu ry was a consi derabl e pol i t ical force ,

u p t o th e ti m e of A n aw rata th e m ost dis t ingu ish ed monarch o f th e

,

Pagan dynas t y D uring t he reign of th is ki ng t h e Mao Shan ru ler

.

appears to have been hi s vassal bu t th e su z erai n ty was t em porary ,

.

Th e Shans regai n ed th eir independence later an d th e break up o f th e -

Pagan dynas t y i n t he th ir t eenth cen t u ry was t o a l arge extent caused

by a so called Ch inese in vas ion fro m t h e north east wh ich i f not
- -
, ,

wh olly was a t any rate part ial ly Shan A fter t hi s th e S han s were a
, , ,
.

power i n B u rm a fo r several cen tu ries an d th e early rul ers o f Sagaing , ,

Pi nya and M yi n z a ing were o f Tai descen t B u t wh ile th ese m onarch s

,
.

were m aki ng th eir m ark i n Upper B u rm a the re m nan t s o f coh esion ,

am ong th e Tai peopl es o f th e east an d nor t h gradually disappeared ,

th e Siam ese and Lao dependencies brok e off fro m th e mai n body and
un ited to for m a separate k ingdom an d th e Shans even t ually spl i t u p ,

in to a swarm o f pe t ty pri ncipali ti es wh ich by t h e begin n ing of t h e , ,

seven t eenth cen t u ry had been subj uga t ed by th e B u rman s and never
,

wh ol ly th rew off th e B u rm ese yoke Sir George Sco t t h as observed i n .

t h e waf er B u rma G az etteer th a t th e Tai race cam e very near to being

t h e predom i nan t power i n t h e Far t h er E as t H o w close th ey w ere t o .

t h is ach ieve m en t w i ll n ever probably be known wit h any degree of

, ,

precision W h a t i s cer t ai n h o wever is t hat on t h e annexation o f

.
, ,

Upper B u rm a th e Bri t ish fou nd th e Sh an S ta t es s ubj ec t t o th e B u r

m ese crown bu t ad mi n istered by t h eir o w n ru lers and d ecided t o
, ,

t reat t h e m on thei r ex isting foot ing and no t t o bri ng th e m u nder ,

d i rec t ad m i nistration Fro m t h e t i m e o f t h e annexat ion onwards th e

.

h i stori es o f t h e di fferen t Nor t h ern Shan S t ates are di stinct an d wi ll b e ,

fou nd i n th e ar t icles o n H S I P A W N O R TH and S O U TH H S E NW I M ANG, ,

an d TA WNG P E NG Th e m ost i m portant even t s were th e distu rb

’

LON , .
 P OP ULA TI ON 2
35

auces i n H senwi wh ich led in 1 8 88 to th e spl i tting u p of th e State

, ,

i nto two portions ; th e t rou bles i n W est M angl on wh ich resu lted in i ts
i ncorporat ion i n E ast Mangl on ; the sup press ion of disaffection am ong
t he Kach ins i n t he north ; and th e visi t o f the Anglo Ch i nese Bou n -

dary Co m m issi on The W as have given trouble i n t h e east fro m t i m e

.

to tim e .

T he m ost famou s pagoda is th e Mwedaw at B awgyo o n t he Na m Tu

near H s ipa w Th e ann ual fest ival h eld there i n Tabaung (March ) i s
.

at tended by abou t peo ple fro m al l parts of t h e S t a t es A t .

M ongheng i n Sou th Hsen w i is an ancient and revered sh rin e bu i l t o n ,

a rocky e m inence 2 0 0 feet h igh Several t housand people (i ncl uding

.

W as fro m across th e Salween ) w orship at i ts annual fest i val i n Tabaung .

At M an w ap i n th e same S ta t e is th e Kaw ng h mu M wedaw M anlo i ,

su pposed to have been bu il t on th e spot where G au ta ma B u ddha

d ied i n o ne o f h is earl ier i ncarnat ions as a parrot Th e pagoda a t .

M Ongy ai con tai ns a bra z en i mage of Suddh o dan a fat her of Gautama ,

B uddha T he K aw ngh mu K aw ni ong a t M anh pai i s popu larly sup

.

posed to be i ll u m i nated by f la ts on moonless n igh t s and ano ther ,

enchan t ed pagoda is t h e large H o mang s hri ne a t Tangyan Th e .

Palaungs part icularly revere th e Lo i H seng pagoda o n one o f th e

h ighes t h il ls in Tawngpeng Near i t stands an ancien t t ea tree sai d
.
-
,

to have been grown fro m th e first seed ever i ntroduced i nto t h e State .

A t Tawn io i n Kokang (trans Salween H senwi ) is a Ch i nese j oss house

’
- -

consecrated to Kwang Fu Tso th e m il itary god of th e Han dynas ty

,
.

I t s portals are guarded by statues o f m ou n t ed sold iers and with i n are ,

statues of armed foot soldiers O ther N or t h H senw i sh ri nes of i m por

-
.

tance are the Se n and th e M Ongy aw pagodas and the pagoda o f t h e ,

W h ite Tiger a t Nam h kam .

The pop ulation o f th e N orthern S han S tates was no t k nown wi th an y

accuracy t il l t he Censu s o f 1 9 0 1 E ven then the wh ole coun t ry ly in g
.

eas t o f th e Salween — Kokang E as t Mangl on and

th e W a S tates as w el l as W es t Mangl on a m ou n
,
P o p ula t io n
,
.

, ,

taino us tract o f no great w idth ex tendi ng along the western bank of

the Sal ween —w as o m i tted al toge th er from t h e operations w hi le th e

,

population o f port ions o f North H sen w i was esti ma t ed T he total of .

th e esti mated an d e nu merated areas was (enu m erated

esti mated Tha t of th e o m i t ted areas cannot have been less
than (it was probably w el l above th is figure ) so that th ere is ,

reason to bel ieve t hat if a co mple t e cens us coul d have been t aken the
, ,

total popu lat ion o f th e States w ould have been fou nd to b e abou t
Th e distribut ion of pop ulat ion fo r t h e area covered by t h e
Census o f 1 9 0 1 i s show n i n th e table on th e next page .

R eligion an d language s tat ist ics were collected i n t h e en u m erated

areas only Here . o ut o f a total popu lation of were
VO L xxn
. .
Q
236 N OR TH E R N s z u nf S TA TE S

B uddhis t s m ore than half th e re mai nder bei ng A n i m ists The distri
,
.

b u tion o f language fol lo w s general ly t ha t o f race wh ich is i ndicated ,

below .

N mb
A N mb Po p ula
p u e rOf
.

in
St at e u
rea
a re
u
f
er
l
P0 p“at io n
t io n p e r e rso n s a bl e to

21
5 o
ill g
. .

( 1 65 . v a es .

N o rt h lI se n w i 939
*

H sip aw
T awng pe ng 7 78 2 74
h
So ut H se n w i 96 1
l
M an da ay - un K l on Rai l
w ay co ns t u c t io n r .

To ta l I
4 , 5 94

E x c ludin th e ma te d a re a
f Thi s nu m
h ipp
e re
es t i
xl
c u de s l it
d ill it
e ra te p
.

e rso ns a
l
mo ng
p a n e s t im a te d
ld
pp o l
u a t io n o f
x
mo s t o f hom
e re fl at -w o rs e rs a n e ra t e ; t h e it e ra te e rso n s w o u no t e ce e d

The grea t er part o f t he pop ulation o f the S tates is m ade up o f Shans ,

w h o n u m bered in 1 9 0 1 i n th e en u m era t ed and esti mated areas ,

and are described i n m ore detai l below They form n ine ten ths o f th e .
-

pop ula t ion o f H s ipaw and si x sev enth s o f that o f Sou t h H senw i I n
,
-
.

N or t h H senwi t h ey have been forced by th e Kach i ns in t o the valleys of

th e Sh wel i and t h e Na m Tu an d there form bu t th ree fi fth s of th e total ,
-
.

B es ides displacing th e Shans i n a con si derable p or t ion o f Nor t h H e nsw i ,

o f w h ich S tate t hey for m o n e fou rth o f the popu la t ion th e Kach i ns -
,

h ave also spread i n recen t years i nto th e north of Tawngpeng and as ,

far as t he mou n tai nous par t o f Sou t h H senw i I n 1 9 0 1 th eir total i n .

the en u merated and es t i ma t ed areas of th e North ern S han States was

T he Palau ngs form a consi derable porti on o f th e pop ulat ion
of M onglong and o f t h e Kodau ng a h illy tract in t he w est and north ,

w es t of H s ipaw an d Tawngpeng is practically a Palaung State tw o ,

t h irds o f i ts i nhab i tants belonging to that race Palau ngs are also fou nd .

i n co nsi derable n u mbers i n the h ills of North H senwi and have spread ,

i n t o Sou th H sen wi I n all t he represen tati ves o f th e race n u m bered

.
,

i n 1 9 0 1 Th e B u rman pop ulat ion a t t h e Censu s totalled

.

pract ically con fined to t he H sipaw S ta t e an d m ore part icu larly to th e

H s umh saisu b State w h ich is th e h o me o f t he Danu s (nu m beri ng
-
,

Th e Ch i nese were strongl y represen t ed i n 1 9 0 1 especially i n th e ,

h ills o f North Hsenwi I n very m u ch s mal ler n u m bers are foun d th e

.

W as i n th e eastern borders o f Sou th Hsenw i t h e Lisaw s i n N orth and ,

Sou th H senw i and t he Tau ngth us i n H s ipaw Th e new railway w h ich

, .
,

was u nder cons tru ct ion a t th e t im e o f t h e Cens us and was enu mera t ed
separa t ely h as brough t and w il l con t inu e t o bring large n u m bers o f
,

natives o f I nd ia to t h e cou nt ry Th ose returned i n 1 9 0 1 were e ith er .

na v vi es o n the railway or Govern me nt e m ploy és at Lash io O f th e .

238 N OR TH E R N SH A N S TA ms
i s an isolati ng language a bou ndi ng i n tones B u rmese Shan (spoken i n
, .

the S tates ) Hkam ti and C h inese S han have bee n p laced i n th e nor t hern
, , ,

and H k iln and Lii i n t h e southern sub — group of th e Tai grou p o n e o f ,

t h e mai n s ubd ivi sions of th e S iamese Ch inese su b fa m ily of th e I ndo -

Ch i nese language fam ily The total o f S h ans o f al l k i nds i n th e Pro

.

vi nce i n 1 9 0 1 was approxi mately

There is noth ing pecul iar con nected wi th th e agri cu l tu ral condi tions
o f t he cou n t ry The valleys of th e S tates are devoted to low lying
.
-

i rrigated rice (Shan 72a ) an d th e b ills to ta zmgy a , ,

Ag ricu lt ure
(Shan lzaz ) sh ift ing cul tivati on I n m any parts th e
. '

, .

n u merou s deserted paddy fi e lds appear t o poi nt to exhau s t ion of th e

-

soil Th is is espec ial ly th e case a t so m e dis t ance fro m th e h ill slopes ;

.
-

b u t nearer t h e h i lls th e decayed vegetable ma t ter brough t down yearl y

,

by th e torrents after th e destru cti ve j ungle fi res fertil i z es t he rice lands ,

and mai ntai ns t heir y ield A r t i ficial manu res are h ardly ever u sed i n
.

w e t c ultivatio n
'
’
I n f aungy a or lz az culti vat ion the selected h i ll slope is
.
-

prepared by burn ing th e grass and plough ing and harrowing th e grou nd , .

The t rees are th en ri nged th e bran ch es lopped o ff and p i led rou n d the
,

tru nk and th e whol e fired j u st before th e first rai ns are expected The
, .

ashes are next d is t ri bu ted i n s mall heaps and loose earth is raked over
t h em the l eaves and s t ubbl e below are then fi red and t h e earth is bu rn t
, ,

an d beco mes brick red i n colour after w h ich th e h eaps are agai n spread
-
,

ou t and th e seed i s sown w hen the rain s begin A far/ ”g m can be .

w orked fo r a t erm vary i ng i n d i fferen t parts o f th e co un try bu t rarely ,

exceed ing th ree years I t is a ru inous m et hod o f cul tivation for th e

.
,

organ ic matter i s volat il i z ed and th e ash const ituents only are left i n a
,

h igh ly sol uble condition ; th e avai lable plant food i s i n consequence -

rapi dly taken up by th e crop wh i ch di m in ishes each year and a great , ,

quan t i ty o f th e fer t i li z ing matter is carried down th e h ill 5 10pes by -

s urface drainage I n parts of t h e Sou th H sen wi S tate th e lan d has been

.

so thoroughly defores t ed that l i t tle rem ains bu t grass an d m anu re has ,

to take th e place of woo d ash i n the process descri bed above Garden
-
.

crops are grown on t h e slopes th roughou t th e S tates i n m uch t he sam e

y as ta zmgy as bu t cattle m anu re and ashes are always freely u sed
-
w a , .

Th e tea cul t ivati on wh ich affords th eir ch ief occupat ion to the Palau ngs
o f Tawngpeng a nd to the i nhabitants o f t h e h illy Kodau ng d istrict of
,

H s ipaw and of Nam lawk i n th e W a State of Kanghs o is deserving o f ,

spec ia l m en t ion I n Tawngpeng th e dark brown clayey loam i s covered

.
-

w i th l arge quant i ties o f decayi ng vegetable matter and as th e t ea sh rub , ,

l uxu riates i n th e shade a h i ll slope covered w it h dense forest is usual ly

,
-

sel ec t ed The gardens are not laid o u t o n any system bu t at rando m

.
, .

Seed is collected i n Nove mber and sown i n nurseries i n February o r

later T he plants are k ep t th ere t il l t hey reach a h eigh t o f 2 fee t o r so
.

generally i n th e secon d year ) and are th en plan t ed o ut in t he clearings ,

 A 0 M C ( f l T UR E , 2
39

i n A ug us t and Septem b er N o m an ure i s used an d t h e trees are never

.

pru ned as they are sai d to d ie o ff i f th i s i s done Th ey are first picked

,
.

i n th e fou rth year an d conti nu e h e arin g for ten o r t welve years pro ,

ducing t h ree crops a year between March and O ctober W h en th e .

yiel d of leaves begins to get poor th e t rees are often cu t down N e w ,

.

shoots are th rown u p fro m t h e stool and these are i n t u rn picked I n ,

.

gardens where su ffici en t roo m i s al lowed for growth th e trees attai n

, ,

a m uch larger si z e than wh ere cl ose pl an ting prevai ls Trees sai d t o .

h e th irty years o ld and u pwards an d st ill in bearing are fou nd h ere , ,

.

Th e total area u nder crops i n the t rans Sal ween Sta t es i s appro x i -

mately 3 1 2 square m iles of wh ich abou t th ree quarters are u nder rice
,
- .

Tea covers rath er over 1 2 square m iles I n add it ion t o rice an d t ea .

,

poppy sesam u m ground nu ts co t ton bu ckwh eat an d m ai z e are

, ,
-
, , ,

grown i n t h e f a zz ngy as Poppy is con fi ned for th e m os t part t o th e

.

t rans Salween cou n try t h e h i llies t portion s of North an d Sou th H senw i

-
, ,

and th e w es t of Mangl on R ice fa n /zgy as are som eti m es sown w it h .

sesam u m i n the secon d an d with cot t on i n the th i rd year Mai z e an d .

buckwh ea t are grown by som e of t h e h ill tri bes and peas an d beans ,

by t he W as I n th e ho mestead plots onions yams bri nj als in digo

.
, , , , ,

m ai z e sugar cane m ille t an d beans are cu ltivated Th e orange

“

-
.
, , ,

fl ou rishes i n many par t s along th e Sal ween and so me of i ts tribu t aries ,

and along the N am ma i n Hsipa w an d th e H s ipaw Sawb wa possesses

excellent orange plantat ions o n th e bank s o f th e Na m Tu Th e i nd ige .

nous pi neappl e i s good and is freely cul tiva t ed i n South H sen wi th e ,

valley o f th e Sh wel i and th e H su mh sai su b iState of Hsipaw wh ere

, ,

also papayas are plen ti ful Th e local m an goes an d plantai ns d o n o t

.

compare well w it h th ose produced in th e plai ns of B urma ; an d th e

crab — apples wild pl u m s peaches and pears are m ore in t erest ing for
, , ,

their associat i ons than for thei r edibl e properties W i l d raspberri es .

are fou nd i n m os t par t s o f th e cou n t ry and wal nu ts i n th e W a Sta t es ,

.

Cattle are bred for pack work and fo r sal e as draugh t bu l lock s t o -

B urmans and nati ves o f I nd ia bu t are not u sed fo r plough ing , ,

slaugh tering o r even m ilking B uffaloes are bred for plough ing and
, .
,

are som et i mes used for pressing sugar cane an d sesam u m oi l By -

.

t he W as they are em ployed for sacri fic ial purposes Th ere i s a good .

deal o f pony breeding ; bu t young stallions are allowed t o ru n w i ld

-

w i th th e m ares an d fil lies and no care whatever is taken i n selecti ng

,

su i table mature beasts for propagating th e breed The small an i mals .

prod uced are m ostly u sed fo r pack pu rposes or exported to B u rma ,

for use i n h i red carriages Goa t s and sh eep are i m ported fro m Ch ina
.
,

an d the latter have done w el l at Lash i o and Tangyan G ra z ing fo r .

al l ani mals i s plen t iful th rough ou t th e States .

The area i rrigated by means o f channel s taking o ff from th e strea m s

i n the valleys i s large No precise data as to i ts extent are availabl e
.
,
2 40
‘
A O /rTl /E R N
’
SH A A
'

S TA TE S

b u t in th e cis Sal w een States th e t o t al is p robabl y nearly 1 0 0 square

-

m iles M uch i ngenu ity is spen t o n t h ese canal s an d o n t h e em bank

.
,

m en t s keepi ng t h e water i n th e terraces of paddy fi e lds wh i ch fol low -

,

t h e con t ou r o f th e grou nd A con si derable amou n t i s spen t i n som e

.

S ta t es on irriga t ion works t h e ac t ual digg ing o f th e waterways being

,

often done by M aing th as I n places fiel ds are i rriga t ed by m eans o f.

t h e Persian wa t er wh eel -
.

Teak i s fou nd i n H sipaw Tawngp eng and North H senwi bu t so , ,

far R eserves o f teak have been form ed i n H s ipaw only wh ich cover ,

181 square m i les t h e larges t being th e Kai nggy i

F ore sts .

R eserve ( 1 2 1 squ are m il es ) and t h e Nam ma R eserve

,

( 5 0 square m i les ) I t is n ot possi bl e t o give even t h e approxi ma t e

.

areas of o t h er fores t trac t s t h ough t h ere are t h ou sand s of square m iles

,

o f vi rgin fores t Th e h ill si des are often covered wi t h p ines (P z mzs

'

.
-

K /z asy a ) oaks (of wh ich t h ere are several varie t ies i nclu ding t h e
, ,

H i m a layan species ) and ch estnu ts T h e pi ne fores t s are very ex

, .

t ensive an d probably cover m any h u ndreds o f square m iles ; th ey are

generally fou nd o n t h e m ore exposed ridges at an al t i tu de o f abou t
feet Ch es t nu t t rees al ways form a su bord ina t e fea t ure i n t h e
.
-

forests i n wh ich th ey occur [ fl gy z n (P efl f acme sz a mem zs) and tfi z iy a

' ' ' '

(S/zorea obtusa ) are fou nd i n m any par t s o f th e Nor t hern Sh an Sta t es ,

t h e la tt er bei ng very co m m on i n both Sou th H sen wi and M angl on ,

often occurring i n t h e m idst o f pi ne an d oak fores t s Tk its? (M e/a no .

) th e b lack y arnish t ree grows i n H sipaw o n t he nor t h ern

'

rr/zoea u sz fa ta , , ,

sl opes o f Lo i Leng and in th e Manh sang ci rcle of Sou th H senwi

,
.

Th e gu m o r resi n t ha t exu des from i t is m u ch pri z ed for varni sh ing

and for m aki ng lacqu er work Th e Cedrela Tom a is anoth er usefu l
'

-
.

t ree com mon i n both N or t h and South H sen wi Th e wood has been .

fou nd ad m i rably adap t ed fo r da sh ea t h s Th e paper m u lberry (B rons .

sone tz a p apy rgfem ) fu rn i sh es t h e raw ma t erial u sed i n t h e man ufac t ure

' '

o f Shan paper ; and th e silk co tt on t ree (B ombax malabarzmm) i s

'

val ued fo r i t s down wh i ch is em pl oyed fo r stu ffing t h e p illows o r pads

,

i n ser t ed bel ow t h e pack saddles o f bu llocks Bo t h these la t ter trees

-
.

are co m m on t h rough ou t t h e Sta t es Ba mboos grow freely i n t h e .

vi ci nity o f t h e v illages and as elsewh ere are pu t to al m ost every

, , ,

concei vabl e hou seh old u se The righ t t o th e t i m ber i n t h e fores t s i s

.

reserved t o th e B ri t ish Govern m en t .

Coal has been fou n d along t h e valley of t h e Nam Yao i n t h e Lash io

circle of t h e North H sen w i S tat e and h igh er u p th e same stream ,

near M ongy aw as well as along th e valleys o f t h e ,

M in e rals .

Nam m a an d Nam Pawng in Sou th H senw i an d

H s ipaw Analysi s h as sh o w n th e co al found a t Lash io to be of v e rv
.

i nferior qual i ty Th e product o f th e Na m ma val ley i s describe d as

.

bitu m inou s coal wh ich sh oul d properly be called l ign i te an d i s

, ,
 A OR TH E /81V SH A /V S TA TI ES
’
24 2

States Many of th e W as are said to be adepts a t ex t rac t ing sal t petre

.
,

wh ich t h ey bring from beyond th e Sal ween fo r sale a t th e Tangyan

ba z ar an d elsewhere .

Th e pick l ing o f tea is th e ch ief i n du stry of th e Palau ngs i n Tawng

peng and H s ipaw On th e even ing of th e day th ey are plucked th e
.
,

tea leaves are steam ed over a cauldron o f boili ng

-

T r ade an d
water Th ey are then spread o n a ma t wh ere th ey
co mm un icatio n s
.
,
.

are rol led by h and after wh ich th ey are t h rown i n t o ,

pi t s and co m pressed by m eans o f h eavy weigh t s Th e l eaves fer men t .

i n t h e pits an d beco m e p ickled t ea For prepari ng d ry t ea th e leaves .

are steam ed and rol led after wh ich t hey are spread ou t in th e su n ,

to dry . A fter abou t t h ree days water i s sprinkled o n t h e leaves wh ich ,

are agai n rol led and allowed to dry They are th e n si fted th rough .

a bam boo sieve only su ch leaves as pass through th e sieve being

,

accep ted The bes t qual i t y o f pickled tea fe t ches from R s 3 0 t o

. .

R s 4 5 per 1 0 0 v iss (3 6 5
. an d th e best dry tea fro m R s 1 - 4 .

to R s 2 a viss at th e garden s
. P ickled t ea i s exported i n con ical .

baskets carried by bu llocks D ry t ea i s pac ked i n gu nny bags for .

-

m u le transport o r i s carri ed by porters to t he rai lway

,
.

Co t ton spi nn ing an d weaving are carried o n by th e wom en in nearly

-

every househ old i n th e States a good deal o f cotton bei n g grown i n ,

th e f a u ngy as and sol d i n th e ba z ars Th e i mplem e nts u sed th e .

,

s pi nn i ng wh eel loom an d other plan t and th e m ethods o f cleani ng

-
, , , ,

dressing sp i nn ing and weavi ng th e cot ton are al most i dent ical w i th
, , ,

those of the B u rman s Th e m ore expens ive sk irts an d blankets are.

often i n t erwoven with graceful an d artisti c patterns A m ong th e Shans .

of North and Sou th H senwi cu riou s sleeping webs o f cloth are made
with z ig z ag and d iam ond shaped patterns woven i n black red green -
, , , ,

an d yello w th e cross th reads bei ng often o f silk S till m ore i ntricat e

,
-
.

i s th e Kach i n work em ployed i n th e adorn m ent of shoul der bags and -

o f t h e fe male cos t u me T he work i s u su ally dark blu e with longi tudin al

.
,

bl ue s t ripes b u t i s som et i m es al l whi te o r com posed o f equal stripes

,

o f red wh ite and bl ue i n t o wh ich are woven at in tervals l ittle stars

, , , , , ,

crosses o r squares of variou s colou rs and i rregu lar shapes R aw si lk

,
.

i s ob t ained by t h e Shan s fro m th e W a an d Lao States and finds ,

favou r i n Sou th H sen wi i n th e weavi ng of skirts and blankets Dyeing .

i s prac t ised i n m ost Shan hou seholds wh ere weaving i s done and i n ,

m os t par t s of South H se nw i S t a t e w h ere th e beau t ifu l natu ral dyes ,

of th e cou ntry s t il l hol d t h ei r o w n agai ns t t he cru der ani l in e colou r s

o f E u ropean manu fact ure Th e mos t com m on dyes u sed b y th e
“

S han s are ob t ai ned fro m t h e B rim Ore/Irm a from stick lac fro m i nd igo ,
-
, ,

and from th e yellow wood o f th e j ack fru i t tree -

.

Th e Shan gold and si lver sm ith s are clever w orkers and occasional ly ,

t u rn ou t very good ref aussf w ork in th e sh ape of gold and sil ver l i m e ”

,
 TR A D E AN D 243

be t el and o t her boxes an d air: and dagger scabbards gold and s il ver
, ,

t rappings for Saw b w as ponies h airpi ns rings jewellery goble t s and , , , , ,

o t her art icles B lacks m ith s are com m on th roughou t t h e States

.
.

Ploughshares are forged and das ch oppers spades an d o t h er agri , , , ,

cultural i m ple men t s are manu fac t u red local ly Many o f th e W as are .

clever s m i th s and Nam hkam i n N orth H senw i i s a great cen tre fo r

,

local hardware wh ich i s h owever al l man u factu red by Ch in ese o r

, , ,

M aingtha s m iths wh o se t u p th eir forges i n th e tow n every year

,
.

Brass work is less com m on bu t occasionally large m onas t ery bel ls

-
,

are cas t as well as t h e boom ing bu llock bells wh ich swi ng o n t h e

,

necks o f t h e lead ing beasts o f th e caravans I mages of B u ddha an d .

tattooi ng im plem en t s are m ade at H senwi t ow n al so brass buckl es ,

fo r bel t s and betel n u t pou nders -

.

Po tt ery i n th e shap e o f clay water bottles an d ear t h en chatti es is

,
-
,

m anu fac t u red at Tapong and Nam h on an d other v illages i n Sou t h

Hsenwi a t M anpan i n M o n gtun g (H s ipaw ) and a t N am h kam Kokang
, , , ,

and elsewh ere N or t h an d Sout h H sen wi tu rn o ut a certai n am ou n t o f

.

red lacquer-work t h e principal art icles man u fac t u red bei ng th e roun d
,

trays o r sal vers s t and ing o n legs wh i ch are u sed fo r religiou s o fferi ngs .

T h e lacquered goods consis t of a fra m ework of woven bamboo sm eared ,

over w it h a m ixture o f rice ash and black varnish ex t racted from th e

ma z lzak o r t/zz tsi t ree (M e/a nof r/zoea usz mta ) wh i ch after being dried
’ ' '

, ,

i n th e s un receives a coa t o f red sulph ide of m ercu ry A certai n

,
.

amou n t of wood carving is don e I t general ly t akes th e form o f wooden

-
.

i mages o f Gau t am a and o f gi lded scroll work (known as taw ng lazw zaw k
'

- -

to th e Shans ) used for decora t ive pu rposes i n t h e monas t eries an d on

, ,

t he laz azmg aaz ng s wh ich are placed rou nd o r ne ar pagodas M at

’
’
.

weavi ng an d baske t mak i ng are pract ised generally Grass m a ts are

-
.

woven at Tangyan and Nam hka m bu t th e ordinary k i nds are th e

lu a tpy u ma t s made from th e ou t er an d lzsamu fro m th e i nner part
, ,

o f the bam boo The m anu facture o f a coarse t ex t u red paper fro m
.
-

t he bark o f th e paper m u lberry (B roussozzelz a p apy mf em ) i s carried on

’ ’

wherever tha t par t icular t ree i s fou nd .

The means o f transpor t em ployed i n th e t rade o f t h e Nor t h ern Shan

S tates n o w i ncludes t h e rai lway fro m M andalay to Lash io ; and th e
system o f feeder car t roads connec t i ng th e rai l way w i t h th e i n t erior has
-
,

t o som e exten t superseded t h e older mean s o f t ransport by m u les

, ,

pack bu llocks and p a k onaa m (pet t y t raders wh o carry th ei r goods on

-
,
’

their shou lders ) A large trade in su rplu s rice fin ds i ts w ay by m eans

.

of bu llock caravans t o Tawngpeng th e great tea producing area wh ere ,

-
,

very l ittl e rice is cu lt ivated I n form er days th e rice was exchanged .

for tea pickled and dry wh ich th e tra ders brough t down and sol d i n
, ,

M andalay Th e cash th ey received for th ei r tea enabled the t raders to

.

return to th e Shan States wi th sal t ”g af f salt ed fish cotton goods , , , ,

 N OR TH E /R V S H A A
’

244 S T ATE S

yarn ma t ch es kerosen e oil and betel nu t s Si nce th e open ing of th e

, , ,
-
.

rail way however th e grea t bulk of th e tea produced i s exported and

, , ,

m os t of th e goods for th e Sh an m arke t are im ported by rail B u t few ,

.

caravan s n ow m ake th e th rough trip to Mandalay As a m ean s o f .

transport t h e pack bullock is probably as m uch u sed as ever ; b u t t he

-

bu llock caravan s now pl y between th e t ea garden s and th e rai lway o r ,

find th eir profi t i n bringi ng rice t o th e rail way an d dis tribu ti ng rail
borne i mpor t s th roughou t t h e coun try Ch inese caravans pass th rough .

th e North ern Shan Sta t es every Open season o n th ei r way t o and fro m
th e Sou t hern Shan S ta t es and North ern Sia m Th ey bring iron cau l .

dro n s copper cook ing po t s straw hats made especially for t h e Shan
, ,

mark et walnu ts p ersi m m ons satin op i u m fel t ed woollen carpets and

, , , , , ,

fi ne tobacco T he P an th ay settlem ent a t Panglong in So n mu is a large

.

t radi ng co m mu ni ty wh ich does b usiness wi t h B u rm a and the trans

Salween S t a t es Th e W as cul tivate and ex port t o Ch ina large quant i
.

t ies of op iu m and agen t s fro m K eng t u ng co m e north as far as W est

,

M anglon an d Sou t h H senw i to purchase t h e drug K arenn i cu tch i s .

b rough t north b y M On g nai bu llock t raders wh o al so fetch up iron ,

agricu l t u ral i mplem ent s fro m Laih k al A consi derable trade is carri ed .

o n during th e winter m onth s i n oranges fro m Nawngh kam ( W es t Mang

lOn ) Nam ma ( Hs ipaw ) and H s ipaw i tsel f and du ring th e rai ns i n

, , ,
i

Sal ween betel leaf fro m Nawngh kam Stick lac is collected to a large
-
.
-

ex ten t by th e Kach ins of Nor t h H senwi wh o sel l i t to I ndian dealers ,

i n th e Lash io ba z ar when ce i t is exp or t ed to B u rma ; and carts fro m

,

Man dalay and H sipaw now go far afield i nto South Hsenw i fo r ri ce an d
sesam u m There is a busy local t rade i n th e in terior i n h om e —
. grown
t obacco fru it an d vegetables an d t h e ba z ars are always wel l at tended
, ,
.

Th e larges t m arts are th ose at Namh kam H sipaw Nawngh ki o M y , , ,

au k me and Namlan,
Manch es t er co t ton goods are rap idly supplan ti ng
.

h om e m ade s t u ffs I mpor t ed yarns and twist ani lin e dyes , German
-
.
,

m ade pen cils an d i m itation t wo anna p iece bu ttons are am ong th e

,
- -

m ost noticeable o f th e i m ported ar t icles Th e valu e o f th e i m por t s .

fro m B urm a to t he Nor t h ern Shan States reach ed a to t al of 3 8 lakh s i n

1 90 3 —
4 : by the Man dalay Lash io rai l w ay lakhs by th e Maym yo -
,

road 5 8 lak hs by Nam hkam and B ham o 5 lakh s ; via th e R u by

, ,

M ines D istrict 4 7 lakh s Th e pri nci pal item s were E u ropean cot t on
, .

p iece goods (valued a t 8 -4 lakh s ) salted fish and ng apz 5 5 lakh s ) sal t
’

-
, ,

(3 2 lakhs ) twis t an d yarn (m os t l y E u ropea n ) (3 9 lakh s ) I ndian cot ton

, ,

pi ece goods pe t rol eu m cat tle betel l eaf an d tobacco Th e exports

-
, , ,
-
, .

from t h e States t o B u rm a i n th e sam e year were valu ed a t 5 6 5 lakh s

by th e rai l way lakh s ; by th e Maym yo road 6 6 lakh s ; by
, ,

Nam hk am an d Bh am o 5 -7 lak h s ; th rough th e R u by M ines D is t rict, .

4 5 lakh s ; t i mber and forest prod uce fl oated do w n th e Sh wel i and

oth er stream s 8 la k h s Th e ch i e f i te m s were pi ck led tea (2 2 l ak h s )
,
. ,
246 NO R TH E R N SHAN S TA ms
east of th e Sal ween can hardly be said to be u n der Bri ti sh con t ro l I n .

ord inary mat ters th e Sta t es are ad m i nistered by th eir Saw b w as wh o are ,

ass ist ed by a ma f s or m inisters i n variou s departm en ts An Assistan t .

Superin tenden t a t H s ipaw advi ses th e Saw bw as o f H sipaw an d Tawng

peng o ffi cers of s i m ilar rank a t Ku tkai an d Tangyan supervise th e
,

affai rs o f th e Saw b w as O f North an d Sou th H sen wi an d M an glOn an d ,

an o fficer o f th e Subordinate c ivi l servi ce has lately bee n posted to

Nam h san to h el p th e Tawngpeng Sawbwa i n th e adm i nis t ration of h i s
ch arge Th e ex tensive K ach i n colony i n th e North Hsenw i S tate i s
.

d i rectly u nder th e civil o fficer a t Ku tkai Lash io i t sel f has been mad e.

pract ical ly par t o f Bu rm a proper .

I n th e N orth ern Sh an States th e cri m inal and civi l ad mi n istration i s

vested in th e Saw b w as su bj ec t t o th e l i m i t ations lai d down i n th ei r
,

sa n ad: (deeds of appoin t m en t

) and to restri cti on s im posed by th e
,

extension o f enac t m en ts and th e issu e Of orders un der th e S han States

Ac t or th e B u rma La w s Ac t Th e cu sto mary law of t hese States has
.

been m od i fied by a n oti fica t ion w hi ch speci fi es th e pun ish ments tha t
may b e i nfl icte d fo r O ffences agai ns t t h e cri m inal law l i m its th e in fl ic ,

t ion of certai n p u nish m en ts to th e m ore h einou s o ffences an d p re ,

scri bes si mp le rules Of procedu re i n cri m inal cases Th e Superin tenden t .

exerci ses general con t rol over th e ad mi n istrati on O f cri m inal j ustice ,

has power to cal l for cases an d is vested wi th wide revisi onary powers
,
.

A ll cri m i nal j u ri sdiction in cases i n wh ich either the com plainant or

accu sed is a E u ropean o r A m erican or a Govern ment servant or , ,

a B rit ish s ubj ec t not a nat ive o f a Sh an S ta t e is withdraw n fro m t h e ,

ch i efs an d vested i n th e Su peri ntenden t and A ssis t ant Su perin tendents

,
.

I n the cases above m entioned th e ord inary cri m i nal law i n Upper
B u rma as m odi fied by the Shan S t ates Laws and Cri m i nal J ustice
,

O rder 1 8 9 5 is in force
, ,
I n su ch cases th e Su perin t enden t exercises
.

th e powers o f a D is t rict Magistrate and Sessions j udge an d th e A ssi s ,

tan t Superinten dents exercise th e powers o f a D i strict Magistrat e

u nder sec t ions 3 0 and 3 4 o f th e Code o f Cri m i nal Proce dure Th e .

Superi ntenden t and A ssis t an t Superi ntenden ts i f E u ropea n B ritish ,

’

su bjects are also ex ofi ia o j ust ices of the peace i n th e States Th e

,
-
.

S u perin t endent has been especially em powered to w ith draw from subor
din ate m agistrates such cases as h e thi nk s fi t H e can n o w also take .

cogni z ance Of any cri m inal case an d try or refer i t to a su bordi nate
,

magi strate for trial T he Su peri ntenden t and each A ssis t ant Sup e rin
.

ten den t exercise th e powers of a magi s t ra t e u nder th e Foreign J u ris

d icti on an d E xtradi ti on Ac t part s o f wh i ch are i n force i n th e States
,
.

I n regard to th e ad m in istratio n o f civi l j u st i ce th e customary law has ,

been m odi fied by a noti fi cation of 1 9 0 0 wh ich con fers original appellate
,

an d revi sional j u ri sdiction o n th e Superin tenden t and A ssistant Su per

‘
in te n de n ts creat es local courts and p re sc ril e s a si m ple j ud icial pro
, ,
 A D M I N I S TR A TI ON 247

c e du re . V ariou s Ac t s
and R egu lat ions have been ex tended to th e
Nor t hern S han S tates and the Gambl ing E xcise Cattle Trespass and
, , , ,

cer t ai n o t h er Ac t s are now i n force i n t he c ivil stat ion of Lash io I n .

North H senwi the K ach i n H ill Tri bes R egu lat ion h as been extended
,

to th e Kach i n area Th e mos t p revalen t Offences occu rri ng i n th e

.

Northern Shan S ta t es are cattle and pony thefts and (i n H s ipaw Sta t e ) ,

Op i u m cases .

I n reven ue matters the Saw b w as ad m i nister the ir S tates i n ac co r

dance wi t h local custom s wh ich have been b u t l i t tle m odi fied T h e,
.

main source o f revenu e is I n Hs ipaw i t is levied at t h e

rate O f R s 1 0 per hou sehold ; i n Tawngpeng at R s 2 0 on tea garde n
.
,
.
-

c ulti vators R s 1 0 on cul ti vators o f irrigated land and R s 5 o n

,
.
,
.

Kach ins ; i n Nor t h H se nwi a t R s 4 —8 on Kach in fam il ies i n th e ,

.

Kach i n tract and a t R s 5 o n S hans or other races w heth er set tled i n

, .
,

the Kach in trac t or i n th e Shan circles i n Sou th H sen w i at R s 1 0 o n , .

cul ti vators o f low lying rice land and R s 6 o n ta /mg va cut ters Taxes
-
.
-
.

o n rice and tea cult ivat ion bringing i n R s i n 1 90 3 —4 are

,
.
,

lev ied i n th e H s ipaw S tate and a tax y ield ing R s is assessed

, ,
.

O n every bul lock load Of t ea exported fro m Tawngpeng

-
A t ax o n .

op iu m and l iquor is raised by m eans of l icence fees i n H s ipaw an d

Ta w ngpeng w h ich brough t i n R s
,
i n 1 9 0 3 —4 Th e t otal . .

revenue collected i n th e five cis Salween S tates i n that year a m ounted -

to R s . th e H sipaw S tate alone rece iving cons iderably m ore

than half T/za t/za med a real i z ed R s
. and th e total t ribu te
’
.

paid to th e B ri t ish G overn men t was R s .

The Saw b w as are responsible for th e suppression Of cri m e and

the preserva t ion Of order in th eir S tates an d som e of th e m m ai n tai n ,

s mall irregu lar police forces I n addi tion G overn ment m ain t ains a .
,

civi l pol ice force w h ich consis t s Of One E uropean A ssistan t Su per
,

in te n de n t Of pol ice wh o is s t at ioned a t Lash io o n e B urman head

, ,

constable and 6 5 pol ice men recru i ted i n t he Sh an S ta t es T hes e

,
.

pol ice are for the m ost part e ngaged i n t he preven t ion and de t ect ion
o f cri me i n the tract o f cou ntry d irectly borderi ng on th e railway .

There are 3 pol ice sta t ions —a t Lash io H s ipaw and Nawnghk io , ,
.

The Northern Shan S ta tes m il itary pol ice battal ion h as i ts h ead
quarters at Lash io Th e force i s u n der a com mandant w ith o ne
.
,

assistant com mandant and t he total strength Of t he battal ion is

,

5 0 5 me n . T h e m aj ori ty Of the m are stationed at Lash io and th ere ,

are 1 0 0 a t K u tkai an d 3 0 each at H s ipa w and Tangyan .

Hs ipaw State mai ntai ns a jai l O f i ts o w n w i th an average of abou t ,

20 convicts Th e p rison ers are engaged in ou tdoor work and

.
,

keep u p th e j ail garden w h ich produces vegetables for sale in th e ,

local baz ar They also u nder t ake repairs o n State bu ild ings th e jail
.
,

i tself being a prod uct of prison labou r Sh ort term prisoners i n other .
-
248 SI I AN S TA TE S

S tates are kept i n th e State lock u ps Long term prisoners are sen t to -
.
-

serve ou t th eir se ntences i n a B urma j ail .

E le mentary education is i m par t ed in t h e p ongy z ky a zmg s Of th e

'

States b u t th e s tandard O f li teracy is lo w and i n 1 9 0 1 only 9 -7 per

, ,

cen t o f the male populat ion were able to read and write A mer ican
. .

Bapt is t M ission sch ools are mai n tai ned a t H sipaw an d Nam h kam ,

and th e H s ipaw sch ool h as 2 masters and abou t 4 0 p up ils .

There are civi l h osp i tals at Lash io and H s ipaw wi th acco m m odation ,

for 2 2 in patients and a dispensary a t Ku tkai I n 1 9 0 3 th e n u m ber O f

-
,
.

cases treated was inclu d ing 3 6 6 in patients an d 1 1 9 Opera t ions -

,

w ere perfor med Th e i ncom e am ou nted to R s

. derived al most .

e n t irely fro m Provi ncial fu nds Th ere is a hospi ta l at H s ipa w ma naged

.
,

by th e A merican Baptist M ission w i t h 2 4 beds I n 1 9 0 3 th e n u m ber ,

.

o f cases trea t ed at th is i ns ti tu t ion was inclu ding 2 0 ia pat ients -

.

A nother hosp i tal u nder the sam e age ncy is s ituated at Nam hkam
, ,
.

I n 1 9 0 3 —4 the nu m ber Of persons successfu lly vaccinated was

represen t ing 2 3 per Of th e pop u lat ion
—
.

[ S ir J G Scott. U pp e r B. u rm a G a z e tte
,er
(5 vols R angoon 1 9 0 0 1
) .
, ,

B u rma : a H a n dbook of P ractical [ re forma tion ( 1 9 0 6 ) 5 C C Low is . .

,

‘
A N o/e on z ize P a lau ng s (R angoon ,

S h a n S t a t e s S o ut h e rn A grou p o f Nat ive States i n B urm a

"

~ -
.
, ,
° ’
u nder the charge O f a Su peri ntendent ly ing between 1 9 2 0 and ,
° ’ ’ ° ° ’
22 16 N and 9 6 1 3 and 1 0 1 9 E wi th an area of abou t
. .
,

square m iles Th ey are bounded on th e north by th e Northern Shan

.

S tates from wh ich th ey are separated fo r so m e d istance by th e Nam

,

Tu o r M yitnge r iver ; o n the eas t by Ch i na ; o n th e sou th by Ch ina ,

th e French Lao territory S iam and K arenn i ; an d o n th e west by the

, ,

Kyaukse M ei kti la and Yam eth i n D istric t s Of Upper B u rma and the
, , ,

Tou ngoo D istrict Of Lower B u r ma .

W i th t h e excep tion O f a trac t o n th e western bou ndary and the

eastern h alf Of t h e Kengt ung S tate towards th e Ch i na border th e ,

S tates l ie i n th e drai nage area o f t he Salween w h ich ,

rough ly bisects t he m flow ing firs t i n a general ,

sou therly cou rse and th en sou th wes t i nto K arenni ,

-
.

T he eastern part Of th e Kengtu ng S tate drai n s i nto the M ekong o f ,

wh ich th e pri ncipal tri bu taries are the Nam Lwi th e Nam Lin and , ,

the N am H kok t he las t named fl ow ing for the greater part of its course
,

i n Ch i nese t erritory The m os t noteworthy tribu taries Of th e Salween

.

o n i ts eastern side wi th i n the l i m i ts Of th e Sou thern Shan S t a t es are

th e Nam H ka form i ng t h e north ern bou ndary o f the trans Salween

,
-

are as and th e Na m Hsi m farther sou th I ts western tri bu taries are Of

, .

more i mpor t ance t han i ts eastern and their cou rses are all more o r less ,

parallel w i th tha t Of t he Sal wee n itself Th e Nam Pang rises i n Sou th .

H senw i i n the North ern Sh an S tates and waters the north eastern ,
-
 SO UTI I E / t z V Si l A N S TA TE S
’
2
50

r idg e s e xist i n t he trans Sal ween States th ough th e cou n t ry is for th e -

,

m os t part very rugged and lofty h il l masses are grouped near the ,

frontiers T he M y e lat east o f th e h igh range separating it fro m

.
,

B u rma proper i s charac t eri z ed by open rolling downs large tracts O f

,
-

wh ich are al mos t treeless an d ra t h er dry th e average level of the ,

cou n t ry being a t a considerable al ti tu de E as twards Of th e M y e lat .

th e scenery cha nges from trop ical to alpi ne th e m ai n featu res being ,

th e lateral ranges and i nterven in g valleys described above The fi rs t .

O f th ese tracts o f lowlan d i s th e well wa t ered Yawnghwe valley wh ich -

,

d isp lays al terna t e expanses o f park li ke savannah forest and w el l t il led - -

land w it h t h e great I nle Lak e in i ts centre E as twards Of th is co m es

, .

th e basi n o f t he Tamh pak where broad plai ns o f irrigated rice land are ,

backed by grassy d owns slop ing up to th e h ills ; and beyon d t h is l ies

the t yp ical h igh land strath i n wh ich th e Nam Pawn ru ns Thence to .

th e Salween e x t en ds a wide plateau w i th i ts roll ing prai ries w el l ,

t i m bered i n par t s broken up i n places by ou tcrops o f detach ed h i lls

, ,

and varied by stretch es Of p ic t u resque river scenery along th e Na m

Teng and Nam Pang .

T h e only large lake i n t he S tates i s t he I nle i n Yawngh we abou t ,

1 2 m iles long and 6 broad drai n ing by th e Nam Pil u river i nto th e ,

Salween Two s maller lakes are s itua t ed i n t he nor t h east Of M Ong nai
.
-

and i n H sah tu ng .

N o t m uch is k nown o f th e geology of the Sou thern S han S tates ,

excep t along th e section east an d wes t o f T au nggy i wh ere th e rocks ,

have been classi fied as fol lows 1

The Oldest rocks consist Of gne isses .

w i th vei ns o f syen it e and gran i t e and are exposed only along th e ,

western edge Of t he plateau B eyond th ese l i m estone is th e pre .

,

vai li ng rock t he lower por t ion probably correspond ing to t he D evonian

,

l i mestone o f the Northern Shan States b u t i t i ncl udes also fossil iferou s ,

beds Of Per m ian age wh ich are fou nd eas t O f Tau nggyi Pu rple sand .

stones are e ither fau lted or folded i n among the l i mestones and may ,

represent th e M eso z oi c sandstones fou nd be t ween H s ipaw and Lash io .

Su b recent beds of conglom erate sands and loam s occu py longitudi nal
-

valleys between the ridges O f l i mestone .

A long th e western border ru ns a bel t O f tarai forest reachi ng to

abou t feet O f wh ich the m ost conspi cuous const ituents are
,

bam boos D ip terocarp zzs B il/M ia an d cl i m bers l ike Sp atfio/oozz s an d

,
'

, ,

Gof rg ea tomen tosa From 2 5 0 0 to fee t the h ills are clad wi th

.
,

vege ta t ion o f a different character and co mposed O f m u ch larger trees ,

comprisi ng su ch genera as Se/zima Sa a ra zzj a T urp ifl ia D alberg ia , , , ,

C aesa tp ima B a u /zima Termin a/ia Lag ers troemia Stri e/ mos and
' '

f
, , , , ,

Q uercus Several arboreo us Cor/zp ositae are also to be foun d i n th is

.

C . S
. M iddl e m iss, Gen eral R ep ort , Geolog ical Su rvey f
o I n dia , 1 899- 1 90 0,

p . 1 12 .
 H I S TOR Y 2 5 I
belt . Th ere i s a plen t i ful u ndergrow t h o f sh ru bs an d herbaceous
plan t s ; and ferns m osses and l ic hens ab ou nd At an al tit u de o f , ,
.

over feet th e forest gives place to an open roll ing pla t eau O f
rou nded grassy h ills w i th scattered cl u m ps o f oak s and p ines th e , ,

vegetation being tem perate i n characte r Species o f R a n a n a z lz/ x .

,

Clema tis Viol a P oly g a l a [ Jy p eria ma P rimzz la and Sroertia abou nd

, , , , ,

as w el l as representat ives o f th e m ore tropical genera s uch as Les

p erlez a C oao / zop sis lp omaea and many La bia tae
,
’ ‘ Fu rther particulars
, ,
.
,

abou t the vegetat ion of t h e States will b e fou nd u nder th e head o f

Forests .

The elephant bison {rifl e o r lim ing (B ox so mla ia / s) and rh inoceros

, , ,

are met w i th as w el l as th e t iger leopard an d other fel i dae Sai/roa r

, , , .
,

swam p deer hog deer and bark ing deer are com mon bears are w idel y
, ,
-

distribu t ed ; bu t th e w ild dog and the j ackal are rare as also i s th e ,

serow H og are fou nd every w here and th e gi bbo n an d m onk eys O f

,
,

vari ou s k i nd s are n u merous A mong snakes th e R ussel l s viper is t he .

’

co m monest wh i le th e hamadryad cobra and python are al l occa

, , ,

s io n all
y m et w ith The harrier and kestrel are Often seen and very
.
,

rarely th e H i m a layan eagle T h e cuckoo is a regu lar v isi t or and a .

,

lark (identical wi th t he E ngl ish bi rd ) i s com m on Th e l is t o f water .

fowl bot h m igratory and i ndigenou s is large an d among th e rarer

, , ,

vi si tors may be m entioned th e wood sn ipe and w oodcock -

.

Port ions of the States su ch fo r i nstance as th e cou ntry abou t th e ,

town o f Kengtung and several Of th e ta ra i areas are very u nhealth y , ,

but on the w h ole th e cl i mate is fairly t em perat e and sal ubrious I n .

th e deeper valleys th e w eather i s h u m i d i n th e rainy season and very ,

hot duri ng March an d A pr il ; on t h e u plands t h e h eat du ri ng th e day

i n those tw o m onth s is consi derable b u t t here is al ways an appreciabl e ,

drop i n th e tem peratu re at nigh t I n December and January frost i s .

qu ite co m mon and e ven i n Mawk mai o ne of th e lowes t val leys th e

, , ,

thermometer has been k nown t o fall to free z ing poin t Th e h ea d -

.

quarters station of Tau nggy i has an ann ual m ean t em perature of

The rai nfal l throughou t i s moderate lessen ing towards th e eas t I n ,
.

Taunggy i th e an nual average i s abou t 6 0 i nch es and at Thamakan ,

( H samOng h k am) i n t h e M y e lat abou t 3 8 .

I t cannot be sai d w it h certai n ty who were th e origi nal inhabi tants

of th e Shan S ta tes bu t i t i s probable that th e Tai (see N O R T H ER N ,

S H A N S T A T E S ) ca m e into a cou ntry al ready occu pied

H ist o ry
by W as Palau ngs Yins Tau ng t hu s and Karens
.

, , , ,
.

At any rate B u rm ese au thori ty w as u ndoubtedly brough t to bear on

the Southern Shan States long before permanent control was gained
over H senwi w h ich w as early i n th e seventeent h cent u ry when th e
, ,

H Co. l l e tt and W . B . H e ms l ey ‘
On , a Co l l t io n
ec of Pl an t s fro m Upp e r B urm a

and th e S h n St t e s
a a
,
’

j o u rn a l o f Me Limz ea n Sof ie /y , B ota ny ,

Vo l . xxv iii .

VO L . XX I I . R
2 52 S O U TH E R N SH A /V S TA TE S

Mao Sha n k ingdom came to an end I n th e rem oter parts B u rm ese .

su z erai nt y was p ractically wi th ou t effect i n t h ose early days bu t i n ,

th e nearer S tates i t was a n act ive and oppress ive real i ty wh ich slowly
‘
crept eastward despi te the i nfl uence o f China W asted by i nternecin e
, .

warfare of th e most savage descri ption and by th e rapaci ty Of the B u r ,

m ans t he S tates in t i me decli ned i n power T h e govern ment of A va

, .

fostered feu ds both between th e States and w ith i n the m so as to keep ,

t hei r rulers to o weak fo r resistance R isings were p u t dow n by cal l ing .

ou t t roops from t h e s urrou nding pri ncipal i ties wh o were only too ready ,

to ravage th e rebellious area ; i n fact som e Of t h e S t a t es are bu t n ow ,

begi nning fully to recover fro m t h e e ffects o f th ose t roublou s days .

Th e ch ief cen t re o f B u rmese adm in istrat ion i n t h e years preceding th e

annexation of Upper B urm a was M Ong nai th e cap i t al o f the m ost ,

powerfu l ch ief wh ere an offi cer wi th th e t i tle o f B olz ma min t/za had h i s
,

h ead qu arters Troops w ere kep t h ere and at Paik o ng i n K arenni

-
.
, ,

Opposi te M Ongpai the latter for the p urpose o f wa t ch ing th e R e d

,

Karens B urmese R esidents were appoi nted to th e courts o f all t he

.

Sta t es bu t thei r cou nsels recei ved b u t scan t attent ion across the Sal
,

ween . A s at presen t t he Saw b w as ad mi n is t ered thei r o w n charges

, ,

and exerci sed p owers o f l i fe and death and what was probably more , ,

i mportant co lle éte d taxes There was no check o n oppress ion though
,
.
,

i t was al ways open to t h e persecuted s u bject to remove to another

S tate A fter t he death o f k ing M i ndon M i n th e ad m inistrat io n
.

collapsed as i t d id over all th e ou tly ing parts O f th e B u r mese dom i

,

n ions Th e firs t ch ief to revol t was th e Sawbwa O f Kengtu ng across

.

t h e Salween w h o quarrelled w i th h is su z erai n over th e ap poi nt ment

,

o f a new Sawb wa to t he n eigh bouring S tate of K engh u ng (now in

C h i nese territory ) m assacred th e B u r mese R esi dent and staff and

, ,

b urnt K engh u ng King T h ib aw was to o weak to retal iate and th e

.
,

powerfu l ch ief o f M On g nai j oi ned i n th e revolt followed by th e Saw

“

b w as o f M Ong naw ng an d Lawksawk T hese m ore accessi ble States .

,

h owever o n j o in ing th e general rebell ion were overru n by th e B ur

, ,

m ese troops and th e th ree Saw b w as had to take refuge i n K engtu ng

,

i n 1 8 8 4 H ere t he fi rst at t e mpt was made at a S han coal it ion w i th t h e

.

i ntent ion Of th rowi ng O ff t he B u rm ese yoke and i t appears probable ,

t ha t only th e u nexpec t ed an nexat ion o f B ur ma i tsel f by t h e B ri t ish

prevented th e formation o f a powerfu l S han k ingdom A leader was .

selec t ed i n th e Linb i n pri nce a nephew o f k ing M indon who had , ,

escaped t h e wh olesale massacre o f t h e royal fam i ly by T h ib aw s ser ’

van ts and wh o arrived at Kengt ung at th e very t i m e w hen th e B ritish

,

expedit io n was being d ispatched to M andalay Th e B u rmese troops .

had been w ithdrawn and i t was a question o f forc ing o n th e S tates

, ,

so m e more o r l ess u nwi ll ing th e ruler th e al lies h ad chosen T h e

,
.

Li nbin fac t ion crossed the Salween early in 1 886 M Ong nai was
 2 54 SO U TH E R N SH A N S TA TE S

each o t h er with ou t a sh o t bei n g fi red Some t rou ble was cau sed
,
.

by th e ex p ongj i T w e t Nga Lu wh o i n 1 8 8 8 w as able to drive ou t

- '
,

th e M Ongnai Sawbwa and establ i sh h i m sel f i n h i s capi tal bu t h e was ,

even tually sh ot i n th e sam e year Th e col u m n wh ich deal t w ith

”

T w e t Nga Lu w as called u pon to qu el l d is t u rbances i n t he Sou th ern

M y e lat States wh ich had been brough t abou t by th e ch ief of Yawn
,

gbwe ; and after i t had settl ed m atters i n M Ongn ai h ad to tu rn i ts

, ,

at tention to M awk m ai wh ich had been i nvaded and red uced to vas
,

salage by Saw lapaw th e ch ie f of E astern Karenn i or G an taraw adi

, ,
.

O rder was re establish ed i n M awk mai bu t i n J un e 1 8 8 8 Saw lapaw

-
, , ,

again attacked th e State H e was h owever driven back wit h very

.
, ,

severe loss ; an d as h e re fused t o su rrender a pu n i tive expedit io n ,

entered Sawlon h i s cap i tal i n 1 88 9 and o n h i s fl igh t Sa w law i h is

, , , , ,

h eir was appoi nted in h is place Fi nall y th e Kengtu ng State o n th e

,
.
,

fart h er side o f t he Sal ween s ubm itted in 1 8 90 Considerable diffi .

c ult ie s arose wi th Siam abou t t h i s t i me concerning certai n trans

Salween dependencies of Mawk mai M On gpan and Karen ni In , ,
.

1 8 8 9— 9 0 an A nglo Siam ese Com m ission i n w h ich th e Siam ese govern

-
,

men t decli ned to j oi n a t th e last m om ent par t itioned these t racts an d , ,

t h e S iam ese garrisons were w i t h draw n fro m so m u ch o f th e country

”

as w as fou n d n o t t o belong to S iam T h e demarcation o f th is front ier

.

was finally carried ou t by a j oi n t Com m ission i n 1 8 9 2 —3 T h e A nglo .

French bou ndary was set tled in 1 8 9 4 —5 w hen th e S tate of K engcheng ,

was d ivided between the t wo cou ntries th e M ek ong for mi ng th e bou n ,

dary and the cis M ekong por t ion being added to K engtu ng T he
,
-
.

bou ndary o f t he K eng t u ng State an d Ch ina was set tl ed by th e Anglo

Ch inese B ou ndary Com m ission o f 1 8 9 8— 9 .

Th e m ost i mportan t pagodas are th ose at A n g te ng and Thandau ng

in Yawngh we sai d to have been b u i l t by D ha m m a Thawka M i n
,

( A soka ) and A n aw rata ; t heir an n ual fest ivals are largely a t tended .

I n th e Pangtara S t ate is t h e Sh w e o n h min pagod a a rich ly gilt shrine ,

i n a grotto in the h il l si de The si des and roof o f the cave are crowded
-
.

w i t h s t atues O f B uddha and em ble m s of t h e fai th Th ere i s a larger .

a t ten dance a t i ts fest ival than a t any other i n t h e Sou t h ern Shan S t ates ,

excep t perhaps t hat o f M On gk iing I n th e Poila State i s th e Tam e.

pagoda covered o n t he u pper h alf wi th copper plates and m uch

,

revered . Both th e Pang t ara and Poila pagodas are said to have
been bu il t by A soka an d repai red by A naw rata Of Pagan .

T he popu lat ion o f th e Sou th ern Shan States i n 1 9 0 1 was

I ts d istribu t ion is given i n t he table o n th e nex t page wh ich shows ,

cons iderabl e variation i n densi ty o f popu lation Th e

P op ulat ion sm al l States o f Pangm i and Na w ngwaw n are as
.
.

th ickly pop ula t ed as th e delta D is t ricts Of Lower B u rma W i t h th e .

e xcept ion of Yaw ngh we n one of th e larger Saw b w ash ips sh ow a h igh
,
 P OP ULA TI ON 25 5

figure an d t h e average for t h e S t a t es i s only abou t hal f t ha t for th e

,

Provi nce as a whole .

II l i 3 9p
nc ud n
g 0
l di g 7 6 li t p
e rso ns e nu me ra te d in v
s ur e y
v mp
ca p m s
'

in difl e re n t p o rt io n s o f t h e St a te s .

1
.
'
nc u n e rat e e rso n s in t h e s ur e y c a s.

Th e predom i nant race are th e Shans (see N O R TH ER N S H A N S T A T E S ) ,

who nu mbered i n 1 9 0 1 T h ey i nhab it t h e en ti re S han States

.

i n varying proportions form ing the greater part Of th e pop ulation

,

of t h e eas t ern d ivision and being the m ost nu merou s Of th e m any

,
256 S O UTH E R N SH A N S TA TE S

races i nhabi t ing th e Keng t u ng S tate across t h e Sal ween I n th e .

central d i vis ion th ey are n ot i n th e maj ority the Tau ngth us t ak ing ,

the i r place and t hey t end to con fin e th e m selves to th e val leys as

, ,

along th e Nam T am hpak I n t h ese S tates and i n Loilong th ey are

.
,

h owever nu merou s I n t h e res t of th e M y e lat S tates th ey are poorl y

, .

represented Next i n i mportance fro m a nu merical poi nt o f view are

.

t he TA U NGTH U S of wh om there were

, i n 1 90 1 Th ey abou nd .

m ost i n t he southern States o f th e central div isio n form ing th e entire ,

h ill popula t ion th ere ; an d th ey are strongly represen t ed i n al l bu t

t he Northern M y e lat Sta t es gath ering most th ickly on t h e moun tains
,

bordering B u rm a proper Considerabl e n u mbers o f th em i nh ab i t

.

th e western hal f o f th e eas t ern d ivision bu t i n th e Sal wee n valley ,

and i n th e north eastern S t a t es th ey are prac t ically u nk nown

-
Th e .

D A N U S a race o f m ixed B ur man and S han origin and t o a large

, ,

e x t en t speakers o f B urm ese n u m bered i n 1 9 0 1 T hey are th e

, .

prepon dera t ing race i n th e Northern M y e lat States an d are strongly ,

rep resented i n t h e n orthern Sta t es Of th e central d ivision Th e to t al .

i n 1 9 0 1 of th e I N T H A s (lake dwellers ) w h o i nhabi t t h e val ley o f th e

-
,

I nl e Lak e and o f th e U pper Nam P ilu was T he H k iin S hans, ,

n u m bering are p rac t ical ly con fi ned t o t h e K eng t ung Sta t e

beyond the Sal w een wh ere to o are fou n d th e h i ll dwel l ing Kaws o r
,
-

AK HAS t h e Lii S han s an d the W A S Th e

T aun gy o s ( 1 6 5 0 0) — a h i ll tribe wh o have been h ith erto classi fied w ith
, ,

t h e Tau ngth u s bu t wh o are probably m ore closely allied w ith t h e

,

B u rm ans — are m e t w ith i n t h e cen tre Of th e M y e lat d ivis ion ; t h e

Karens l i ve i n the sou thern S t ates o f th e cen tral an d eastern
d ivisions bordering o n K AR E N N I and th e M uh sOs — a Tibeto
,

B urm an co m m u n i ty wh o appear to be connec t ed w ith th e Lisaw s

o n th e h ighes t h i lls i n th e east o f th e K engtu ng Sta t e T h e P A LAUN Gs .

i n 1 90 1 n u m bered Th ey are n o wh ere th ickly di stri bu ted bu t ,

are spread over al l th e nor t h ern h alf of th e Sou th ern Shan S ta tes from
B urma p roper to th e Salween as wel l as i n parts o f Kengtu ng Th e,
.

P adaung s a Karen com m u n i ty best known to E u ropeans by

-
,

reason o f th e brass rings w ith w h ich th eir wom en elo ngate th ei r neck s
form a large part of th e pop u lat ion Of M On gpai a State i n th e extrem e ,

sou t h wes t ern corner o n th e Karen n i border O nly

-
,
B ur mans .

were en u merated i n t he S tates i n 1 9 0 1 al th ough persons were ,

re t u rned as ordi nari ly speak ing B urm ese Less i mportant from a .

n u m erical poi n t o f Vi ew are th e R iangs o r Yi ns a pre Shan -

t ribe Of M on A nam extraction i nhabi ting th e north eastern cis —

-
,
Salween -

S t a t es an d very closely al lied w ith th e Palau ngs ; an d th e Z ayei n

,

Karens o f Loi long t h e sou th ern m os t S tate o f the M y e lat

,

d ivision Th ere were n o t qu ite

. Ch i nese i n 1 9 0 1 m os t of whom ,

were born i n th e S tates A ccording to rel igion B uddh is t s i n 1 9 0 1

.
,
 2
58 S O UTH E R N SH A N S TA TE S

u nder crop now and i n the past are avai lable I n the M y e lat excl usive
’ '

.
,

O f Loi long abou t 4 0 square m iles are cul tivated m ore than o n e th i rd
, ,
-

O f w h ich is i rrigated T he people are t i m id i n regard to experi m ental

.

cu l tivation an d i n consequ ence no new vari eties have su pplan t ed t h e

,

i ndigenous s t aples .

Ca t tle breeding i s carried o n ex tensively t h roughou t th e S tates The

-
.

Tau ngthu s are born cattle and pony breeders and i n E ast Yawngh we
and t h e S tates i n the H tamh pak valley wh ere t h ey p redom inate the , ,

rearing O f l ive stock i s freely carried o n Cows are never m ilked t h e

-
.
,

calves being allo w ed to su ckle a t w i ll ; and th e village bu lls are per

m itte d to roam abou t wi th th e h erds Cattle are no t used fo r plough .

work i n the S han S tates ; bu t bu ffaloes are extens ively bred i n every
S tate fo r l ocal agric ultural work and i n th e S ta t es Of K e h si M ansam
,

an d M On g n aw ng for expor t also Pon ies are bred largely i n the States
.

o f M On g k un g K e h si Mansam M On g naw n g an d E ast Yawnghwe an d

, , , ,

to a l i m ited ex t en t generally through ou t t h e S tates ; b u t u nfortuna t ely

su fficien t atten ti on i s n o t given t o th e selection o f s ires The resul t .

i s t hat th e ord i nary pony n ow procurable i s a very i ndifferen t ani mal .

I n so m e S t a t es t he ch iefs keep A rab stall ions an d th ere i s k ee n co m ,

pe t i t ion for th eir foals T h e s mal ler an i mals are expor t ed to Ch ieng
. ,

m ai where a d i m i n u t ive an i mal is pre ferred i f sh owy T w o Pers ian

, , .

donkey stall ions were a t one ti m e placed i n various par t s o f th e S t ates ,

bu t m u l e breed ing did no t pro v e pop ular and th e experi men t was dis
-
,

con tinu ed A n i ndigenou s goa t o f a sm al l bl ack variety is bred i n

.
, ,

th e Kengtu ng S t at e ; bu t O th erwise goa t breeding is i n th e h ands of -

I nd ian res idents wh o con fine the mselves for th e m ost part to i mpor t ed
,

variet ies Sh eep are n ot i ndigenou s Several k inds h ave been tried
. .
,

b u t w it h l ittle s uccess I t seem s probable h owever tha t a hardy breed

.
, ,

fro m th e h ills i n I ndia woul d do wel l .

Graz i ng i s abu n dan t both i n t h e rai ns an d i n th e dry season At th e .

beginn ing o f t h e wet season ca tt l e d iseases (an t hrax ri nderpes t sa rra -

, , ,

glanders & c ) are nearly al ways present i n som e par t o f t h e S t ates

,
. .

O ccasional ly t h e disease i s i mpor t ed along t h e Govern m en t car t road -

o r by th e caravans fro m C h ina bu t m uch is d u e to carelessness i n th e

,

gra z i ng o f an i mals on lo w lying and swampy grou n d S i nce th e engage

-
.

m en t o f trained veteri nary ass is tan ts at th e cost o f th e ch iefs th e l ive ,

stock has be en better cared fo r and th e segregation o f d iseased ani mals

is now prac t ised .

Th e most i m por t an t fisheries are i n the I nle Lake (Yawngh we ) and

"

o n th e N am P i l u wh ich drai ns t ha t p iece of water These fish eries .

are o f grea t valu e a nd y i eld a considerable revenu e

Fish e r ies t o t h e Yawngh we Sawbwa B esides supply ing t h e
.
,

lo cal ba z ars sal ted and dri ed fi sh are expor t ed to al l parts of th e S t a t es

,

from th e Yawnghwe fish ing area I n th e lak e a close season i s .

 F OR E S TS 259

Observed d uring the B u ddh ist Len t Th e spawning beds are careful ly .
-

preserved and su ppl ied w i th food i n t h e shape o f rice grou nd nu t , ,

-
,

and sesam u m paste 81 0 ,

.

Under nat i ve ru le th e righ t o f th e paramou nt power to th e forests

i n t he Shan States was always asse rt ed an d th e sam e pri nciple has ,

been followed s ince annexa t ion T he righ t to th e

t i m ber ex t rac t ed fro m their S ta t es is reserved t o th e
F o re s t s
.

Bri tish Govern m ent by th e Saw b w as m o o ds and revenu e is pai d ’

,

wh eth er t h e t rees are extracted by th e Saw b w as t h em selves or by

pri va t e cont ractors Th e d istribut ion o f t h e forests i n th e Sou thern
.

Shan S ta t es i s dependen t ch i efl y o n th e elevation The average .

heigh t o f th e Shan plateau i s probably be t ween an d fee t

above sea level bu t t he h ills frequently exceed
-
and som et i mes
feet Th e lower lying stream s are fringed by a very narrow bel t
.
-

o f evergreen forest T h is gives place al m os t at once h igher u p t o a

.
, ,

dry deciduous fores t frequ ently O f t h e ifl a a ing type T eak i s l i m ited

,
’
.

to t h is dec iduou s bel t and is rarely fou nd above feet C o n

, .

sequently as even t he m i nor wa t ersheds generally exceed th is elevation

, ,

teak occurs only i n narrow bel ts parallel to t h e streams O th er ch ar .

ac te ristic t rees of t he decid u ou s fores t are : i (X li a (to/a l ri

’
p y ng aa o y
f ormis) p aaa alz (P teroca rp us marroea rpa s) py in ma (Lag erstroemia
'
, ,

F los R eg irz ae) in (s teroearp as tzioe reula tus) ingy in (P en taeme Sia m
, ,

e /zsis
) t/zity a (S/iorea ootzisa ) and tfi itsi (M ela norr/roea usita ta ) A t
, ,
.

fro m 2 5 00 to 3 5 0 0 feet th e deciduou s forest m ay be associated wi th

, ,

p i nes (P izzas M erk asii) Th is t ree i s rare west Of t h e Nam Teng and.
,

never form s p u re fores t At feet P io u s K /iasy a begin s to .

appear ; and fi nally at fee t t he deciduou s forest d isappears an d ,

i ts place i s taken ei ther by pu re fores t o f P in us K fi asy a or by m ixed ,

fores t o f broad leaved species characteri z ed by oaks chestn u t s an d

-
, , ,

Sc/zima e At . feet th e pi ne or oak fores t s are generally replaced

by a dark fol iaged evergreen fores t con t ai ning magnol ias Lau riniae
-
, , ,

and rhododendrons .

T he forests can bes t be consi dered i n de t ai l w ith reference t o th e

drainage basi ns These are fi ve i n n u m ber al l contai ning t eak and
.
,

other valuabl e t i m ber I n order o f th ei r econom ic i m portance th ey

.

may be ranked as follows : th e Salw een t he My itnge (or Nam Tu ) , ,

th e M ekong th e N am Pawn an d th e P aung lan g o r Si ttang I n th e

, , .

Salween basi n i t i s sai d t hat M ong h awng once contai ned teak forests .

Th ese have now h owever been completely destroyed b y reckless

, ,

over work ing O n ly th e S tates i n th e lower cou rse o f th e Salwee n

-
.

and i ts tri bu taries the Na m Pang and Nam Teng n ow possess teak ;
, ,

and w orking plans have been p repared fo r th e forests o f Kenghkam

-
,

M Ongnai an d M Ong pan w h ere t h e teak area exceeds 3 0 0 square

, ,

m iles M ost o f these forests have been over w ork e d ; and th e forests
.
-
2 60 S O UTH E R N SH A N S TA TE S

of Mawkm ai and of th e M o ng pu and M o ng h sat s ub States of Kengtung -

are too exh austed for exploi tation a t present th ough th e teak tracts ,

are ex tens ive The t i m ber extracted from t hese forests is fl oated down
.

th e Salween to t h e Kado forest d ep ot above M oul me in The teak .

fores ts i n th e Nam T u drainage area are m ostly con fi ned to Lawksawk ,

fro m wh ich t i mber i s extracted by way Of t h e Nam Lang an d the Nam

Tu to be collected at A va wh ere th e lat t er s tream th ere know n as
, , ,

t h e M yi t nge fall s i nto the I rrawaddy Th e worki ng o f the forest s i n

,
.

Kengtu ng i n the M ekong drainage area h as been t aken i n h an d

recen tly bu t al l th e ti m ber fro m th is tract i s des t ined fo r th e French
,

m arket at Saigon Th e N am Paw n drai nage area i nclu des t h e valleys

.

Of t h e Nam Pi lu an d Nam Tam h pak I t con t ai ns bu t l i ttle teak and .

,

th e s t ream s are to o fu ll o f obstru ct ions to be of u se for fl oating ti mber .

The forests o f Loilong o n th e Pau nglaung drai nage area have been
reported as n ot worth exploi ti n g ow ing to th eir s mal l valu e an d thei r ,

re m oteness Th e m i nor fores t p rodu c t s incl u de lac tu rpent ine t/z itsi
.
, , ,

t/z a rz a t leaves B oeiz meria m oea rub ber Ch i nese varn ish and canes
'

.
, , , ,

Cu t ch bearing t rac t s are said t o be fairly com mon b u t have for th e

-
,

m os t par t bee n rui ned by reckless cu tti ng D etails o f th e export of .

lac and tfi itsz (from the M ela no rr/zoea u sita ta ) are given below u nder
’

Co m m erce and Trade T urpen ti ne an d Chi nese varn ish (fro m th e

.

A lea ritis coro a ta ) cou ld be exported i n l arge quantities bu t as ye t

’

l it tl e bu siness has been done i n ei ther com m odity R u bber h as been .

exp orted fro m Kengtung bu t th e cost o f carriage is to o great to allow

,

o f i t s being sol d at a p rofi t T h e B oe/z meria n ivea is sai d to be

.

co m m on near th e Sal ween i t is used locally fo r th e manufacture o f

strong fi sh in g li nes and is a very valuable product Th e wh olesal e
-
,
.

girdl i n g o f u n marke t a ble t eak th e careless logging o f th e t i mber and

, ,

th e ru inous ta u ngy a sys t e m o f cul tivat ion have done i m m easu rable
dam age to th e fores t s Of th e Shan States and t h e ru i n brough t abou t ,

by t h e las t nam ed cau se i ncreases annu al ly T h e cu tch forests have

-
.

been n early destroyed by excessive and though tless worki ng Th e .

fores t re ven u e from the Sou t hern S han S tates i n 1 9 0 4 was R s .

t o wh ich Kengtu ng con t ribu ted R s Mawk mai R s . .

M o ng pan R s and M Ong nai R s

. .

Coal i s foun d in the State o f Laihka and i n the M y e lat bu t i n ,

n eith er local ity is i t worked R eports on i ts val u e are h owever .

, ,

favou rabl e W ash i ngs fo r gol d are carri ed o n i n

.

M ine rals
t h e s t ream beds at vari ou s l ocal i ties b u t noth ing
.
-
,

i n payi ng quan tity has ye t rewarded t he washers Silver l ead and .

, ,

pl u m bago are m ined i n a s mal l way i n th e M y e lat and iron occu rs ,

i n so me qu anti t y i n Laihk a and Samk a i n t he form er Sta t e giving ,

em ploy m en t t o a nu m ber O f vi llages Copper ore so far as i s known .

, ,

occurs only i n th e M y e lat I n th e tran s — Sal ween su b S t ate of M Ongpan

.
-
,
 262 S O UTH E R N SH AN S TA TE S

Samka and H sah tung M os t o f th e ch iefs are large traders and

,
.
,

many o f th ei r o fficials fol low su i t ; at Panglong and K e h si Mansam

and i n th e H sah tu ng State wh ol e com m u ni t ies are ent irely dependent
o n trade and e ngage i n agricu ltu re only to a l i m ited ex tent
, A con .

s ide ra b le port ion O f th e i nternal trade consists Of car t tra ffic fro m t h e

plains to Tau nggyi and M On gh saw k Fro m th e form er pack bul locks .
-

carry m erchandise eastwards ; fro m the latter i t is borne south wards

by river to Karenn i I nternal t rade is st ill largel y i n th e hands o f
.

caravan traders wh o e mploy b ullock transport

,
.

E xternal trade i s w i th B u rma on th e o n e hand and wi th Ch ina an d ,

S iam o n th e oth er Th e expor t s to B urma by al l rou tes in 1 9 0 3 —4

.

w ere val ued at

4 7 6 lakh s
- Th e valu e o f th e forest produce expor t ed .

to M oul m ei n and to A va down th e Sal ween and My i tnge ri vers i n

that year am ou nted to 1 0 lakh s th e greater part be ing teak t i m ber ,
.

N early head Of cattle valu ed at 7 lak hs an d m ore than , ,

po nies and m u les val ued at 2 lakhs were sent down during t he year
, ,

to B u rma O th er exports i nclu ded lac (valu ed at 6 lakhs ) potatoes

.
,

( 4
0 lak h ) and oth er vegetables
, and fru i ts ( 5
1 - lak hs
) ; varn ish es ,

p rov is ions Of variou s k i nds Shan paper for u mbrellas an d ornaments , ,

leathern goods gu m s and resi ns (i ncl ud ing

, turmeric silk p iece ,

goods tlz an atp et (fo r cigar wrappers ) sesam u m an d grou nd nu t oil

’

- -
, , ,

iron i m plem en ts an d lacqu ered boxes an d bowls Th e i mports fro m

,
.

B urm a i n th e same year were val ued at 3 9 -6 lak hs ; th e m ai n i t em s

were E uropean cotton pi ece— goods ( 1 1 lakhs ) si lk goods (3 9 lakhs ) , ,

dried fish ( 1 8 lakh s ) be t el nu ts ( 1 -7 lakh s ) sal t ( 1 3 lakh s ) cotton

,
-
, ,

twist an d yarn ( 1 -9 lakh s ) petroleu m ( 1 lakh ) wool len goods ( 1 lakh ) , , ,

apparel m etal work sugar wh eat an d drugs o f various k in ds i n

,
-
, , ,

s mal ler qu ant it ies Most Of th e trade with B ur ma wheth er carried

.
,

i n carts o r o n bullocks goes by th e Govern m en t cart road fro m ,

-

Tau nggy i to Tha z i although the bu llock tracks through th e N atte ik

,
-

p as s to M yi t tha i n Kyau kse D istri ct and through M On g pai to Tou ngoo

are also u sed A certai n am ou n t o f trade passes via th e Nort h ern
.

Shan S tates to Upper B u rma being regis t ered at May m yo To Ch ina ,

.

an d S iam the exports are m uch th e sam e as to B u rm a ; from Ch i na

th e ch ief i mports are straw hats c0pp e r and iron cook i ng pots gold , ,

leaf fu r l ined coats si lk sat i n op i u m s m oking requ isites s ulp h u r

,
-
, , ,
-
, ,

cam ph or drugs and o th er art icles ; fro m S iam they i ncl ude c u tch
, ,

raw si lk betel nuts an d kerosene Oil The Chi na and S iam trade i s
,
-
,
.

n o t registered an d s tatistics o f i ts vol u m e and val ue cannot be given

,
.

Th e m ai n rou t e o f th e C h i nese trade is th rough Keng t ung an d th e

Nor t hern S han S t a t es t hat of t he S iam ese t rade th rough M Ongpan
,
.

Th ere are as ye t n o railways bu t a l igh t rai lway o n th e 2 fee t 6 i nch ,

gauge is proj ected to connect t he mai n R angoon M andalay li ne wi th

,
-

Taunggy i A few good roads have been construc t ed T he pri ncipal

. .
 TR A D E A JVD C OATM UN I CA TI ON S 26
3

land h igh way i s t h e Tha z i Tau nggyi road ( 1 0 5 m iles i n length ) Th i s

-
.

th orough fare star t s fro m Tha z i on th e B u rm a R ail way and th e fi rst ,

4 1 m iles of i t are i n B u rma I t th en passes th rough th e H samo ng h k am

.

State for 3 4 m i les then th rough th e Yawngh we State for 3 0 m iles and
, ,

ends a t Tau nggyi I t is metal led and bridged for its ent ire length an d
.
,

is very largely u sed by carts and m ul e and bul lock caravans A cou n t .

taken at a given poi n t showed that abou t for t y carts passed t hat poin t
dai ly There are ten fu rn ish ed i nspection bu ngalows a t su i ta ble in ter
.

vals along th e rout e Th e Sinh e Fort Sted man branc h road ( 1 4 m iles )
.
-

is an un metalled cart road branch ing Off near th e 9 2 n d m i le O f t h e

-

Tha z i —
Taunggyi road I t has good t i m ber bridges and l ies ent irely i n
.

the Yawngh we S tate A furn ished i nspect ion bungalow is s i tuated at

.

M aw lik h sat 3 m iles fro m its j u nct ion wi th t he Tha z i Tau nggy i road
,
-
,

and another at For t S ted man 1 0 7 m i les fro m Tha z i The Tau nggyi , .

W an p o ng cart road (6 9 m iles ) form s part of th e proposed Tau nggy i

-

Kengt ung cart road I t i s u n metalled bu t bridged and the fi rst

-
.
,

1 2 m iles w il l probably be metalled shortly I t passes th rough th e .

follow ing S ta t es : Ya w ngh we ( 1 0 m iles ) H opong m i les ) M ong , ,

pawn ( 2 1 jg: m il es ) Laihka (9 m i les ) and M Ong nai (9 3; m iles ) ; an d five

-
, ,

fu rn ish ed i nspect ion bu ngalows stand on i t Th e W an po n g T ak aw cart .

-

road as far as Ky u saw k (4 8 m iles ) is a cont in uat ion of the Tau nggyi
W an p o ng cart road towards Kengtu ng
-
I t is u n metal led bu t bridged .
,

an d has fou r i nspect ion bu ngalows Th e wh ole o f i t is i n t h e M Ong nai .

State The m ule road fro m For t Stedman to Keng t u ng s t arts from
.
-

near th e ro 5 th m i le of t h e Si nhe Fort Sted man branch road close t o -

,

Fort S tedman and 2 1 m iles farth er on j oi ns th e Tau nggy i W an po ng

,
-

cart road n ear H opong i t the n leaves th e latter h igh way at M On g paw n
-

and goes 7 7 m i les t o H saikao and thence to K engtu ng I t passes .

th rough th e following S t a t es Yawnghwe (2 0 m iles ) H opong ( 1 m i le ) , ,

M Ong paw n (6 m iles ) M Ong na i (6 4 m i les ) and Kengh kam (7 m iles ) ;

, ,

and five i nspect ion bu ngalows are s itua t ed along i t Feeder roads .

(bridged b ut not metal led ) cons t ructed by t h e ch iefs connect La wk , ,

sawk th e Sta t es i n th e Nam Tam hpak val ley Karenni Lai hka M Ong
, , , ,

k iing K e h si Mansam M Ong nai M On g naw n g and Mawk mai wit h th e

, , , ,

Govern m en t car t road S i m i lar tracks travel north and sou th o f th e

-
.

Tha z i Taunggy i road th rough th e M y e lat States

-
.

W ith the exception Of the Na m P ilu none o f th e rivers o f t he S ta t es ,

i s navigable fo r any grea t d istance th e Salween i tself being to o m uch ,

obstructed by rapi ds Cou nt ry boats navigate t he Na m P i l u between

.

Loikaw Fort Sted man (th e mart for Karen n i ) Sa mka an d M Ong pai
, , , .

There are ni ne ferries across the Salween th ree across th e Nam Pang , ,

four across t h e Nam Teng and tw o across t h e Na m Paw n T h e ferries ,

.

at H ko ut (on th e Nam Teng ) Kenghkam (on the Nam Pang ) and th e

-
, ,

Ta Kaw (o n th e Salween ) are on th e m ai n road to K engtung and are ,

2 64 9 0 U TH E R N SH A N S TA TE S

su bsid i z ed by Govern ment Th e other ferries are kept u p by t h e

.

ch iefs an d s mal l tolls are levied

,
.

A dai ly postal service pl ies be t ween Tha z i H samon g h k am Fort , ,

S ted man and Taunggyi m ul e transport being used

, ,
W eekly services .

are maintained betwee n Fort S ted man and Loikaw i n Karen ni and ,

between Taunggy i and Loi le m M On g n ai and Kengtu ng Letter boxes , ,

.
-

are placed at several of th e ch ie f places th roughou t th e States and t heir

contents are collected p eri odi cal ly th is su bsidiary pos tal serv ice being ,

mai ntai ned by th e ch iefs .

T h e rai nfal l o f the States i s on t h e whole am pl e an d reliable the

, , ,

populat ion i s sparse and th e soil i s not i nfertile Th us except for

, .
,

a scarci ty of food grai ns i n Lai hka i n 1 8 8 9 caused by th e ravages o f

-
, ,

th e troops o f th e Li n bi n con federacy w hen several peopl e d ied of ,

want of food t here h as been n o fam i ne i n th e cou nt ry w i th i n recent

,

years .

The Sou thern Shan S t a t es are ad m i n istered by a S uperi nten den t and
Pol it ical O fficer (a m e mber o f th e B urm a Com mission ) at Taunggyi ,

wi th A ssistant S uperi ntendents at Kengtu ng in charge

Adm in istratio n
,

Of th e Keng t ung State at Thamakan or H samOn g h

.

kam i n charge o f t he M y e lat d ivision and Yawnghwe ( 1 6 States ) ; at

,

Taunggyi i n charge o f t he central d ivision (9 States ) ; at Loi lem i n

, -
,

charge o f the eastern divis ion ( 1 2 S tates ) ; and at Tau nggyi as head
quarters A ssistant and treas ury O fficer A s ub treasury Officer an d .
-

h ead quarters magistrate resides at Kengt ung A certai n amou nt o f

-
.

control i s exercised by the Su perinten dent and Pol it ical Officer over th e
KA R E NN I States wh i ch do n o t for m part of B rit ish I ndia and are no t
,

deal t w ith i n t he presen t article .

U nder th e supervision o f th e S u peri ntendent and Pol itical o fficer

an d h is A ssi stants th e ch iefs— k nown as Saw b w as M y o z as and Ngwe
—
, , ,

g un h m u s control th ei r ow n States e xerci s ing revenue civil an d cri m i , , ,

nal j u risdict ion t herein Th ere are i n al l 9 Saw b w as 1 8 M y o z as and

.
, ,

1 1 N g w e g un h mus .

Th e syste m o f cri mi nal and c ivi l j ust ice ad m in ist rat ion i n f o rc e
t hroughou t t h e greater part of t h e Southern S han States i s t h e same as
t hat obtai n ing i n th e NO R TH ER N S H A N S T A T E S I n t h e M y e lat States .

the ad m i nistra t ion o f cr im inal j ustice m ore rese m bles that of B urm a
proper Th e ch iefs have al l been appoin ted fi rst or second class
.

mag istrates u nder the Code o f Cri m inal Procedure an d the law i n force ,

is practically t hat o f Upper B urma Th e adm i nistration of civil j ust ice .

i n Taunggyi and i n t he s t at ions o f Kengtung and Fort Sted man i s

, ,

veste d exclus ively in t he Su peri ntenden t and A ss istant S uperintendents .

Th e Gam bling E xc ise Cattle Trespass and certai n other A cts have
, , ,

been special ly extended to the civi l s tation o f Taunggy i .

Con sidering the vas t area o f th e Sou thern S han S tates th ere i s
 SO U TI I E R A
’

2 66 SH A IV S TA TE S

and a h ead con s t able I t i s recru ited locally and t here i s n o di ffi cu l t y

.
,

i n obtain ing m en to serve for th e pay i s h igh er than i n Bu rma Th e

, .

m en are armed wi th cut down Sn iders an d 1 4 of t he m are mou n t ed

-
, .

Hal f o f the force i s stationed at T au nggyi th e rest at Loilem Thama , ,

kan (H samOn g h k am) Loikaw (i n Karenn i ) and Kengtung T hei r

, , .

du t ies are to i n v estiga t e such cases as the Su perin tenden t or h is

A ssistants may d irect an d to furnis h escorts an d patrols
,
W i th th e .

preservat ion of order i n th e States th ey are n ot concerned A m il itary .

pol ice battal ion has recently been form ed for th e Sou th ern Shan States ,

wh ich has displaced th e troops that for merly com posed the garrisons at
Fort Sted man an d K engtu ng I t consist s of ten com panies — n i ne an d
.

a h al f co mpan ies of I nd ians (Sikh s G u rkhas and Pu nj a b i M usalman s) , ,

and hal f a com pany o f Shans I t i s o ffi ce re d by a com mandan t and.

five ass is tant com mandants and i s distri bu ted at al l t he principal

,

stat ions Th ere are no jail s i n the States only lock up s a t t he head
.
,
-

quarters in wh ich sh ort term convicts are con fined Long —

,
-
term pri .

so u ers are sen t t o t h e M eik t ila j ai l t o serve o u t their sentences .

E ducat ion i n th e S t ates i s back ward Considering t h e large nu m .

ber o f h i ll tribes i t is n ot surpri sing that th e proportion of l iterate

,

persons i n 1 9 0 1 was only 3 -6 per cen t ( 7 males and 3 females ) . .

I ndigenou s teach ing does h owever exist To every village of any

, , .

si z e i s attach ed a B u ddh ist m onas t ery an d there su ch s ma t tering o f ,

le t ters as the pri ests can give i s i m parted Th e ord inary peasan t i s .
,

h owever for t h e m ost part u n le t tered for the peri od of novit iate
,

i n t he m onastery rarely exceeds a si ngle Lent and excep t i n t he , ,

m ore rich ly en dowed p oagy i— Ry a u fl g s th e m onks th em sel ves can ,

scarcely be t erm ed l i terate Shan is natu rally t h e language taugh t

.

i n th e religious sch ools ; b u t i n t he Taung t h u d istricts Taungth u is

th e m ediu m although i t does not possess an al phabet o f its own I n
,
.

th e W estern S tates th e B u r m ese ch arac t ers are adopted and i n th e ,

E astern th e Shan .Am ong th e I n th as i n th e Yawnghwe Sta t e B u r

m ese alone is taugh t ; and at al l th e ch ief places i n th e larger States
m onasteries are m anaged by p ongy is l iterate i n B u rm ese wh o teach ,

that langu age V ery few details regarding t he nu mber o f monasti c

.

sch ools are availabl e bu t i t has been calcula t ed t ha t t h ere w ere 2 9 4

,

i n t h e M y e lat i n 1 9 0 3 Lay schools do not ex is t excep t i n th e lz azos

.

) o f several Of th e wealth i er ch iefs w h ere t h e ch ief s ch i ldren

( palaces ’
,

and relat ions receive a rudim entary education .

Sch ools are m ai nt ai ned i n con nex ion wi th t he A m erican B apt ist
M ission at M o ng nai where Shan is taugh t i n addi t ion t o E ngl ish
, .

I n 1 9 0 1 a sch ool fo r the son s of Shan ch iefs was opened by Govern

m en t at Taunggyi wit h a s t aff o f one h ead master and t h ree assistant
,

mas t ers A d m ission to t h is i nst i tu tion i s con fined to sons and relat i v es
.

o f ch iefs t heir o fficials and respectable co m moners A t th e begi n

, ,
.
 SH E GA ON 26 7

ni ng o f 1 9 0 5 the s chool contai ned 7 0 p u pils Th e educat ion give n is .

Angl o vernacular (B urmese ) and S han is no t taugh t

-
, .

There are hosp ita ls a t Taunggyi H samon g h k am Lo ile m and , , ,

K eng t ung ; and dispensaries at K uh e ing i n M Ong nai and a t K alaw ,

o n t h e Taunggy i Tha z i road -T hese contai n acco m m odation for 5 2

.

i n p a t ients o f who m 6 9 1 were treate d i n 1 9 0 3

, T h e o ut patients .
-

trea t e d d uring th e sam e year nu m bered and t he to ta l o f

opera t ions was 2 5 5 Th e i nco m e of these hosp i tals derived (with
.
,

t h e except ion o f R s 4 7 3 su bscribed at Tau nggy i and H samOng h k am)

.

fro m Provincial fun ds a mo un te d t o R s 1

I n 1 903 —
.
, ,

4 t h e n u mber Of persons s uccessfu lly vacci na t ed was

represen t ing 7 per o f popu lat ion .

[ S ir J G Sco t t Upper B urma Ga z etteer 5 vols ( R a n goon 1 90 0

. .
, , .
,

S h an k arg a rh — V i l lage and for t i n Pesh a war D istrict N orth W est

.
,
-

Front ier Provi nce See S H A B K A D AR

S h a n o n —Pet t y S tate i n R E W A K ANTH A Bom bay
. .

S h arak p u r T a h s il —
.
,

Nor t hern ta/zsil o f Lahore D istrict P unjab

.
, ,
° ° ’ ’ ° ’ ° ’
lying be twee n 3 1 1 5 and 3 1 5 4 N and 7 3 3 8 an d 7 4 2 9 E w it h . .
,

an area o f 88 7 square m i les of wh ich abou t t hree quarters are al m os t ,

-

barren waste an d h ence th e density o f pop ulat ion ( 1 3 4 persons p er

,

square m ile ) i s m u ch below the D istric t average T he western portion .

‘
o f t h e ta /zsz l l ies i n th e uplan d pla t eau o f t he R e c h n a D o ab an d th e ,

sou t h western corner is irrigated by t h e C hen a b Canal Th e res t lies

-
.

i n t he lowlands o f t h e D egh river The population in 1 9 0 1 was .

co m pared w it h i n 1 8 9 1 Th e h ead quarters are at .

-

th e tow n o f S H A RA K P U R and th e n u m be r o f villages is 3 86 .

T he lan d revenue an d cesses i n 1 9 0 3 — 4 a mou n t e d to R s

S h ara k p u r T o w n —
.

H ead quarters o f th e ta/zsz l o f t h e sa m e

'

-
.

° ’ ° ’
name i n Lahore D istrict P unj ab s it uated i n 3 1 2 8 N an d 7 4 6 E
, ,
. .

Popula t ion T he mu n icipali ty was crea ted i n 1 8 7 5 .

Th e i nco m e d uring th e ten years endi ng 1 9 0 2 — 3 averaged R s .

and t he expend i tu re R s 4 5 0 0 I n 1 9 0 3 —4 t h e i nco me was R s

.
, . .

ch ie fl y derived from octroi ; and th e expend iture was R s Sh a .

rak p ur i s the centre o f th e trade of Lah ore D istr ic t north o f th e R a vi ,

and i s famou s for i ts rice I t has a vernacu lar m iddle sch ool mai n
.
,

tain e d by th e m u nicipali ty and a dispensary , .

S h e g a o n — Tow n i n th e Kh amgaon tab / R o f B u ld a na D is t rict

.
,

Ber a r s i tuated i n 2 0 4 8 N an d 7 6 4 5 E w i t h a station o n th e

,
° ’
.
° ’
.
,

N a gpur branc h o f the G reat I nd ia n Pen insu la R ailway 3 4 0 m i les fro m ,

Bo mbay and 1 8 0 fro m N agpur Pop ula t ion Th e .

tow n is an i mpor tan t centre o f t he cot ton trade and contains ,

man y presses and gi nni ng factories Th e m u n ic ipality was const i .

tu te d i n 1 8 8 1 The recei pts an d ex pe nd i tu re d uring th e ten years

.

ending 1 9 0 1 both averaged R s I n 1 9 0 3 —4 th e i ncom e w as .

V OL x x u
. . s
26 8 SI I E G A ON

Rs . mainly derived fro m taxes ; and th e expendit u re w as

Rs th e pri ncipal h eads being conservancy and ad m i nistrat ion .

S h e i k h B u d in —H il l s t ation o n th e b o rders o f Bannu and D era

.

I s mai l K h a n D is t ric t s Nor t h W est Fron tier Province si tuated i n ,

-
,
° ° ’
3 2 1 8 N and 7 0 4 9 E at th e extre m ity of t h e N ila Koh 4 0 m iles
’
.
.
, ,

north of D era I smai l K h a n and 6 4 sou t h o f Bannu fee t above

sea level-
I t was firs t occup ied as a san i tariu m i n 1 8 6 0
. She ikh .

B ud in i s now th e su m m er h ead quarters o f th e D e raj at B rigade and -

,

th e c ivi l O fficers Of Ban nu an d D era I smai l K h a n D istric t s also spend

par t o f th e h ot seaso n h ere T h e san i tari u m crowns a bare l i mestone .

rock , wh ich rises abrup t ly fro m t h e M ar w a t range form ing i ts h igh es t ,

poin t A few stu n t ed w i ld Ol ives and acac ias co mpose th e only v e ge

.

ta tio n o n t h e sha deless s lopes

-
Th e h eat i s frequently excessive th e .
,

t her mometer i nside a b ungalow ranging fro m 8 3 t o t hough m it i °

gated fro m J u ne t o O ctober by a sou th west bree z e W ater i s scarce -

.
,

an d i n dry years has t o be fetch ed fro m th e bo tt o m of th e h ill .

S h e ik h p ura — Town i n t h e h ead quarters subdivision -

o f M onghyr D is t ric t B engal s i t u ated i n 2 5 8 N and 8 5 5 1 E ’ ° ’ °

. .
, ,

P opula t ion I t is o n the Sou th B ih ar R ai l way an d

is an i mportan t centre of th e grain trade Tub es for fi ZlRRaS are .

m anu factu red .

S h e in ma g a — Sou th eas t ern most t ownsh ip o f S hwebo D is t rict

.
-
,

Upper B u rma ex t end ing fro m t h e I rrawaddy t o t h e M u river an d

, ,
’
l ying be t ween 2 2 1 1 and 2 2 3 2 N and 9 5 3 2 and 9 6 0 E w i th
° ° ’ ’
.
° ’ °
.
,

an area o f 4 6 5 square m iles I t i s very d ry and al most perfectly .

level Th e p op u lat ion was

. i n 1 8 9 1 an d i n 1 9 0 1 dis , ,

tri bu ted i n 1 2 0 vi llages th e h ead qu arters be ing at S hei n mag a (p o pu ,

-

lat ion ,on th e righ t bank Of th e I rrawaddy abou t 2 5 m i les

sou th east o f S h webo to wn
-
Th e area c ul tiva t ed i n 1 9 0 3 - 4 w as .

4 3 square m iles and t h e lan d reve nu e and t/z a t/z a mea a a mou nted t o
’
,

Rs .

.
S h e k h aw a ti .
—T he larges t
or d istr ic t i n t h e S tate o f n iz amat .

J aip ur , R aj p u t a na ly ing betwee n 2 7 2 0 an d 2 8 3 4 N a n d 7 4 4 1

,
’ ’ ° ’ °
.
°

'
a nd 7 6 6 E I t i s bou nded o n th e north and west by B ikaner ; o n
°
.

th e sou th wes t by J odh pu r o n th e sou t h and east by Jaipu r proper ;

-

and o n th e north eas t by t h e S t a t es o f Pati a la a n d Loh a r u Th e

-
.

ar ea i s esti ma t e d a t abou t square m iles T he d is trict contai ns .

1 2 towns and
9 5 3 vi llages ; and t he pop ulat ion i n 1 9 0 1 was
H i n dus nu mbering o r 8 7 per cen t and M usalman s .
,

o r m ore t han 1 1 per cen t

-
The pri ncipal town s are Sik A R FA T E H .
,

P U R N A W A LG A R H J H UNJ H U N U R AM G A R H LA C I—
, I M AN GARH , and U D A I
, , ,

P U R Som e Of t he m presen t a fin e appearance t he h ouses being bu il t

.
,

of bl ock s o f wh ite s t i ff clay c u t fro m t h e Ra n /fea r beds and allowed to ,

d ry ; bu t o n t he oth er hand th e n u merou s mans ions o f t he weal th y

, ,
 2 70 SH E K H A W A T1
J ai pu r Darb a r T he force attained a h igh degree of effi c iency and
.

proved of valuable service on many occas ions u nder the gallant lead ing
Of i ts com m ander and h is sons A ll pl u ndering was soo n repressed .
,

and th e co untry enj oyed a degree o f freedo m fro m h ighway robberies

prev iou sly u nk nown T h e brigade was disbanded i n 1 84 2 o n e o f the
.

i nfan t ry R egi ments was t aken over by t h e B ri tish Govern me nt and is ,

n ow represen ted by the 1 3 t h R ajpu ts (the Sh e k h aw ati regi men t ) O f ,

wh ich M ah a r aj a M a dh o S ingh the presen t ch ief o f J aipu r was appo in t ed , ,

honorary colonel i n 1 9 0 4 Th e te nu res o f Sh e k h aw ati have th is pe cu .

liarity th at excepting t wo o r t h ree of th e greater esta t es al l h oldings

, , ,

are regularl y div ided among al l the sons o n th e death of the fat her .

S h e k h fi p ura E s t at e — E s ta t e i n t h e D istricts o f Guj r a nw a la S i a l

.
,

k o t Lahore an d A m ritsar P unj ab

, , I t compr ises 1 8 0 v illages h eld i n
,
.

iag z r w i t h 1 4 square m i les o f proprietary land an d yields an i nco m e

’

, ,

Of abou t R S . Fou n ded by a Br a h man o f M eeru t th e fam i ly ,

supplied several sold iers and co u rtiers to t h e S ik h cou rt i ncl ud ing R aj a ,

Teja S ingh governor at Pesh a war and co m m ander in ch ief o f t he S ikh

,
- -

army in 1 8 4 5 R aj a K iri S ingh a gran dson o f Tej a S ingh died

”

.
, ,

su ddenly i n 1 9 0 6 The es t a t e however is so h eavi ly i n deb t t ha t

.
, ,

i t is un der the Cou rt Of W ards and l ikely to re main so fo r som e ,

t i me T he rule o f pr i mogeni t ure prevails i n the fam ily

.
‘
.

Sh e k h fi p u ra V illa g e —A ncien t tow n i n the K h a ng a h D ogran

ta /zsil of G uj r a nw a la D is t ric t P u nj ab s i tuated i n
° ’
N an d 7 4 1 E , ,
. .
,

o n th e road be t ween H afi z ab ad and Lahore 2 2 m iles fro m t he form er ,

t own Pop ulation

. I t contains a ru i ned fort bu ilt b y ,

t h e e mp eror J ah a ngir Pri nce D a r a Sh ik o h grandson of J ah a ng ir

.
, ,

fro m w hom t h e p lace may der ive i ts nam e i s said t o h ave con nected i t ,

by a cu t w ith th e A ik riv u le t and th is c u t now form s th e mai n channel

o f t he stream U nder R anj it S ingh S h ekh up ura becam e the reside nce
.

o f o n e of h is queens R a n i R a K aur a n better known as R a n i N ak a an

j , y , ,

w hose brick palace s til l re mai ns t he m ost consp icuous obj ect i n t he
v il lage A fter annexation t he h ead quar t ers of th e D istric t were fixed
.
,
-

for a t i m e at S hek h upura ; b u t si nce t heir re m oval to G uj r a nw a la ,

i t h as possessed no i mportance except as a resort fo r sports men .

A bou t 2 m iles fro m t he v illage i s a large tank s urrou nded by h and

so m e fl igh t s o f s teps wi t h a three s t oreyed oaraa ari i n th e cen tre
,
’ -
.

Th e tank however is dry and in deed is said t o have never held w ater
, , ,
.

A lofty watch t ower s ta nds bes ide i t

-
B oth tan k and bu i ldi ngs are th e .

work o f D a r a Sh ik o h
S h e lli —Pet ty S tate i n the K h a s i H i lls E astern Bengal and
.

A ssam consisti ng o f a confederacy o f vi llages ruled by four o fficers

,

elected by th e people Many l ives were los t in th e earth quake Of

.

18 7
9 and t he popu lat ion wh ich was i n 1 8 9 1 had fallen to
—
, ,

i n 9 0 1 T h e g o ss rev e n u e i n 9 3 4 was R s
1 . r
_ _
1 0 The pri ncipal .
 SH E OP UR TO W N 2 7;

produ cts are pi neapples areca nu t s and oranges wh ich prior to th e ,

-
, ,

ear t h quak e were a sou rce o f grea t weal t h to th e people bu t m uch ,

damage was done t o t h e orange groves by deposi t s o f san d T h ere .

is also som e t rade i n li m e .

S h e n c o tt a h — H ead quarters o f th e triluk o f t h e sam e nam e i n

.
-

Travancore State Madras si tua t ed i n 8 5 9 N and 7 7 1 5 E o n th e , ,

° ’
.
° '
.
,

h igh road fro m Qu ilon across th e G h a ts to T innevelly fro m w h i ch ,

place i t is abou t 4 0 m il es d is tan t Popu lation of wh o m .

9 0 per cen t are H i nd us Th e Tinnevel ly Qu ilon R ail way en t ers Tra -

. .

v an co re th rough th is tow n There are several t ea and coffee estates i n .

t h e neigh bou rh ood A bou t 3 mi les t o th e sou t h are t h e K U TT AL A M

.

w aterfalls I t form erly belonged t o th e R aj a s of I lay atatunad an d was

.

an nexed to Travancore i n 1 7 3 4
S h e n da m an g a lam —
.

Town i n Salem D istrict Madras See S E N D A .

, .

M A NG A L A M
S h e n dum i —
.

Town i n t h e J a m ner tala Ra o f E ast K h a n desh Di strict

.
~
,

Bom bay si t uated i n 2 0 3 9 N and 7 5 3 6 E 1 2 m i les east o f P a ch ora

,
° ° ’
.
’
.
,

o n th e Great I ndian Peninsu la R ail way Population .

Sh end urn i w as a gran t made to t h e fam i ly pries t o f th e Pesh w a B aj i

R ao I t con tai ns a ru i ned H e madpan ti tem ple A n annual fai r i s h el d
. .

h ere i n h onou r of t h e god Tri m bak Th e t own h as a co tt on p ressi ng .

-

factory an d t wo boys schools w i th 2 6 0 pu pils

’
.
,

S h e o g a nj —Town i n th e nor t h — . eas t of th e S ta t e o f Si roh i R aj pu t ,

a na situated on th e left bank o f th e Jawai river an d adj oining t h e

, ,

can tonm en t of E R I N P U RA wh ence i t derives su ch i m por t ance as i t ,

possesses I t tak es i t s nam e fro m R ao Sh eo Singh by wh o m i t was

.
,

fou nded i n 1 8 5 4 Popu lation I t possesses an ele m en

.

tary i ndigenou s school attended by abou t 6 0 boys and a hospi tal wi th ,

accom m oda t ion for 1 2 in p atien t s

S h e o p ur Z ila —
.

D is t ric t o f t h e Gwal ior St a t e Central I ndia lyi ng

.
, ,

be t ween 2 5 1 5 and 2 6 2 4 N and 7 6 3 8 an d 7 7 4 7 E wi th an area

° ’ ° ’
.
° ’ °
.

of square m iles T h e popu lat ion i n 1 9 0 1 was . giving

a density o f 7 5 persons per square m i le Th e d istric t contai ns t h ree .

t owns S H EO P U R (population
,
BA R O D A an d SA B A LG A R H ,

th e h ead quar t ers an d 7 2 9 vill ages Th e sou t h western and

-
.
-

north east ern por t ion s form a level plain bu t th e res t i s m u ch cu t

-
,

Up by h ills Th e Chambal an d Parb ati ri vers and th ei r tri bu tari es

.
,

th e Ku nu A h el i Sip and K u nw a r i drai n th e dis t rict

, ,
Th e crops are
, ,
.

of good qual i ty wh ea t being largely grown Th e d i stric t i s d ivid ed i nto

,
.

th ree p a rg a nas with head quarters at Sh eopu r B ijaipu r and Sabal

,
-
, ,

garh and al so contai n s th e es t ate of Sh eopu r Baroda an d th e f ig irs

,
-
r

Of K h a taul i A m alda B al a pu r an d I kl od
,
Th e la n d reven ue i s
, ,
.

Rs .

S h e o p ur Tow n .
—
Tow n i n th e Sh eopu r d ist rict of Gwalior State ,
2 7 2 SH E OP UR TO I/VN

Central I ndia si tua t ed i n 2 5 4 0 N an d 7 6 4 2 E o n the righ t bank

,
° '
.
° '
.
,

o f th e Sip ri ver
9 5 9 fee t above sea level Popu lation -
.
,

Th e to w n and fort are said t o have been fou nded i n 1 5 3 7 by Gau r

R a j pu t s and ta ke th ei r nam e from a Sahari a wh o was sacri ficed to
,

ensu re th e permanency of t h e settlem ent and w h ose descendan ts sti l l ,

hol d an h eredi tary gran t of land i n th e neigh bou rhood W hen A kbar .

was advancing on Ch itor i n 1 5 6 7 th i s for t surrendered to h i m wi th ou t ,

a blow I n 1 8 0 8 t he cou ntry fell to Dau la t R ao Si ndh ia H e granted

. .

S heopu r an d th e adj oining trac t t o h i s general J ean Bapt iste F ilo se , ,

w h o a t once p roceeded to occupy h i s ia z r and i nvested t h e fort

'

g ,
.

Though u nable to t ake th e lat ter by assaul t h e fi nally starved ou t ,

th e Gau rs wh o vacated i t i n 1 8 0 9 an d retired t o B AR O D A TO WN Th e

, , .

for t fro m tha t t i m e practically becam e J ean Baptiste s h om e ; and i n ’

1 8 1 4 i t was sei z ed togeth er wi t h h is fam ily by J ai S ingh Kh ich i o f

R a gh ugarh wh ose terri tory Fi lose was t hen engaged i n ravaging A fter
, .

th e Trea t y o f G wal ior i n 1 8 1 8 Fi lose fell i n to di sfavou r and w as for a ,

ti m e i m prisoned at Gwal ior O n h is release h e retired to Sh eop u r . ,

wh ich was t h en h is only rem ai ning possessi on Sheop u r is fam ou s for .

its colou red lacquer work o n wood beds t ead legs b ei ng a special i ty ;
-
,

playi ng cards are anot her art icl e o f local manu fact ure
-
B esides th e .

p a rg a n a o ffices a sch ool a h osp i t al a pol ice s t a t ion an d a S tate post

, , , ,

o ffice are s i t ua t ed i n t he t own .

S h e rg a rh — R u ined for t i n t h e S asar a m su bdivision o f S h ah a b a d

.

Di s t rict Bengal si tua t ed i n 2 4 5 0 N an d 8 3 4 4 E 2 0 m iles sou th

, ,
° ’
.
° ’
.
,

west o f Sasar a m t own Th e spot was selected by Sh er Sh a h as th e

.

site o f a fortress soon after h e had begu n strength en i ng R o h tasgarh ,

wh ich h e aban doned o n discovering t h e s uperior advan tages o f Sh er

garh Th e to p o f t h e rock i s crowned w i th a rampart strength ened
.

by n u m erous bas t ions an d b u l warks wi t h a gran d ascent to th e ,

pri ncipal ga t e o n t he north T he fort itsel f contain s several su b .

t erranean halls A bou t 7 m iles from Shergarh is a cave called th e

.

G u p te sw ar cave contai ni ng n u merou s s t alact ites o n e of wh ich i s

, ,

worshipped as t h e god Mah a deo The cave has never been thorough ly .

explored .

S h e rg h ati —Town in th e h ead qu ar t ers su bd ivision Of Gay a D is

.
-

t rie t B engal s i t uated i n 2 4 3 3 N an d 8 4 4 8 E 2 1 m i les sou t h

, ,
° ’
.
° ’
.
,

o f Gay a town o n t h e righ t bank o f th e river Morhar a t t h e poin t wh ere

,

i t is crossed b y th e grand tru n k road Popu lat ion .

O w ing t o i ts posi tion o n th e gran d tru nk road Sh ergh at i was formerly ,

a place o f great i mportance and i t was th e h ead qu arters o f a su b ,

-

d ivision wh ich w as brok en up i n 1 8 7 1 I t has si nce som ewha t .

decli ned Th ere are st i ll to b e fou nd h ere th e descendants o f sk il led

.

artisans workers i n brass wood and i ron An i nterest ing fort sai d
, , , .
,

to h ave been bu ilt by th e K O] R aj a s contai ns nu m erou s p illars o f ,

2 74 S H E VA R O Y H I LLS

’ ° "
in Sal em Di s t ric t Madras lyi ng be t ween 1 1 4 3 and 1 1 5 7 N and
, ,
°
.

° ’
and occu pying an area f 1 5 0 square m i les
’ °
7 8 8 and 7 8 2 7 E .o ,
.

Th ey are di vided i nto an eas t ern and a western sect ion by t h e deep
val ley o f th e V a ni ar stream Th e wes t ern portion consi sts Of t h ree .

pla t eau x o f wh ich th e Green H ills th e h igh est poin t o f wh ic h i s

, ,

feet above t h e sea i s th e largest ; and o n th e sou th ern extrem ity

,

o f th e eas t ern port ion at an eleva t ion o f 4 5 0 0 fee t s t ands t h e wel l

, , ,

know n sani tariu m o f YE R C AU D Th e valley be t ween t h e t wo was .

clearly once a deep lak e fed by t h e V ani a r bu t t h e strea m gradually ,

cu t t h rough th e barrier wh ich h eld back th e water and th e lake

becam e t h e bed o f t h e ri ver .

G eologically t he range consi s t s o f A rch aean plu t on ic rocks of th e

,

ch arnock i t e seri es and th ese h ave weath ered i nto th e rugged masses
,

characteristic o f t h a t fam ily .

Th ere are t h ree rou tes u p th e h ills Fro m th e Mall a puram station .

o n th e M adras R ai lway a n eglec t ed bu t easy g lz at l eads fo r 1 9 m iles

t o Y ercau d an d fro m th e K adiampatti stat ion a steeper way reach es

,

th e sa me place i n 1 1 m iles B u t th e u sual rou te is u p th e g /zat o n t h e .

sid e facing Salem t own Th is begi ns 5 m iles from t h e t own and i s .

abou t 6 m i les l ong A good car t -road has recen tly been cons t ructed
.

up it .

Th e upper l evels o f t h e Green H i lls pla t eau are covered wi th grass ,

an d o n n o par t o f t he Sh e varo y s i s t h ere any consi derable growth

o f f ores t Th e rai nfal l t hough nearly dou bl e tha t of th e su rrou nding

.
,

low cou n t ry averages onl y 6 3 i nch es ann ually and i s scarcely su fficien t
,

t o su ppor t h eavy t i m ber Th e tem pera t u re is m ost equable rarely .

,

exceeding 7 5 o r fall ing below °

and t h e soi l and cl i ma t e are
pecul iarly favou rable to smaller vegeta t ion wh ich grows wi th t h e ,

grea t es t ex uberance an d adds largely to t h e natu ral beau ty o f th is

p ic t u resqu e range Up to feet t h ere i s a z one of bam boo and
.
,

o n t h e h igher l evel s som e t eak black w oo d and sandal wood are found ,
-
,
-
.

A m ong t h e i m por t ed trees an d plan t s wh ich th rive readily m ay be

m en t i on ed t h e pear peach appl e guava ci tron orange l i m e lem on
, , , , , , , ,

s t rawberry and p o tato ; an d th e A u stral ian acacias e ucalyp t us an d

'

, , ,

casuarina do wel l There are acres planted w i t h c o fl e e m os t

.
,

o f i t u nder E u ropean m anagem en t

‘
.

T h e i ndigenou s i nhab i tants o f t h e range are t he M alaiy alis ( h il l

m en ) o r V e llalas Th ey are n o t an aborigi nal t ri be bu t are wi thou t
’
.
,

dou b t Tam ils fro m t h e lo w cou n t ry wh o ei t her em igrated o r fl ed t o t h e

h ills wi th i n co mparati vely recen t ti m es an d th ei r cu stom s presen t few ,

poi nts o f et h nologi cal i nteres t Th ei r o w n tradi t ion i s tha t they cam e .

from Conj eeveram at th e t i m e wh en th e M usalman s becam e th e dom i

nan t p o w e r in t h e Sou th Th ey speak Tam il and are nom inally H indu s
.
,

b ut have very vagu e ideas O f t h e principles o f t heir fai th Th ey are .

 S H J R AR R UR TAL UR A 2 75

a t i m i d an d harmless people wh o n o w l ive ch ie fl y b y pri m i t i ve cul tiva ,

tion or by work ing on th e coffee es t a t es

S h e v div a dar —Pe tt y S t a t e i n K AT H iAw AR B om bay
.

.
.
,

S h e v g a o n —E astern m os t taluk a o f A h m adnagar D is t ric t B om bay

. , ,
° ’ ° ’ ° ’
ly ing be t ween 1 9 1 and 1 9 3 3 N i an d 7 4 5 8 and 7 5 3 2 E wi th
° ’
.
,

an area o f 6 7 8 square m iles I t con t ains o n e t own P AT H A R D T (p Op u la .

,

t ion
,
and 1 7 9 v illages Th e h ead -quarters are a t Sh evgaon . .

The population i n 1 9 0 1 was com pared w ith i n 1 89 1 .

Th e decrease i s a t tribu t able m ai nl y t o e m igrati on to rel ief works i n

o t h er talzik as and to t he N i z a m s D o m i nions consequ en t u pon fam i n e ’
,

cond it ion s The density 1 3 6 person s per square m ile is sl ightly above
th e D istric t average The dem and for land revenu e i n 1 9 0 3 —
.
, ,

.
4 was
2 lakh s an d for cesses R s
,
Sh evgaon l ies i n th e valley of th e
.

God a vari Th e average annu al rai n fal l over 2 6 i nch es i s h igh er than
.
, ,

i n oth er tab / Ro s W i th o n e o r two exceptions th e stream s wh ich d rai n

.
,

th e t rac t al l ri se i n th e h ills o n t he sou t h an d sout h east an d fl ow -

,

north ward i n t o th e God avari Th e vi llages are fo r t h e m ost par t well .

su pplied with w ater wh i ch th roughou t th e lo w groun ds i s al ways t o be

,

fou nd at a m oderate depth Near t he God a vari th e soi l i s d eep and .

sti ff bu t n ear th e h i lls i t i s o f a l igh t er composi t ion an d m ore easily

,

worked E arly an d late crops are grown i n abou t equal propor t ion s
. .

Th e pri nci pal manu fac t ure is coarse co tt on cl oth o f variou s ki nds
S hig g a o n —H ead quarters o f t h e B ank a pu r taluk a D h a rw a r D is
.

-
.
,

t ric t B ombay s itua t ed i n 1 4 5 9 N an d 7 5

° ’ ° ’
, , 13 E on th e Poona . .
,

Hari har road Popu lation . S h iggaon con tai ns te m ples

o f Kal mesh war and Basa
p p a and te n i nscrip tions o n e i n th e te mpl e ,

o f Basap p a being dated 1 1 2 1 There are three sch ools of w h ich o ne .

,

i s fo r gi rls .

S h ik arp ur D is trict — Form er D istric t i n S in d B om bay lyi ng b e , ,

t ween 2 7 and 2 9 N an d 6 7 an d 7 0 E and com p ri si ng t h e fou r

° °
.
° °
.
,

su bdivisions o f R oh ri Su kk u r L a rk a na an d M ehar O f these th e

, , , .
,

last two were detach ed i n 1 90 1 t o form t h e ne w D istrict of L a rk a na ,

and th e oth er t w o no w con st itu t e S ukk u r D is t ri ct See L AR K AN A and .

S U K K U R D I ST R I CTS .

S h ik arp u r S u b div is io n —S ubd ivis ion o f Sukk u r D ist ric t Sind .

, ,

Bombay com posed o f t h e SH 1 K AR P UR N A U S H A H R O A B R O an d SU R

, , ,

K U R taluk as .

S h ik arp ur T alu k a — Taluk a Of Su kku r D istrict Si nd B om bay .

, , ,
° ’ ° ’ ° ’ ° ’
lyi ng between 2 7 5 5 an d 2 8 1 0 N an d 6 8 2 5 an d 6 9 9 E wi th . .
,

an area of 4 9 2 square m iles T h e pop ulation rose fro m in .

1 8 9 1 to i n 1 9 0 1 Th e tab / Ra contai n s o ne town S H I K AR P U R

.
,

( population , th e h ead -
quarters an d 88 vi llages Th e den sity .
,

2 2 0 persons per square m i le largely exceed s th e D is t rict average

The lan d revenu e and cesses am ou n t ed i n 1 9 0 3—
.
,

t o 7 lakh s
2 -
4 .
 AR F UR
'

2 76 SH I K TA z UR A

Th e northern por t ion of t h e t ill/ l a i s bu t poorly i rriga t ed bu t excel r

e
,

len t garden crops are raised near Sh ik arpu r t ow n and good early
crops i n th e tracts i rriga t ed by th e S in d Canal .

S h ik arp u r T o w n — H ea d qu ar t ers o f th e talu k a of t he sam e

° ' ° ’
nam e i n Suk ku r D istrict S ind Bo m bay s ituated i n 2 7 5 7 N and 6 8 4 0
, , ,
.

E and connected by good roads an d th e North W estern R ai lway wi th

.
,
-

J acob a ba d from wh ich i t i s d istan t 2 6 m iles sou th east with Sukk u r

,
-
,

2 3 m iles north west and L a rk a na 4 0 m iles north east

-
,
I t stands - .

i n a tract of low ly ing cou ntry ann u ally fl ooded by canals fro m th e
-
,

I ndu s th e nearest poi n t o f wh ich ri ver i s 1 8 m iles wes t The el evation

,
.

o f t h e town is only 1 9 4 feet above sea — level Two branches o f th e S in d

Canal —th e Ch ho t a B eg ar i and t h e R ai s W ah —fl o w on ei t h er s ide o f th e
.

town th e for mer to t h e sou th an d th e la tt er t o th e north

, Th e soi l i n .

t h e i m m ed iate v icin ity i s very rich an d produces heavy crops o f grai n ,

1 90 1 )
and fru i t Popu lati on : ( 1 8 8 1 ) ( 1 89 1 ) and (
"

H i nd us nu mber M uham madans T he M u n i

c ip al Ac t was brough t i n t o force i n 1 85 5 si nce wh i ch date great ,

san itary i mprovem en ts h ave been e ffec t ed B efore t ha t t i me Sh ik a r .

,

p ur was no t oriou s for i ts u nsigh t ly appea rance T h e S t ewartganj .

m arke t (so cal led after a popu lar D is t rict o fficer ) i s a conti nuat ion
o f th e o ld ba z ar an d is a com m od iou s struc t u re ,
Th e grea t covered .

ba z ar o f Sh ik a rpu r i s fam ou s t h rough ou t Asia To th e eas t o f th e .

tow n are th ree large tanks k now n as Sarwar K h a n s th e Gillesp ie ,

’
, ,

and t he Ha z a ri tank Broad roads an d aven u es to th e e as t o f th e tow n

.

sti ll mark th e s ite of t he ol d can t on m ent bu t most o f th e barracks an d

h ouses are now dilapi dated O th er featu res o f i nterest are th e E u ropean .

ce m etery Opened i n 1 8 5 1 ; t h e Collec t or s reside nce sh ortl y t o be

,
’
,

conver t ed i nto a ci rcu i t hou se ; a swi m m ing bath near t h e E xecu t iv e

-

E ngi neer s h ouse ; an d t h e m i litary far m b u ildings occu pyi ng t h e o ld

’

pol ice l ines Th e i nco m e o f th e m u nicipal ity d uring th e decade en di ng

.

1 90 1 averaged R s I n 1 9 0 3 —4 t he in co m e was R s
. .

derived ch iefl y from oc t roi (R s and conservancy taxes .

( R s . an d th e expendi t ure was R s i ncl u ding R s . .

for conservancy R S for educat ion an d R s

, . for l igh t ing ,
. .

The t own con t ai ns a S ubordi nate J u dge s cou r t a c ivil hosp ital and ’
, ,

a dispensary Th e sch ools i nclu ding a Govern m en t h igh school w ith

.
,

3 3 0 pu pi ls n u mber 1 6 of wh ich 1 2 are for boys an d 4 for girls

, ,
.

’ ’
T h e boys sch ool s have pu pils ; an d the girls sch ools Of wh ich ,

2 are for M u ham m adans an d 2 for H ind us have

5 6 2 pupils B esides ,
.

th ese t here are several private schools i ncl u ding an E ngl ish sch ool
, ,

wi t h 1 5 9 pup i ls .

T h e t rade o f S hi k a rpu r h as long been famou s u nder both nat ive ,

and Britis h rule Th e town i s situated on on e of th e great rou tes

.

fro m S in d to K hor a s a n v ia th e B ol a n Pass ; an d i ts com m erce i n 1 8 4 1 ,

2 78 SH I K AR P UR TA L UK

ar e th e ch i ef crop s J aggery an d rice are t h e pri nci pal expor t s t h e

. ,

form er being sen t m os t ly to Dh a rw a r and t h e la tt er i n various d irec t i ons ,

.

S ir a l koppa i s t h e ch ief marke t fo r grai n , an d Sh ik a rpu r fo r cloth .

S h ik arp u r T o w n —H ead quarters o f t he taluk o f th e sam e ~

° '
nam e i n Sh i moga Di s t rict M ysore s itua t ed i n 1 4 1 6 N an d 7 5 21
°
, ,
’
.

E 3 3 m iles north west Of S hi m oga town -

Popu lation It .

was original ly a vi llage called M ale n h alli Th e K elad i chi efs o n gai n .

i ng possession changed t h e nam e t o M ah adanp ur D u ring th e ti m e o f .

ei th er Hai dar o r T ip u i t received t h e presen t nam e of Sh ik a rpu r o r

‘
Sh ik arip ur h u nt ing o r h u n t ers t own from t h e abu ndance o f gam e
,
’
,
’

m et w i th d uring a royal h u n t I t h as a th riving t rade i n cloth . Th e .

o ld fort a t th e eas t end i s n o w i n ru in s

,
Th e m u n ici pal i t y da t es fro m
,
.

1 870 . Th e receip t s and expend i t u re du ring th e ten years end ing 1 9 0 1

a veraged R s and R s I n 1 9 0 3 4 t h ey were R s -

—
. . .

S h ik arp ur T o w n Town i n th e D istrict and ta lisil of B u land

S hah r Un ited Provi nces sit uated i n 2 8 1 7 N an d 7 8 1 E 1 3 m i les
, ,
° ’
.
° ’
.
,

sou t h of B ulandshah r Popu la t ion . Th e presen t t own

owes i ts ex ist ence t o S ikanda r Lod i wh o bu il t a h u n t ing lodge h ere ,
-

at t h e end o f t he fi ft een th cen tu ry near t h e s i te o f an ol der tow n now ,

represen t ed by a mou nd called t h e T alpat N agari o r A nyai K hera Nor t h

‘

o f th e sit e is a r emarkable b u ilding o f red sands t one called t h e B a ra

‘
Kha m ba o r t welve pillars form ing an u n fin ish ed t om b begu n by
, ,
’

Saiyi d Fa z l -u llah so n in —
-

law o f th e e m peror F arruk h S iyar abou t 1 7 1 8

,
-
,
.

The t own contai ns a fi ne walled sa ra i bu il t i n th e seventeen t h centu ry ,

an d m any s u bstantial brick houses an d a few han dsom e m osqu es Th e .

A m erican M eth odists have a branch m ission h ere T h e t own i s ad m i n .

iste re d u nder Ac t X X o f 1 8 5 6 wi th an i ncom e o f abou t R s , .

T h e ch ief m an u fac t ures are co tt on cloth an d shoes an d excellen t wood ,

carvi ng i s t u rned o u t o n a s m all scale Th ere are a m i ddle sch ool wi t h .

1 9 0 p upi ls and an aided pri mary school wi t h 3 0

,
.

S h ik o h ab ad T a h sil — SOuth -wes t ern ta/zsz l O f M ai npu r i D istric t

'

.
,

Un i t ed Provi nces con t erm i nou s wi th th e parg a na of t he sam e nam e

, ,

lyi ng be t ween 2 6 5 3 an d 2 7 1 1 N and 7 8 2 9 an d 7 8 5 0 E wi th

° ’ ° °
.
° ’ ’
.
,

an area o f 2 94 square m i les Popula t ion increased fro m . in

‘
1 8 9 1 to i n 1 9 0 1 Th ere are 2 8 7 vi llages an d t wo towns t he
.
,

larger o f wh ich is SH 1K O H ABAD (pop u la t ion th e tab s?! h ead ,

quarters The deman d for lan d revenu e i n 1 9 0 3 —4 was R s

. .

and for cesses R s T h e densi ty of pop ulation 5 3 6 persons per

.
,

squ are m i le i s t h e h igh es t i n th e D istrict O n t h e sou th wes t th e ta/zsil

, .
-

i s bou nde d by th e J u m na wh ile t h e Si rs a fl ows th rough th e centre

, .

The Sengar crosses t he nor t h ern por t ion and t h e A gang a rises near ,

Sh i koh ab a d North o f th e S irs a the soil th ough ligh t i s very fertile ;

.
, ,

bu t sou th o f th is river i t becom es sandy and con t i n u es to deteriorate t il l

the J u m na ravi nes are reached Th e trac t sou th o f th e S irs a i s irri .
 SH I LL ON G S UB D I VI SI ON 2 79

gate d by the B hogn ipur branch o f t h e Lower Ganges Canal W h e n firs t .

construc t ed th is work i n terfered wi th drai nage bu t cu t s have bee n made

I n 1 90 2 —
,

to i mprove t h is 3 t h e cu l tivated area was 1 9 6 square m i les

.
,

o f wh ich 1 6 0 were i rrigated W ells su pply more than hal f o f t he i rrigated

.

area and t h e canal abou t a t h ird Th e dry t ract s u ffered to so m e

,
.
‘

ex t en t duri ng the scarcity of 1 8 96 —7

S h ik o h ab ad T o w n —H ead quarters o f t he ta lzsil o f th e sam e nam e
.

-
.

° ’
i n Mai npu ri D istrict United Provi nces s i tuated i n 2 7 6 N and, ,
.

7 8 5 7 E on th e Agra branch Of th e grand t runk road an d 2 m iles

° ’
.
, ,

fro m the S h ik oh a b a d s t ation on th e E as t I ndian R ai lway P o p ula .

t io n Th e town i s sai d to h ave bee n firs t colon i z ed

by a M u sal m an e m igran t from R apr i nam ed M u ham mad after who m , ,

i t was cal led M u ha m mad ab a d T h e na m e was ch anged to Sh ik o h .

a b ad i n honour Of D a r a Sh ik o h Th e Mar a th a s held th e place and .

bu ilt a for t north o f the si te ; bu t duri ng th e eigh teenth cen tu ry i t

often changed hands and belonged at d ifferen t t i mes to th e Jats th e
, ,

R oh i llas H i m mat Bah a d u r an d O u dh

, T h e B rit ish Obtai ned p o s
, .

sess io n in 1 8 0 1 and establ ish ed a canton m e nt sou th west o f t h e t own -

,

t he garrison o f wh ich was su rprised by a M ar a th a force u nder Fleu ry i n

1 80 2 ,
after wh ich t h e t roops were moved t o M ainpu ri Bes i des th e .

‘
ta/zsz li a dispensary is si tuated h ere
,
Th e t own i s ad m i n is tered u nder .

Ac t X X o f 1 8 5 6 w i t h an i nco me o f abou t R s ,
Sh ikoh a b ad i s .

celebrated for i ts sweetm ea t s a nd m an ufac t ure Of cou n t ry cloth A .

s t eam co tt on gi n em ployed abo u t 1 0 0 han ds i n 1 9 0 4

‘
Th e ta /zsz lz
'

-
.

school has abou t 1 4 0 p up ils and a girls school 4 5 ’

.

S h illo n g S u b d iv is io n —S ubd ivisi on o f the K h a s i and Jai nt i a

.

° ’
H ills D istrict E astern B engal an d Assam lyi ng between 2 5 7 and
, ,
° ’ ’ ° ° ’
26 7 N and 9 0 4 5 and 9 2 1 6 E with an area o f
. square .
,

m iles .I t contain s one town S H I LL O N G (population ,

the ,

head quarters o f th e A dm in istration ; an d

-
v i ll ages Th e s ub .

di vision is a section o f th e A ssa m R ange and consists O f a h igh tabl e

_
,

land wh ich rises S harply fro m th e S urm a V alley to a h eigh t Of abou t

,

feet and north Of t he Sh i l long peak w h ich is over

, feet , ,

gradually falls away i n a succession o f low h il ls t owards t he B rah ma

pu tra A l most t he whole o f th is cou ntry i s ou tside th e l im its o f B ri tish
.

I ndia and cons ists o f a n u m ber o f petty Native States u nder th e pol i ti
,

cal superi n t endence o f th e Dep u ty — Co m m iss ioner Th e maj ori ty o f .

_

the i ndigenou s i nh abitan ts are K h asis a tribe O f Tibe to B u rman origi n ,

-
,

w h ich i s poss ibly con nected w it h th e M ons of A na m and Cam bodia .

Coal is foun d i n both th e N u m mu l itic an d Cretaceou s s trata and ther e ,

are enorm ou s deposits o f l i m es t on e o n th e sou th ern face o f the h ills .

'

The rai nfal l in th is region is ex traord inary the average an nual fal l a t ,

C H ER RA P U NJ I being 4 5 8 i nches Th e clouds however qu ickly l ose .

, ,

their mois t ure an d a t S h illong wh ich i s less than 3 0 m iles away th e

, , ,
2 80 SH I LL ON G S UB D I VI SI ON

fal l i s bu t 8 2 i nches Th e popu lation i n 1 9 0 1 was

. co m
pared wi th in 1 8 9 1 t he dens ity bei ng only 3 4 persons per ,

square m ile .

S h illo n g T o w n — H ead quarters of th e Kh a si and J aint i a H i ll s

.
-

D istrict and su m m er cap i tal of t he Govern m en t of E as t ern B engal and

,
° ’ ° ’
A ssam si tuated i n 2 5 3 4 N and 9 1 5 3 E
,
I t is connected with Gau . .

h a t i by a me t al led road 6 3 m i les i n length on wh ich th ere i s a daily

, ,

tonga service an d wh ich i s conti nued to C herrapu nj i a village over

, ,

look i ng th e plai ns of Sylh et The pop u lation at t h e last t hree e n ume .

rations was : ( 1 8 8 1 ) ( 1 89 1
) an d ( 9 )
1 0 1

S h illong first becam e th e c ivi l stat ion Of th e Kh as i and J ai nti a H ills

i n 1 8 6 4 i n t h e place o f Ch errap unj i I n 1 8 7 4 o n t h e form ation o f
,
.
,

A ssam i nto a separate Prov ince i t was ch osen as th e h ead quar t ers ,
-

O f the n e w A d m ini stration o n accoun t o f its sal u bri ty an d i ts con ,

v e n ie n t posi t ion between th e B rah mapu tra and S u rm a V alleys The .

cli mate i s si ngu larly m i ld an d equable and th e t h ermom e t er seldo m ,

rises i n the h o t tes t weather above 80 Fahren h eit I n t he w i nter °

.

sh allo w w ate r free z es at n igh t bu t snow sel do m fal ls T he average ,

.

an nual rai nfal l is 8 2 i nches The tow n has been laid ou t w ith great .

taste and j udge men t among t he pi ne woods at th e foot o f th e Sh i llong

range w h ich rises to a h eigh t o f
,
fee t above th e sea I t is sur .

roun ded w i t h rol li ng down s ; and v isi tors enj oy facil ities fo r riding
and driv ing polo golf and cricke t wh ich cannot u sually be ob tai ned
, , , ,

i n th e h il l stat ions o f th e H i m a layas .

Prior t o 1 8 9 7 m os t o f t he pu bli c offices an d priva t e hou ses were b u il t

of rough hew n masonry The earth quake o f J une 1 2 i n tha t year
-
.

reduced t he m to a heap o f ru i ns i n the space o f a few seconds wrecked ,

th e wa t er -supply an d destroyed t he e m bank ment w h ich dam med u p

,

th e waters o f t h e lake near Govern men t H ouse Th e sh ock occurred .

at 5 O clock on Satu rday afternoon wh en nearly every o ne was o u t o f

’

doors an d only 2 E u ropeans and 2 7 natives were k illed Had it take n

, .

p lace at nigh t there wou l d have been few survivors T he s tation has
, .

si nce been rebu il t b u t t he u se o f brick and s t one has been sedulously

Th e water —
,

avoided . su pply i s derived fro m th e neigh bou ri ng h ill

s treams and is d istr ibu ted i n p ipes all over th e t own Sh i llong is th e
, .

h ead quarters o f the O fficer Co m mand ing t he A ssam Brigade o f the

-
,

h eads o f al l the depart men t s o f Govern men t and Of t he W els h Presby ,

terian M iss ion wh ich has done m u ch to prom ote t he spread of educa
,

t ion i n t h e h ills The garrison cons ists Of a regim en t of native in fantry

.

and a vol u n t eer corps wh ich i n 1 90 4 had a s t reng t h o f 3 4 There

, .

are a large Govern men t press and two s mall priva t e presses Three .

m on t hly papers appear i n t h e K h a si vernacular .

Th e j ail contai ns acco m modation for 7 8 persons and th e c h aritab le ,

‘

d isp ensary has 1 7 beds S h i l long i s ad m in is tered as a Stat ion u nder

.
-
282 SH I M O G A D I S TR I C T

of wh ich t he former ru ns for mos t O f i ts course w ith i n th is D istrict ,

i n a north eas t erly d irect ion Fro m t h e poin t of confl uence the u nited
-
.

river ru ns north to the front ier T h e Sh aravati rises near K avale durga .

i n t he sou th wes t an d runs nor t h wes t t o t he fron tier where i t t urns

-
,
-
,

wes t and h urls i tself down th e G h at s in t he Jo g o r far famed G ER S O PP A -

FA LLS a sh eer descen t of 8 3 0 fee t Th e s t rea ms be t ween K o dac h adri

, .

and K avale durga fl ow wes t o r sou th wes t in t o K anara T he wes t o f -

.

t h e D istric t resting upon t h e Gh a ts is very m ou ntai nous t h e h igh

, , ,

es t po in t being K o dac h adri, feet above t he sea Govardhan .

giri and Chandragu tt i are also conspicuous hi lls the la t ter risi ng ,

to fee t A chai n o f h ills ru ns fro m M andagadde o n t h e Tu nga

.

north by A nan t ap ur t owards Sorab w i t h a ridge wes t fro m Atav adi ,

to Talguppa O n t h e eas t are tw o l i nes o f lo w s t ony h ills stre t c h ing

.

fro m t he sou th o f Channagiri t o t h e frontier o n e follow ing t h e course ,

o f t he T un gab h adra nor t hwards th e o t h er cross ing the river near ,

H o le h o nn ti r an d passi ng near S h ik a rpu r Th e sou t h wes t arou nd .

-

Nagar an d K avale du rga i s fu l l o f h i lls .

T h e S h i moga sch ist band is a sou t hern con t in ua t ion of tha t o n

wh ich t h e t own o f D h arw a r i s s i t uated Crossing t h e T un gab h adra .

near Hari har it ex t ends so u t hwards into K adti r D istric t I ts wes t ern
,
.

bou ndary is p robably co n t inu ou s fro m A nan t apu r t o t h e K udre muk h .

W es t fro m A nan t apur t o T alguppa th e cou n t ry i s covered by a grea t

S pread o f lateri te benea t h wh ich gneiss i s exposed in deep nu l lahs
,
.

I n p laces t he lateri te i s over 1 0 0 feet i n t h ick ness I t is quarried i n .

square blocks wh ich form t he mos t com mon b ui ldi ng m a t erial being
, ,

u sed no t only for dwell ing houses bu t fo r bridges and other p ubl ic
-

str uc t u res B roken u p i t form s me t al for roads

.
, .

M agni ficen t evergreen forest covers t h e west many o f th e h i lls bei ng ,

h eav ily wooded up to their s u m m its O n all s ides t ru nks w it h clear .

s te ms o f fro m 80 t o 1 0 0 fee t to th e first branch m eet t he eye Th e .

m ore val uable k inds are poon ( C a lop /zy lla m tomen tosu m) wild jack , ,

ebony some (Soy mida fi brzf ug a ) lz ezgni (H op ea

,
era ol d/z zip a
, ,

( Va teria indica) th e large deoadaram

,
gam boge and ,

a spec ies o f cedar Farther eas t is a rich bel t i n wh ich t h e m ore

.
,

i m por tan t t rees are teak black wood lzomze (P teroca rp us M a rsup iu m)
,
-
, ,

mat/i ( Termin a lia tome n tosa ) , sa m ag i p (Il

l iclzelia C/z a mp )
a ca , a rsen teg a

(A din a cord if olia) ,

ala le( Te r m in a lia C / )
z eba la , bag (
i A lbiz z ia L )
edbek ,

din diga (A nog eissus latifolia ) , and o t h ers Sorab abou nds w i th Ref /ZS, .

apparen t ly th e remai ns o f old forests Many are cu lt ivated wi t h .

pepper -vi nes and som e t i m es coff ee T h e sag e —

, pal m ( Ca zy ota a reas) .

i s also grown for the sake of its toddy From Mandagadde a long .

stre t ch o f wooded cou ntry r u ns north i n wh ich are fou nd good teak , ,

and m uch second class t i m ber w ith a large quan ti ty o f I ng a ay loea rp a

-
, .

u sed fo r mak in g charcoal fo r t h e iron m i nes .

 H I S TOR Y 2 83

Th e rai nfall rapi dly di m i n ish es eas t wards fro m th e G h a t region .

Th u s w h ile th e an nual fall at N agar averages abou t 1 9 0 inches

, ,

a t T irthahall i r1 4 at S agar 7 0 and a t Sorab 5 7 i t i s only abou t 3 5 a t

, , ,

Sh i m oga and 2 5 at Chan nagiri For abou t 2 5 m i les fro m t h e G h ats

.

th e sou th west m onsoon is fel t i n fu ll force

-
A t Sh i m oga town wh ich .
,

i s 4 0 m iles d is t ant i t often prod uces noth ing m ore than driving clouds
, ,

wi th oc casi onal d ri z z le and a few days o f m oderately h eavy rain E as t .

o f t he T un ab h adra th e wi nd b lows with m uch force bu t th e clo uds

g ,

rarely break Th e h eaviest rai ns on th is side are i n M ay and O c t obe r

.
,

and co me i n th u nderstorms fro m the eas tward The mean tem pera t u re .

at Sh i moga town m ay be s t a t ed as ranging fro m 5 5 t o Th e se a °

bree z e rel ieves th e hea t i n t he ho t s eason an d i s distinc t ly fel t at ,

S h i moga .

Th e M aury as are sai d i n inscrip t ions to have ruled over K un ta la ,

wh ich incl uded som e par t s o f thi s D istrict A C handra G upta is .

descri bed as having ru led N agarak h an da (the Sh ik a r

H is t o ry
pur taluR) A soka sen t a B u ddh is t m issionary to
.

Banav as i on t h e north w est fron t ier i n th e th ird century B C T he

,
-
, . .

nex t r ecord i s of th e Satavah anas con tai ning a grant by Satak arni at
,

Malavall i i n th e Sh ik a rpu r tala k probably o f th e secon d century A D

,
. .

They were fol lowed by th e Kadamb as wh ose capi tal was Banavas i bu t , ,

their place of origi n was Sth anak undtir (T alag un da i n the S h ik a rpu r
'

tall/ R) w h ere th e i n terest ing sto ry o f thei r rise i s recorded on a pi llar

, .

Their progeni tor who was a B rah m an wen t to the P allava capi tal
, ,

Ka nch i (Conj eeveram ) i n order to com plete h is V ed ic s t ud ies W hi le .

there h e had a v iol en t quarrel wi th P allava horse men and i n order to

, ,

be revenged adop t ed th e l ife o f a K sh attriy a Perfecti ng h i m self i n th e .

u se of arms he overca m e t he fron t ier guards and establ ished h i m self

, ,

i n the i naccessibl e forests near Srip arv ata ( Ku rnool D istrict ) where h e ,

beca m e so powerful t ha t h e levied tribu te fro m th e great B a na an d

oth er k i ngs Th e P allavas t ried to p u t h i m down bu t b e defeated
.
,

the m i n various ways ti ll t hey were compelled to make peace w ith h i m

, ,

and recogn i z e h i m as k ing o f t he Kadam ba terri tory T hese events .

m ust be assigned to th e secon d o r th i rd cent ury A mong h i s suc .

c e sso rs K ak ust h a gave h is daugh t er i n marriage to t h e G up t a k ing

, ,

perhaps Sam udra G u pta wh ose expedi tion t o th e Sou th i n th e fou rt h

,

centu ry is recorded o n t h e pi llar in th e for t a t A llah a b a d .

W h ile th e K adamb as were rul i ng i n th e wes t of th e D istrict th e ,

Gangas were establ ish ed i n th e east Th e story of thei r rise is .

recorded in i nscri pt i ons at H u mcha and near Sh i m oga I n t h e fou rt h .

century th e Ganga k ing m arried th e Kadam ba k ing s S ister I n th e ’

.

fifth centu ry th e Ch a lu kyas fro m th e n orth had su bdued t he wh ole o f

K un tala and made V atap i ( B ad a m i i n B ij apu r D istrict ) thei r cap i tal
, .

They profess to have subj ected th e K adamb as in the s ixth cen t ury .

vo L . x x 11 . T
2 84 SH I M OG A D I S TR I C T

I n t h e seventh cen tu ry t h ey separa t ed i n to tw o fam ilies of wh om th e ,

W estern Ch a l ukyas con tin u ed to rule from B a d am i Sh i moga D istrict

‘
.

”
was form ed i nto th e Ban avase twel ve th ousan d provi nce w ith i ts ,

seat o f governm en t at Belg am i (Sh ik arpu r tala lz) B u t i n th e eigh th

'

centu ry they were overcom e by th e R ash trak ti tas and d id n o t regai n ,

supre macy for 2 0 0 years Th e R ash t rak ti tas had th eir capi tal at M a nya
.

kheta (M a lkh ed i n th e N i z am s D om in ions ) T h ey first sei z ed an d’

.

i m prisoned th e Ganga k i n g appoin ti ng th ei r own viceroys to govern ,

h is territories B u t even t ually th ey reinstated h i m an d entered i nto

.

all iance w i th th e Gangas I n t ermarriages n ow t ook place between

.

the two fam il ies ; and i n th e tenth ce ntury i n retu rn for their h elp
‘
,

i n defeati ng t h e Ch olas th e Ban av ase t welve th ou sand an d o t h er

,
’

provinces were agai n added to th e Ganga k ingdom by t he R ash tra

k utas M eanwh i le i n th e seven th o r eigh th centu ry a J ai n principal i ty
.
, ,

was establ ished at P o mb urch ch h a or H o mb u ch a (H u mcha ) by J i na

dat ta a pri nce o f th e Ugra fa m ily and S olar race fro m M u ttra H is
,
.

l ine assu med th e nam e o f S a ntara and bringi ng u nder th ei r control ,

al l the country as far as Kalasa ( Kad ur D istri ct ) they descended th e ,

G h ats t o S isila or Sisuk ali and final ly es t abl ish ed t heir capital at
“

K arkal a (Sou t h K anara) appoint ing l ieu tenants at B ark ur Bang a di

, , ,

M udu B idare and M ul ki

- Th e terri tories th u s acqu ired yi elded a
,
.

revenu e o f 9 lak hs o f pagodas ab ove an d 9 lak hs below the Gh a ts .

I n cou rse O f t i m e th e k ings becam e Li ng a yats , an d u nder th e nam e

of Bh airarasa W o de y ars con tin ued in power down to the si x t eenth
cen tu ry b eing s ubordina t e i n t urn to th e C h aluk y as H o y salas an d
,
.

, ,

V ijayanagar ti ll th eir territo ries were su bdu ed by th e K elad i ch iefs

,
.

I n 9 7 3 th e R ash trak uta s were overthrown an d th e W estern ,

C h a l u kyas regai ned th ei r ascendancy Th ei r cap ital w as n o w estab

‘
.

lish e d at Kaly a n i Th e Ban avase t welve th ou san d was o n e of th e ’

.

m ost i mportan t provi nces of th eir emp i re B u t i n 1 1 5 5 the Ch alu kyas .

were supplanted by th ei r m i n ister Bijj ala Of th e K alac h u ri fam ily ,

.

I n h is reign th e Lingayat religion wh ich prevails th roughou t th e ,

Kannada an d Tel ugu cou n t ries was fou nded by Basava wh o w as , ,

h is m i n ister an d wh o gave h is s ister to th e k ing i n marriage Bu t

, .

th e dynasty lasted for only three generations t il l 1 1 8 3 By th is t i me ,

.

th e H o y salas o f D o rasa mudra ( Haleb id i n H assan D istrict ) had su b

d u ed th e whole of M ysore an d Banavase was o ne o f th ei r provi nces
,
.

They pushed o n to th e K i stna and th us cam e into col l ision wi th the ,

Se n nas or Y a davas of D e o g iri (D au lat a b a d ) T he latter made som e

, ,
.

h ead i n the th irteen th cen tury and es t abl ish ed th em selves in parts ,

of th e nor t h of th e cou ntry B u t i n the next cen tury both Se nnas

.
,

1
T h e se n u me ric a l de s ig n at io ns , l mo t i v i b l y tt h d to th e n m
a s n ar a a ac e a e s o f a nc ie n t
d1v isio ns in M y so re , a
pp ar e n t l y r fe t t h ir r v
e r u p it y o r t th e
o e e en e ca ac o nu mb e r of

th
e ir a dds .
2 86 SI I I J I O G A D I S TR I C T
'

ri c hly c ar v ed tem ples al l i n ru ins A t H u mcha are th e re mains of

,
.

w hat m u st have been splend id

Jai n t e mpl es and at I k k e ri is a fine ,

Agh o re s va ra tem ple Th e latter is Dravidian bu t th e oth ers are

.
,

Ch a lukyan in style Th e i nscripti ons o f th e D istrict have bee n t rans

.

lated and pu bl ished .

Th e popu lat ion at each Censu s i n the last th i r t y years was : ( 1 8 7 1 )

(1 88 1 ) ( 1 89 1 ) and ( 1 9 0 1 ) Th e
decl ine i n t h e fi rst decade was d ue to the fam i ne
Po p u lat ion of 1 8 6 —8 By religion in 1 0 1 there were
.

7 9 .
,

H indus , M usalmans A n i m ists Ja ins and

, , ,

C h rist ians Th e density is 1 3 2 person s pe r square m ile that for t h e

.
,

S tate bei ng 1 8 5 T he nu m ber o f t owns is 1 4 an d o f vi llages

.
,

Th e larges t place is SH 1M OG A TO WN the head quarters wi th a p o p ula ,

-
,

tion o f i n 1 9 0 1 red uced from ,

i n 1 8 9 1 ow ing to pl ague .

Th e fol lowi ng table gives th e pri nci pal s tatis t ics o f p o pulation i n
1
90 1 :
é

l
7 ”

E 1. l 8
N umbe r o f s.
-
fm
o
TEc g-
S
f ,

f 5 g
r
:
e e ae
s“ e s
, : U‘

5
see m 0 0
5 0 1 5
h
P 0 “
t -
0
Q
0)
“ 0.
4)
0.

4 0 6

A m ong cas t es Li ng a yats preponderate nu mbering

,
W ok ,

k aligas o r cu lt ivators n u m ber the ou tcast e H o le y as and

M ad igas , and K u ru bas or sheph erds B edas , ,

The nu m ber of B r a h mans i s O f M usal m a n sects

t he Sh ai khs form th ree fou rth s bei ng i n nu m ber A mong t he
-
,
.

nom ad tribes Lamb an is n u m ber I ruligas and K o ramas , ,

B y occu pation , 7 2 5 per cent are engaged i n agricul tu re and .

pastu re 1 0 -9 per cent i n u nsk i lled labour not agricu ltu ral 7 2 per
, .
,
~
!

cen t i n th e prepara t ion and supply of material s ubstances and

.
,

2 -8 per cent i n th e State service

. .

C hristians n u m ber Of wh om are natives The R oman .

Cathol ic and W esl eyan M iss ions are l ocated at S h i moga town and ,

v isi t various ou t s t ations

‘
-
.

Th e general su b s trat u m of lateri te i n t he wes t ern tab / k s wherever ,

 A R I C UI T UR E , 287

i t app roache s th e su rface ch eck s vegetat ion The soil in the rice
“

,
.

val leys characteri stic o f t h e Ma in ad is loose and sandy wh ile that

, , ,

o f garden lands is st i ff and e lay e Th e richest soi l

is in th e north east , from the S le k e re north wards
-
Ag riculture
ii .
.

T he black soil prevai ls h ere and also arou nd Ny am t i and Be lg utt i ,

i n the H onn a l i tall/ k .

Th e foll owing t abl e gives s t at is t ics o f cul ti vat ion fo r 1 9 0 3 —

4

A re a, in s q uare m i e s, l sh own in t h e re v e n ue ac c o un t s .

To ta l . C l t iv
u at e d . I rrig a t e d . F o res t s.

To ta l

R ice i s the pri ncipal crop A reca n u t is extensively grown i n th e .

-

Nagar S a gar and T irthahall i tdla k s tha t of the fi rst—

, , named t ract ,

being considered su perior to any i n the State Sugar cane i s largely -

‘
.

raised i n Sh i k arpu r Hon n a l i ch iefly produces di fferen t ki nds o f dry

.
’

grains as wel l as cotton Pepper gro w s wild in th e forests o f Nagar

, .

and Sorab wh ile cardam o ms are produced i n t he j u ngles abo ut

,

Ag u mb i thoug h th ey are no t so good as th ose rai sed i n areca gardens

‘
, .

All k i nds of wet cu lt ivat ion are carri ed on fro m th e Sule k e re tan k
’
.

The area occu p ied by rice in 1 9 0 3 —4 w as 3 8 3 square m iles ; by rag i ,

1 4 1 ; g ram 7 2 ; oth er food grains 2 9 4 ; garde n prod uce 2 6 ; oilseeds

,
-
, , ,

2 7 ; sugar -cane 14 , .

Duri ng th e t welve years endi ng 1 90 4 a s u m of R s was .

advanced for land i m prove m en t i n addit ion to R s for i rri ,

.

g atio n w ell s and R s ,

for field em bank men t s. .

Th e area irrigated fro m channels is 7 square m iles fro m tan ks an d ,

wel ls 2 3 2 and fro m o t h er sou rces 1 8 7 square m i les The n u m ber

‘
.
,
’
of tanks i s O f wh ich 5 8 3 are classed as maj or .

Th e State forests cover an area o f 3 4 3 square mi les reser v ed land s ,

’

153 ,
and plantat ions 4 Teak oth er t i m ber bam boos and sandal
.
, , ,

w ood are th e ch ief sou rces o f forest i ncom e Th e receipts i n 1 9 0 3 —4 .

amou nted to 4 6 lakh s .

I ron is extrac t ed i n som e parts On th e su m m i t of th e G h ats stones .

are frequently fou nd posse ssing magneti c propert ies as at Ko dac h adri ,
.

Laterite is abu ndant i n t h e w est an d extens ively q uarried fo r bu ild i ng ,

purposes G old i s widely d i ffu sed and a broad au ri ferou s tract extend s
.
,
288 SH I /l/ O G A D I S TR I C T

th rough ou t t h e eas t ern hal f of th e D istrict The Hon n al i gol d m ines .

-
,

wh ich were co m m enced som e t i m e ago have s uspended work ow ing , ,

par t ly to t h e i nfl u x o f wa t er Th e M ysore -Nagar Company started .

work near Be nk ip u r bu t no good resu l ts h ave been obtai ned Deposi ts

, .

o f m anganese h ave been discovered t o th e wes t o f Sh i m oga and large ,

quan ti ties h ave been rai sed .

The D istric t i s no t ed for i ts beau t i fu l sandal wood carvi ng o f w h ich -

,

i nd ustry Sorab i s t h e princi pal sea t T he ch ief articles Of manu fac .

tu re are coarse co t ton clo t h woollen blankets i ron , ,

Trade an d
co m m un icatio n s
arti cles brass and
.
copper vessels ear,
t h enware jag , ,

gery and oils A few str iped carpets are made a t

,
.

Shik a rp u r ; pi eces of C h in t z a t Sh i moga and Ayan ur ; stone j ugs at

T irth ah al li ; h an dmills i n t h e H onn a li tab/ R and ropes of various ,

k i nds Th ere are repor t ed t o be 9 7 0 loom s fo r co tt on 4 0 2 for wool

.
, ,

4 8 fo r o t h er fibres 4 2 4 i ron works 1 2 brass and copper works 88 o il

- -
, , ,

m ills and
,
j aggery m i lls -
.

The recen t open i ng of a branch rai l way from S hi moga to B i r ur will

no dou b t s t i m u la t e t rade Th e m os t i mportan t ar t icles of expor t are
.

j aggery ear t h enware lea t h ern goods woollen blankets and Oils O f im
, , , ,
.

por t ed ar t icles piece goods t ake th e fi rst place t h en woollen blank ets
,
-
, ,

o ils gol d ornam e nts an d vessels o f b rass copper and bell m etal
, , , ,
-
.

A branch o f t h e Sou th ern Mah ra t ta R ai lway ru ns fro m B ir ar (Kadti r

D istrict ) to Sh i moga town of wh ich 1 6 m i les l ie in the sou th east o f ,
-

th i s D istrict A sh ort l ine from Sh i moga west wards i s proposed for

.
,

th e transpor t of t h e m anganese o re discovered th ere Th e length o f .

Provi ncial roads is 2 1 9 m i les and o f D is t ric t fu n d roads 4 5 0 m i les , .

The D istric t is di vided i nto eigh t taluk s : C H A N N A G I R I H O NN AL I

'

, ,

NA G AR S AG A R S H I K AR P UR S H I M O G A SO R A B and T iR T H AH A LLr
, , , , , .

T h e follow ing su bd ivisi ons were form ed i n 1 9 0 3

Admin istratio n
,

and placed i n charge Of A ssistan t Com m issioners

.

Sh i moga and T irthahal li w ith h ead quar t ers a t Sh i moga ; H on n a li

,
-
,

Sh ik a rpu r and Ch annagiri wi th h ead qu arters at Sh i m oga S a gar

, ,
-
,

Sorab an d N agar wi t h h ead quar t ers a t S agar

, , ,
-
.

Th e D is t ric t cou r t at Sh i moga exercises j u risd iction over Sh im oga ,

K adii r an d Ch italdroog D istric t s wh i le th e Su bord i nate J u dge s cou rt

’

, ,

a t Sh i m oga deals wi th Sh i m oga Di strict and a part of Kad ur and

Ch i t aldroog D is t ricts Th ere are also M u nsifs cou rts a t Sh i m oga
.
’

and H on n a l i I n th e border trac t th ere i s a certain am ou n t of

.

serious cri m e .

T h e lan d revenu e and t o t al reven u e are sh own i n th e t able on the

next page i n t h ou sands of ru pees
,

T h e revenu e su rvey and set t lem en t were i ntroduced i n t o t he north

of th e D is t rict be t ween 1 8 7 0 an d 1 8 7 4 and i nto th e south between ,

1 8 7 5 an d 1 8 7 8 I n 1 9 0 3 —4 t h e i n cidence Of lan d revenu e per acre

.
2 90 SH I M OG A TAI UR .

nor t h wi th a w indi ng cou rse The greater part of t h e taluk i n th e .

w es t and sou th i s covered w it h h i lls and forests abou nding in t igers , ,

leopards bears and oth er w ild ani mals C ultiva t ion i s al mos t con
, ,
.

fined to t h e l evel valleys of th e rivers bu t the beds o f these are to o ,

deep to be u sed for i rrigation O n t h e oth er han d timber i s fl oated .

,

down especially i n th e Tu nga

,
The soi ls o n eith er bank Of the .

T ungabh adra to th e north are very rich an d th e cl i mate i s re mark

‘
,

ably favourable to dry cu l t i vat ion R dg i is th e s t aple crop o n red

’
.

soil bu t th e black soils produce j ola cot t on an d oilseeds The rice

, , ,
.

lands are poor A l ittle sugar cane is grown besides areca nu t betel
.
-
,
-
,

l eaf and plantai ns

,
.

S h imo g a T o w n —Head quar t ers o f th e D istri ct and ta luR of th e

'

-
.

° ’ ° ’
sam e nam e Mysore State si tuated i n 1 3 5 6 N and 7 5 3 5 E on
, ,
. .
,

t h e T u nga river and term i n us of th e B i r ur Shi m oga railway l ine

,
-
.

Pop u lat ion fell t o i n 1 9 0 1 from i n 1 8 9 1 ch iefl y owing ,

to plague I n early ti mes Mandali a su bu rb to the sou t h was an

.
, ,

i m portan t place u nder th e Gangas A t a la t er period Sh i m oga was .

ru led by th e Ch a l ukyas and th e H o y salas aft er wh ich i t ca m e u nder ,

V ijayanagar From th e s ix teenth cen tu ry it was h el d by th e K elad i

.

or B edn ar k ings u nt i l B edn ar was tak en by Haidar Ali i n 1 7 6 3

, .

The Mar a th a s u nder Parasur a m B hao in a battl e near Sh i moga in ,

1 7 98 ,
forced T ip ti Su l t a n s arm y u nder the Benk i Naw ab to reti re
’

on Bedn ar and besieged Sh i moga wh ich had to cap i t ula t e and w as

, , ,

p lu ndered an d bu rn t A fter th e fal l o f Ti p u i n 1 7 9 9 i t was agai n

.

pi llaged by Dh u ndia W agh and left a heap of ru ins Th e present

, .

t own has mostly sprung u p d u ring th e last h alf of th e n i neteent h

cent u ry th e Tunga bei ng h ere crossed by a fine bridge I t i s a pri n
,
.

c ipal stat ion of t he R oman Cath ol ic and W esleyan M i ss ions Th e .

m un icipal ity da t es fro m 1 8 7 0 Th e receip t s and expendit ure du ring .

th e te n years endi ng 1 9 0 1 averaged R s and R s 1 6 0 0 0 I n

1 90 3 —
. .
, .

4 th ey w ere R s and R s . .

S h in ak i — A grou p o f s mal l repu blics i n th e valley o f th e I ndus

.
,

lyi ng w es t Of K ash m ir and sou th of G ilgi t Th e terri to ry ex tends from .

t h e j u nct ion o f th e A stor river wit h th e I n du s t o Se o on th e righ t bank

and Jalkot on th e left bank o f th e latter ri ver W i th i n th i s area t h e .

people are grou ped i n co m m u ni t ies i nhabiti ng one or m ore n u llahs ,

each com m u n ity form i ng a separa t e rep u bl ic S t ar t ing from t h e j u nc .

t ion a t R a mgh a t th ese are i n order : o n the righ t bank G o r K in e rgah

, , , ,

and H odar ; and on th e left bank B unar Thak Butogah G i ch e and , , , , ,

Th or T h ey cons t it u te th e area k no w n as th e Ch il as s ubd ivision of

.

t he Gi lgi t A gency w h il e Ch i l a s proper i nclu des K in e rg ah Butog ah

, , ,

and G ich e Lower down th e river are Darel Tangi r K h illi an d Seo
.
, , ,

o n th e righ t bank and Harban Sa z in a nd J alkot o n th e left bank

, , , .

After t h e con q u est of C h il a s by Kash m ir i n 1 8 5 1 t h e M aharaja ,

 SH I R AA I C O UN TR Y
’
91

i m posed a t ri bu te i n gol d d ust an d arranged for t h e ad m i n ist rat io n -

,

o f th e cou nt ry as part of th e G ilgi t d istrict A B ritish Agency was .

r e establ ished a t G ilgi t in 1 8 89 wh ich i ncl uded among other terri , ,

tory the C h il as su bdivis ion described above excep t T hor I n 1 89 2

,
.

a Bri tish m ission to Gor was at tacked by th e C h ilasis wh ich led to ,

the occupat ion of th ei r cou ntry and th e appoi n t ment o f a Pol i tical
o flic e r at Ch il as Th e righ t o f th e Kash m ir Darb a r to constru c t
.

roads and stat ion a l i m i t ed n u m ber o f troops i n t he terri t ory w as

secu red bu t th e au tonom y o f t he C h ilasis was guaranteed Under
,
.

t h e revised arrangements made i n 1 8 9 7 t he repu bl ics pay sm al l fixed

su m s to th e Mah ar aj a and i n 1 8 9 9 Thor was incorporat ed i n Ch il a s

,
.

Darel has rendered a t ribu te Of gol d d us t t o Kash m ir si nce 1 8 6 6 -

,

w h en th e Mah ar aj a s troops raided th e cou ntry Th e tri bute is no w

'

pai d th rough t he Pu ni a l governor Tangi r pays a s mal l t ri bu te to th e .

governor of Ya s in Th e re mai n ing com m un i ties have no pol it ical

.

relat ions wi th ei ther Kash m ir or British I ndia except Jalkot wh ich , ,

fro m its posi tion dom inates Thor an d th e h ead o f th e K a ga n vall ey

i n t h e North W est Front ier Provi nce
-
.

S h ip k i P a s s — A pass i n Ti bet at th e eastern extrem i ty o f t h e

H ind ust a n Ti be t road sit ua t ed i n 3 1 4 9 N an d 7 8 4 4 E Strictly
-
° ’ ’
, .
°
.

speak ing Sh ipk i i s a large Tar t ar v i llage

, fee t above th e sea , ,

i n Ti bet wh ich is reach ed from th e K an aw ar valley Bashah r S tate

, , ,

Punjab by t wo rou tes o n e leading t h rough t h e gorge by w h ich th e

, ,

Sutlej enters I ndia th e other over th e Kang w a La o r pass

,
feet -
,

i n heigh t
S h iran i C o u n t ry — A tract o n t h e western border o f Dera I smai l
.

Kh a n D is tric t North —W es t Fron tier Provi nce lyi ng between 3 1 3 0

, ,
° ’

° ° ’ ° ’
and 3 2 N an d 6 9 4 5 an d 7 0 2 0 E I t is bordered on t h e n ort h
. .

by W a z irist a n on th e w es t by Bal uch ist an and on th e sou th by th e

, ,

Ustera na A fgh a ns Th e S ulai m a n range ru nn ing fro m north t o sout h

‘
.
, ,

divides th e coun t ry i nto t wo parts Largha o r lowland and Bargh a or ’

‘
, ,
’
h igh land Th e form er had a populat ion O f
. i n 1 9 0 1 and i s ,
“

u nder th e pol i ti cal control o f th e North W est Front ier Province ; th e -

latter is u nder that o f Balu ch is ta n Th e Largha Sh i r a n i cou ntry i s .

adm i nistered by an E x t ra A ssistant Com m issioner wi t h h ea d quart ers - -

at Draz inda acting u nder th e general superv ision of th e D epu ty

,

Com m issioner o f Dera I smai l Kh a n Th e cou ntry is poor th e .

,

lowlanders being dependent on agricu l ture wh i le th e Bar Sh iran is ,

lead a pastoral l ife o n th e h igh er slopes of th e Takh t i S ulai m a n t o - -

,

wh ich th e fl ocks and h erds of b o t h section s are sen t i n su m m er .

The h igher h il ls are covered w ith forests o f th e t /zilg oz a (P io u s

g era rdian a) i n wh ich ea ch section o f th e tri be has a recogn i z ed share
, ,

and th e profits fro m th e sale o f th e fru i t form a considerabl e item i n

th ei r incom e Th e Sh iran is are A fgh ans and in ten sely dem ocrat ic
.
, ,
29 2 SH I R AN I C O U/VTR Y

th ough each sec t i on has a n om inal ch ief or 7I €Ra Tribal coh esion is .

weak Before an nexation th e Sh iranis h ad b een th e t error of the

.

front ier carrying o ff cat tle and m en and wo men wh om th ey h eld to

, ,

ransom Th ey sacked B raband wh ich was h eld by a sm al l Sikh

.
,

garrison and by 1 8 4 8 h ad lai d waste t he border for m iles I n 1 8 5 3

, .

a B ri tish exped iti on sen t agai nst th e t ri be secu red th eir sub m i ssion ,

b u t i n 1 8 9 0 a force had to be sent t o coerc e t he K h iddarz ai clan .

I n 1 89 9 an agree men t was concluded wi th t h e tri be wh ereby t hey ,

agreed to pay R s as reven ue and th e B ri t i sh u ndertook th e

.
,

i nternal ad m i n istrat ion o f th e cou ntry Th is was carried o n success .

fully un ti l 1 9 0 2 w hen t h e E x t ra Assistant Co m m iss ioner was m u rdered

,
-

by a j a madar i n t he Sh i ra n i le vies Th e m u rderer was j o ined by

'

th irty o r forty m alcontents m os t ly fro m th e K h iddarz ai sect ion o f th e ,

,

O b a Khel an d fo r som e m onth s evaded a m il itary force i n th e h igher

,

ranges o f t he Tak h t i— Su laim a n H e finally m ade good h i s escape to

-
.

A fg h anist an w ith h is gang whence t h ey com e raidi ng fro m t i m e to ,

t 1m e .

S h irh a tti — H eadq uar t ers o f t h e s ubd i vis ion o f th e sam e nam e
i n t he S a ngl i S t a t e B ombay s i t ua t ed i n 1 5 1 4 N an d 7 5 3 9 E
°
, ,
’
.
° ’
.
,

12 m iles sou th eas t o f Gadag o n t he Sou thern Mah ratta R ailway

-
.

Pop ula t ion T h e t o wn i s adm i n istered as a m u nicipal ity

with an inco m e of R s and con t ains a d ispensary Th e t hree
. .

most i mpor t an t places o f in t eres t are t h e for t Avlin gv a s ma t/z and ,

’
,

F ak irsw ami s mat/z Th e fort according to one accou n t was bu i l t by

’
.
, ,

K h angavn da D esai and accord ing to anoth er by A nk ush k h an o f ,

Laksh m esh war A t Sh irhat t i a fair i n honou r o f Fak irsw ami is h eld
. .

i n A pril May a t te nded by abou t

-
,
p eople .

S h iro l — H ead quarters Of t h e su bd ivision of t he sam e nam e i n

.
-

’
th e Kol h a pu r S t ate Bo mbay S it ua t ed i n 1 6 4 4 N and 7 4 3 8 E
, ,
°
.
° ’
.
,

about 4 m iles north of th e m eeting Of th e P an ch gan ga and K is t na ,

and abou t 6 m i les fro m Sh iro l R oad s t at ion o n th e Kol h a pu r State

R ail way Pop ulation
. Sh irol is ad m i n istered as a
m u nicipal ity w ith an i nco m e Of R S
,
I t con tai ns two large .

t e mples two m osqu es and a t ower Sh irol is som e t i mes called

‘
.
, ,

G h u mat Sh i rol or Sh irol w i t h t he — dom e becau se i t used to con tain ’

- -
,

th e large dom ed to mb of a B ij a pu r O fficer nam ed N ur K h a n wh ich ,

Parasu r a m Bhau Patvardh an i s said to have destroyed i n 1 7 7 9 Th e .

town is guarded by a ditch and a wal l and is strength ened by an in ner

ci tadel D uring th e wars between Kolh a pu r and t he P atvardh ans in
.

th e la t ter part of t h e eighteenth cen tury Shi rol changed hand s several
t i m es I n 1 7 80 i t was final ly taken by Si vaj i I I I and has si nce
.
,

remai ned u nder K olh a pu r A t a su bu rb k now n as N arso ba Va d i a .

large fai r attended by ,

people i s h el d twi ce a year i n h onour ,

of D attatray a .
294 S/f / VA R AJ I UR ’

were irrigated Th e Cawnpore bran ch o f th e Lower Ganges Canal

.

su ppl ies m ore t han t wo th i rds of th e i rrigated are a -

.

S h iv b ara — Pe t ty Sta t e i n K AT H rAw AR Bom bay

.
,
.

S h iv g a n g a — V al ley i n th e Sal t R ange J hel u m District Pu njab

. , , ,

’ ’ °
si tu ated i n 3 2 4 3 N an d 7 2 5 3 E 3 m iles north east of M alot I n
°
. .
,
-
.

i t stands a s mall te m ple i n th e later Kash m ir style ; an d near W arala ,

a ham le t o n th e adj acen t spu r a B ud dh i s t scul p t u re was foun d by the ,

v illagers som e years ago and se t u p by H i ndu s i n a s m al l t em ple a t

Sh ivganga . Hav ing recen tly been broke n and th u s ren dered useless
for pu rposes of worsh ip th e H i ndu s allowed its fragm ents t o be sen t to
,

th e Lah ore M useu m wh ere it was res t ored Th e rel ief originally con
, .

tain e d eigh teen or ni ne t een figu res th e cen tral one a B odh i sat t va , , ,

carved i n a som ewha t la t e stage o f Gandh a ra ar t .

S h iv n e r — H i ll for t o f the town o f J u nnar i n th e J u nnar tala k a of

.
,

Poo na D is trict B o mbay si t uated i n 1 9 1 2 N and 7 3 5 2 E no t far

, ,
° ’
.
° ’
.
,

fro m H arisch andragarh and abou t 5 6 m iles north o f Poona ci ty Th e

,
.

b ill o f Sh ivn er rise s over fee t an d stretches abou t a mi le across ,

t h e plain I t is triangu lar in shap e narrowing fro m a south ern base o f

.
,

abou t 8 00 yards t o a poi n t o f rock i n the north Near th e sou th th e . ,

lower slopes o f i ts eas t ern face are crossed by a bel t o f rock 4 0 o r

5 0 feet high . T he sou th west o f th e h il l i s b roken and abou t h alf way
-
,
-

u p is s t rengt hened by ou t works and bastioned walls D uring th e fi rs t .

and secon d and probably t he th i rd cen t uries after Chri st th e h il l ,

see m s to have bee n a great B u ddh ist cen t re A bou t 5 0 cell s and -
.

chapels re main Th ey are fou nd o n three S ides o f th e h ill bu t m ost

.
,

of the m are cu t in i ts eastern face S h ivner was gran ted in 1 5 9 9 to.

Sivaj i s grand fath er M alo j i Bh o n sla ; and h ere i n 1 6 2 7 S ivaj i was born
’
.
,

I t was Often take n and re t aken ; and once in 1 6 7 0 th e forces of Sivaj i , ,

h i msel f were beaten back by i ts M ughal garri son B es ides its five .

gates and soli d forti ficat ions i t is celebrated for i t s deep springs They
,
.

rise in p illared tanks o f great depth s upposed to b e coeval w it h t he ,

series of B u ddh i st caves wh ich p ierce th e lower portion o f t h e scarp .

Th e for t co m man ds th e road leading to t h e N an agh at an d M alse j gh at ,

formerly th e ch ief l ine of co m m u n icati on bet ween th is par t o f th e

Deccan and th e coast .

( For furth er i n format ion respecti ng Sh ivner fort and caves see th e ,

G a z etteer of t/ze B ombay P reside ncy vol xvii i part i i i pp 1 5 3 6 3 ,

.
, ,
.
-
,

1 8 4 —2 0 1 Bo m bay
( ,

S h iy ali T alu k — North eastern talz/ R of Tanj ore D is t rict Madras

.
-
,
° ’ ' ° ’ ° °
lyi ng between 1 1 8 and 1 1 2 5 N and 7 9 3 9 and 7 9 5 2 E wi th . .
,

an area o f 1 7 1 square m iles I ts boundaries are the C o le ro o n the .

,

sea and t h e M a yavaram talaté I t con tai ns one town SH rv ALl (po pu
, .
,

lat ion ,
th e h ead quarters and 9 6 vi llages Th e popu lation fell
-
.

fro m i n 1 8 9 1 to i n 1 9 0 1 and i ncl udes un u sual ly few ,

 ‘

SH OLA P U/r D I S TR I C T 29 5

M u ham madans or Ch ris t ians The demand for land revenue an d

cesses in 1 9 0 3 —
.

4 a mou nted to R s Being si t uated i n th e

‘
.

’
del ta o f the Cau very rive r Sh iy al i con tai ns m uch more wet land than
‘ dry
,

bu t th is is generally not of th e bes t k i nd because th e i rr igat ion ,

channel s have deposi ted m ost o f thei r fertil i z ing si l t before th ey reach
land wh ich e xtend s so far towards th e sea Th e C o le ro o n channel s .

fro m the Lower A n icu t give a be t ter depos it and som e of t hese ru n ,

t h rough th e ref /11k I ts posi t ion on t h e coast resu lts i n i ts rece iving
.

th e large rain fal l o f 5 4 i nches and agricu l turally i t is prosperous ,

on th e whole t h ough nearly 2 0 per cen t o f th e cu l tivable area i s

, .

u noccupied .

S h iy at li T o w n
'

— H ead quarters o f the trill/ k of th e sam e -

° ’ ° '
nam e i n Tanj ore D istr ic t Madras sit uate d i n 1 1 1 4 N and 7 9 4 4 E
, ,
. .
,

w i th a station on th e mai n li ne o f the Sou th I nd ian R ailway P o p ula .

tion I t was th e birth place o f th e famou s Tam i l poe t

and sain t T irug nana Samb andh a wh o li ved i n th e fi rs t hal f o f t h e
, ,

sevent h centu ry I n th e S iva t e m ple th ere i s a sh rine dedicated to

.

th is sain t w ith a Chola i nscri pt ion rec ording a gi ft Th ere are two
,
.

h igh schools o ne main tai ned by t h e Leip z ig E v angel ical Lu th eran

,

M iss ion and the ot her by a na t ive gentleman Sh iy a l i i s noted for

“
.

mats m ade of a k ind o f Cy p em s Cotton cloth s are also woven o f an .

i n ferior k ind .

S h o lap u r A g e n c y — A Pol it ical Charge cons ist in g of a si ngle S ta te

.
,

lying sou th eas t of Sh ol a pu r D istrict B ombay See AK A L K O T

-
,
. .

S h o lap u r D is t rict —D istrict i n t he Cen tral D ivision o f t he

.

° ’ ° ’ ° '
Bo mbay Presidency lying between 1 7 8 and 1 8 3 3 N and 7 4 3 7
,
.

E xcep t the B a rs i
° ’
and 7 6 2 6 E wi th an area o f .
,
square m iles .

ld/zz k a wh ich i s su rrou nded by t h e N i z a m s territory S hol apu r i s ’

, ,

bounded o n the north by A h madnagar D istrict ; on th e east by the

N i zam s D om in ions and th e State of A kalkot ; on th e south by B ij a
’

pu r D istri ct and t h e S ta tes o f J ath and M ir aj ; an d on th e wes t by

A u ndh State S at a ra D ist rict P h al tan S tate and Poona and A h madnagar
, , ,

Dist ricts O n th e west i n so me places M i r aj vi llages are i ncluded

.
, ,

and i solated Shol a pur villages l ie beyond th e District l i m i ts .

E xcept north of B a rs i w est o f M ad ha and sou th wes t of M a lsi ras

, ,
-

and of K arm a la w h ere there is a good deal o f h il ly ground th e D is t ric t

, ,

i s generally flat or u ndulating M ost o f the su rface .

rolls in long low u plands separated by h ollows wi th ,

an occasional level Th e sh allow soi l of the u pland s

.

i s su ited for past ure and th e dee p soi l of th e lowlands u nder care
,

fu l t illage yields the richest crops Th e u plands are gen tly rounded .

s well ings o f trap overgrown w ith yellow stu nted spear g rass
,
T he -
.

D ist ri ct i s som ew ha t bare o f vegeta ti on and presents i n many parts ,

a bl eak treeless appe arance Th e ch i ef river s are th e B H I M A and its

, .
 96 D I S TR I C T

tribu taries the M a n th e N ira and th e S ina al l fl owi ng towards t h e

, , ,

sou th east w ith th e ex cep tion o f th e M a n wh ich ru ns north east for

-
, ,
-

5 0 m i les with in th e l i m i ts of the D is t ric t B esides t h ese t here are .

,

several m i nor streams Of th e pri nci pal reservoirs E k rfi k and Siddh

.
,

e sw ar are near Shol a pu r ci ty one i s at A sh ti o n e i s a t K oregaon , ,

and o n e at Pandharpu r and th ere are also wa t er S upply works at B a rs i,

-

and K arm a la Th e E k ruk lake is on e o f t h e largest arti ficial p ieces o f

.

water i n th e Presidency .

As i n m ost o f th e D eccan the geological formation is trap covered , ,

i n m ost places w it h a s hallow layer of very l igh t soil and i n parts ,

wi th a good dep t h of ri ch loa m su i t ed for cot t on .

T h e fl ora o f Sh ol a p ur is of th e p u rely D eccan type B a bi ] mango .

, ,

a im and p zp a l are the o nl y ti m ber t rees fou n d A m ong fl owering

'

, .

plan ts the mos t com mon are Cleome C app a rzs Cassia
'

, , ,
' ' '

Vzcoa E c/zz n op s C elosz a and several species of A cacia

, , ,
.

Th e D istrict is t oo well tilled t o leave m uch cover for wil d beasts .

The jackal grey fo x antelop e an d b are are h owever co m mon T he

, , , , ,
.

k a la m vz rg o) black and grey

'

co m m onest gam e bi rds are -

,

partridges qua il and sn ipe B us tard are scarce Th e mara / is noted

, ,
. .

am ong river fi sh .

Th e climate e x c e p t fro m March to May is heal th y an d agreeable I n

y , .

th e h ot season March t o J u ne t h e m ean tem perat ure i s

, very h ot ,

and oppressive i n th e day -t i m e b u t cool a t n igh t ; i t falls t o 5 2 i n ,

°

Nove m ber and rises t o 1 0 8 i n M ay : ann u al m ean

°
D u ring th e
col d s eason fro m Novem ber t o Feb ruary th e weather w ith kee n easterly
, ,

and north easterly w i n ds is clear and b rac ing Th e rainy season is

-
.

pleasan t ; th e sky is m ore o r less overcast and the rai n falls in heavy ,

sh owers al ternating wi th i n t ervals o f su nsh i ne Th e annual rai nfall

, .

averages 2 6 i nch es being o n th e w hole scan ty an d u ncertain B a rs i

, .
,

owing to th e p roxi m i ty of th e B a l agh at h ills is co mparatively wel l o ff ,

wi th an average fal l o f 2 8 i nch es wh i le M adh a an d Karm ala receive 2 6 ,

an d 2 3 inch es respectively bu t so u neven ly distrib u t ed tha t onl y one ,

ou t o f every four seasons can be adj udged real ly sat isfactory M alsiras .

h as the lowes t average nam el y 2 2 i nch es ,

.

Sh ol a pur i s o ne o f th e D istric t s w h ich for m ed the early ho m e o f the

Mar a th a s and is sti l l a grea t cen tre o f th e M ar a th a p op ulation I n the
,
.

early centu ries o f t h e Ch ristian era (90 B C - A D 2 3 0 ) . . . .

H istory
i t pro bably form ed part of the terri tories o f the S at a
.

v a hana o r A ndh ra dynasty whose capital was Paithan o n th e God a vari , ,

abou t 1 5 0 m iles nor t h -west of Sh ol ap ur ci ty D uri ng th e n i ne h u ndred .

years previou s to th e o v e rth ro w o f th e D e o g iri Y a davas by th e M uh am

madan s i n th e beginning of th e fourteen th cen tu ry Shol apu r l ike the , ,

n eigh bou ring D istricts o f B ij a pu r A h m adnagar an d Poona was h eld , , ,

by th e early Ch a l ukyas fro m 5 5 0 to 7 5 0 by t h e R ash trak fi tas to 9 7 3 by , ,

 R
'

298 SH OLA P U D I S TR I C T

Part of th is decrease h as been m ade good by i m m igration si nce th e

fam i ne The distri bu t ion by talzck as accord ing to th e Censu s of 1 9 0 1
. _

was
“
N umb e r o f 43
$1 3
85 £
5 5 ea?
I ain / m
“
9 9 !;
5, 3
3
e
.

2 3 23 c
E
a
!
cc w § W U cu

as 8’ a21“22
.

5 2 2e
?
a i a a

772 1 1 23 88 28

5 96 2 m 23
4 5
5 74 69 92 29
6 19 89 1 34 lo

478 2 83 192 1
8 48 1 15 1 2 40 13

654 1 75 12
7 5

D i tri t t
s c o a t l 7 7 1 2* 15
9 4

Th e Ag ric u l t u ra l de p a rt me nt s re tu rns
‘
gi v e l
t h e t o ta a re a a s s q ua re mi e s l an d t h e
l
to t a n um e r o f b v ill a
ge s as 7 18 .

The ch ief town s are S H O L AP U R PA ND H AR P U R B AR S I and K A R , , ,

M AL A Th e predo m i nant language is Mar a th i wh ich is spoken by

.
,

8 2 per cent o f t h e pop ulat ion . K a narese is spoken i n th e sou t h o f .

th e D i s t rict o n t h e B ij a pur border O f th e total popu la t ion 9 1 per

-
.
,

cen t are H indus an d 8 per cent M usalman s

. .

A m ong H i ndu s B r a h man s n u m ber Th e m os t i m portan t and

,

t he oldes t se tt l ers o f t h is caste are f D e sh asth s T he V aish y a

V a n is are t h e las t rem nan t o f th e H i ndu t raders of the D istric t wh o ,

are no w mai nly Li ng ayats and are kn own as Ling ayat V a n is .

Mar a th as are the stronges t caste nu merically an d are mos t ly

agricu l turists M a l is or gardeners
. fou nd through ou t th e D is
tric t have t wo divisions K h irsagu r and R au t
,
Craftsm en i ncl ude S ali s
,
.
,

K o sh tis D e vang and oth er weavers

,
an d Cham a rs o r sh oe
makers D h an gars o r shepherds h ave th ree div isions ,
B argis H atgars and K utigars wh ich nei th er m arry n or eat together
, , ,
.

K ol is are d i v i ded i nto Mar at h a K ol is and P an b h ari Kol is .

M ah ars and M angs are t h e watch men and scavengers

of th e o ld vi llage co m m u n i ty T here are M uham madan con verts .

fro m H i nd u is m w ho describe th e m selves as Shai kh s Th e population

,
.

is su pported mai nly by agricu l tu re (6 0 per ind ustries an d com

m erce su pp orting 1 9 per cent and o ne per cen t respec t ively . . .

I n 1 90 1 na t ive Ch rist ians were en u mera t ed m os t of w ho m are

, ,

conver t s o f the A m erican M ar a th a M ission wh ich com menced work i n ,

th e D i stric t i n 1 8 6 2 There are ch u rches at Sh ol a pu r D hotre V atvat

.
, , ,

and a few o t her places T h e A m erican Protes t an t C ongregational .

M i ssi on is at work i n K arm a la and an i n t er denom i national village ,

-

m i ssi on has a branch a t Pandha rpu r .

 A GR I C UL T UR E 2 99

Th e soi l of Shol a pu r i s of th ree ki nds : black coarse grey o r reddish , , .

E xcep t i n the B a rs i {cf /ak a where black soi l is t h e rule an d coarse grey ,

is rare m os t o f t he D istric t is ei th er grey o r red The

,
.

Ag ricult ure
black soi l is ch iefl y con fined to t h e ban ks of th e rivers
.

and large streams O n garden land man u re i s al ways used an d also on

‘
.
,

dry crop lan d wh en avai labl e The u sual m ode of m an uring a fi el d

-
’
.

i s by t urn ing i nto i t a fl ock o f sh eep an d goa t s fo r wh ose services ,

t heir owner i s paid accord ing t o th e length o f th ei r stay Scarci ty o f .

man u re is th e mai n reason w hy so l i ttle land i s watered com pared wi t h ,

th e area com mand e d by th e E kr ak lake and oth er water works An -

.

indus tri ou s farm er plough s h is land several t i m es before h e sow s i t and ,

weeds i t several t im es wh ile th e crop is growi ng A n irregu lar rotat ion .

o f crops is observed and abou t a fi fth o r s ixt h par t o f th e h oldi ng is

,

often left fallow As a rule th e poorer landholders ne ith er weed nor

.
,

manu re t h ei r land They ru n a l igh t plough over i t sow t h e seed

.
,

broadcas t and leave i t to itsel f Th ey expec t to get fro m i t a t best

, .

m erely a bare food supply fo r t h e year an d wh ile t he crop i s ripen ing

-
,

t hey su pplem ent their field pro fits by the wages of labour M uch o f th e .

best land i s i n th e hands of m oney len ders who h ave ei t her bough t i t -
,

o r taken i t o n m ortgage Th e t endency see m s t o be fo r t h e pe tt y land

.

h olders to di m inish and th e land to fal l i nto t h e h ands o f m en of

,

capi tal wh o employ th e old hol ders as t h e i r tenants or labou rers It .

may be accepted that only abou t 1 0 per cent of t he agri cul t ural classes .

are free fro m debt and t ha t th e remai ni ng 90 per cent are i nvolved
, .
,

and requ ire advances from ti m e to t i m e Th e D e kk h an A gricu ltu rists .

’

R el ief A c t by pro t ecting t h eir proper t y fro m at t ach m en t an d sal e for

.

deb t has rendered th is necessi ty less u rgen t

, .

Th e D is t ric t is al m ost en t irely ry otw arz only abou t 7 per cen t being
'

—
.
,

held as z n am or j agz r land Th e ch ief stat istics o f cul t iva t ion i n 1 9 0 3 4

' '

are show n below i n s quare m iles ,

C l iv
u t at e d . I rri ate d
g .

To ta l 1 27

Th e fig ure s in t h i t bl
s a e a re b a s ed o n the l at e s t in fo rma t io n .

Th e staple food grai n o f th e D istric t i s lat e j ow cir

- square

m i les ) I n M alsiras and S angola Mj ra (5 2 1 square m i les ) i s equall y

.

i mportan t W h ea t (8 2 squ are m il es ) i s ch iefl y an i rrigated crop and

. .

VO I XXI I . U
 ‘
R UR R
'

3 00 SH OLA D I ST I C T

is of in ferior quali ty O f p ulses f ur ( 1 5 5 square m i les ) and gram

.
,

( 1 0 4 ) are i m porta nt ; mat/z and Rum/z occu py 6 4 and 3 7 square m iles

respect ively O ilseeds (2 9 2 square m iles ) are grow n i n rows am ong t he
.

j oroa r O f other crops ch illies (9 square m i les ) cotton ( 7 2 square

.
, ,

m iles ) an d sa lt h em p (4 5 squ are m i les ) are t he m os t i mportan t Th ere

,
-
.

has been a gradual tendency o f late years t o d i scard old form s of fi e ld

i m pl em ents i n favou r of m ore m odern appliances and especially is thi s
th e case wi th i ron sugar cane presses and iron plough s Th e latter were -
.

exh i bi ted i n B om bay i n 1 9 0 4 and have been ordered by several c ul t i ,

v at o rs I ron l i fts for w ells h ave also take n t h e place o f l ea t h ern bags
.

‘
i n m any places Th e openi ng o f cotton m i lls i n Sh ol a pu r city has l ed
.
-

th e people to pay m ore a t tention to seed select ion and staple ; wh i le -

t h e better k i nds o f m an u re are n ow largely em ployed for sugar can e -

cu lt ivation .

D u ring th e t en years end ing 1 9 0 4 1 8 -3 lakh s was advanced to ,

agri cul turi sts u nder th e Lan d I m prove me nt and A gricu ltu ris t s Loans ’

Ac t s .O f t h is su m 5 lakh s was advanced i n 1 8 9 6 —7 an d 9 lakh s ,

-

d uring t h e three years ending 1 9 0 1 —2 .

Th e ch ief breeds o f cattle are t he raised by D h angars ; th e

bred by Laman is an d breeds fro m M a lw a Gujar a t an d Gok a k
'
’
aesz , , , ,

i n B elgau m Th e breed is th e best an d th e aesz is th e

'
’
.
,

co m m ones t B u ffal oes are classed as g a ulzs or and aesz

'
’
'

‘
.

o r local T he fam i ne of 1 8 7 6 an d t he A fgh a n W ar of 1 8 7 9 co mbined

.
’

t o dep rive S hol apu r o f its repu tation as a pony breedi ng D istrict Th e -
.

Civi l V eterinary depar t m ent h owever main t ai ns 3 pony stall ions at , ,

Shol a p ur Sangola an d K arm a la

, Th e d ry plain s o f th e sout hern
,
.

taluk as are specially su ited fo r rearing sheep and goats Th e D h angars .

breed fl ocks o f sheep and th e poorer classes keep goat s D onkeys

'

.
,

are bred by Be ldars o r quarry m en an d pigs are reared by V addars or ,

earth workers -
.

The ch ief i rr igation works in S hol a pu r D istrict are t h e Koregaon ,

A sh t i E kr ak and M h asv a d lakes

, , Th e firs t named i s a pre B ritish .
-

work i mproved and th e th ree last are new works Large proj ects
, .

have been undertaken at Patri B udh ih al B h am b u rda W adsh ivn e , , , ,

H otgi and M angi Th e total area u nder i rrigat ion from variou s
sou rces i n 1 9 0 3 —
.
,

4 was 1 2 7 square m iles Govern ment works suppl ied .

1 2 square m iles p rivate canal s o n e square m i le wells 1 1 1 square

, ,

m iles tanks o n e square m ile an d oth er sou rces 2 square m iles

K oregaon lake 1 3 m
.
, ,

iles north east o f B a rsi i s form ed by throwi ng

,
-
,

t wo eart hen dams across tw o separate valleys The lak e has n ow .

a capaci t y o f cu bic feet an d suppl ies 2 8 2 acres o f land ,

t h e esti mated irrigable area being nearly 2 square m i les The A sht i .

l ake lies i n t h e M a dha {cf/ak a 1 2 m iles n ort h east o f Pandharpu r ,

-
.

T h e lake wh en ful l h olds cu bi c fee t o f water I t i s .

 -

30 2 SH OL/ I P U/f D I S TR I C T

hands and t urn ou t

,
pou nds o f yarn and
pou nds of cloth Th e m ill o f t h e Sh ol a pu r Spin ning an d W eaving
.

Com pany began work ing a t Sh ol a pur ci ty i n 1 8 7 7 wi th a nom i nal

c ap ital of 8 lakh s I n addit ion t o t h e co tt on m ills there are 2 ginning
.
-
,

factori es em ploying abou t 1 7 4 opera t i ves O il-presses o f th e nat ive

,
.

type are worked by Tel is in m any places and sal t petre i s man u fac t ured ,

to some exten t by M ah ars and M a ngs .

Si nce t h e openi ng o f t h e rail way t rade h as greatly increased Nex t ,

.

to co t ton a large proport ion o f wh ich comes from oth er D istricts t h e

, ,
‘
ch ief exports are o il oilseeds g fi z t u rm eric an d cot t on clo t h Th e
, , , , .

i m por t s are sal t piece goods yarn gu nny bags an d i ron ware Trade
,
-
, ,
-
,
-
.

i s carried o n a t th e t own s an d i n marke t s fairs vi llage sh ops an d , , ,

also by t ravel ling carriers Th e larges t centres o f i n ternal t rade are

.

Shol a pu r ci ty B a rsi and Pandharpu r ; and nex t t o t h ese V ai ra g

, , ,

M adha M oh ol K arm a la A k liij N at epu t a and S a ngola T h e t raders

’

, , , , , .

are ch iefly Ling a yats Bh atias H i ndu V an is an d M a rw a ris

, , ,
.

Th e sou th east l i ne o f t he G rea t I nd ian Peni nsu la R ail way wh ich

-
,

conn ec t s wi th t h e Madras R ailway a t R aich ar passes through th e ,

D is t rict wi th a l ength o f 1 1 5 m iles From H otgi near Shol apu r ci ty .

,

t h e eas t ern branch of t h e Sou thern Mahrat t a R ai lway ru ns sou t h

t owards B ij a pu r fo r a d is t an ce o f abou t 8 m iles w ith in t h e D istrict
,
-
.

A t B a rs i R oad a p ioneer enterpri se i n ligh t railways connec t s B a rsi

t own wi t h th e Great I nd ian Pen i nsula R ai lway Th i s l i ne wh ich i s .
,

o n a 2 foot 6 i nch gauge was opened i n 1 8 9 7 E x t ensions o f th e

, .

B a rsi Ligh t R ailway to T a dwalla 2 7 m iles fro m B a rsi t own an d , ,

to Pandharp u r were opened i n 1 9 0 6 Th ere are ( 1 90 4 ) 5 6 7 m i les

, .

o f roads in t h e D is t ric t of wh ich 1 4 0 m iles are m e t alled

, O f t h ese .

t h e P oona Hyder a b a d t ru nk road i s th e m ost i m por t an t t raversing

-
,

t h e D is t ric t i n a sou th easterly direc t ion for 7 8 m iles E xcep t 3 4 1 m iles

-
.

o f u n m etalled roads i n charge of th e local au thoriti es all t h ese roads ,

are m ain t ai ned by th e Pu bl ic W orks departm en t Th e B a rs i Ligh t .

R ai lway Com pany m ai n t ain s an d repairs 2 1 m iles o f m e t al led road .

T h e earl iest recorded fam ine i s th e grea t D urg a dev i fam ine wh ich -
,

began about 1 3 9 6 and is said t o h ave las t ed nearly t welve years .

Nex t cam e th e fam i ne of 1 4 6 0 A bou t 1 5 2 0 a grea t

F amin e .

fam ine i s said to h ave been cau sed by m il itary h ordes

.

destroying and pl u nde ring th e crops T h e fam i ne o f 1 7 9 1 was very .

severe esp ecially i n t h e Carnatic wh ere th e crops en t i rely failed I n

, , .

th e D eccan th e y ield was o n e fourth t o o n e h alf t h e u sual o u t turn ; - - -

and as t housands flocked from th e Carna t ic t o t h e D eccan for food ,

th e d istress becam e very severe D u ring th i s fam i n e grai n sol d at .

3 seers a ru pee I n 1 80 2 th e plu nder an d destruc t i on o f crops by

.

H o lk ar an d the Pi nd a ris cau sed a serious scarcity wh ich th e fail ure ,

o f th e rai ns i n O c t ober an d Novem ber 1 8 0 3 t urned in to a fam ine of , ,

 A D M I N I S TR A TI ON 303

terri ble severity I n 1 8 1 8 owing par t ly t o t he ravages of t he Pesh w a s

.
,
’

arm ies and partly to t h e failu re of crops t h e D istric t agai n su ffered

, ,

fro m fa m ine , accompan ied by cholera wh ich des t royed th ou sands .

O t her fam i nes or scarci ties occu rred i n 1 8 2 4 1 8 3 2 —

,

3 1 84 5 1 85 4 , , , ,

1 86 2 1 8 7 6—7 1 8 9 6 —7 and 1 8 99
—1 00 owi ng t o scanty rai nfall
9 .

I n t he fam i ne o f 1 8 7 6 —
, , , ,

7 the D is t ric t su ffered very severely A t .

th e heigh t o f dis t ress th e larges t nu m ber o n works was in

January 1 8 7 7 A considerable nu m ber o f peopl e le ft th e D istric t
, .

and wen t to Ber a r and th e N i z a m s D o m in ions and m any cattle di e d ’

,
.

D u ring t h e col d season of 1 8 7 9 from January to M arch swarm s o f , ,

rats an d m ice appeared an d abou t seven eigh th s o f t he crops were -

wh olly destroyed Th e scanty rainfal l o f 1 8 9 6 cau sed a fai lu re of the

.

crops throughou t the w hol e o f the D istric t th us necessi t at ing rel ief ,

m easu res T h e larges t nu m ber o n works was

. i n Apri l Th e .

max i m u m nu m ber o n gra t u i tou s rel ie f was in Septem ber .

The dis t ress conti nu ed t ill the end of Nove m ber Th e las t scarci ty
. .
,

wh ich extended over tw o consecu t ive years was i n 1 8 9 9—1 9 0 1 In ,

.

October 1 8 99 re lief works were opened wh ich con t inu ed t i ll O c t ober

, , ,

1 90 2. Th e maxi m u m o n relief was reached in A p ri l 1 9 0 0 wh e n , ,

nearly persons were on works and i n recei pt o f

gra t uitous rel ief B y August 1 9 0 0 th e n u m ber o n gratu i tou s rel ief
.
, ,

had reached Th e excess o f m ortali ty over t h e norm al i n

18 —
99 1 9 0 0 was an d i t is cal cu la t ed t ha t cat t le died .

I ncludi ng advances to agricu ltu ris t s and weavers and rem issions o f ,

land revenu e t h e fam i ne in t h is D istrict al one cos t t he s t ate 8 4 lakh s

,
.

More th an 1 0 5 lak hs was advanced u nder th e Land I m provem en t and

Agricu ltu rists Loans A cts
’
.

The D istrict consists of seven {Ii/I deas i n t wo su bdivisions u nder ,

an Assistant Collec t or an d a D epu t y Collector T h e -

Admin is t ratio n
.

lalc as are S H O L AP UR M AD H A K AR M AL A B AR S I
.

, , , ,

PA N DH A R P U R S ANG O L A and M ALS I R A S Th e Collec t or is Pol i t ical

, , .

Agent o f th e State of A kalkot .

Th e D is t rict and Sessions J udge a t Sh ol a pu r is assisted for civ i l

business by s i x Su bordinate J u dges Th ere are twen ty e igh t o ffi cers .
-

to ad m inister cri m i nal j us t ice i n th e D istrict T h e prox i m i ty o f th e .

N iz am s Do m i nions faci litates dacoi ties by s m all bands o f bad charac t ers
’
,

who t ake refuge across th e frontier Th e co m m ones t form s of cri m e .

are theft an d h u rt .

Shol a pu r i s m ainl y ry otw arz Th e revenu e h i story of th e D istrict

'

difl e rs l ittl e from that of Ah madnagar an d Poona o f wh ich m any o f

'

th e villages once for med a par t Li ke those D istricts Sh ol apu r after .

, ,

a f e w years o f rapid advance after Brit ish annexation su ffered from ,

1 82
5 onwards fro m low pr ices and large rem iss ions had i n consequenc e
,

to be granted I n 1 8 3 0 the o ld rates were replaced by M r Pringl e s

. .
’
5 04 SH O L/ f P UR D I STR I C T

s e t tlem e nt ; bu t th e new rates again proved excessi v e mai nly owi ng t o ,

t h e bad seasons wh ich foll owed th ei r i n trod uction and i n consequence ,

tem porary ra t es were gran ted between 1 8 3 6 and 1 8 3 9 o n m ore favou r

able ter ms 111 1 8 4 0 a regular reven ue s urvey settle m en t was com menced
.
-

by Cap t ai n W i nga t e and was gradually introduced i nto th e wh ol e o f th e

,

D is tric t Th e revision su rvey o f th e M adh a tall/ Ra led to revised rates

.

bei ng i n t rod uced i n that talc/ Ra i n 1 86 9 —7 0 and ex tended to th e w hole

of th e D istrict by 1 8 7 4 I n Oc t ober 1 8 7 4 i n conse q u ence o f th e
.
, ,

marked fall in produce prices d u ri ng th e th re e previous years Govern ,

men t decided t hat i t was advisable to l i m it and i n som e cases t o ,

reduce the am oun t of th e enhance m en t s made a t t he revised survey

,

s ettlem ent Th e red uc t ions m ade were from 7 4 to 3 8 per cent i n

. .

M a dha fro m 7 7 t o 4 4 per cent i n Sh ol a pu r fro m 7 6 t o 4 6 per cen t

,
.
, .

i n Pandharp ur an d from 6 2 t o 4 2 per cen t i n B a rsi T he revision

,
. .

su rvey o f 1 8 7 4 —9 4 foun d an increase i n t h e cu ltivated area o f per

cen t and t he settlem en t enh anced t h e total revenu e by 2 7 p er cen t
.
, .

i n th e th ree taluk as fo r wh ich details are available Th e average ra t es

‘
.

’
per acre fi xed by th is survey are : dry lan d 8 an nas ; garden land , ,

annas and rice land R 1—6

1
5 s ,
. .

Col lec t ions on accou n t o f land revenu e and revenu e from all sou rces
have been in th ou san ds of ru pees
,

Th ere are five m un icipal i ties — SH O LRP UR B AR S ] K A R M AL A SAN , , ,

C O L A and PA ND H A R P U R — w ith a total i nco me averaging 2 8 lakh s

'

, .

\ m ong special sou rces o f m u nicipal i ncom e are a pilgri m tax at Pan
dh arp ur and a water rate at S h ol a pu r Th e D istri ct board and seven .

lei/a k a boards h ad an in co me o f 1 - lak hs i n 1 9 0 3 — 4 t he pri ncipal

5 ,

sou rce being th e lan d cess Th e expen di tu re am ounted to 1 -2 lakhs

.
,

i n c l uding R s . devoted to t h e m ain tenance and construct ion

o f roads and bu ildi ngs .

Th e D istrict Su peri ntendent o f pol ice is ai ded by t wo A ssistants and

o n e i nspector Th ere are 1 2 pol ice s t ati ons i n t h e D istrict T he total
. .

s t rength of th e pol ice force i s 5 7 9 : namel y 9 ch i ef constables 1 0 9 , ,

h ead constables and 4 6 1 constables Th e m ou nted pol ice nu m ber

,
.

7, u nder one a’afi a a ar Th ere are 8 sub sid iary jai l s i n t h e D i strict
’
.
,

wi th accom m odat ion for 1 9 7 prisoners Th e daily average nu m ber .

of prisoners i n 1 9 0 4 was 7 0 o f wh o m 5 were fem ales ,

.

Shol apu r stands fifteen t h as regards l iteracy am ong the t wen t y -four
District s of the l re s idc n c y I n 1 9 0 1 o nlv 4 -7 per c ent o f the p o p ula
’
. .
 R
'

306 SH OLA P U CI T Y

dynasty O n t h e d issol u tion of that k ingdom i n 1 48 9 Sh ol a ,

p ur w as h eld by Z ai n Kh a n bu t du ring th e m inority of h is son i t was

i n 1 5 1 1 besi eged and taken by Kam a l K h an wh o annexed i t wi th th e ,

s urrou nding d is t ricts to th e Bij apu r kingdo m I n 1 5 2 3 Shol a pu r for med .

part of th e dowry o f I s mai l Adi l Sh ah s s is t er given in marriage t o ’

,

th e k ing o f A h madnagar B u t not bei ng handed over t o A h mad nagar

.
,

i t was for for t y years a sou rce o f constan t quarrels between th e two
dynas t ies u n t i l i t was gi ven back t o B ij a pu r as th e dowry o f th e
,

A h madnagar princess Ch a nd B ib i I n 1 6 6 8 i n accordance ,

w ith th e term s o f th e t reaty o f Agra Shol apur for t passed to t h e ,

M ughals fro m wh ose possession i t fe ll to th e N i z a m i n 1 7 2 3 at th e

, ,

ti me wh en R a mchan dra Pan t t he M ar a th a th rew o ff h is allegiance , ,

to M u ham mad Shah th e em peror I n 1 7 9 5 i t was ceded by the .

N i z a m t o th e M arat h a s after th e ba tt le of K harda At the close o f

,
.

th e war with t he Peshw a i n 1 8 1 8 i t was s t ormed by General M u nro ,

.

Si nce t h en t h e city h as been steadily i ncreas ing i n i mportance I ts .

conven ien t s it uation between Poona and Hyder a b ad has made i t ,

especially s ince th e open ing o f the rai lway i n 1 8 5 9 th e centre for ,

th e collect ion and dis t ribu tion o f goods over a large ex t en t o f cou n
try The c h ief i ndu s t ry o f Sh ol a p u r is th e m anu fact ure of silk and
.

c otton cl oth m ore t han ,

persons being engaged as h and loo m -

weavers sp i n ners and dyers

,
Sh ol apu r has o n e sp i nn i ng and weaving
,
.

m ill and tw o spi nning m il ls The first m i ll belonging to th e Shol a pu r

-
.
,

Sp in ni ng and W eaving Co mpany was Opened i n 1 8 7 7 w i th a cap ital , ,

o f 8 lakhs The three m ills have 5 2 8 looms an d

. spindles ,

g iving e mploym en t to m ore than persons Th e total capi tal .

i nvested is 3 0 lakh s .

S hol a p ur is s i t u ated i n th e cen t re of a large plain feet above

sea level on t he wa t ersh ed of th e A d ila a feeder o f th e S ina To th e
-
, , .

sou t h wes t close to t he ci ty wal l l ies th e fort and far t her on are th e
-
, , ,

o ffi c e rs b u ngalows of t he o ld cavalry l ines n o w mos t ly occup ied by

’
,

railway servan t s an d t h e railway sta t ion To t he south i s th e Siddh .

e sw ar lake w i t h a t em ple i n t he cen t re

, O n t h e sou t h east bank of the .
-

lake i s the m u n icipal garden ; and abou t yards m ore t o the

sou t h eas t are th e Collector s o ffice an d bu ngalo w A bou t 1 0 0 t o 5 0 0
-
’
.

yards sou th -west of t h e Collector s o ffice s t retch t h e o ffi ce rs bu ngalows’ ’

o f t he o ld can t on m en t t o t h e wes t o f th e o ffi ce rs bu ngalows are the ’

P rotes t an t ch urch an d th e pos t o ffice The ch ief pu bl ic bu ild ing is .

t h e R ipon Hal l T he old m i li tary canton men t of Shol apur has been
.

transferred t o t h e civi l au thori ties and i s i ncl uded wi th in m u ni cipal ,

l i m i ts N o t roops are n ow stationed here

Sh ol a pu r was for merly encl osed by a wall 2 —
. .

3 m i les i n c ircu i t A bou t .

1 8 7 2 to g ive roo m to th e growi ng t own t h e m u n icipal ity p ul led down

, ,

the w hole o f t he east wall and par t s o n t h e sou t h wes t and nor t h Th e -
.
 SH OLTN G H UR 30 7

walls wh ere still s tandi ng are 8 to 1 0 fee t h ig h 4 t o 6 feet wide a t th e

, , ,

base and 3 t o 4 feet w ide a t th e top

,
.

Th e fort i s an i rregular oblong abou t 2 3 0 yards by 1 7 6 enclosed by ,

a dou ble l i ne o f lofty bat tle men ted and towered walls of rough stone
1 0 to 2 0 yards apart an d surrou nded e xcept o n th e eas t or Siddh e sw ar
, ,

lake side by a w e t m oat 1 0 0 t o 1 5 0 fee t broad and 1 5 to 3 0 deep Th e

,
.

w hole work is M uham madan the ou t er wal l dating fro m th e fou rteenth ,

century and t he i nner w all and fou r great square t owers from th e
,

six t een t h and seventeenth cen t u ri es Th e ou ter wall wi th ba tt le .

,

me n te d curtai ns and fou r corner an d t wenty th ree s ide towers pierced -

for m uske t ry an d w ith open i ngs an d vaul ted chambers for cannon rises
, ,

2 0 to
3 0 feet from th e edge o f th e m oat A bou t 2 0 yards beh i nd th e .
,

i nner wall also towered and battle mented rises 5 to 1 0 fee t above
, ,

th e ou ter wall I t h as abou t t wenty fi v e towers excl usi ve o f th e fou r

.
-
,

square towers .

Th e houses i n th e city are m os tly bu i l t of m u d bu t someti m es o f ,

s tone a nd bu rn t bricks an d are covered wi th flat roofs O n accou nt o f

,
.

the absence o f any h igh grou n d i n t h e neigh bourhood Shol a pu r i s on ,

al l s ides exposed to th e w i nds Th e cl i m a t e excep t du ri ng t he mon th s .

,

o f M arch A pril an d May is agreeable and h ealthy

, ,
T he m u n icipal ity
, .
,

establ ished i n 1 8 5 3 had an average i ncom e du ring t h e decade en d

,

i ng 1 9 0 1 o f 1 — 0 —
g lakhs I n 1 9 3 4 t he i ncom e was 2 % lakh s i ncl ud ing
.
,

loans from Govern men t (R s an d oc t roi du es ( R s . .

W ater works cons t ructed by t h e m u nicipal ity be tween 1 8 7 9 and 1 8 8 1

-
, ,

give a daily su pply of abou t 1 3 gal lons a h ead The water is drawn .

from th e Ek rti k lower level canal th rough a l ine o f 1 0 i nc h pipes i n t o -

a se tt ling t ank and t hence pu m p ed by steam power Sh ol apu r h as

,
-
.

3 9 schools attended by , boys and 6 3 8 girls i ncl u ding a G overn ,

ment h igh school w i th 1 6 5 pu p ils fou r m iddle schools o ne norm al , ,

school an in dustrial and a co m m ercial school T here is also a

, .

k indergarten class supported by the A m erican M ission B esides .

th e ch ief revenu e and j u d icial o ffices th ere are t wo S ubordi nate

J udges cou rts t wo h osp i tals o f wh ich one i s fo r fem ales an d fou r
’
, , ,

dispensaries Shol apu r i s th e h ead quarters o f the A m erican P ro

.
-

testan t M ission wh ich has branches at 8 v illages i n t h e Shol apu r

,

S h o lin g h ur — Town i n t he W a l aj a pe t ta/nk o f North Arcot D i strict

.
,

Madras situa t ed i n 1 3 7 N an d 7 9 2 5 E Populat ion

,
° ’
.
° ’
.

Th e stat ion of th e sam e nam e o n th e Madras R ailway is 7 % m iles

from th e t own Th e nam e i s said to be a contraction o f th e words
.

Ch ola linga pu ram and to have been given to i t because one o f th e

- -
,

Chola ki ngs here fou nd a natural lz ng a m an d bu il t a sh ri ne over i t

'

called th e C h o le sw ara b r Sh o le sw ara t em ple The town is ex tensive .

,

and a brisk trade is carried o n i n i t s ba z a rs and a t i ts weekly fai r ; -

3 08 s I I o I I IVC I I UR
'
—

but th e place d eri ves i ts c h i ef i mportance fro m i ts tem pl es Besides .

that of Sh o le sw ara an oth er shrine wi th i n th e town i s ded icated to

,

Bh ak tavatsala Th is i s of fin e proportions and i s th ough t to have

.

been bu il t by o ne of t h e V ij ayanagar k i ngs Th e other ch ief t emples .

lie ou tside t he town The m ost celebrated is th a t o f N arasimh asw ami

.
,

si t uated u pon the su m m i t o f th e loftiest h i ll in th e neighbourhood .

From i t a m agn i ficen t vie w may be obtai ned o f t h e cou ntry rou nd ,

wi th i ts reservoirs an d fertile cu l tivat ion Upon a lower h il l t o th e .

east i s a t em ple to Anj an e y asw ami w h ich th ough n o t so pre t en tiou s ,

as i ts neigh bou r arch itec t urally enj oys an equally w ide rep u tation ,
.

W omen su fferi ng from dem en t ia o r hysteria (who are su pp osed to be

possessed by evi l S piri t s ) are brough t t o i t to be cu red A nother fi ne .

sh ri ne l ies below the N arasimh asw ami b ill I t is now i n ru in s ha v i ng .

,

been struck i t would appear by l igh t ni ng and i t s finely carved col u m n s

, , ,
‘
l ie abou t i n confu sion Th ere are very many sacred pool s or tz rtna ms
.

rou nd Sh oli ngh u r t h e ch ief bei ng th e B rahm a tint/2a m i n wh ich peopl e

, ,

bathe o n Th u rsdays I n th e neighbourh ood o f S hol ingh ur i n 1 7 8 1

.
, ,

was fough t t he ba t tle be t ween S ir E yre Coo t e and Haidar A li i n

wh ich th e latter lost heavi ly T w o large M u ham madan tom bs by th e .

si de o f t h e road o n th e sou t h o f t he t o wn m ark th e spot where th e

bod ie s o f the slai n o f th e Mysore arm y were i nterred i n t wo com m on
graves .

S h o rap u r — Ta/uk and t own o f Gul barga D i stric t H yder a b ad

.
,
-
S t ate See SIJ R AP UR
.

S h o ra rfi d —Su b f a /zsi/ o f Que tt a Pish in D is t rict Bal uch ist a n

.

.
-
See -
,
.

Q UE TT A TA H S I L .

S h o rk o t T a h s i1 — Ta /zsi/ o f J hang D is t rict Pu njab lyi ng between

.
, ,
' ’ °
of
’ ° ° ’
°
3 35
0 and 3 1 1 7 N an d 7 1 3 7 an d 7 2
3 1 . E w i th an area .
,

9 1 6 square m iles I t li es o
. n both banks of th e C hen a b T h e p o p ula .

t ion i n 1 9 0 1 was the dens ity 1 0 4 persons per square m i le ,

‘
,

being l ower than i n th e m ore fully i rrigated z a/z sz ls of th e D istric t I t

'

contai ns 1 7 6 v illages incl ud ing S H O R K O T wh i c h i s a place of som e h is

Th e land revenu e and cesses i n 1 9 0 5 —
, ,

to rical i nterest . 6 am ou nted to

lakh s Th e north wes t o f th e ta/zsi! occ up ies a corner o f t h e great
.
-

desert pla t eau of t h e Th al Th e lowlands o n either side o f the Chen a b.

are s t u dded w i th prosperous villages pi c t uresquel y si tuated among palm ,

groves Farther towards t he eas t past S horkot t own th e anci ent si te

.
, ,

o f wh ich forms a conspicuou s landmark is a remnan t of th e old Jangal ,

B a r wh ich soon gives place t o t h e h igh ly cu l tivated lands watered by

,

th e Ch en a b Canal .

S h o rk o t T o w n — H ead quar t ers o f t h e ta/zsz l of th e sam e nam e i n

'

-
.

° ' ° ’
J hang D istric t Punjab si tuated i n 3 0 4 8 N and 7 2 8 E am ong th e
, ,
. .
,

lowlands o f th e C hen a b abou t 4 m iles fro m the le ft ban k o f t h e river

, ,

and 3 6 m i les sou t h w est of Jhang t own Population .

 ‘

3 10 SH U/ A D J D TA H SIL

border Above t he Ch en a b lowlands wh ich are s u bj ec t t o periodical

.

i nu ndation from th e river is a h igh —

,

lying trac t of B a r cou ntry main ly

,

u ni rrigated T he s urface o f th e country slopes away towards th e

.

j u ncti on o f th e S u tlej and th e C hen a b i n th e south wes t corner Th e -

.

popu lation i n 1 9 0 1 was com pared wi th i n 1 89 1 I t .

con tai ns th e towns o f S H U J AB AD (popu lation t he h e ad quarters ,

-
,

and J A L ALP U R an d 1 4 8 villages The land revenue and cesses .

i n 1 9 0 3 4 a mou n ted to 3 -2 lakhs

-
.

S h uj ab ad T o w n — H ead quar t ers of the f ans?! of th e sam e nam e i n

.
-

M u l t a n D is t rict P unjab s itua t ed in 2 9 5 3 N and 7 1 1 8 E 5 m iles

,
°
,
’
.
° ’
.
,

eas t o f t h e Chen a b on t h e Nor t h W es t ern R ai l way Popu lation

,
-
.

Th e t own wh ich i s su rrou nded by a wall was fou nded i n

, ,

1 7 5 0 by Naw a b S h uj a Kh a n a k i nsm an o f A h mad Sh a h D urr a ni and

,

Siloa/zaar o f M u l t a n
’
H i s so n M u z affar Kh a n wh o governed M ul t a n
.
, ,

fro m 1 7 7 9 to 1 8 1 8 greatly advanced th e prosperi ty o f the town an d

,

bu il t th e J ah az M ahal w h ich con t ai ns som e cu rious frescoes said t o

,

represen t A rabian ci ties an d had a beau ti fu l marble floor since , ,

rem oved t o the pu bl ic l ibrary at M ult a n Th e bu i lding is now u sed .

as a la/zsz l cour t H av ing capi t u la t ed to E dwardes in 1 84 8 aft er the

'

action at K ine ri i t w as use d as a co m m issaria t d ep ot t hroughou t t he

,

siege o f M u lt a n T h e m u n ic ipali ty was crea t ed i n 1 8 6 7 The i nco me

. .

during t h e ten years ending 1 9 0 2 —3 averaged R s an d th e e x p e n .

diture R s . I n 1 9 0 3 —4 t h e i nco m e w as R s ch iefl y from .

oc t roi and t h e expen di t u re was R s Th e town has an A nglo .

vernacu lar m i ddle school mai n t ai ned by th e m u n icipal i ty and a d is , ,

p e n sary I t con t ai ns one sm all cot t on gi nning fac t o ry w ith 2 1 hands

.
-
,

bu t is o f no co m mercial i m por t ance .

S h uj alp ur (o r Sh uj aw alp ur) — H ead quar t ers of t he p arg a n a of the .

-

sam e nam e i n t he S h aj apur d is t ric t o f Gwal ior State Central I ndia , ,

situ ated i n 2 3 2 4 N an d 7 6 4 3 E o n th e Ujjai n B hop a l R ail way

° ’
.
° ’
.
,
-
.

Pop u lation Th e town was originally fou nded by a J ain

m erchan t and called after h i m R ai Karanpu r one o f th e ward s st ill
, ,

bearing t h is t itle Th e real i n t erest o f th e place h owever l ies i n i ts

.
, ,

connex ion wi th S h uj aa t Kh a n an ac t ive cham p ion of S her Sh a h w h o , ,

raised t h e place fro m a s mal l vi llage i nto a fl ourish ing t own S huj aa t .

Kh a n was l ocally k nown as Sh uj aw al K h a n and a fu rth er con t raction ,

h as given the name of the t own Though M a nd u an d Ujjai n w ere h is .

o fficial resi dences as governor o f M alw a S h uj a at al ways had a predi

-
,

lect ion fo r th is place I n 1 80 8 i t fell to t h e Pi nd ari leader K arim Kh an

.
,

as part of h i s j ag ir I t was o ne of th e places o f wh ich th e revenues

.

were assign ed t o t h e B rit ish Govern m en t by Ar t icle 5 o f t he t rea t y of

1 84 4 , b u t was restored to S i ndh ia u nder t h e treaty of 1 86 0 N ear .

S huj a lpur is t h e ceno t aph of R an oj i S indh ia th e fou nder o f th e G wal ior ,

hou se who d ied i n 1 7 4 5 B es ides t h e p a rg a n a o ffices a police statio n

, . , ,
 S H W E B O D I S TR I C T 3 I 1

a sch ool a S t a t e pos t o ffice a dispensary and an i nspec t ion bungalow

, , ,

are situated here .

S h uj a o t a Tlzak ural i n th e M ALW A A G E N CY Cen t ral I ndia

.
, .

S h w e b o D is tric t — A dry z one D is tric t o f th e Sagai ng D ivision o f

.

Upper B u rma lying be t ween 2 2 1 1 and 2 3 5 2 N and 9 4 5 0 an d

° ’ ° ’ ° ’
.
,

9 6 1 E wi t h an area o f
° '
.
,
squ are m i les I t is bou n ded on th e .

north by Kath a on the eas t by t h e R u by M i nes and Mandalay D istricts ;

o n t he sou th by Sagaing ; an d on th e w es t by th e Upper and Lower

Ch indwi n Districts Th e M u flowing down fro m t h e n or t h d ivides i t

.
, ,

i n t o al m os t equal por t ions eas t and west an d th e I rrawaddy form s ,

th e bou ndary o n t he eas t I t i s for th e m os t par t a w ide al mos t .

,

rec t angular plai n ru n ning nor t h and sou t h do tt ed ,

with th i n b ush es and scru b j u ngl e wi th a lo w ridge ,

of h ills kn own as t h e M inw un range ski r t i ng t h e

I rrawaddy i n t h e east an d w it h s mall isola t ed cl u mps of ris i ng groun d
,

i n th e nor t h and nor t h eas t and fringes of forest clad u plan d i n t h e west
-
,
-

and north west Th e le v e l is generally u ni form and som ewh a t u ni n

-
.

te re sting ; bu t th e river si de villages w i th th ei r pagodas an d m onas t eries

-
,

and th e i n t erior plain viewed from th e cres t o f th e M inw un range are

, ,

not w ith ou t a p ictu resqu eness o f th ei r own T h e m os t i mpor t ant ri vers .

are th e I RR A W A DDY an d t he M u Th e former enters th e D istric t near .

i ts north eas t ern corner an d fl ows du e sou t h t il l i t reach es K abwe t

-
, ,

abou t hal f way down th e eas t ern border

-
H ere i t bends wes t wards '
.

for a few m i les an d again turn in g run s sou t h for a furth er s t retch ti l l
, ,

i t en t ers Sagaing D is t rict I t is navigable al l t h e year rou nd by ri ver

.

steamers o f th e deepest draugh t T h e M u i s fu ll o f snags and except .

, ,

i n t he rai ns is navigable only i n its lower reach es R unn ing in a tor t u ou s

, .

channel th rough ari d cou n t ry i t dwindles away i n th e dry s e ason t o a ,

rivulet fordable everywh ere al ong i t s cou rse th ough at th e appropriate ,

season i t is freely u sed for t i m ber fl o ating T h e p ri nci pal lakes are t h e -
.

M ah anan da th e Hal i n (o r Thayaing ) th e K adu an d t he Th aman tha

, , ,
.

The first n or t h ea s t o f Sh webo t own fed by th e o ld M u canal i s t h e

,
-
, ,

largest Th e o t her th ree lying sou th of Sh webo are sh al low m eres

.
, ,

depending o n th e drai nage from t he adj acen t cou ntry bu t are rarel y ,

dry though they sel do m have m uch wa t er i n th e m

, .

The surface of th e D istri c t is to a grea t ex t ent covered by t h e , ,

all uviu m of t h e M u r iver from beneat h wh ich rise l ow u ndu lat ing ,

h ills o f sands t one o f Upper Tertiary (pl iocen e ) age To th e east th ese .

are brough t dow n by a great fau lt agai ns t crys t all in e rock s gneiss , ,

gran ite and crys t alli ne l i meston e wh ich form th e M in w u n range

, ,
.

Th e alluviu m i s largely i m pregna t ed wi th sal t Coal occu rs i n t h e .

Tertiary beds .

From a bo t anical poin t o f vi ew t h e D istri c t is very poor O nly .

th ree ki nds o f bam boos are fou nd nam ely M a i/( 7 0a (B a m/w sa ,
310 SH I V]? R O D I S TRI C T

(D enciroca /a nm s
'

f er k/us) ,
'

nzy z n rr
fa and f z nze a sin '

g raczle) The m ost i mpor t an t t rees are teak ( Tectona g ra nats) in

' '

.
,

D éfi f eroca rp n s t/ utj a (Sno rea obtusa) t/z z lsi (M elan o rrlzoea

' '

/
,

) ( (P en /acme
' '

l
’

C z z ck ra ssia
' ’

usz ta la , y z n nz a cngy z n
fl

(Xy /ca
' '

py z ng a clo slca
(A ca cia Ca tec/z n ) and ,
ta n a u ng

(A ca cia F urth er d etai ls regardi ng th e vegetation w ill be

fou n d u nder th e h ead of Fores ts .

The wi ld ani mals are t h e elephan t th e b ison th e nsaz ng (B os so n

'

, ,

t h e h og deer the samba r t he bark i ng deer the brow an tlered

, ,
-
,
-

deer (Cervns the w ild h og t h e b are th e j ackal ( Ca ms a w e/I s)

'

, , ,

th e j u ngle do g ( Cy on ru f f/a ns) an d the com mon tree cat or pal m civet ,
-

( P a ra dox zz rn s Tigers are scarce but leopards are ,

com m on everywh ere ; and d u ring the cold season water fowl abound -
.

Quai l visi t t h e D istrict i n t h e rai ns and t he j u ngle fowl and francoli n ,

-

breed and are pl entifu l

'

Th e cl i mate i s good excep t i n th e north an d north west where it is

,
-
,

malariou s Th e h eat in th e dry season is very great as elsewh ere in

.
,

t he dry z on e bu t is less i n t ense i n t h e north and north west of the

,
-

D is t ric t The mean temperat ure recorded at Sh webo is

. the ther
m o me te r read ings vary ing fro m 5 6 i n January t o 1 0 4 i n May
° °
The .

rai nfall i s scanty and irregular excep t in th e north and north west ,
-
.

Th e average varies from 2 9 to 4 9 i nches bu t th e m ax i m u m wou ld no , ,

dou b t be h igh er i f a record were kep t i n the h illy tracts Th e rai nfall
, .

follows th e val leys o f th e I rrawaddy an d M u and leaves th e rest of th e ,

D istric t com paratively dry .

A ccording to t radit ion Shwebo t own was founded by a h u nter ,

( Bu rm ese I nok so
) na med Nga P o a t t h e end o f the s ixte e nth century
, ,

and was t hen called M o k so n gap o y w a I t was fro m .

H isto ry
t h is h un t er ancestor that Alaungpay a (Alo mpra) th e
.

redoubtable B u rmese con qu eror traced h is descent Th e warrior k ing ,

.
,

w h o is sai d t o h ave been born i n th e h u n ter s vil lage forti fied t h e place
’
,

aft er h e had risen fro m obscu ri ty t o prom inence surrou nded it w ith ,

a moat and walls and made i t h i s capi tal after h is successfu l rebellion
,

agai ns t th e Talaings None o f t he successors of A laungpay a ever used

.

Sh webo as a capital fo r any length o f t i me ; b u t i t was wi th the aid

o f m en from t h is D istric t tha t pri nce T harrawaddy d isplaced Bag y idaw

from th e t hrone and M i ndon successfully rebelled against h is hal f

,

bro t h er Pagan M i n ; wh i le th e S hwebo people m aintai ned t hei r charac

t er as k i ng makers by supporting M i ndon agains t th e futile rebell ion
-

o f th e M y ingu n and Padei n pri nces W he n th e B rit ish force first .

march ed i nto Sh webo after the annexat ion o f Upper B u rma the , ,

k ay az ng w n n (th e ch ief o fficial o f th e place ) su b mi tted wit h al l his

’

su bordi nates and greatly assisted th e adm inistration by put ti ng down

,

th e organ i z ed dacoi t bands u n der th e l eadersh i p o f th e n otorious

3 14 SH W E B O D I S TR I C T

of th e t o t al Th e oth er i ndigenou s races are represen t ed by less t han

.

Shans i n t h e northern areas .

N 0 less than persons or 7 5 per cent o f the t o tal popu lat ion ,
.
,

were i n 1 9 0 1 engaged in or dependent u pon agricul ture O wing t o

, , .

the frequ ent failure of th e rai ns th e cu lt ivator has t o supplem ent h is ,

i ncom e by sell ing fi rewood bam boos and t im ber by ex trac t i n g resi n
, , ,

o il by mak ing mats and thatch o r by worki ng as a cooly on t he rai lway

, ,

or o n t h e Sh webo Canal o r as a fi e ld labou rer in oth er D istricts ; bu t

,
-

wi t h t h e beginni ng of th e m onsoon h e d ri fts back t o h is ancestral

fields .

Ch ristians are fairly n u m erou s ; th eir to t al i n 1 9 0 1 was

i nclu ding R o man Ca t holics Th e R om an com m u n ion has long .

bee n at work i n t h e D is t rict I t has its h ead quarters at M onhla and

.
-

Chan t hay w a possesses several ch u rches an d m in isters to 1 1 Ch ris

, ,

tian Vi llages i n wh ich i t keeps u p vernacu lar sch ools Th e A ngl ican
, .

M iss ion at Shwebo was started i n 1 88 7 I t maintains a ch urch .

and an A nglo vernacular sch ool A ltogether 1 5 5 5 of th e Christians

-
.
, ,

are nat ives .

The soi l varies fro m a stiff black cot to n soil t o ligh t sand an d th e ,

surface fro m rich rav ines an nually fertil i z ed by leaf mou l d washed down -

fro m th e n eigh bouring h igh lands t o sterile ridges

Ag riculture .

(R )
on s o f alkal i an d gravel Th e rain fal l i s precariou s .

th rough ou t t h e grea t er part o f th e D is t ric t bu t i s fai rly reliabl e i n th e ,

h i lly areas i n th e nor t h an d north west The h usband m an in Shwebo -

.

i s as conserva t ive and short sigh t ed as elsewhere i n B u rma and makes

-
,
‘
rice h i s mai n crop i n de fiance o f th e v arying soil and th e fi ck le rain
,

suppl y On t h e sou t h ern an d sou th western borders however sesa

.
-
, ,

m u m m ille t and a li ttle cotton are grow n an d th e all uvial formations

, ,

of th e rivers are covered i n th e dry season w i t h island crops of variou s

k inds such as peas an d beans tobacco on ions brinj a ls tomatoes
, , , , , ,

gram and th e li ke R ice i s cu lt i vated in th e usual manner excep t i n

,
.
,

th e Tabayi n an d Ye u townsh ips wh ere th e fields are plough ed dry

-
, ,

an d t he seed is sow n broadcast and left t o m a t ure w i t hou t trans

plan t i ng .

Th e area cu l tiva t ed depends en t irely u pon the local rai nfal l and th us
varies very considerably from year to year I n 1 8 9 0—
,

1 abou t 3 7 2 square

m iles were u nder crop in 1 8 9 1 —

.

2 only 1 3 0 square m iles a total wh ich

, ,

i ncreased s t eadi ly t ill 1 8 9 7 —8 excl udi ng th e bad year 1 8 9 5 —6 There

,
.

was a large i ncrease i n 1 8 99—1 9 0 0 and by 1 9 00 — 1 th e cu lt iva t ed area ,

had risen t o 6 4 5 square m i les bu t th is t otal fell to 2 3 9 square m iles i n

,

1 90 2 — The m ain agricultu ral s t a t istics for 1 90 3 —4 are given i n th e

3 .

t able on t h e nex t page in square m i les ,

.

Th e prom ise of th e early rai ns cau sed th e i ncrease i n 1 90 3 4 but of -

,

t h e total sh own above n o l ess than 1 6 7 squ are m iles failed t o matu re .
 A C R I C UI T UR E 3[ 5

R ice was sown o n 4 3 2 square m i les Co mparatively l itt le may ) : (or .

hot season ) rice is grown Peas of various k i nds covered 1 5 square

-
.

m iles an d sesam u m 4 2 square mi les and

,
acres were u nde r ,

co t ton a s mall area as com pared wit h t hat i n the neighbou ring D is
,

t ric ts of Sagaing and Lower Ch indwi n Cu l t ivation is increasing year .

by year fallow lands ever be ing brough t u nder cu lt ivat ion ; a nd bu t

, ,

for cl i ma t ic cau ses th e i ncrease wou l d have been by leaps an d bou nds
, .

T o w ns h ip . T o ta l a re a . C l iv
u t at e d
. I rrig at e d . F o re s t s .

Tota l 34

T here i s not m u ch exp eri men t ing in n ew and u ntried products .

Natives of I nd ia have att em pted to cu lt ivat e gra m on allu v ial lands ,

bu t have failed h i t her t o ow ing to wan t of rai n A m erican mai z e and

, .

tobacco (V irgi nia an d H avana ) were tried on Sh ei nmag a I sl an d i n

1 90 0 ,
and were fairl y su ccess fu l so far as ou t turn was concerned ; -

bu t they o ffered n o i nducem en t to th e h usband man as th ei r qual ity ,

was considered i nferior to that o f th e local vari eties A gricul tu ral .

advances are m ade regularly th e average for th e fou r years end ing ,

1 9 0 5 being abou t R s bu t cu l t ivators often fi n d so m e d i fficu lty

.

i n fu rn ish ing th e requi red secu ri ty I ns t ances i n w h ich b orrowers h ave .

had to sh are the l oan w ith th ei r sure t ies have com e t o l igh t ; an d i t is
said that w ith ou t so m e accom m odat i on of t h is ki nd secu rity woul d
, ,

often n o t be forthco m ing Som e vi llages have h owever bene fi ted .

, ,

largely by m ean s o f G overn m en t loans and o n th e w h ole t h e advances ,

may be sai d to be pop ular .

Oxen and bu ffaloes are bred i n th e ordinary hapha z ard fashion .

No t a single bu ll is kep t for breedi n g A few half bred stallion s are .

-

kep t for stu d pu rposes bu t t h ey are reall y u n fi t for breedi ng S heep

,
.

and goa t s are reared ex clu sivel y by nat ives of I nd ia an d t hei r n u m bers ,

are t ri fl ing .

I rriga t ion i s at presen t effected by m eans of the old M u canal and

nu merou s tanks T h e for mer u sed to take off fro m th e M u ri ver an d
.
,

crossed several s t ream s w h ich were tem porarily dam m ed and d iverted
into it bu t n o w only tha t porti on o f th e canal is kept up wh ich does
,

not in t ersect th e larger waterways Th e present catch m en t area i s .

comparatively sm all and the water su ppl y depen ds o n local rai nfall so
,
-
,

me . xxn .
316 SH IVE B O D I S TR I C T

tha t w hen rai n fails th e work i s of l ittle u se I n a favou rable year on .

,

th e o t h er h and i t ge t s to o full an d fear of a breach of th e em ba nkm en t

, ,

occasional ly m akes i t necessary t o ope n t he slu ices wi t h th e resul t tha t ,

t he wa t er fl ows over and del uges the already i nu ndated fields T he .

Sh webo Canal opened in 1 9 0 6 has been designed t o draw a large

, ,

qu an t i t y of water from t h e M u ; and as i t wil l be possible t o con t rol

i t e ff ectual ly i t sh ou ld prove an i nvaluable i rriga t ion work Th e cos t
,
.

o f t h e work was 5 1 lakhs an d th e area i rrigable is 2 9 5 square m iles

,
.

The principal t ank s are a t H ladaw Payan Palaing K ywe z in Gyogya , , , , ,

Y i nba P indin Kan t h aya Yat ha and Ta z e Their catch m en t area

, , , ,
.
,

l i ke tha t o f t he ol d M u canal is s mal l and they depen d solely o n th e , ,

rai nfal l and th e drain age fro m th e adj acent cou ntry A t cer t ai n t im es .

t hey have a reserve o f water wh ich m ay prove really u sefu l bu t such ,

occas ions are very rare I n 1 9 0 3 —4 abou t 9 7 square m i les mostly

.
,

u nder r ice were irrigated O f t h is t o t al

,
acres obtained th eir
.
,

water — su pply fro m tanks acres fro m wells and,

acres fro m ,

Govern m en t canals T h ese last had irrigated only

. acres i n th e
previou s year ( 1 9 0 2 th e i ncrease i n 1 9 0 3 —4 b eing d ue to t h e im
r o v e m e n ts m ade i n t h e o ld M u canal assis t ed by prop it iou s rai nfall
p ,
.

Th e i rriga t ed l ands l i e al mos t en t i rely i n th e S hweb o sub di vision and

th e Tabay i n t ownsh ip .

Th e only tw o large fish er ies are t he Bandib a and the Kyauksau ng

i n t h e I rrawaddy .

Sh webo is incl u ded in t he M u Fores t d iv ision wh ich also co mprises ,

Sagaing and a par t o f K a t h a Th e fores t s are con fin ed t o t he north .

and nor t h wes t and are o f tw o k i nds teak and cu t ch

Fo rests
- .
, ,

I n th e former p aa ank (P terocaoyfins

.

and in ,
’

( j ns tnoercn /a tns) are also fou nd t o som e ex t en t

'

D zp ie roca r b Th e Y abi n .

and Kanbal u R eserves are t h e only ones i n t he D istrict I n t he form er .

t h e plan t ing o f t eak t o t h e ex t en t o f a square m ile has been carried

, ,

ou t su ccessful ly I n t h e lat t er experim en ts have been t ried with

.

sandal wood seed w h ich germ ina t ed well though the you ng plan t s
-
, ,

have su ffered fro m th e at t acks o f i nsec t s and roden t s Th e area of

‘
.

reserved fores t s i s 5 9 5 square m iles of w h ich 1 0 square m i les are

’
,

cu t ch and t h e res t teak w i th a spri nk l ing of paaa nk and ’

‘
, ,

T he area o f the u nclassed fores t s is ’

square m il es ; and i t has
been p rop osed t o conver t 8 3 square m iles o f t h ese i nto a cu tch
R eserve t h ough t h e fi nal se t tle m en t has not ye t been completed
, .

T he ch ief m i nor forest produc t s are t/z ztsz (res i n o il) c utch and
'

f
, ,

bam boos al l o f wh ich are abu ndant Fi ve C h i nese fi rms are engaged
, .

i n t h e cu t ch t rade an d t he ir busi ness is brisk Th e forest revenue

i n 1 90 3 —
, .

4 was nearly a lak h and a half .

Coal was worked from 1 8 9 2 to 1 90 3 by t h e B urma Coal M ines

Co mpany a t Le t kok pi n 6 m i les from Kabwe t o n th e I rrawaddy by
, ,
 '

3 8
1 SH I VI CR O D I S TR I C T

fores t s . Pulse i s sen t ou t i n boats by m erchants l iving o n th e I rra

waddy an d th e M u ; ri ce and E u ropean goods com e i n by rai l prin ,

c ipally fro m Mandalay ; and sesamu m oil i n carts fro m th e Sagaing

and Lower Ch i ndwi n Districts B oa t s fetch tobacco from Sagai ng .

,

M yingyan and Pakokku ; ng ap c (fi sh — paste ) i s brough t by rai l f rom

’

M andalay and i n boats fro m th e del taic D istricts o f Lower B urma ;

and rice com es by rai l fro m Kawl i n and W u n tho i n th e n eighbou ri ng
D is t rict of Kath a As Shwebo D is t ric t is poor th e wan t s o f t h e people
.
,

are con fined for th e m ost part t o th ese mai n art icles o f consu m p tion .

T he ch ief cen tres fo r boats are K yauk myau ng T h itsei ngyi and Sh ei n , ,

mag a o n th e I rrawaddy an d M ugan S i nin and Ye u on t h e M u

, , ,
-
.

Th e jaggery sugar fro m th e Ye u subd ivis ion i s expor t ed i n carts t o -

Kath a wh ere i t finds a ready sal e owing t o i t s damp resisting pro

,
-

p e rt ie s. M andalay su ppl ies the raw Ch ines e or I ndian silk u sed by

th e si lk weavers o f t h e D i stric t
-
.

The B u rma R ai lway run s t h rough t he hear t o f Sh webo l i nki ng ,

Myi tkyi n a wi th Mandalay an d serv ing t h e w hol e D is t ric t as from

, ,

al mos t every s t at ion a road branch es o ut ei t h er eas t to th e I rra

waddy o r west to t h e M u Th e Publ ic W ork s depart m ent m ain
.

tains 4 8 m iles o f m etalled a nd 2 0 3 m iles o f u n m etal led roads T he

, .

principal m etall e d roads are fro m S h webo to Kyauk myau ng ( 1 7 m iles ) ,

con nec t ing th e M n valley w ith th e I rrawaddy an d from Ki nu to Ye u ,

-

( 1 3 m iles ) T he most
. i m portan t u nm e t alled t rack s are fro m K in u to
Kabwe t o n t h e I rrawaddy 9 m i les below Thabei kkyin wh ence an , .

i mpor tan t m e t al led road cl i mbs t o M ogok th e h ead quarters o f th e ,

-

R u b y M i nes D is t rict ; fro m Y e u t o Pag a o n t h e Upper Ch i ndwi n -

border ; and from Ye u t o Sai ngbyi n on t h e Lower C h indwi n border

-
. .

Th e D is t ric t fu nd keeps u p 86 m i les o f u n metall ed roads Th e I rra .

waddy i s navigable al l t h e year rou nd and t h e I rrawaddy Flot illa ,

Com pany s express an d cargo s t eam ers be t ween Mandalay an d Bh am o

’

cal l a t K yauk myau ng an d at Kabwet every week in each direction .

Th e ferry s t eam er p lyin g be t ween Mandalay and Thabeikkyi n also

cal ls a t t hose two stat ions as well as at She in mag a and Th i t seingyi
, ,

twice a week i n each d irec t ion T h e M u is navigable i n th e rai ns by

.

na t ive craft to t h e borders of Kath a D is t rict Th ere are five ferries .

across t h e I rrawaddy an d eleven across t h e M u at conven ien t d is

, ,

t ances fro m each o t h er .

I ts capric iou s rai nfal l al ways ren ders th e D istric t l iable t o partial
scarci ty bu t t h e only seriou s failu re o f crops tha t has occu rred i n
,

recen t years was i n 1 8 9 1 Y e — u was th en a separa t e

F amine .

D is t rict com prisi ng t h e presen t Ye u su bd ivis ion

.
-
,

and t h e Ky u nh la townsh i p and i t was i n t h e form er area tha t t he

,

d is t ress was m os t acu t e I t was du e to a series o f bad harves t s caused

.

by defici en t rain fall an d pressed al l th e more h eavily o n t h e peopl e

,
 A D M I N I S TR A TI ON 3 10

because t hey had no t t h en fu lly recovered from th e effec t s o f th e

trou blou s t i mes tha t followed close on annexa t ion Many o f t h e vi l .

lag ers were com pelled t o sell t he ir cattle t o procu re food t o resor t ,

to roo t s as a m eans o f su bsis t ence and t o e m igra t e t o t h e Lower ,

provi nce an d t o t he R u by M i nes Dis t ric t for thei r l ivi ng R el ief .

w orks were not opened o n t h e eas t o f t h e M u as th e rail way afforded ,

ample em ploy men t t here for th e able bodied bu t t hey were star t ed i n -
,

Ye u
-
. A dvances were l i beral ly made t o cu ltiva t ors to enable t hem t o
buy seed and to retai n th ei r cat t le partial o r total re m issions and sus ,

pensions o f revenu e were gran t ed w h ile rice was i m por t ed by G overn ,

m en t an d d istri bu ted a t cost price and gra t u i tou s rel ie f was give n ,

to th e disabled Fortu nately th e fam ine w as o f short d uration

. .

The D istric t contai ns th ree su bd ivisions : Sh webo Kanbalu an d , ,

Ye u
- . Th e first com prises t h e S H W E B O K 1N U and S H E I N M A G A t own , ,

sh i ps t h e second th e K A N B A L U and K Y U N H L A t own

Adm in is t ratio n
,

sh ips and th e th ird t h e YE U TA B A Y I N TA M A D A W

.

-
, , , ,

an d TA Z E t own sh ips Th e su bdivis ions and t ownsh ips are i n ch arge

.

of th e u sual execu t ive o fficers u nder wh o m are 884 village head m en,
.

O f th e latter 2 5 8 are su bord ina t e to c ircle h ead m en

,
S hwebo form s .

(with Sagaing D is t rict ) a P ubl ic W orks d ivis ion w i th t wo su bd iv is ional ,

officers in th e Dis t rict ; and the forests are i ncl uded i n t he M u Fores t
division .

A s elsewhere the su bdi vis ional and t own s h ip courts are presided
,

over by t he subdivisional and t ownsh ip officers concern ed bu t t he ,

latter do no t try suits relating t o i m m ovabl e proper t y or t o any righ t

o r in t erest i n such property A t D istrict head qu arters th e t reas ury
.
-
,

officer is additional j udge o f the S h webo t ownsh ip court as wel l as

head quarters magis t rate Li tigation is normal and cri m e is o n t he
-
.

w h ol e ligh t .Dacoi ty m urder an d cattle theft are i nfrequent and

, ,
-
,

op i u m cases are few O rdinary thefts an d excise and gam bli ng cases
. ,

for t h e m ost part co m m i t t ed i n S h webo t ow n and i ts su burbs are o n , ,

the other hand fai rly nu merou s

,
.

Prior to th e reign o f M i ndo n M i n there was no organ i z ed schem e

of revenu e collection i n S h webo ; tha t m onarch however i ntroduced , ,

som e ki nd o f syste m i n to th e m et hods o f t he rapaci ou s officials .

T/za t/zanzeo a was th en for the fi rs t ti m e l evied royal lands were t axed
’
,

o n a u n i form scale of o n e — fou rth of t h e produ ce and i m pos t s were ,

placed o n monopolies carts fish eries and other sou rces of i ncom e
, , ,
.

A fter annexa t io n t h e t/za f /z a meaa cont inu ed t o be levied o n m uch the

’

same syste m as before Th e lan d reven u e ad m i nistrat ion i s at presen t

.

i n a state o f transit ion M os t of th e D istrict i s occu pied u nder th e

.

ordinary boaabaz ng (non state ) and s ta t e land t enu res wh ich are c o m
'

-
,

mon to al l the dry z one D istrict s o f Upper B urma I n th e K yu nh la .

townsh i p th e condi tions w ere at one t i me pecu liar Tradi t ion relates .
3 20 SH I/VE B O D I S TR I C T

t hat abou t three cen t u ries ago t he coun t ry h ere was w as t e and tha t ,

a n u m ber of en t erprising h u n ters from th e wes t of th e low range of

h i l ls wh ich now separa t es S hwebo from the Upper Ch i ndwin D i stri c t ,

fi nding th e basin o f th e M u m ore p rom is ing for cu l tivation t han t hei r

own land i n th e n eigh bourhood o f th e Ch indwi n m oved over an d ,

establ ish ed the mselves i n w h at afterwards becam e th e I ndaing an d

Ky u nhla s/z w e/cmn shi ps and t h e I nh la Mawke and M aw t on nzy os
-

‘
.
, ,

Th e d esce ndants o f these settlers w ere k nown as taw y a tb as j u ngle

‘
,
’
owners o r nati ves and th ey alone acqu ired absol u te ownersh ip o f
,
’

land . S trangers wh o cam e afterwards to settle i n th is area are said

to have been able to work land only wi th th e perm ission o f the native
wh o owned i t an d wh en they m oved ou t o f o n e j urisdiction i n to
,

ano t h er th ey for fe ited al l clai m to th eir fields A s a general rule .

,

a na t ive wh o m oved elsewh ere r e tained absolu te ownersh ip o f h is

h ol dings even after severing h i s con nex ion w i th the local ity ; bu t i n
,

the north ern areas o f I n dauk th a Seywa an d M e ttaung h e los t h is , ,

prop rie t ary righ t wh en h e m oved o ut of h is I ny o Th es e pecu l iar .

tenu res h ave now been swep t away ; t h e lan d i n t h e three northern
my os havi ng been made s t a t e lan d e n bloc that i n th e so uth ern areas ,
'

bei ng treated part ly as bobabaz ng an d partly as state Th e survey o f .

t h e D is t rict was com plet ed i n 1 8 9 5 i n s qu are m iles o ut of a

,

total area of Se t tle men t operations were com m enced a t th e

end o f 1 9 0 0 and are st ill i n progress The average area o f a h ol d in g
,
.

i s from 1 5 to 2 0 acres T h e reven ue h is tory o f S hwebo presen ts no

‘
.

m arked features except th e cont in ual reduct ions in th e tb a zb a mea a

,
’

rates o f assess m en t an d t h e frequen t re m issions o f revenu e rendered

,

necessary by t h e precariou s na t u re o f the rain fal l A t present on ly .

state land is assessed to revenu e th e ra t e bei ng o ne th i rd o f th e pro

,
-

duce i n t h e Tan tab i n an d Yath a circles of t h e K an bal u townsh i p ,

o n e six th of t h e prod uce i n th e K yu nh la to w nsh ip R s 2 an acre i n th e

-
, .

Yo u su bdi visi on and o n e — ,

four t h of th e prod uce i n t h e rest of th e
D istric t W ater ra t e i s taken from lands w h ich recei ve w a t er fro m
.

a G overn men t i rrigat ion w ork at fro m R 1 to R s —8 per acre . .

,

according to th e fer t i li ty o f t h e lan d i rriga t ed .

T h e follow ing tabl e exh ibi ts th e fl u ct uat ions i n th e reven ue si nce

1 8 9 0— T/z a tb a meaa i s at presen t t h e mai n
’
1 ,
i n th ousan ds o f ru pees .

source o f revenu e I t rose fro m R s . i n 1 8 9 1 to R s

. .

i n 1 9 0 1 bu t fel l to R s
,
i n 1 9 0 3—4
. .

Th e income of the D is t rict fu nd wh ich provides for various local ,

 322 SH W E B O D I S TR I C T

cos t i s abou t R s towards wh ich m u nicipal funds con t ribu t ed

.

Rs. i n 1 9 0 3 and Prov i ncial fu nds R s th e dispensary being .

m ain tain ed by th e railway .

V accination i s com pu lsory w ith i n Shwebo m u n icipal l i m its

.
T he .

op eration i s so pop u lar am ong th e people tha t the nu m ber o f vacci na

tors has of late been i ncreased fro m two t o eigh t for th e wh ole D ist rict .

I n 1 90 3 —4 t he nu mber of persons vacc ina t ed was represen t ing

4 1 per of t h e popul a t i on .

S h w e b o S u b d iv is io n Subd ivision of S hwebo D is t rict Upper

.
-
,

B u rma contai ni ng th e S H W E B O K I N U an d S H E I N M A G A townsh ips

, , , .

S h w e b o T o w n s h ip — Sou th eastern t ownsh ip o f Sh webo D istri ct

.
-
,

U pper B urm a lying between 2 2 2 6 an d 2 2 4 6 N an d 9 5 2 7 and

° ’ ° ’ ° ’
, .

° ’
9 5 5 9 E w i th an area o f 4 5 0 square m i les
.
,
I t s t retch es from th e .

I rrawaddy on the eas t to t h e M u river on th e west and i s fl at and dry ,

th roughou t T h e popu lat ion was

. i n 1 8 9 1 an d i n 1 90 1 , ,

d istribu ted i n o n e town S H W E B O (popu lat ion ,

th e h ead quarters ,
-
,

and 1 4 9 v illages Th e area cu l t ivated i n 1 9 0 3 —4 was 3 5 square m iles

.
,

an d t h e land reven u e an d l/z af /z a meaa a mou nted to R s 3 00

’
. .

S h w e b o T o w n — H ead quar t ers of th e D istric t o f th e sam e name

.
-

i n Upper B u rm a si tuated i n 2 2 3 5 N an d 9 5 4 2 E o n t h e Sagaing

,
’ ° °
.
’
.
,

M yi tkyi n a rai lway 5 3 m iles fro m Sagaing Th e tow n occupi es par t

,
.

o f wha t was once a vast rice plai n th e coun try n or t h sou t h an d wes t , , ,

adj oi ning t h e walls be ing s t ill devoted t o rice cu ltiva t io n ; an d i ts

surrou ndings are bare and not ou t wardly a t tractive A way to t h e east .

beyond t he I rrawaddy can be seen th e Sh an p la t eau ; wh i le from th e

sa me direct ion a sp u r of th e h igh er grou n d that form s the watershed
between th e M u and t h e I rrawaddy ru ns dow n al most t o th e t own ,

and o n t h is sp ur are placed th e p resen t can ton m en t s Th e soil i s p oor .

an d th e wa t er i s brack ish so tha t t h ere is l ittle cause for surprise at

,

th e dreari ness o f t h e general p rospect rou n d Sh webo and li ttle h ope ,

for i m prove m ent u n ti l an e fficien t water sch em e is in work i ng order .

T h e royal garden at i ndaw abou t a m i le n orth o f th e town and , ,

a s maller garden abou t hal f a m ile beyon d i t are th e only plots o f ,

successfu l arboricu ltu re i n t he n eighbou rhood ; fo r t h e res t there i s ,

l i t tl e to rel ieve th e ey e bu t th e t amarin ds and oth er t rees i n the u rban

area Two consp icuou s obj ects are th e R oman Catholic ch u rch in
.

th e sou th e as t corner o f the town an d t h e s t one S P G ch urch i n t he . . .

nor t h wes t T he condi tion o f the town has i m proved o f late y e ars
-
.
_ ,

a succession o f m a t walled tha t ch roofed h ouses swep t away in

-
,
-
,

period ical co n fl ag ratio n s hav ing been replaced by m ore preten t iou s
,

bu i ldings wi th carved wooden fronts Th e roofs of corruga t ed iron .

,

i f th ey do no t add t o th e beau ty o f t h e t own a t any rate con t ri bute ,

to i ts secu ri ty from fi re I n a few i ns t ances large brick bu ildings have

.

been erected .
 SI I IVE B O T O I VN 3 23

The o ld town of S hwebo i s of considerable hi storical i n terest h avi ng ,

been the b ir t h place an d cap i tal o f Mau ng A u ng Z eya wh o sei z ed th e ,

th rone of B u rma u nder th e t itle o f Alaungpay a and fou nded t h e ,

last dynasty of B urmese k ings I n 1 7 5 2 th i s m onarch com menced .

serious operations agai ns t t h e Talaings and i n 1 7 5 3 had made su ch ,

progress that h e had h i msel f anointed k ing at h is old h om e and the n ,

proceeded t o lay o ut and bui ld a tow n there Th is city k nown as .

,

M o k so b o com prised an ou ter m oa t and wal l i n th e form of a square

, , ,

over 2 m iles each w ay w h ich exis t t o t he presen t day and a square

, ,

i nner ci tadel w ith a side o f abou t 5 0 0 yards W i th i n th is c itadel w as .

an inner wal l wh ich con tained i n i ts turn th e palace ; b ut th e palace

,

and nearly t h e wh ol e o f th e i nnerm os t wal l have ent irely disappeared .

A laun g pay a also const ru cted th e Sh w e c h e tth o pagoda a sh rine sti l l to ,

be seen o n th e re mains of th e north i nner wal l ; the ba bosz n i n fron t

'

o f th e palace on wh ich was h ung th e b ig d ru m for beat ing th e h ou rs ;

,
'

t he n a lsz n or sp iri t sh rine of the n i ne ev il sp iri ts wh om al l k i ngs feared

'

and propi tiated : an d a royal lake north o f the tow n T he n a fsz n sti ll .

stands near the sout h o f th e jail and th e lak e i s th e M ah an an da Th e ,

.

presen t town of Shwebo j u st i ncl udes th e fringe o f th e eastern port ion

o f t he old tow n o f M o k so b o .

A fter bu i lding the t own descri bed above Alaun gpay a t urned h is ,

restless am bi tion towards S iam bu t d ied d u ri ng the cou rse o f a cam ,

paig n i n th e sou th H i s remai ns w ere brough t back to M o k so b o and

.
,

i nterred i n th e year 1 7 6 0 near th e entrance to th e presen t cou rthouse .

H e was succeeded by h is eldes t son who assu m ed t h e ti tle of Nau ng ,

daw gy i and whose s uccessor and brother S inbyu sh in after re ign ing
, ,

for two years at M o k so b o moved the capi tal to Av a i n th e year 1 7 6 6

, ,

tak ing w ith h i m som e o f the fam ous M o k so b o soi l T he to w n t h en .

began to decl ine til l 1 8 3 7 i n th e reign o f k ing Bagy idaw w h en th is

, , ,

m onarch s broth er who w as prin ce of T h ay e tmy o and Tharrawaddy

’

, ,

changed the na me from M o k so b o to S hwebo I n t h e sam e year h e .

conspired against h is elder broth er and sei z ed th e th ron e From th e .

earliest days o f i ts greatness t he town h ad been nam ed Yangyi au ng o r -

‘ ’
the victorious and to u se Shwebo as a base o f operations was th ough t
,

to be a guarantee o f su ccess i n any en terprise A ccord ingly i n 1 8 5 2 .

,

king T h arraw addy s so n M indon cam e to S hwebo wh en m at uring h is

’

, ,

designs on th e th rone w h ich cu l m inated i n a successfu l conspi racy

,

against h is bro t her Pagan M i n Again i n M in do n s reign h i s nephew

, .
,
’
,

’
the Padei n pri nce cam e to Sh webo and plotted for h is u ncl e s over
, ,

th row ; bu t on th is occasi on th e proverbial luck of th e city failed I t .

may be said however that th e use o f S hwebo as a capi tal ceased

, ,

1 4 0 years ago .

I m mediately after th e annexati on of Upper B urma a deta c h ment of

B rit ish t 1 00ps cam e u p to Sh webo bu t returned al mo st i m med iatel y ,
3 24 SI / H/ E B O TO W N

to Mandalay Th is wi thdrawal s t i m ula t ed the rebels w h o were abroad

.

i n th e lan d and a confederacy o f dacoi t gangs u nder a leader known

, ,

as M i nth a H mat devas t a t ed th e town On th is the B ri t ish t roops

,
.

re t urned an d h ave h eld th e place ever si nce

. .

Th e popula t ion o f th e tow n was i n 1 8 9 1 and i n 1 90 1 , ,

th e maj ority being B u rmans The I ndian col ony consis t s o f 7 0 0 M usal .

m a ns an d m ore t h an 6 0 0 H indu s abou t hal f o f w hom are m i li tary ,

fol lowers and other residen t s o f t he can t on m ent Th e Chris t ian .

popu lat ion exceeds A large pr e portion o f th e i n ha bitan t s are

agricu ltu ris ts th e res t work a t th e u sual pe t ty t rades an d crafts o f th e
,

u rban areas o f Upper B urma There are m any special i ndus t ries for .

wh ich vi llages i n th e D is t ric t are fam ou s bu t fro m an i nd us t rial and ,

artistic point o f v iew S hwebo i t sel f i s i nconspicu ou s A local black .

sm i th t rained i n France does excel len t work i n s t eel and iron H e .

an d h is pup i ls however are th e onl y art isa ns w h o h ave en dowed

, ,

Shwebo wit h anyth ing approach i ng an i ndu stry o f i t s o w n .

T h e t own was consti t u t ed a m u n icipal i t y i n 1 888 T h e receip t s and .

expend itu re d uring t h e ten years en di ng 1 9 0 0 1 averaged R s - .

I n 1 9 0 3 —4 th e i ncom e was R s o f wh ich ba z ar rents con tri buted .

Rs . and a h ou se an d lan d t ax R s Th e expendi tu re .

am ou nted t o R s th e ch i ef ord inary ite m s being l igh t ing

.

(R s con servancy (R s and roads (R s Th e

m u n icipal i t y contri bu t es R s 6 0 0 ann ual ly to th e S P G A nglo—
. . .

vernacu lar
. . . .

school besides wh ich t here are t wo good lay sch ools Th e m u nicipal
, .

h osp ital has accom m odation fo r 4 5 in — pa t ien t s The incom e and ex .

p e n d it ure of th e canton men t fu n d i n 1 0

9 3
— 4 was R s .

S h w e da un g S u b div is io n — W estern subdivi s ion o f Prom e D is .

tri e t Lower B urma contai ning two townsh ips S HW E D AU NG and

, , ,

P A D AU NG .

S h w e dau n g T o w n s h ip — Tow nshi p i n the Sh wedaung s ub div i .

s ion of P rom e D is tric t Lower B u rma lying along th e eastern bank , ,

’
o f t h e I rrawaddy be t ween 1 8 1 8 and 1 8 4 8 N and 9 5 4 and
,
° ’ ° ’
.
°

° ’
95 2 1 E w i th an a re a o f 3 0 0 square m iles
.
,
Th e populat ion w as
'

i n 1 8 9 1 and i n 1 9 0 1 bu t the agricul t ural population

, ,

i ncreased fro m to Th ere are 3 1 1 v illages and o n e

town S H W E D AU NG (pop ula t ion t h e head quar t ers The area -
.

cul t i v ated i n 1 9 0 3—
, ,

4 was 8 7 s quare m iles pay i ng R s land ,

.

revenu e .

S h w e da u n g T o w n — H ead quar t ers o f th e su bdivision o f th e

.
-

’ °
sam e n am e i n Prom e D istrict Lower Bu rma situa t ed i n 1 8 4 2 N , ,
.

and 9 5 1 3 E on th e R angoon P ro me road 8 m iles d u e sou th o f

° ’
.
,
-
,

Pro m e t ow n Populat ion . S hwedau ng i s adminis

te re d by a town com m i ttee const itu t ed i n 1 8 8 2 T h e i ncom e o f the .

town fund i n 1 90 3 —4 was R s an d th e expendi t u re R s . .

3 26 SH IVE G YI N TO my
Th e town was cons t i tu t ed a m u n ici pal i ty i n 1 8 8 8 t h e presen t com ,

mitte e consis ting of 3 ex ofi czo and 8 no m ina t ed m e mbers The

'

- .

m u n ic ipal i ncom e and exp end i tu re d uring t he t en y ears end ing 1 9 0 1

averaged R s I n 1 9 0 3 —4 th e i ncom e was R s
. of wh ich .

R s 1 1 0 0 0 was derived fro m m arke t s and R s

.
,
from h ouse and ,
.

land tax ; an d th e expend it u re was R s i ncl u ding R s . .

spent o n conservancy an d R s o n edu cation Th e m u nicipal . .

sch ool contains 9 5 pu pils an d an A m erican Bapti st Karen school ,

1 8
3 . Th e m u n icipal hosp i t al has acco m m odat ion for 2 7 in pat ien t s -
.

S h w e li — R i ver of B urm a cal led Na m M ao by th e Shans w ho i n

.
~
, ,

anci ent days first es t abl ish ed t he m sel ves i n what i s n o w B urma along
th e Sh wel i val ley Th e s t rea m rises i n Ch ina i n t h e neigh bourhood
.

of T e ngy iie h an d fl ows fi rs t i n a sou th westerly and th en i n a northerly

,
-

d irect ion past Namh ka m vi llage th rough th e Sh an State o f M ongmit ,

and along th e north ern en d o f th e R u b y M i nes D is t ric t i nto th e I rra

waddy w h ich i t reach es at a poi n t 2 0 m i les sou th o f t h e town of
,

Ka t h a Th e to t al length of t h e river is abou t 2 6 0 m iles I t abounds

. .

i n rap i ds an d i s bu t l ittle u sed fo r navigat ion bu t i s em ployed freely

, ,

for fl oat ing t i mber I t has n o t ribu t ari es of im por ta nce

S iah an —M ou n tai n range in Bal uch ist a n
. .

. separa t ing Makr a n ,

from K h a r a n T h e eastern part is k nown as Band I t ru ns sou th

. .

' °
sou th west an d eas t north east bet ween 2 7 7 and 2 8 2 N and
- -
’ -
°
.

° ’ ° ’
6 3 2 2 and 6 5 42 E and un i tes w ith th e Jh alaw an h ills near
Sh ire z a h aving a total length o f 1 7 6 m
.
,

,
i les I t is t h e narrowest range .

i n W es tern Bal uch i s ta n the w idth nowh ere exceed ing 2 0 m iles North
,
.

o f P an
j g ii r th e general mass b i fu rca t es th e sp ur on the sou th being
'

k nown as th e K o h i— Sab z I ts general aspect is abrup t and rugged

-
.
,

an d i ts geological formation a slaty sh al e I t has a mean elevation .

o f abou t feet On th e west are th e tw o fi ne de fi le s o f Tank i

.
-

Grawag and Tank i Z urrati th rough wh ich t h e R ak hsh a n river passes

- -
,
.

S ialk o t D is tric t D i s t ri c t i n th e Lah ore D ivision of th e P unjab

.
-
,

ly ing between 3 1 4 3 and 3 2 5 1 N i an d 7 4 1 1 and 7 5 1 E with

° ’ ’ ° ’ ° ’ °
.
,

an area o f square m iles I t is an oblong tract o f cou ntry oce n .

,

py ing t he su b m on t ane p or t io n o f t h e R e c h na or R a v i Chen a b D o a b -

,

w i th a leng t h fro m north west to sou th eas t of a l i ttl e over 5 0 m i les - -

,

and an average breadt h o f 4 4 m iles stre t ch i ng fro m t h e valley o f t he ,

R a vi on t he sou t h eas t to t h a t o f the Ch en a b o n t he north western

- -

border .On th e n orth eas t the D istrict is bou nded by t h e J am mu

-

p rovi nce o f Kash m ir ; o n t h e eas t by G u rd a spu r and o n t he west

by Lahore and G uj ra nw a la A long th e bank of both great bou ndary .

rivers a narrow fringe of al luvial lowland marks

,

th e cen t ral depress ion i n wh ich th ey ru n ; wh ile

abo ve t he m rise th e h igh banks th at form the l i m its
of their wider beds Parall el to th e R a vi anoth er strea m th e Degh
.
, , ,
 '

SI A LK O T D I S TR I C T

w h ich rises i n t h e Jam m u h ills traverses th e cent re o f th e Distri ct , .

A torren t i n th e rai ns at other ti m es th e D egh dwi ndles t o th e merest

,

trick le ; l ike t h e greater rivers i t is fringed o n eith er s ide by a strip o f

all uvial soil bu t i n th e u pper part o f i ts cou rse through th e Z afarw a l
,

ta /zsi/ the sh ifti ng of i ts bed has covered a large area w i th barre n sand .

S everal other m i nor streams o f wh ich th e A ik is th e m ost i mporta nt

, ,

t raverse t h e District M id way bet ween the R a vi an d th e Chen a b is

.

a raised dorsal tract wh ic h forms a sligh tl y elevate d platea u st retch ing

,

from beyon d th e Jam mu border far i nto th e h ea rt of th e doab Th e .

u pper port ion of th e D istric t near th e h ills wears an aspect o f re mark

able greenness and fertil ity The dorsal ridge h owever is dry and .
, ,

san dy and between th e D egh and th e Rav i th e wil d and u nprod uctive
u pland grows m ore an d m ore i m pregnated wi th saltpet re as i t recedes
fro m t he h i lls t il l n ear th e Lah ore border i t m erges into a tangled
,

j ungle of brush wood and reeds Th e D ist ri ct also com prises a s mal l .

t rac t of low h i lls cal led t he Baj w at on t h e north o f th e C h en a b

, , ,

a cou ntry o f gree n grass and flo wing streams wh i ch presents an ,

agreeable change from th e arid plain s of th e Pu njab .

There i s noth ing o f geological i n terest i n Si alkot w h ich is ,

situated ent irel y on the al l u viu m Cu lt ivat ion i s close l eavi ng l ittle .
,

roo m for an i ndigenous fl ora of peren nial plants Towards th e Jam m u .

border especially i n the n orth wes t o f th e D istrict plants of t he O uter

,
-
,

H i m a layan fri nge app ear Trees are rare excep t w here plan ted abou t
.
,

wel ls by roadsides and i n gardens

, , .

A few wol ves are th e onl y rep resen tat ives o f th e carn ivora w hi le ,

even hares an d deer find l ittle cover i n so h igh ly cult ivated a tract .

'

A few w i ld hog and n itg az are fou nd bu t no an telope have been ,

sh ot i n recen t years I n t h e cold seaso n wi ld geese ducks an d other

.
, ,

water fowl abou nd i n t he marsh es an d on t h e ri ver bank s and islands

-

quai l are plent ifu l i n spring bu t part ridges are scarce ,

.

Th e cl i mate i n su m m er i s for th e p lai ns good ; and th ough th ere

, , ,

are general ly a few days o f mos t i ntense h ea t th e neigh bou rh o od of ,

t h e h ills preven ts any lo ng c o n tinue d s pell Th e col d season rese m

~
.

bles that in t h e P unjab general ly bu t begins ea rly and ends lat e , .

Th e low h ills are cool bu t very malariou s as i s also th e w aterlogged ,

valley o f t he Degh wh ile oth er parts are decided ly h eal th y Pne u m on ia

, .

is com mon i n the wi nter and fever i n th e au tu m n .

O wing to i ts s ubm ontane posi tion th e D ist rict has a n abu ndan t rai n
fall bu t th i s di m i n ish es rapid ly i n am ou n t as t h e d istance fro m t he
,

h ills i ncreases Th e average rai nfal l varies fro m 2 2 i nch es at R aya

.

t o 3 5 at Si a lkot ; at th e lat ter place 2 8 i nch es fal l i n th e su m m er

m onths and 7 i n the w i n t er The heaviest rai nfa ll recorded du ring
,
.

the twenty years end ing 1 9 0 1 w as 6 4 i nch es at S i alk ot i n 1 88 1 — 2

and th e lowest 1 0 inch es at Daska i n 1 8 9 1 —

,

2 .
3 28 SI ALK O T D I S TR I C T

T h e legendary h is t ory o f t he D istric t i s con nec t ed wi t h R aj a S al i

v a han th e repu ted fou nder of th e tow n of Si a lkot an d h is famous son
, ,

R as a l u and is described u nder S I AL K O T T O WN

H is t o r y
, .

P ASR GR i s al so an anc ien t p lace At an earl y da t e

.

th e D is t ric t fel l to th e R aj a s o f Jam mu and u nder t h e M ughal s ,

form ed t h e R e c h na D o a b sa rbar o f t he Saba/z of Lahore Un der Sh a h .

J ah a n t h e sarbar was entrusted t o A li Mard a n K h a n t he famous engi ,

neer w h o dug a canal t h rough i t to bring water fro m t h e C hen a b t o the

,

i mperial gardens at Lahore O n t h e decl ine Of t he M ughal e mpire

.

R anj it S ingh Deo R aj pu t a h i ll ch ief ex t ended h is s way over t he lo w

, , ,

lands owning a no m inal allegiance to D el h i I n 1 7 4 8 h e transferred

,
.

h is allegiance t o A h mad Sh a h D u rr a ni w ho added Z afarw a l and two ,

other p a rg a n as t o h is fi e f B efore h is dea t h i n 1 7 7 3 R anj it Deo had

.

sec ured possession o f the whole D is t rict excep t S i a lko t t own an d i ts ,

dependenc ies w h ich were hel d by a Path a n fam ily A fter h is death
, .

th e B hangi confederacy of t he Si khs t ook S i a lkot from the Path a ns and ,

even t ually overran th e wh ole cou ntry u p to t h e foo t o f t h e Jam m u

h i lls d iv id ing i t a mong a score O f leaders Th ese pe t ty S ta t es were
,
.
,

h owever a tt ach ed by R anj it S ingh i n 1 7 9 1 ; and h i s ann exa t ion of

,

P asrtir i n 1 8 0 7 gave h i m con t rol o f t h e trac t after h is general D iw a n

'

, ,

M oh kam Chand had defea t ed the Sard a rs o f S i a lko t at A t a ri

, .

I n th e M u tiny o f 1 8 5 7 t he s tation w as denu ded Of B ritish t roops ;

and t he N at ive regi men t s wh ic h were left beh i nd rose and after sack ing , ,

t h e j ai l treasu ry and cour t house and massacri ng several of t h e E u ro

, , ,

pean i nhabi t an t s marched o ff t owards D elh i onl y t o b e des t royed

, ,

by N ichol son a t T rimmti Gh at T he res t o f t he E u ropeans t ook

.

refuge i n t he for t an d o n t he m orn ing after t h e depar t ure o f th e

,

m u t i neers order was res t or ed The on ly even t s o f interes t i n t he

.

su bsequen t h is t ory o f th e D is t r ic t are th e plagu e riots wh ich occu rred

at th e v illages o f S h a h z a da and Sankh a t ra in 1 9 0 1 .

Nu m erous m ou nds are sca tt ered abou t t he D is t rict wh ich m ark th e ,

si t es o f ancien t v i llages an d t owns N o ne of t he m except tha t on .

,

wh ich t he S i a lko t fort s t ood has been excavated bu t s ilver an d copper

, ,

u t ensi ls and coins have been dug u p fro m t i m e to ti me by vi llagers .

M os t O f th e coi ns are those o f I ndo Bac t rian k ings Th e excava t ions -

.

i n Si a lko t revealed th e ex isten ce of so m e Old bath s wi th h ot wa t er ,

-

p ipes o f sol id mason ry Th e for t i tself O f wh ic h very l ittle now

.
,

re mai ns is n o t m ore t han

,
years old and is sai d t o have b e e n ,

rebu il t by S hah a b ud din Ghori at t h e end o f t he twelfth cent u ry

- -
.

For fu rther i nfor ma t ion reference sh ou ld be m ade to th e ar t icles on

,

S I AL K O T TO WN and P A SR fi R TO WN .

The D is t ric t con t ains 7 t owns an d v illages The popu lat ion .

a t th e las t fou r en u merat ion s was : ( 1 86 8) ( 1 88 1 )

( 1 89 1
) an d ( 1 9 0 1 ) I t decreased by per cen t .
 R O T D I S TR I C T
'

33 0

( wash erm en , ( fi sh erm en M ac h h is

and wa t er carriers -
,

M e g h s (weavers Barw alas an d Bat w als (vi llage watch men

, ,

M irasis (village m ins t rels an d C h ang ars ( labou rers , ,

There are Fak irs A bou t 4 6 per cen t of t h e p o p ula . .

t ion are su p ported by agricu l ture .

The A merican Un ited Presby t erian M iss ion wh ich was establ ish ed ,

a t Si a lko t i n 1 8 5 5 su pports a t h eological sem i nary a Chris tian t rai ni ng

, ,

ins t i t u te a female hospi tal and an A nglo vernacular h igh school Th e

, ,
-
.

E stab lish ed Ch u rch of Scotland mai ntain s two E uropean m i ss ionari es

a t S i a lkot (branch es t ablish ed i n 1 8 5 7 ) and o n e i n Daska and also h as ,

a separa t e fe male m iss ion m ai nly occupied w i th work i n z a n an a s

, .

Th e Chu rch of E ngland M ission at N a row a l was fou nded i n 1 8 5 9 ,

and th e Z an a na M ission at t ha t place i n 1 884 Th e R oman Cath ol ics .

,

who en t ered th e fiel d i n 1 8 8 9 h ave now t h ree stations S i a lkot has , .

t he l argest nu m ber o f na t ive Ch ristians i n th e P u njab am ou n t ing t o ,

o r 1 per cent of th e pop ula t io n in 1 9 0 1

.
,
.

Th e soi l consists ch iefly o f loam bu t clay is fou nd i n depress ions , ,

and th e waste lands m ostly con sist o f sandy or sal t i m pregna t ed soil -
.

O w i ng to t h e ab un dant rainfall and t h e very large l

,
Ag ricu lt ure
proportio n Of t h e cu l t iva t ed area wh ich is served by
.

wells t h e D is t ric t is secu re agains t an y seriou s fail ure of crops

,
.

T h e D is t ric t i s h eld al mos t ent irely o n t h e bb a zj acb ara and p a ttza arz
'
’
'

t enu res z anzz n aarz lands covering only ab ou t

'
’
acres Th e area
'

fo r wh ich de t ails are avai labl e fro m th e revenu e record of 1 9 0 3 —

.
,

4 is
square m i les as shown below ,

T a ns y .
C l t iv
u ate d . I rrig a t e d.

333
25 0

30 3
3 05
2 94

T o ta l

W heat i s t he ch ief crop o f th e spring harves t covering 6 0 1 square ,

m iles i n 1 9 0 3 - 4 barley an d gra m occ u p ied 1 2 0 an d 6 4 square m i les

respec t ivel y Sugar i s th e m os t valuabl e crop O f the au t u m n h arvest
.
,

and t h e area plante d (5 0 square m iles ) is s urpassed only i n Gu rd aspu r .

R ice mai z e and great m ille t (7 0205 2 ) are t h e ch ief au t u m n food grains
, ,
-
.

Th e cu lt iva t ed area has i ncreased by 2 8 per cen t si nce 1 8 5 4 and

by 1 p er cen t i n t h e t en years ending 1 90 1 —
.

. 2 t he i ncrease being du e ,

t o t he steady ex t ension of wel l — c ultivat ion and t he grea t p res sure of

populat ion o n t h e soi l No t h ing has been done i n t he way o f im
.

provi ng t h e qual ity o f th e crops grown Loans fo r t h e construction .

 TR A D E AN D C OM M UN I CA TI ON S 33 2

of w ells are extrem ely popu lar over R s h aving been advanced
, .

du ring th e five years e nd ing 1 9 0 3 —4 .

V ery few cattl e are bred locally Agricu l tu ral s t ock is p u rchased .

a t th e A m ri tsar fairs or a t th e G u l u Sh a h cattl e fai r i n th e P as rti r

ta /zsil an d i m ported fro m J hang Guj r a nw a la an d G uj r at
,
H orses , ,
.

and pon ies are not co m mon and t h e indigenou s b reed i s poor ; t wo,

pony an d fi ve donkey s t all io ns are kep t by th e D is t ric t board Sh eep .

an d goats are nu m erou s and donk eys are largel y used as pack ani mals
, ,

bu t cam els are scarce .

O f th e to t al area cul tivated i n 1 90 3 — 4 8 5 8 square m iles or 5 8 per , ,

cen t were classed as irrigated O f t h is area 7 8 8 s q u are m iles w ere

.
, .
,

irrigated fro m wells 1 6 fro m canals an d 5 4 fro m s t ream s I n addi t ion

, , .
,

1 3 5 s q u are m iles o r 9 per cen t ,

are subj ec t t o i nu ndatio n by th e .
,

Chen a b R a vi and m i nor stream s I rrigat ion fro m canals is con fined
, ,
.

t o smal l pri vate ch an nels take n from t h e Degh and oth er s t ream s ;
irrigatio n fro m s t ream s i s e ith er by li ft or fro m th e pere nni al brook s
of th e Baj w at W ells are th e mai nstay of th e cu lti vation owing to th e
.
,

copious su ppl y of subsoi l w ater an d th e fac t tha t t h ey can be con ,

stru c t ed at com parat ivel y s m all cost I n 1 9 0 3— 4 th e D is t rict possessed .

m asonry wel ls worked with Persian wh eel s by cattl e besides ,

u nbricked wells lever wells an d water l ifts -

‘
.
, ,

Th e Distric t con t ains only o ne square m i le O f reserved fores t u nder ’

t h e Dep uty Conservator o f th e Ch en ab Forest d i vision 1 -4 square m iles

-
,

of m i litary reserve and 7 of u nclasse d fores t and Governm en t waste

,

u nder the Depu ty Co m m iss ioner W i th th e excepti on o f o n e planta‘

-
.

t ion these are ch iefl y grass reserves an d even an ord inary coppice can ,

hardly be found I n 1 9 0 4 th e fores t revenu e was R s

. .

Th e D ist ric t contai ns several bed s o f ba t/b a r o r nodular l im eston e ,

and sal tpetre is p repared t o a s mall extent .

S i a lko t t ow n was once famou s for its paper b u t th e i nd ustry has ,

m uc h decli ned of recen t years owing to th e co mpeti t ion o f m il l mad e -

paper I t also possesses a recentl y i ntrod uced an d

.

Tra de an d
fl ourish i ng ind ustry i n th e man ufacture O f cricke t co mm un ica tio n s .

bats polo an d h ockey sticks , an d th e li ke w h ich

, ,

h ave a wide popularity al l over I nd ia Ten t s t i n boxes and surgical .

, ,

i ns t ru ments are made ; and th ree fl o ur mills i n on e of wh ich cotton -

,

gi nn ing i s also carried on e mployed 8 5 h ands i n 1 9 0 4 Co t ton i s

, .

woven all over th e D istri ct an d pri n t ed cotton stu ffs are m ade a t
,
‘
Pasrtir ; shawls o f p as/tin t h e fi ne wool o f th e T i betan goat are pro
, ,

duce d a t Kila S obha Si ngh D amascened work on iron is m ade at th e

.

village of Kotl i Loh a r a n near Si a lkot an d Dask a an d other places ,

produce vessels o f brass and wh ite m etal o n a considerable scale I n .

1 86
9 an u ndertak ing was started at Si a lk ot under t h e nam e o f th e
Bel fast Flax Com pany to encou rage th e growth O f fl ax for expor t t o
,

VOL x x n . . 11
 SI ALA O T D I S TR I C T
’

33 3

E nglan d ; bu t though an excellen t fibre was raised i n t he D istric t

, ,

th e d i fficul ty of procu ring ‘

good seed an d th e apa t h y Of t h e pe asa n t ry

Caused the enterprise to prove a fai lure after som e years t rial
’
.

S i a lkot tow n is th e only i mportan t cen t re of com merce and receives ,

such s urpl us raw produce as th e D is t ric t p rod uces m os t o f wh ich is ,

consu m ed i n t h e t own an d can t on men t The ch ief expor t s are r ice .

,

sugar paper cotton cloth an d brass vessels ; and th e ch ief i m ports

, , , ,

are grai n rice t obacco g i n t i mber and t ea bes ides th e variou s n e c e s

“

, , , , , ,

sarie s for th e B rit ish troops i n can to n ments There is a branch o f t h e .

A ll iance B ank O f S i m la a t S i a lko t .

A b ran c h o f wha t is now th e Nor t h W es t ern R ai lway fro m W a z ir ab a d -

to S i alkot a d istance o f 2 7 m iles was Opened fo r traffic in 1 88 0 and

, , ,

i ts con t i nuation t o J am m u in 1 8 9 0 Th e pri ncipal m etal led road ru ns .

parallel to th e railway fro m W a z ir ab a d t o J am m u A n i mportan t .

m etalled ro ad con nects S i a lk ot an d A m ri tsar Th e ch ief u n metal led .

ro a ds are fro m S i a lkot to Gurd aspu r t o Guj ran w a la and vi a E m i n ab a d , ,

to Lahore Th e total length Of m etal led roads is 5 6 m il es and of

.
,

u n m etalled roads 7 8 5 m i les ; of these 2 4 m iles o f m e talled and 2 9 ,

o f u n metalle d roads are u nder th e P u bl ic W orks departm ent an d th e ,

rest are mai ntained by th e D is t ric t board The Ch en a b is crossed by .

n ine ferries an d t h e R a vi by fi ve , bu t t here is l i t t le traffi c o n either

riv er .

Th e D i stri c t was vis i t ed by fam i ne i n 1 7 83 1 8 1 2 1 8 4 3 an d 1 8 6 1 , , ,

.

Neith er in 1 8 7 0 nor 1 8 7 8 d i d i t su ffer severely and wi th the ex tension ,

o f wel l irrigat io n that has taken place i n th e last

F a min e
-

t wen ty years i t i s bel ieved t o have becom e p ractically

.

secure Th e crops ma t u red i n th e fam in e year 1 8 99 —1 9 0 0 am ou nted

.

to 6 3 per cen t Of th e n or mal . .

The D istrict is i n charge of a D ep u t y Com m iss ioner aided by five -

,

A ssistan t o r E xtra A ss istan t Com m issioners o f who m o n e is i n charge

-
,

o f th e D istrict treasu ry Th e ta /zsits of S i a lkot

'

.
,
Adm in ist rat io n
Z afarwal R aya D aska an d Pasr ur are each u nder , , ,

S i alkot i s th e head quar t ers Of

'

a ta b sz a ar and a n a z b
l ’
'
'

a Superintendi ng E ngineer and t wo E xecu t ive E ngi neers o f th e Canal

depar t m e nt .

Th e D epu ty C o mmission e r as D istr ict M agis t ra t e is responsibl e for

-

cri m i nal j u stice and c ivi l j u d icial work is u nder a D is t rict J udge
, ,

B ot h O fficers are sup ervi sed by t h e D iv isional J udge Of the Si a l kot

C i vi l D i vision who is also Sess ions J udge , Th e D istrict J udge has .

o n e S ubordinate J udge an d five M un sif s u nder h i m o n e at h ead ,

qu arters an d on e at each o u tlying ta/zsfl A canton men t magistrate .

i s posted to S i a lkot can t on m en t Th e D is t rict is si ngularly free fro m .

seriou s cri m e despi te th e large n u m ber o f S a ns is an d o t h er cri m i n al

,

t ri bes dom iciled i n i t .

 —
334 SI A LK O T D I S TR I C T

proport ion of l iterate persons w as 2 -8 pe r cent (5 2 males and 0 3 .

female s) T he n u mber o f pu p ils u nder i nstruc t ion w as

. in
1 8 80— 1 ,
i n 1 8 9 0 —1 i n 1 900 1 and ,
i n 1 9 03—4 -
, .

I n t he last yea r there were o n e Arts college 2 1 secondary and 1 8 3 pri , ,

mary (p ubl ic ) sch ools bes ides 9 advanced and 2 2 8 el e mentary (private )
,

sch ools w i th ,
g irls i n t he p u bl ic and 2 7 8 i n th e private sch ool s .

Th e principal ed ucat ional i nstit u t ions are the S i a lkot A rts col lege and
h igh sch ools Th e total expenditu re education i n 1 0 —
5 . o n 9 3 4 was
1- 2 l akh s o f w h ich,
Rs w as con t ributed by m u n icipal i t ies
.
,

Rs . cam e from fees R s fro m Govern m en t grants , and

,
.

Rs . from Local fu nds .

B esi des th e c ivi l hosp i t al and a branch d ispensary at h ead quar t ers -
,

l ocal bodies maintai n 7 ou tly ing dispensaries At t hese i nsti tu t ion s i n .

1 9 0 4 a t otal o f ou t patients and in patients w ere treated

- -
,

and operat ions were p erform ed A l eper asylu m and four Ko t

‘
.

dispensaries for t h e i n m a t es o f t he K o t o r reformatory for cri m inal

, .
’

tri bes are also main t ai ned i n t he D istrict The K o t d ispensaries treat a
,
.

large n u mber o f ou t pat ients T he expendit ure in 1 9 0 4 was R s

-
. .

of w h ich R s w as contribu t ed
. by Local an d R s by .

m u nic ipal fu nds The D is t rict also has fou r m iss ion d ispen saries aided
.
,

fro m Local an d mun ic ipal fu nds o n e fo r m ales and th ree for wo men
~

and ch ildren 5 and i n S i alko t t ow n a charitable disp ensary i s m ain tained

by th e representat ive o f an o ld fam ily o f fi aé ims or nat ive phys icians .

T he n u m ber o f su ccessfu l vaccinat ions i n 1 9 0 3 —4 was re

presenti ng 3 2 -3 per o f p op u la t ion

‘
.

[ J.R D u nlop
. S m ith D z s z rz-
e f G az e tte er ( 1 8
, 9 4
—5 ) 3
'

S et/[ e mefl i R ep e l ?
'

z e M a in Trz ées z fl t/ze Sid/k t) ! D z sf rz e/

( 95) f
' ' '

L
'

1 8 an d C 245 10711a aw o f /

( 1 8 9 9 -J
S ialk o t T a h s il — N orthern m/zsz ! o f S i a lko t D istrict P unj ab lying
'

.
, ,
' '
be t ween 3 2 1 7 and 3 2 5 1 N and 7 4 1 1 and 7 4 4 3 E w i t h an area
° ’' °
.
° °
.
,

of 4 3 6 square m iles T he Ch en a b form s part o f th e north western

.
-

bou ndary o f th e f ez /25 21 wh ich i ncl u des a s u b mon t ane trac t k nown as
,

t he Baj w at to th e north o f that r iver Th e cou ntry is traversed by .

a n u mber o f h ill torrents and excep t i n th e sou th east i s ex tremely ,

-

fertile and is fairly w el l supplied w ith i rrigation w ells Th e pop ulat ion .

i n 1 9 0 1 w as compared w ith in 1 8 9 1 Th e head .

quar t ers are at th e tow n o f S I AL K O T (pop ulation and i t also ,

con t ains 6 3 7 v illages T he land revenu e and cesses i n 1 9 0 3 4

.
-

a mou nted to R s
S ialk o t T o w n —H ead quar t ers o f S i alkot D is tric t and la /z sil
.

-
. ,

P u nj ab s ituated i n 3 2 3 0 N and 7 4 3 2 E o n the W a z ira b a d

,
° ° ’
.
’
.
,

J am m u branch o f t h e N orth W es t ern R ailway ; d istan t by rai l fro m -

Calcu tta m i les fro m B om bay ,

and fro m K ar a ch i 8 0 8 .

I Op ulatio n
’
S i a lko t s tands on th e north e rn bank of
 SI / I LA O T
’
TO [ 12V 335

the A ik torrent u pon th e edge o f th e h igh t riangu lar ridge w h ich

,

extends sou th w ard fro m th e Ja m m u h i lls and i s 7 2 m i les fro m ,

Lahore .

P opular legends at t ribu te i ts fo u ndation to R aj a 8 51121 t h e u ncle of ,

the P a ndavas and say that i t was refou nded i n th e t i me of V ik ramadity a

,

by R aj a Salivah an wh o bu il t th e fort an d ci ty Salivah an had t wo sons :

, .

one P fi ran by nam e was k illed by t h e i nstru m ental i ty of a wicked step

, ,

moth er and th ro w n i n t o a well s t il l t h e resor t o f p ilgri ms n ear Si a l kot ;

, , ,

th e other R as a l u th e great m yth ical h ero of P u njab folk tales i s sai d

, ,
-
,

to have reign ed a t S i a l kot Towards th e end of h is rei g n R as a l u

.

‘
becam e i nvol ved i n w ars wi th R aj a H ird i popularl y stated t o have ,

been a Gakhar C h ieftai n B eing worsted i n ba t tl e R as al u as th e

.
, ,

price o f peace w as forced to gi ve h is daugh te r in marriage t o h is

,
.

conqu eror wh o gave th e terri tory h e had conqu ered to R asfi lu s

’

adopted son A ccord ing to a fu rth er legen d related to M r P rin se p

. .

‘ A fter th e death o f R a j a R as a lu th e cou ntry is s aid to have fallen ,

under th e cu rse o f P uran (broth er of R as a lu wh o h ad becom e a ,

‘

f a k z r
) for 3 0 0 years lyi ng totall y devas t,
ated fro m fam i ne and in

cessan t plu nder .

’

I t has recen tly been suggested that Si a lkot is th e anci en t si te k nown

as Sa kala or S a gal I n A D 7 9 0 th e fort an d c i t y w ere dem ol ished by
. . .

an arm y u nder R aj a N araut su pported by t h e Gh an daurs o f th e ,

Y usuf7a i cou nt ry U nder th e M ughal e m perors Si a lkot becam e th e

.
,

h ead quar t ers o f a fiscal distric t (sa rk dr) The cou n try was afterwards
-
.

occupied i n th e seven teen t h c en t u ry by th e R a j pu t p rinces of Jam m u .

Th e m ou nd wh ich rises i n th e cen tre o f t h e town crowned w it h th e ,

remains of an anci en t fort is popu larly bel ieved to mark th e si te o f th e

,

origi nal strongh old of R aj a Salivah an ; bu t th e fort i tsel f is n ot m ore

t han years o ld and i s sai d to have been reb u il t by Shah a b u d
,
-

din at th e end o f th e t wel fth cent u ry So m e o ld bath s w it h h ot water .

-

pi pes o f sol id masonry h ave been discovered h ere O th er si m ilar .

m ou nds stand am ong th e ou tski rts of th e town I n m odern t i mes .

,

th e ol d fort i s o f h istorical i n terest for its gallant defen ce by th e few

E uropea n residen ts wh o took refuge h ere d u ring t h e M u t iny of 1 8 5 7 .

I t i s now d ismant led an d t h e few b ui ldings i t con tains are u sed for
,

public pu rposes Th e tow n also con tai ns th e sh rine of th e fi rs t S ik h

.

G u r u B aba N a nak (see A M R I TS AR D I ST R I CT ) th e scen e of an annu al

, ,

fai r largely at tended by Sikh s fro m al l par t s o f th e D istrict th e Darb ar

Baol i S a h i b a covere d well erected by a R aj pu t di scipl e o f B aba
, ,

N anak h eld h igh i n rel igiou s consideratio n a mong th e S ikh s ; th e

,

M uham madan sh ri n e of I m a m Ali ul hakk a handsom e bui lding o f - -

,

ancient cons truct ion ; an d a tem pl e erected by R aj a Tej Si ngh Th e .

muni cipality was created i n 1 86 7 Th e incom e an d ex pe nd iture during

t h e ten years end ing 1 9 0 2 —
.

3 ave raged abou t a lakh I n 1 —

9 3 4 th e
0 .
3 36 SI / I LK O T TO I Vz 7

i nco me was a lakh ch ie fl y derived fro m oc t roi (R s ,

and th e .

expendi t u re was also a lakh inclu di ng conservancy (R s , .

ed ucation (R s m edical (R s . an d ad m in istration .

( R s .

Th e large m il itary canton m en t is si tu ated ab ou t a m ile an d a hal f

fro m th e nati ve town The garrison wh ich belongs to th e R a walpi nd i
.
,

d ivision consis t s o f o n e ba tt ery and o n e am m un i t ion colu m n o f horse

,

arti llery o ne regi m en t o f B ri t ish caval ry t w o regi m en t s o f Nat ive

, ,

cavalry one battal ion of Nat ive i nfan t ry and on e com pany o f sappers
, ,

a n d m i ners There i s also a m ou nted infantry sch ool

. Du ring th e .

te n years end ing 1 9 0 2 —3 the i ncome and expendi t u re of canton m ent

fu nds averaged R s .

S i a lkot i s a fl ou rish i ng trade cen t re an d d ep ot for agricul tural pro

d uce I t has an extens ive m anu facture o f cr icket an d tennis bats
.
,

h ockey sticks & e ten ts su rgical in stru m en t s and ti n boxes B oo t s are

,
.
, , , .

also made and variou s co tt on s t u ffs ch i efly t w i ll

, T he man u fac ,

t u re o f paper is sai d to have been i ntroduced fou r centu ries ago an d ,

u nder the M ughal e mperors S i alkot paper was largel y u sed a t th e

D el h i cou r t Th e m anu fact ure has now greatly decl ined ow ing to t h e
.
,

co mpetit ion of m il l made paper Th e town contains th ree flou r—

-
m i lls .
,

i n o n e o f wh ich co t ton gin ni ng is also carried o n Th e n u m ber o f

-
.

e m ploy és i n 1 9 0 4 was 8 5 Th e A l liance B an k o f Sim la has a branch .

i n th e town Th e pri ncipal education al i nst i tu ti ons are th e Si a l kot

.

A r t s col lege and fou r A nglo vernacular h igh schools o f wh ich o n e is -

,

m anaged by the E ducat ional depar t m ent two by t he Sco t tish and ,

A m erican M issions wh ile t h e fou rth i s th e Ch ris t ian Trai ning I nst i
,

tu te o f th e Sco tt ish M ission There are five m i ddl e sch ool s fo r girls . ,

o n e o f wh ich i s attached to th e convent I n th e t ow n are a civi l .

hospi t al w ith a branch d ispensary an A m erican M ission h ospital for ,

w om en an d ch i ldren and a c har itable dispensary m aintained by a

,

m em ber o f an o ld fam i ly o f fi ak ims o r nat ive ph ysi cians .

S ib i D is t rict (Siw z ) — D i stric t o f Balu ch ist an ly ing be t ween 2 7 O

.
,
’
and 8 N an d 6
° ’
and 6
'
E I t s l re a is
o ’ ° ’

55 3 0 3 7 1 7 9 5 0 . to ta a .

square m i les ; b u t t h is i nclu des t h e M AR R I — B U GT I cou ntry

squ are m iles ) wh ic h i s only u nder poli tical control leav ing
, ,

square m iles o f directl y Adm in istered t erritory Th e Lahri .

m dba / o f th e K al at State i n Kach h i square m iles) is also

'

poli t ically controlled from Si bi Th e D ist rict is bou nded on the n orth .

by Loralai D istrict ; o n th e sou th by t h e Upper S i nd Fron tier D is

t rie t ; o n th e east by th e D era Gh a z i Kh a n D istrict of t he Pu njab ;
and on th e wes t by Kach h i th e B ol an Pass an d Quet ta — P i sh in The, ,
.

port ion u nder poli t ical con t rol occu pies th e cen t re east an d sout h of , ,

t he D istrict th e areas u nder di rect ad m ini st rat ion form protrus ions i n
t h e north western nort h eastern and south w estern corners
-
,
-
,
-
.
 33s SI B ] D I S TR I C T

to feet ) possess a cl i mate i n t erm ediate be t ween th e extre mes

o f th e plai ns an d th e h ighlands Th e ann ual rai n fall varies w ith th e
.

al ti t ude fro m 3 i nch es i n Nas ir a b ad to 5 i n S ibi and n earl y 1 2 i n

,

Sh a h ri g where th e vapou r beari ng clou ds strike Kh al ifa t an d emp t y

,
-

th eir con t ents i n t o t h e val ley .

Up t o th e en d o f t h e fi ftee n t h cen t u ry th e D is t ric t was always a

d epen dency of M ul t a n I t is k nown t o h ave form ed part o f th e
.

G h az n iv id emp i re an d was ru led by a p etty ch ief

,
H is t o ry
i n the t i m e o f N asir ud din K u b a cha A bou t 1 5 0 0
.
- -
.
,

i t was tak en by Sh a h B eg A rgh un and t hu s passed u nder Kandah a r ;

, ,

b u t u nder th e M ughal e mpi re i t again becam e subordina t e t o M ul t a n

, ,
.

I t was t aken by t h e K alh o ras o f S in d i n 1 7 1 4 ; bu t th ey had t o

ret ire before t h e power o f th e D urranis by wh o m th e local governors ,

were generally selec t ed fro m t he B a ro z ai clan o f th e Pann i A fgh ans ,

wh ich stil l retai ns m u ch i nfl uence D uri ng th e last t wo years o f t h e

.

fi rst A fgh a n W ar an A ssis tant Pol itical A ge n t was pos t ed t o S i bi and ,

o n i ts concl us ion t he D istric t was h anded over t o K al at bu t agai n ,

cam e u nder B arak z ai ru le i n 1 8 4 3 I n t h e succeeding years the

.

M arri s acqu ired grou nd i n t h e D istrict ; an d t heir depreda t ions were

not ch eck ed u n t il Sibi S h a hrig an d D uk i were assigned to t h e B rit ish
, , ,

i n 1 8 7 9 by th e T re aty o f G an damak Th e Marr is an d Bugtis had

,
.

been controlled fro m th e D era Gh az i K h a n D istrict o f t he P unjab

p reviou s t o t h e es tabl ish m en t o f th e B alu ch ista n A gency i n 1 8 7 7 an d
t h i s charge now devolved o n th e Pol it ical Agent i n Thal Choti a l i th e -
,

name fi rst given t o t he D istrict on i t s establ ish m en t i n 1 8 7 9 The .

K uat — M andai valley wh ich belongs t o t h e M arri t ribe has been h eld
, ,

si nce 1 8 8 1 as secu r ity fo r t he pay men t o f a fi ne i nfl ic t ed after t he Marri

exped ition o f 1 8 8 0 O wing t o dispu t es be t ween th e Z ark t m A fgh a ns
'

and t h e M arri s t h e Koh l u valley was brough t u nder B ri t ish pro t ec t ion
‘
,

in 1 89 1 . N asir a b a d was a w abal o f t h e K al a t S tate t ill 1 90 3 w h en

'

i t was t ak en over o n a p erpe t ual lease for an ann ual paym en t of

Rs . i ncreased by R s i n A pri l 1 9 0 4 Th e nam e o f
.
, .

t h e D istrict was changed t o S ibi i n 1 9 0 3 at wh ich ti m e the Sanj a wi , ,

D uk i and B a rkh a n f ez /23 213 wh i ch had h i th erto form ed par t o f t h e o ld

, ,

T h al‘C h o tiali D istr ict were t ransferred to the n ew Loralai D istrict

, .

S ibi D istric t proper p ossesses o n e town and 3 0 4 v illages an d i ts ,

popu la t ion i n 1 9 0 1 a m ou nte d to or 1 8 person s per square

m ile Th e M arri B ug ti cou n try has 8 v i llages
P op ulation an d a p op ula t ion o f
~
.

-
.

T he total popu lation ,

inclu d i ng t ribal areas i s th erefore ,

B u t th is does not i ncl ude
th e D o mb k is U mran is an d K ah e ris wh o
l i ve i n t hat portion o f Kach h i w h ich i s con t rol led from S i bi D is
t ri et Th e followi ng table gives statistics of t he area & c o f th e
.
, .
,

A d m in istered t erri tory by f ez /15 27 s i n 1 9 0 1

 I OI UZ A TI GA
’
’ ’
339

N mb
u e r Of

P p l
Po p l
u a t io n

T a ll s il . o u a t io n ,
pe r 5 u a re
mi e
T o w ns . V ill ag e s .
.

T o ta l

I nc l ude s 66 2 M arris e n u m e ra te d in th e K o hl u la /z s il .

I n the area 9 0 per cen t o f t h e popula t i on are M u h am

Ad m i nis t ered .

madan s o f t h e Su n n i sect and 9 per cen t are H i nd us ; i n th e Marri .

B ugti cou n t ry t he M u ham madan s n u m ber 9 9 per cen t A bou t 4 3 per .

cent of t h e peopl e speak Bal uch i ; th e other languages spoken are

.

‘
P ash t ii J atk i an d Si nd i
, , A pec ul iar d ial ect called Tar ino i s spoken
.
, ,

i n Sh a hrig Th e Baloch n u mber abou t

. A fgh a ns follo w w ith
Th e M arris and Bug tis and t he D u mars are large fl o c k
owners ; t he o t he r i nh abitan ts are cu ltivators .

Th e soi l o f t h e plai ns i s al luviu m local ly k now n as f a t ; i n th e ,

lower h igh lands i t is sandy ; i n K ohl u i t is m u ch i m pregnated w i th

salt Clay and gravel occu r at th e h igh er el evations Th e d irectl y
. .

A d mi nistered area i s wel l i rrigated and fert ile bu t the M arri and ,

B ugti h ills afl o rd s mal l Oppor t u ni ty fo r agricu l tu re O f al l th e tabs?!s

'

.
,

K oh l u alone h as no t been su rveyed Th e t otal cul t ivabl e area i n th e .

remain ing ta/s /s i s 8 7 8 square m iles of wh ich abou t 2 3 4 square m i les ,

Th e principal h arv est i s th e srimv mz rz o r

'

are cul ti vated an nual ly .

au tu m n crop ; wheat an d oilseeds compose th e S pri n g crop

T he largest area is u nder j o wdr after wh ich c o me oi lseeds and wh ea t ,
.

R ice m ille t s and gram are al so grown

, ,
Cul ti va t ion h as ex t ended .

everywh ere w i th th e adven t of peace an d secu rity ; i n Nas ir a b a d i t has

risen from 7 6 square m iles i n 1 88 0 —1 t o 1 6 5 square m i les i n 1 9 0 2 —3 ,

and i n Sib i from abou t 7 square m iles i n 1 8 7 9 —80 t o abou t 5 9 square

m iles i n 1 9 0 4 Quant i ties o f vegetables are raised i n S i bi for th e
.

Q uetta market and the cul tivation of t obacco po t atoes an d m el ons

, , ,

i s i ncreasing B etween 1 89 7 and 1 9 0 4 ad vances fo r agricu lt u ral

.

i m prove m ents w ere gi ven to th e am ou n t of nearly R s .

T h e cl as s o f cattle i n th e plai ns i s excellen t T h e ponies of th e .

Marr i an d B ugt i h ills are l igh t i n l i mb and body bu t car ry h eavy ,

w eigh ts u nshod over th e roughest grou nd I n t h e plains larger .

an i mals are kept Th e n u m ber o f branded mares i s 1 6 4 G overn

. .

ment stal lions are stationed at S ibi i n th e w in ter Cam el s are bred .

i n the south ern part o f t h e D i strict A h orse a nd cat tl e fai r is hel d .

at Si bi i n February .

The N asiral) ad f ez /( xii is i rrigated by th e Desert and B eg ari branch es

340 SI R ]

of t he G overn m en t canals i n Si nd Th e water is brough t to th e land .

e ither by gravitation (mob ) o r by l i ft Th e area i rrigated

ann ually bet ween 1 8 9 3 and 1 9 0 3 averaged acres I n th e S ibi .

f ez /15 21 a syste m of ch annels from th e N a ri r iver i rrigates abou t

acres E lsewhere exclu d ing Koh l u abou t
.
, acres are i rrigated ,

fro m springs an d stream s W el ls are u sed fo r irriga t ion i n N asir a b a d

.
,

b u t thei r n u m ber is l i m i t ed M ost of th e irriga t ed land i s allowed to

.

l ie fallow fo r a year o r t wo Th e k drez n u m ber 1 4

‘
. .

’
R eserved j u n iper forests nu m ber seven w i th an area o f 6 9 square ,

m i les ; and m ixed forests ni ne i n nu m ber cover abou t 4 1 square , ,

m iles The fo rm er are s i t uated i n Sh ahrig a n d seven o f th e latter

.
,

are i n th e S i bi ta/zsz l Th e j u niper forests contai n an u ndergrowth

'

o f wil d al m ond
(P rz mus eéurizea ) an d mdk /zz (C a rag an a ) ; and th e
'

m i xed forests grow P rosop zs sp iezlgera C app a rzs ap fiy /la tamarisk an d

’ ’

, , ,

acacia .

Coal occu rs i n t h e Sh a h rig la/zsil and petroleu m a t Khattan i n the ,

M arr i cou n try A n accou nt o f the m ethods o f working th e m wil l be

.

foun d i n th e ar t icle on B A L U CH I ST AN T he ou tpu t of coal fro m K hos t .

i n 1 9 0 3 am ou nted t o t ons b u t petroleu m is no longer worked ,

.

An u nsu ccessfu l boring for o il was made i n 1 8 9 1 near Spin tan gi .

E arth sal t was m an ufa c tu red in Nas ir a b a d up t o 1 9 0 2

-
.

R ough wooll en fabrics coarse carpe t s i n t h e darZ stitch nose bags

, ,
-
,

and saddle bags are produced i n many places

-
Felts and fel t coa t s .

are made by th e wo me n o f th e h ighlands for

Trade an d
co mm un icat io n s
dom est ic u se M ats 1 0 pes sacks baskets camel .
, , , ,
.

pads an d m an y oth er ar t icles are w oven from th e

,

dwarf pal m wh ich is o n e o f th e m os t u sefu l plant s o f th e D istrict

-
,
.

E m broi dery i s m ade b y th e B ugt i wo men th e st itch ch iefly u sed being ,

h erring bone wi th th e th reads loopi ng through each oth er The design

-
,
.

o ften con sists o f large circu lar bu t tons or m edall ions j oi ned by rings
o f ch ai n st itch .

T he D istrict produces j ow dr wh eat g /zi and wool an d i n years

'

, , , ,

o f good rainfall m edici nal drugs especially cu m i n seed i n som e quan , ,

t iti es . The only cen tre o f t rade is S ibi th e t otal i mp or t s an d exports ,

o f wh ich town by rai l have risen fro m tons in 1 8 9 8 to

tons i n 1 90 3 Trade i s largel y carried on by agents o f firm s from
.

Sh ik a rpu r i n Sin d Th e pri ncipal i mports i nto S ibi are gram pulse
.
, ,

rice dried fru its and p iece goods ; th e exports are j azz/air bdj ra wheat
, ,
-
, , ,

and oi lseeds .

Th e S i nd Pi sh in sec t ion of th e N orth W estern R ail way on the

- -
,

s t andard gauge en t ers th e D i stric t n ear J hatpat and after crossing th e

, ,

K ach h i plai n passes to K ach K o talf S i bi town i s th e j u nct ion for

,

th e M u sh k a f B ol a n branch The centre and sout h of th e D i st ric t are

-
.

i ll provided with roads Par t ially me t alled roads extend t o 1 2 5 and

.
342 S I R ] D I S TR I C T

referred t o f ingers fo r an a w ard u nder th e Front ier Crim es R egulation .

T h e n u mber o f cogn i7a b le cases repor t ed d uring 1 90 3 was 1 3 4 con ,

v ic tio n s bei ng ob t ai ned i n 7 3 i ns t ances Th e total n u m ber of cri m inal .

Th e cases referred t o j z rg as
'

cases was 3 0 4 an d of c ivi l su i ts -

nu m bered 6 4 5 i nclu d ing 1 7 cases o f m u rder 7 cases o f robbery 2 4 o f

, , ,

adultery and 1 5 cases o f ad ul tery accompani ed by m u rder

,
.

I n A k b ar s t i m e S ibi was a maize?! o f the B h akkar sark cz r o f th e

’ ''

M ult a n Saba/z I t paid abou t R s . and furnished 5 0 0 cavalry .

an d 1 5 0 0 i nfan t ry Th e Pan n i tri be also suppl ied a separate con

,
.

t ingen t Ch halgari i e th e Harnai valley wh ich depended o n K an

.
,
. .
,

dah a r pai d R s 2 4 0 i n m oney 4 1 5 ’e/z arw drs of grain an d su pplied

, .
, f ,

2 0 0 h orse and 3 0 0 foot Un der th e D urran is t h e revenu e o f th e .

Si b i ta/zsz l was abou t R s Th e p resen t sys t e m o f levying

'

reven ue varies i n di fferen t par t s of th e D is t ri ct an d even i n d i fferen t ,

areas w i t h i n th e sam e f a fi szl Fixed cash assessm en t s varyi n g from

'

.
,

R s 2 to R s 2 —
. 8 per acre on irrigated lands are to be fou nd si de
.
,

by s id e wit h t h e collec t ion o f an actual share o f th e produce (éa f az )

'

at ra t es varyi ng fro m o n e four t h to one twel fth D etai ls of each - -

.

system are given i n th e separate articles o n t he ta /zsi/s of th e D is t ric t .

T h e an nual valu e o f t h e revenu e fr ee holdings an d grants o f grai n i s -

Rs Th e land revenu e i nclu d ing graz ing t ax bu t excl uding

wa t er ra t e am oun t ed i n 1 9 0 3 —
.
,

, 4 to nearly 2 lakh s Th i s i nclu des the .

reven u e of Nasir a b a d for s ix m on t h s only Th e wa t er rate i n N as ir

a b a d am ou n t ing to 1 -2 lakh s i n 1 9 0 3 —
.

, 4 is pai d over to th e Governm en t ,

of Bo m bay as t h e B eg a ri an d D esert Canals wh i ch i rrigate i t belong

, , ,

t o t he S i nd system Th e t o t al revenu e of t h e D is t rict fro m al l sources

.

was 2 4 lak hs i n th e sam e year .

Th e S ib i ba z ar fun d an d th e Z i a ra t i m provem en t fund are referred

to i n t he articles o n 8 1131 TO WN a n d Z I AR A T O ctro i an d conservancy .

cess are levied i n som e ba z ars near th e Sind P ish in railway an d are -
,

credited to th e S h a hrig baz ar fu nd th e m oney being spen t on sani tary ,

a nd o t h er work s u nder th e d irec t ion o f th e Assistan t Pol i ti cal Agen t i n

charge of S h ah rig Th e i ncom e i n 1 9 0 3 — 4 was R s
. an d t h e .

expend itu re R s .

A smal l de t ach m en t of nat ive i nfan t ry is s t a t ioned at S ibi Th e .

D istric t Superin t enden t o f police at Qu etta i s i n charge o f t h e regular

police wh ich cons isted in 1 9 0 4 of 1 9 9 constables and 2 3 m ou nted
, , ,

m en u nder a E u ropean i nspec t or an d H onorary A ssi stan t D is t rict

,

Su perin t enden t w it h 6 depu ty i nspec t ors an d 5 6 sergean t s

,
I t was -
.

d istri bu t ed i n t wen t y fou r sta t ions Th e pol ice employed o n t h e rail

-
.

way l i ne nu mbered 6 3 Th e to t al force of levi es available am ounts to

.

4 3 9 m en o f who m 2 3 8 are m ounted and 9 1 are em ployed o n th e

,

railway Th ese figu res do no t i ncl ude 2 2 5 m en stationed i n th e

.

M arri Bugt i cou n t ry an d 2 6 i n th e Lah ri mid/ ml

-
Local fu nds main
, .
 343

la in 21watch men T here is a D is t ric t j ai l at S i bi town and fou r

.

su bs idiary jails w it h t otal acco m m odat ion fo r 1 0 0 male an d 2 4 female

, .

prisoners Prisoners whose term s exceed six month s are sen t to th e

.

S h ik a rpu r j ai l i n Si nd .

I n 1 9 0 4 the D istrict had on e m iddle and eigh t pri mary schools ,

incl uding a school for native girls an d another for E u ropea n and
E u rasian boys and girls T he n u m ber o f pu p ils was 3 4 2 and th e
.
,

an n ual cos t R s of w h ic h R s
. was paid fro m Provinc ia l .

reven ues and R s fro m Local fu nd s The n u m ber of boys and

. .

girls recei ving elem en t ary i nstruction i n m osqu e and other private
schools was 9 2 6 E ducat ion i n th e Marri B ugt i cou n t ry i s represented
.
-

by a single school at Dera B ugt i .

The D is t ric t possesses one hosp ital an d fou r c ivi l and rai lway d is
p e n sarie s w ith acco m modat io n for 7 4 patien ts
, The average daily .

at t endance of pat ien t s i n 1 9 0 3 was 2 1 Two o f th e i nst i tutions .

are mai ntai ned by t he Nor t h W estern R ai lway two are a ided fro m -
,

Local fu nds and t h e other is main t ai ned fro m Provi ncial reven ues
, .

The ex pend iture fro m Local fu nds and Provi ncial revenues i n 1 9 0 3
w as R s . A fe mal e d ispensary has recen tly bee n establ ished at
S ibi S h ahrig has an evi l repu ta t ion for malaria i n su m me r an d
‘
,
.

syph il is i s com m o n i n parts o f the z a /zsil Malarial fever i s the mos t .

prevalen t d isease th roughou t t he D istrict V acci nat ion is op t ional and .

m os t o f th e people st ill resor t t o i noculation Th e n u mber of persons .

successfully vaccinated i n 1 9 0 3 was or 4 6 per on t he t otal

popu lation o f t he A d m in is t ered area .

ep ort on t/ze D z sf rz ct o
[ f a n d [ l ar/mt
' ’

0. T D uke. R , T /za/

(Foreign Depar t me n t Press R I Bruce H is/or) of Me ,

. .
,
!

JI arri b cz/oc/z Trz oe a nd {is R ela x/oils t oil/z l/ze B ug ti Trioe (Lahore
'
’
,

1 8 84
) B o méay R ecords N o X V I I New Series contai ning among
,
.
, , ,

other papers a D iary k ep t by Captai n Lewis B rown wh i le besieged

i n Kah an R D O ldham
,

.
‘G eology o f Thal Chot i a l i and part o f
.
,
-

the Marri Country R ecords G eo log ical Survey of I n dia vol xx v

’

‘
, , , .
,

par t i ; C L G riesbach . . G eology o f t h e Cou ntry between th e ,

C happar R i ft an d Harnai ib vol x xvi part iv ; Major A M c C o nag h e y ,

’
. .
, .
,

D is/rid G az e t/eer (1 90
S ibi S ub d iv is io n — S ubdivision of Sibi D istrict Baluch ist a n con i
.
, ,
~

prising the ta/zsi/s of 8 18 1 and K O H L U The E xtra Assis t an t C o m .

-

m iss ioner i n charge also exerc ises pol itica l con trol i n the Mar t i B ugt i -

cou ntry and i n the Lahri mood : of th e Ka l a t State i n Kach hi

—Ta/zsil o f S ibi D istrict Balu c h is t a n lying
.

S ib i T a h s il , ,

° ’ ° ’ ° ’ ° ’
be t ween 2 9 2 1 an d 3 0 1 5 N an d 6 7 1 1 and 6 8 9 E at th e . .
,

apex of t h e K achh i plai n and i ncl udi ng th e h illy cou ntry rou nd ,

S a ng a t) . I t has an area o f square m iles and a populatio n ,

( 9 )
1 0 1 of showing an i ncreas e of si nc e 1 89 1 I t con .
3 44 SI B ] TA H SIL

tai ns one town SI B! (pop ulat ion th e head quarters ; and 3 2 -

—
, ,

v i llages The
. land revenu e i n 1 9 3 4
0 a mou n t ed t o 1 -1 lakhs Th e .

ra t e o f revenue levied i n S ibi is two n i nth s of the prod uce as di sti n -

,

g u is h e d fro m th e usual one s ix th i n S ang a n

-
i t is o n e —fourth h al f of ,

w h ich is paid over to th e B a ro z a i ch ief an d in K ua t Mandai o ne ,

-

t welfth th e Marri ch ief t aki ng an equal am ou n t

,
Th e ta/zsi/ i s .

i rrigated by canals fro m th e N ari river

S ib i T o w n (Siw i) —H ead —
.

quarters of S ib i D istrict Balu ch ist a n

.
, ,
° ’ ° ’
si tuated i n th e f ez /25 2! o f the sam e nam e i n 2 9 3 3 N an d 6 7 5 3 E ,
. .
,

8 8 m iles fro m Quetta and 4 4 8 from Kar a ch i Th e pop ulat ion nu mbered .

i n 1 9 0 1 an i ncrease of
, si nce 1 8 9 1 Th e place is very old , .

being m entioned as early as th e th irteen t h cen t ury O wing to i ts .

exposed s i t uation between t h e m ou ths o f t h e H arnai and Bol a n Passes

, ,

i t has su ffered fro m frequent sieges inclu ding an assaul t by th e Bri tish ,

i n 1 84 1 Th e ex isting tow n dates fro m 1 8 7 8 I t possesses a consider

. .

able trade T h e V ictoria M e morial H all erected by p ublic sub scrip

.
,

t ion i n 1 9 0 3 i s t h e only bu il ding o f i mportance A piped water suppl y

, .
-

h as bee n provided by m i li t ary f u nds fro m th e N a ri river at a cost o f

Rs . Th ough n o t a m u nicipal ity a t own fu n d is m ai ntai ned ,
-
,

t h e i nco m e of wh ic h i n 1 9 0 3 —4 a mou nted t o R s and th e .

expendi tu re to R s 2 .

S ib p u r — Sou thern s u bu rb of H O W R A H C I TY B engal opposi te Fort

.
, ,

W i lliam D uring t h e last cen t ury t he place has grown from a s mal l
.

village i nto a flou rish ing t own possess ing j u te m i lls fi o ur mills and
,
-
,
-
,

engineeri ng and rope works On t he ri ve r s ide to t he sou th are th e

.
, ,

R oyal B otan ical Gardens among th e fi nest o f their k ind i n th e world

,
.

A fort was erec t ed here i n th e si xteen t h cen t ury to defe nd th e sh ip ping

fro m t h e p ira t ical i ncursions o f th e Magh s o r A rakanese A li t tle above .

th e gardens stands t h e S ibp u r E ngi neer ing College

S ib s ag a r D is t ric t —D is tric t i n E astern B engal and Assam lying
.

,
’ ° ° ’ ' ’ ° °
between 2 5 4 9 and 2 7 1 6 N and 9 3 3 an d 9 5 2 2 E w i th an . .
,

area of square m i les I t is bou nded o n th e eas t by Lak h im

.
~

p u r ; on th e nort h by t h e B rah map u tra an d Sub an siri wh ich d i vide ,

i t from Lak h i mp u r and D arrang o n t h e wes t by Nowgong and o n

the sou th by h i lls inhab ited by N ag a t ribes T h e eastern hal f of the .

D istrict cons ists o f a w ide well cu ltivated plai n

P h y sica l
-

stretch ing fro m the foo t o f th e N a g a H i lls to the

asp e c t s .

B rah map u t ra bu t west o f t he D h an siri th e forest :

clad ranges o f t h e MI K IR H I LLS wh ich rise i n places to an elevat ion ,

of 4 5 0 0 feet proj ect i nto th e val ley Sou th o f th e B rah map u t ra lies
, ,
.

a bel t of land 3 o r 4 m iles i n w idth wh ich afl o rds excellen t graz i ng

'

i n th e dry season bu t i s exposed t o heavy i nu nda t ions d u ring the

,

rai ns . B eyond t h is th e level rises and t he cen t ral portion of the ,

D is t ric t presents a succes sion o f wide p lains p rod uc ing rice and do tt ed , ,
 -
SI B SAG A R
‘
3 46 D I S TR I C T

Januar y th e mean t e mperature i n S ibs a gar is less th an I n J ul y

i t rises t o and th e at mosph ere is overch arged w ith m ois t ure an d ,

th erefore oppress ive .

I n t h e pla ins th e average annual rain fall varies fro m 8 0 inch es i n

,

th e west to 9 5 near the Lak h i mp ur bor der Th e su ppl y of rai n i s .

th u s al w ays ab undant an d fl ood i s a more seriou s obstacle t o culti va

,

tio n than drough t Hails t orm s occasionally do damage especially t o

.
,

the t ea gardens The grea t earth qu ake o f J un e 1 2 1 89 7 was dis tinctly

.
, ,

fel t i n S ibs a gar bu t i n co mparison w ith Lower A ssam th e am ou n t of

,

damage done was s mal l .

A bou t th e eleven t h cen t u ry the do m inan t power i n t h e eas t ern

portion o f th e D istri c t w as th e Ch u t iy a k ing who ruled over a tribe ,

of B od o origin wh ich i s bel ieved t o h ave entered ,

H isto ry
A ssa m fro m t h e north eas t an d t o h ave overthrown
.
-

a H ind u P a l dynasty reigning a t Sadiy a I n th e sou th there were .

scattered tribes of M orans an d t he wes t was w ith i n th e sp h ere of

,

i n fl uence of th e K a ch ari k ing at D irnap ur I n 1 2 2 8 th e A ho ms a .

,

S han tribe fro m t h e k ingdo m of Pong crossed t h e P a tkai range a n d ,

'

establish e d t hem selves in th e sou th eas t o f Sibs agar Th ese foreigners -

.

gradually consol idated th eir power conquered th e C h utiy as and by t h e , ,

'

end o f th e fifteent h cent u ry had beco m e th e dom i nan t t ri be in Upper

A ssa m . Th e K a ch a ri s were nex t defeate d ; and abou t t h e middle o f
th e sixteenth cen t ury t he A ho m cap i t al was establ ished at Gargao n th e ,

m odern N KZ I R K 9 m iles sou th — eas t of S ibs a gar town I t was cap t ured
, .

by M ir J u m la i n 1 6 6 2 ; b ut d uring th e rains th e M uh am m adan force

m el ted away and by th e end o f th e seven t een th cent ury th e Ah om s
,

had s ucceeded i n mak ing t hem sel ves m asters of t he wh ole of th e B rah
map utra V alley above th e tow n o f Go a lp a ra A bo u t th is t i me t he sea t .

o f govern m ent was sh ifted t o R angpu r near th e m odern tow n of ,

S ibs agar wh ich is sai d to h ave been fou nded by R u dra S ingh th e
, ,

greates t o f th e A h o m R aj a s i n 1 6 9 9 Th e D istric t a t t h is t i m e
, . .

appears to have been very prosperous Th ere was a s t rong govern .

m ent an d j ust ice seem s t o h ave been adm i n istered in a fairly l iberal
,

manner t h ough th e death penalty wh en i nfl icted t ook savage form s

, , , ,

a n d no m ercy was show n t o rebels or th eir fam i lies B uchanan‘ .

Ham i lton writing i n 1 8 0 4 reported th a t t h ree fourth s o f th e whol e

, ,
-

area o f Upper A ssam sou th of th e B rah mapu tra was u nder cul ti vation ,

and th e sy ste m of co mp ulsory labou r wh ich prevailed e nabled the R aj a

_

to co nstruc t n u mero us good roads and large e mbank m en t s wh ich kep t ,

the fl o o d wa t er o ff th e fi elds A t th e sam e ti m e th e ex treme aversion

-
.

w h ich th e A ssam ese now h ave to all form s of labou r fo r t h e state an d ,

th e rapi d ity wi th wh ich as soon as A ssa m passed i n t o th e hands o f t h e

,

B rit ish t hey abandoned t h e various t rades i m posed u po n th e m by the ir

,

former rulers sh ows that th e A h o m system th ough t ending t o develop

, ,
 P O I ULJ TI O V
’
I
3 ”

the ma t erial prosperi ty of the c ountry was far from a c ceptable to the ,

mass o f the people R angp u r con t in ued to be t he capi tal til l afte r
.

t he access io n o f G aurinath Sing h i n 1 7 80 Th is pri nce was driven from .

h is palace by a risi ng o f th e M o amarias a p owerful religiou s sect and , ,

establ ished h i mself first at J orh at and afterwards at Gauh at i Then .

ensued a period of ex t re m e m isery T he M o a marias ravaged the .

country o n thei r way to Gauh a t i ; and after t hei r defeat by th e B ri tish ,

troops i n 1 7 9 3 t he A ho m pri m e m in ister lai d was te th e w h ole of th e

,

provi nce n orth o f the D ik h o river A fierce struggle brok e ou t .

between the different pre t enders to the crown one of whom cal led ,

i n the B u rmans to h is aid T he B urmans establ ished th emselves i n .

the provi nce and w ere only expel led by th e B r it is h i n 1 8 2 5 afte r

, ,

they had been gu i lty of the u t m ost barbarity The Brah mapu tra .

V alley was th en i ncorporated w i th th e terri tories of the E as t I nd ia

Company ; bu t i n 1 8 3 3 Upper A ssam incl udi ng the D istric t o f S ib ,

s agar was handed over to th e A ho m R aj a P urandar Singh Th is

, ,
.

prince however proved i ncapable of carry ing ou t t he d u ties entrusted

, ,

to h i m an d i n 1 8 3 8 th e D istrict w as pl aced u nder th e direct manage

,

ment of B ri tish o fficers S ince that date its h i s t ory has been o ne o f
.

'

peace fu l progress Th e nat ive gen try were h owever i m poverished by the
.
, ,

abol iti on of th e o ffices they had form erly enj oyed and by th e l i bera ,

tio n of thei r slaves an d they had some grou nds for feel ing d iscon tented
,

w i th Bri tish ru le I n 1 8 5 7 one o f the m named Mani R am Datta w ho

.
,

had been th e ch ief revenu e authori ty u nder Raja P ura n dar Singh ,

engaged i n treasonable correspondence wi th th e you ng R aj a Kandar ,

p e s w ar S ingh w ho was res iding at Jorh at and oth er d isaffected persons

, ,
.

M ani R am w a s h owever convicted and hanged and all tendencies lo

, , ,

rebellion were th us nipped i n the bud .

The D istrict contai ns several enormous tanks the largest o f wh i c h ,

are those at S ibs agar R udrasagar Jays agar an d G au risaga r These

, , ,
.

tanks were m ade by th e A hom R aj a s i n th e eigh teenth centu ry and in ,

m os t c ases have fine brick te m ples stand ing on the broad ban ks b y
w h ich th e are su rrou nded I n the south west corner of S i bs a gar th e -
y .

rui ns of th e K a ch ari capi tal at “ D I AP U R lie buried in dense j ungle .

Th e populat ion at the last fou r enu m erat ions w as : ( 1 8 7 2 )

( 1 88 1 ) ( 1 89 1 ) a n d ( 9
1 01) T h e enorm ou s

increase of 88 p e r cen t wh ich took p lac e i n the

twenty n i ne years w a s due partly to t he fac t that
-
P o p ul a t io n
.
,
.

S i bs agar u nl ike Lo w er and ( entral Assa m has b een he a l thy so that

'

, , ,

th e i ndigenous pop ulation in c re as ed i nstead of dyi ng ou t but even ,

more t o the i m portat ion of a large nu mber of garden c oolies Th e .

D istrict i s d i v ided into t h ree su b di visions —Sis s fxo w k J O R H AT a nd , ,

G O LRG H KT—wi th h ea d quarters at the towns o f t h e same nam e and

-
,

contai ns villages .

v01 x x ii
. . .
 3 48 SI b S/ I G x 1[ 1 D I S TR I C T
’ ’

The table below g i ves for each s ubd i vision partic ulars o f area towns
a nd vil lages and pop u lat ion accordi ng to t h e Censu s of 1 9 0 1
, ,

“ i
N umb e r o f -
d
i gg n

g ag g
r

gt 8
S E “ 2 -9 : 5 a a
8 a.

S b divi i
u s o n.
3 g E ii a 5 . o c
m 'c
a
“
58 8 s ? 3?
'

“ 2
5 8 E:
a.
as g e es
0.
22

55 + 19 9
26 7 W )
1 82 + 3 2 -1

Di t i t t t l
s rc o a 3 1 20 24 4

A bou t per cen t o f th e pop u lat ion are H indus 4 per cent
89 .
, .

M uha mmadans a nd 7 per cen t A n i m istic tribes

,
. Th e tea i nd us try .

has in t roduced a large n u mber o f foreigners i n to th e D is tric t and o n e ,

fou r t h of the persons enu mera t ed t here i n 1 90 1 had bee n born i n other ’

Provi nces A ssamese was spoken by only 5 9 per cen t o f t he p Op ula

. .

tion wh i l e 1 9 per cent spoke B engal i an d 6 per ce nt H ind i I m m i

, . . .

g ratio n has also caused a great d ispari t y betwee n t h e sexes there being ,

only 8 86 wo men t o every m en .

A s is nat ural th e A h om s
, are th e m os t n u merou s caste ,

bu t t here are also a large nu mber o f C h utiy as T he h igher

H in du castes o f Lower A ssam are n o t so s t rongly represen ted ; th ere
w ere on ly K alitas i n 1 9 0 1 and even fewer K e w ats and Kochs
,
.

Th e priestly caste natu rally t end to congregate roun d th e A h om

capi tals and Br a h mans at th e las t Censu s nu m bered
,
Th e
pri ncipal fore ign cooly cas tes were Sant a ls Bh u iy as
and M un d a s T h e ch i ef h i ll t ribes are M ik irs and
M iris though al l of t h e lat ter are settled i n t he plai ns and ,

many of t h em i n nam e at any rate ha v e attorned to H i ndu is m

, ,
.

M e mbers o f E u ropean an d all ied races n u mbered 3 5 6 i n 1 9 0 1 The .

D istric t is e ntirely rural and n o l ess than 9 1 per cent of th e p o p u

,
'

lati on i n 1 9 0 1 were supported by agricu l ture a h igh p roportion even ,

for A ssam .

Th ere is a branch of the A m eri can Bapt ist M ission at Si bs agar ,

and abou t o n e half o f t he nat ive C hristians

-
in 1 9 0 1 were
m e m bers o f that sect .

Th e soi l varies fro m p ure sand to an absolu tely s t iff clay bu t is ,

largely co mposed of loam su i t able for th e grow t h of rice I n places .

t h is loam h as lost som e o f i t s ferti li t y ow i ng to con ,

Ag riculture
tin uo us cu lt ivat ion ; b u t th e character o f t he rice
.

crop depen ds m ore on th e level o f th e land and t h e rai nfal l t han

o n th e cons t i tu en ts of th e m u d pu dd le i n w h ich i t is planted The .
 GA A D I S TR I C T
’
350

i ncrea sed by 1 8 per cen t Little attem p t has h owever been made .
, ,

to introduce new varietie s o f crops or to i mprove u pon o ld m ethods .

The harvests are regular the c ul tivators fairly well — to do and ag ric ul
,
-
,

t u ral loans are hardly e ver m ad e by Govern ment .

As i n th e rest o f th e Assam V alley th e cattl e are poor The ,

.

buffaloes are however m uch fi ner ani mals than th ose i mported fro m
, ,

B engal .

T he heavy rain fal l renders ar t i ficial i rrigation u n necessary an d fl ood ,

ra t her than drough t i s t h e prin cipal obstacle t o agricul tu re A con .

side rab le area of land is rendered u n fit for per manen t cu lt ivation by

the spill wa t er o f the B rah map u tra and i ts tri bu t aries and i n the t i me
-
,

o f t he A ho m R aj as most o f t h ese ri vers were enclosed i n carefully

p rotected e m bank m en ts O n th e abol ition o f th e syste m of com pulsory

.

labou r t hese works fell into decay T h e reconstruction of e m bank

, .

m ents along sections o f the D ih ing D is a ng B ikho and Darik a rivers , , ,

has however been taken i n h and

‘
, ,
.

T he reserved fores t s o f S i bs agar covered an area o f 8 7 6 square m i les

’

i n 1 9 0 3 —4 nearly n ine tenths o f w h ich are s i tua t e d i n th e M ik ir H i lls

,
-

and the valley o f the D h an siri T hey incl ude th e

F ore st s great N a mbar forest wh ich w i th the adj oi ning
.
.

, ,

R eserves ex tends over 6 1 8 square m iles and was t he fi rst area to be

, ,
’
reserved i n A ssam I t was constit u ted as far back as 1 8 7 3 bu t l ittle
.
,

t i m ber w as ex t rac t ed fro m it p r ior to the constru ction o f th e Assam

.
‘
Bengal R ai lway T h e area o f u nclassed state forest o r Govern m en t ’
,

w aste land i s ,
square m iles ; bu t th is i ncl udes the M ik ir H ill s ,

part o f w h ich are u nder c u lt ivation and large t racts of land practica ll y ,

destitu te o f trees There i s l ittle t rade i n ti m ber i n S i bs a gar and th e

‘
.
,

—
ou t t urn fro m t h e u nclassed fores ts largely exceeds th at fro m th e ’

R eserves T h e mos t val uable ti m ber trees are 71a /zor (fl l e5 1¢a f erre d ) ,

‘
.

( g m ) m m (
' '

aj /z a r L i I Y R A rf oca r u s lz I a
a ers z roe a os eg z fza e p ,

C /z amp aca ) an d ” rim/z (B isc/z ofi a j a vmzz ca )

'

sapa ,
.

Coal o f inferior quality and li m esto ne are foun d i n the M ik ir H ill s .

Th e h i lls to th e south conta in th ree coal fi e lds known as th e N az i ra -

,

Jh an z i , and D isa i Pe t role u m is fou n d i n the two form er fields ; an d

.

al l o f the m have large deposi ts of clay i ronstone and i m pu re l i moni te ,

contai n ing i ron o re Under nati ve rule t his i ron w as ex t ensivel y

.

w orked and sal t was man ufactu red fro m spri ngs wh ich exist i n t h e
,

coal m easures G ol d was also wash ed fro m al m ost al l the rivers A t

-
. .

t h e presen t day a l it t le coal i s m ined by th e Assam C om pany at T e lp ti m

‘

on th e D ikh o river and by th e Sing lo C om pany near Safrai bu t th e

,

w h ole of th e ou tpu t is u sed in th e tea factories of t hese two com pan ies ,

and none is sold .

T he manufactures o f th e D is t ric t apart fro m tea are o f l it t le i mpor , ,

tance Hardly a h ouse is wi thou t its loom on wh ich the wom e n

.
,
 TR A D E AN D C O MM UN I C A rl o m 35 .

w eave cotton and silk cloth s ch iefly however for home use and , , ,

not for sale Si lk is o b tained fro m th ree ki nds of w orms e rz (f l/f o cus
'

.
,

mag i (A n t/zero ed a ssama ) an d [ it ( R om/{m ,

n
Tr ade an d
f ex tor) . Th e cri worm is usually fed on th e co mmun ica tio n s
castor oi l plan t ( R id /ms co mmo n /s) th e in f/g o on
.
“
-
,

t he su m t ree ( Al o e/117 10
-
and the p at on th e m ul berry tree
“
-

( i[ 07 7 15
x
/
A fine w h ite k ind of th read wh ich i s m u c h valued i , , s

obtai ned by feed ing th e 111/75a? worm on th e c/z a/ficz Unfi t/m )
and t he mea n /k iw i ( Te/rmz f /zem p oI m u /I m) Silk c loth is sti ll very .

largely worn b y men and wom en al ike bu t is being gradually ou sted b y ,

E u ropean cotton goods Af fig ci silk is pro du c ed in large quan tities

.
,

bu t [ MI is com parat ively rare Brass vessels are u sually ha m m ered out .

by Mori as a degraded caste o f M uham madans ; t hose made of hel l

,

m etal are cast by Assamese H ind us Nei ther m etal nor earth en .

vessels are howe v er p rodu ced in su fficien t quan ti ties to m eet the lo c al
, ,

demand and a furth er su pply is i m ported fro m Bengal The jewellery

, .

cons ists of lockets ear ri ngs and bracelets wh ich are often tastefully
,
-
, ,

enam elled and set with garnets or false ru bies Th e goldsm iths are .

a degraded section of th e Kal it a c aste most of who m l i v e in th e ,

neigh bou rhood of J orh at M ustard oi l and raw m olasses are a lso .

manu factu red bu t not on any very extens ive scale E u ropea n capital
,
.

is invested i n t wo saw m ills wh ich i n 1 90 4 e m ployed 1 1 1 work m en .

Th e ou t turn consists al most e nti rely o f tea boxes .

T he exports of the D ist ri ct inclu de cotton m ustard s eed canes and , , ,

h ides bu t th e onl y article of any i m portance i s tea l h e ch ief i m ports .

are rice gram and other k ind s of grain piece goods salt kerosene and
, , ,
-
, ,

other oi ls and i ron and hard w are The B rah maputra and th e Assam
,
.

Bengal R ail way are t h e mai n channels of external t rade The ch ief .

centres of com merce are th e th ree su bd ivi sional towns bu t th e tea ,

i nd ustry tends to decentrali z ation O n every garden th ere i s a sh o p .

,

w here the cooly can pu rchase al m ost everyth ing that h e requ i res ; an d

local su ppl ies are obta i ned from th e nu m erou s w eekly markets held
i n difl e re n t parts of th e D istrict Th e m os t i m por t an t of these are
'

at N AZ I R A abou t 9 m iles sou th east o f Si bs a gar and at Mari an i and

,
-
,

T it a bar i n th e J orh at su bdi vision Th e Assa mese th e msel ves have .

no taste for busi ness and al most th e wh ol e o f th e external t rade is

,

in t he hands of M arw a ri merchants k nown as Kay a h s wh o amass , ,

cons iderable wealth E ach town also contai ns a few sh ops where fu r
.
,

n it ure hard ware and haberdashery are sold by M uham madan t rader s
, ,

fro m Bengal Cotton is grown by the M ik irs and N ag as w h o barte r it

.
,

for sal t and other com mod ities with the M arw aris of Gol agh a t .

Th e A ssa m Bengal R ai l way ru ns th rough th e sou thern p art o f th e

-
.

D ist ri ct from D i m a pu r t o Barh at and a t Mar ia n i and Tit abar m eet s ,

a ligh t rail way wh ich runs from th ose places v ia J orh a t to Kakil a muk h
, , ,
 .

35 2 V H S/ 16 7 11? D I S TR I C T

on th e B rah maput ra A dai ly service of passenger st ea mers and a large

.

fl eet o f c argo boats own ed an d m anaged by th e I nd ia General Steam

,

Navigation Com pany an d th e R ivers Steam Navigat ion Com pany ply ,

on th e B rah mapu t ra between Goal u ndo and D i brugarh D i s a ngm u kh .

i s th e port for S ibs a gar Kaki l a m uk h for J orh at an d Neghereting for

, ,

Gol agh a t ; bu t steamers also call at th e m ou th s o f th e D ih ing D ik h o , ,

J h a n z i and D h ansiri I n th e rai ns feeder vessels go u p th e B ikh o to

,
.

Santak u p the D is ang to Safrai and u p th e D h an siri t o G ol a gh a t

, , .

The pri nci pal roads are th e tru nk road w h ich ru ns for n o m i les ,

th rough th e D istrict passing th rough j orh a t and S ibs agar an d th e

, ,

D h o dar Ali wh ich leaves th e t ru nk road at K am a rgaon i n th e Gol a gh a t

,

subdivis ion and ru ns through th e sou th east of th e D istri ct i nto Lakh

,
-

i mpur Nu m erou s branch roads m any of wh ich follow th e l i nes of th e

.
,

4112 ,
3 o r ol d e m bank m ents constructed by forced labour under th e A h o m

k i ngs ru n fro m n orth to sou th an d connect th e B hodar Ali an d th e

,
‘
t ru nk road Nort h of th e B rah mapu tra t here i s only one road wh ich
crosses th e M aj ul i from Kam al a b a ri to Garamu r I n 1 9 0 3 —
.
,

4 2 3 7 m i les .
,

of u n m e talled roads were mai n t ai ned by th e Pu bl ic W orks depart m en t

an d 7 0 5 m iles by t h e local b oards Mos t o f th ese roads are bridged .

th rough ou t and ferries are m ai n t ain ed only over th e larger rivers

F o r general ad m
.
,

i nistrative pu rposes th e D i strict i s di vided in to t h ree

subd ivisions : SI BSRG A R wh ich i s un der th e i m m ediate ch arge o f th e
,

D epu ty Com m issioner ; and J OR H AT an d GO LKG H RT

-
,
Adm in is tra t io n .

wh ich are u sually entru sted to E u ropean magi strates .

Th e transfer o f th e h ea d quarters o f th e D istrict fro m S ibs agar to -

J orh at h as h owever recen t ly been sancti oned Th e s t aff i ncl u des six
, ,
.

A ssistan t M agi s t ra t es t wo of wh om are s tationed at J orh at and two

,

at Gol agh a t and a Fores t officer ,

.

Th e Dep u ty — Com m ission er has t h e pow ers o f a S ub J u dge an d th e -

,

A ss istant M agistrates exercise j u risdict ion as M un sifs A ppeals bot h .

,

c ivil an d cri m i nal l i e to t h e J udge of th e A ssam V alley bu t th e ch ief

,

appellate aut h ori t y is th e H igh Cour t a t Calcut ta Th e people are as .

,

a wh ole law abi ding an d th ere i s n o t m uch seri ou s cri m e I n th e

,
-
,
.

M ik ir H ills and i n th e tract recen tly transferred fro m th e N ag a H ills

D istrict a special form of proced ure is i n force T h e H igh Court has .

n o j u ri sd ict ion an d th e D epu ty Co m m ission er exercises th e powers of

,
-

l i fe an d death su bj ect to confi rm ation by th e Ch i ef Com m i ssioner .

Th e lan d reven u e s ystem does n ot di ffer m at erially from t hat i n

for m: i n th e rest of A ssam proper wh i ch i s descri bed i n th e article ,

on A SS A M Th e settle m en t i s ry omfi rz and i s l iable t o periodical

'

.
t
,

revisi on M u s t ard and su m m er rice are sel dom gro w n on th e sam e

.

land for m ore than th ree years i n s uccession and th e villagers are ,

al lowed t o resign th ei r h ol dings an d tak e u p new pl ots of land on

giving not ice to th e reven u e au t h oriti es I n 1 9 0 3 —4 acres .
,
 SI R S/ 17 7 4 1 D I S TR I C T
8
354 .

of th e fe male populat ion of th e sam e age less than one per cent T he .

total ex pendi t u re o n educat ion in 1 9 0 3 — 4 was R s of w h ich .

Rs . was deri ved fro m fees A bou t 3 4 per cent o f th e direct . .

expendi tu re was d evoted t o pri mary schools .

Th e D ist rict possesses 3 h ospi tals and 4 dispensaries w i th aecom ,

~

mo dat io n for 5 8 in patients I n 1 9 0 4 th e nu m ber o f cases t reated was

-
.

of wh ich 6 0 0 were in pat ien ts and operations were -

,

perform ed The expen d itu re was R s . hal f of wh ich was m et .

fro m local and m u nici pal fu nds .

I n 1 9 0 3 4 4 6 per of th e popu lati on were successfu lly vac

-
,

c inate d wh ich i s a li ttl e above th e proporti on for th e Province as

,

a wh o le V accinati on i s compu l sor y on ly i n th e tow ns of Si bs a gar

. .

lo rh at and Gol agh at , .

a lz slzea / A eeo zm t o
[ Si r W W H u nter ssa m vol
'

f i
’

A St . . A , ,
.

L J Kershaw A ssessmen t R ep orts C efl f ra / G o/dg lzdt I Vestem G o ld /

‘
. .
, , ,

g /z dt JVort/zern f orfi df Gem m l j ar/25 ! a n d Sou l/zen : j or/z é t G roup

, , ,
'

B C A llen D zsf rzel G az e f teer

'

. .
,

S ib s §g ar S u b div is io n — Su bd ivis ion o f S ibs agar D ist rict E astern

'

.
,
’ ° ° ’ ° ’
B engal and A ssam ; lyi ng bet w een 2 6 4 2 and 2 7 1 6 N and 9 4 2 4 .

° ’
an d 9 5 22 E wi th an area of square m iles I t conta ins one
.
,
.

t own S I BS AG A R (p o p ulat ion

,
th e h ead quarters and 6 6 6 vi llages ,
- .

The su bdivision l ies o n th e sou th bank of t he B rah m ap u tra and is ,

bou nded on t he sou th by th e h i lls inhabited by N agas I t was th e .

original cen tre from wh ich th e A h o m tribe extended their i n fl u ence

over th e val ley of th e B rah mapu tra and evi dences of th ei r occupat ion ,

are to be fou nd i n nu m erous large tanks em ban km ents and rui ns o f , ,

t em ples and palaces Th e popu lati on i n 1 9 0 1 w as . o r nearl y

o n e th ird m ore than i n 1 8 9 1

-
Th is en ormou s increase is
d ue to nat ural growt h am ong th e A ssamese wh o are fou nd here i n ,

large n u m bers and to th e i m portat ion of cool ies for tea cu ltivation
,
'

I n 1 90 4 t h ere were 5 6 gardens wi th acres u n der plant wh ich ,

gave e mploym ent to 7 5 E uropean s and nati ves Th e stapl e .

food crop is sci/2 o r transplanted w in ter rice ; b u t m u ch dam age is

°

-
,

done to cult ivat ion by th e tribu taries of th e Brah mapu tra an d steps ,

h ave recently been taken to restore th e e m bank men ts wh ich enclosed

th ese rivers i n th e ti m e o f th e A hom R aj a s Th e subd ivisi on as .
,

a wh ole supports 1 8 2 person s per square m ile bu t i n the N amdito l

, ,

tak sil wh ich covers an area of 1 6 0 square m iles th e density is as h igh

, ,

as 3 6 4 and lit t le good land re mai ns availabl e fo r settl e men t except in

,

tracts wh ich requ ire to be protected from fl ood I n th e west th e .

rai nfall i s 8 5 i nches bu t on th e eastern border i t is abou t 1 0 i nch es

,

m ore Th e assessm ent for land reven ue and local rates i n 1 9 0 3 —4 w as

.

RS .

S ib s ag a r T o w n —H ead quarters of th e D i strict an d su bdi vision

.
-
 SI D D KI P UR 35 5

of the sam e nam e Eastern Bengal and A ssam sit uated in 2 6 5 9 N , ,

° ’
.

° ’
and 9 4 3 8 E on th e righ t ban k of th e D ik h o ri ver I t l ies 011
.
, .

t he trun k road along t h e sou th bank o f th e B rah maputra and is ,

connected by road w ith t he rai l way at N az i r a an d with th e Brah ma

pu tra at D isa ngm u kh th e dis t ance t o eac h of th ese places being a b ou t
,

9 m il es Populat ion
. Sibs a gar is somewhat u nfavou r
ably situated for t rade and th e population sh ows li ttle tenden c y to ,

i ncrease Th e tow n takes i ts nam e fro m a tank (seig ar) a m ile and
.
,

th ree qu arters i n ci rcu m ference wh ich was c ons t ructed by th e A ho m

-
,

R aj a S i b Singh i n 1 7 2 2 Bet ween 1 6 9 9 and 1 7 8 6 R angpu r near

”

. .

Si bs agar w as th e capital of t he A h oms but i n t h e latter year th e Raj a ,

was drive n by h is rebelliou s su bje c ts to j orh at Th e rai nfall is heavy .

(9 4 inches ) bu t th e town is h ealthy though d u ring the rains m ost o f

, ,

th e cou ntry i n th e neigh bou rhood is flooded I t is the h ead quarters .

-

of t h e D istrict staff an d o f a branch of the A merican Bapti st M i ss ion .

I n add ition to th e u sual pu bl ic bu i ld ings th ere are a hospital with ,

2 0 beds and a jai l wi t h accom m odation for

7 7 prisoners Sibs agar w a . s

cons t itu t ed a station u nder (Bengal ) A ct V of 1 8 7 6 i n 1 8 8 0 Th e

m un icipal recei pts and expend itu re d uri ng th e ten years endi ng 1 9 0 2 —
.

3
averaged R s I n 1 9 0 3 —4 th e i ncome was R s
. includ .

i ng taxes on h ouses and lands (R s an d grant from P rovincial .

R evenues (R s wh il e th e ex pen di tu re was R s

. Th e .

principal i m ports are cotton p iece good s oi l grai n and sal t : th e -

, ,

exports are in con siderabl e Th e ch ief ed u cat ional institu t ion s are two .

h igh schools wh ich had an average attendance of 3 9 3 boys i n 1 9 0 3 —4

,
.

A bou t 1 5 0 m em bers o f t h e A ssa m V alley Ligh t Horse were re ident i n s

t h e D ist ri ct i n 1 90 4 Th e trans fer of th e h ead quarters of th e D istrict

.
-

t o J orh a t has recent ly been sanct ioned .

S iddap u r —Sou th eastern most td/uk a of N orth Kanara D istrict

.
-
,

Bom bay ly ing be t ween 1 4 1 2 an d 1 4 3 1 N and 7 4 4 0 and

,
° ’ ° ’
.
° ’

’
1 E w it h an area of 3 3 2 squ are m i les
.
T here are 1 9 7 villages .
,

t he h ead qu arters being at S idd apu r

-
Th e population i n 1 90 1 was .

com pared wit h i n 1 89 1 Th e density 1 2 5 persons .

,

per square m i le exceeds th e D istrict aver age Th e demand for land

, .

reven u e i n 1 9 0 3 —4 was 1 4 6 lakhs an d for cesses R s Sidd a ,

.

pu r i s covered with h i ll s i n t h e west wh ich are thi ckl y w ooded towards ,

th e sou th bu t are bare i n th e north Th e valleys among th e western .

h i lls are generally planted wi th spi ce gardens Th e cen tre of the h ill/ Am .

i s a series of low h ills crossed by rich valleys and m any perenn ia l ,

st ream s I n th e east t he h ills are few and t h e co untry stretches i n

.

w i de fai rly w ooded plai ns i n parts dotted wit h sugar cane and rice
-
,
-

fi e lds ; th e extrem e sou th eas t i s h il ly and th ickly wooded m ostly w it h

“

-
,

evergreen forests con tai n i ng t i m ber o f great g irth and h eight Th e .

smal l stream s are of great valu e for garden irrigat ion I n t h e w est .
 -

356 SI D D A P UR

t he soil is red and in t he valley s a ri ch al lu vial mou l d is found I n

,
.

th e eas t th e soi l i s red i n places bu t is not rich T h e ch ief products ,

.

are rice sugar cane B engal gram k u lz t/z areca nu ts pepper carda
,
-
, , ,
-
, ,

m om s betel lea f le m ons and oranges E xcep t i n t h e we st where

,
- -
, , .
,

feverprevails du ring the later rai ns and t h e c o ld se aso n th e tdluk a

'

i s fairly h eal th y an d during th e h o t m onth s th e cl i mate i s agreeabl e

,
.

Th e annual rain fal l averages 1 1 5 i nch es

S id da p ura —V illage i n th e M o lak almu ru lei/w k of Ch i tal droog D is
.

° ’ ° ’
t ric t M ysore si tuated in 1 4 4 9 N and 7 6 4 7 E on the Jan agah alla
, , . .
, ,

9 m iles north eas t o f M o lak almu ru town Popu lation

-
.

I t has becom e of special interest fro m the d iscovery of edic t s of Asok a

i n th e neigh bou rhood T hey are addressed to the offi cial s in I sila .
,

w h ich may represen t th e S idda of Si ddapu ra I f so th e place was ’

.
,

i n ex is tence i n th e th i rd cen t u ry B C Th e oth er inscript ions found . .

are P allava H o y sala and V ij ayanagar of th e el even th th irteen t h an d

, , , ,

si xteen t h centu ries .

S iddh a v a t tam — Su bd ivision an d td/u k of Cu ddapah D istrict

.
,

Madras See SI D H O UT . .

S iddh e s w a r — H ill s between Sylh et and C a ch a r D istricts E astern

.
,

Bengal and A ssam See S AR A S P U R . .

Siddip e t T alu k — Teilze/e i n M edak D i strict H yder a b a d State , ,

with an area of square m iles Th e popu lation i n 1 9 0 1 was .

co mpared wi th in 1 8 9 1 th e decrease bei n g du e to ,

ch olera Th e lei/21k has one town S I DD I P E T (populat ion

. th e , ,

h ead quarters ; an d 2 3 3 v illages of wh ich 1 0 2 are j cigir Th e land

-
,
.

reven u e i n 1 9 0 1 was lakh s Tanks supply a con si derable area .

of rice cu lt ivation .

S iddip e t T o w n H ead qu arters o f the tcilzz k of th e sam e name

'

- -
.

i n M edak Di strict H yder a b a d State si t uated i n 1 8 6 N and , ,

° ’
.

° ’
78 6 1 E Populati on . Si dd ipet i s a com mercial town
of so m e i m portance and contai ns a d ispensary a State sch ool a m is , , ,

sion sch ool and a post office An old for t adj oi ns i t t o th e west B rass
,
. .

and copper vessels of a su perior ki nd as well as silk an d cotton fabrics , ,

are man u fact u red h ere .

S idh a u li — Sou th — eas t ern f a/zsi/ of S it apu r D istrict United Pro

.
,

vi nces com prisi ng th e p arg a n as o f B a ri Sadrpu r K o n dri (South )

, , , ,
° ’
M ah m ud a ba d and Man w a n an d lying bet ween 2 7 6 and 2 7 3 1 N
, ,
° ’
.

° ’ ° ’
and 8 0 4 6 an d 8 1 2 4 E with an area o f 5 0 2 square m i les F opu .
,
.

lat ion i ncreased fro m i n 1 89 1 t o i n 1 9 0 1 the rate ,

of i ncrease bei ng th e h igh est i n t he D is t rict Th ere are 5 4 4 vi llages .

-
and two towns i nclu ding M A H M lJD ABAD (popu lation The
de mand fo r land reven ue in 1 9 0 3 —
, ,

4 was R s and fo r cesses .

Rs . Th e f ez /15 5 ! su ppor t s 5 9 7 person s per square m il e being ,

th e m ost densely popu lated i n th e Di s t rict I t extends from th e .

35 8 S I D /[ O U T T/ I I ( 7 K
,

fe w g han n el s are d rawn fro m t he m as th ey ru n i n deep

1rr1 at io 11 c ,

beds ; and al most th e only ben efit derived from th e w eal th of w ater
w h ich ru ns away to th e sea is th e i ncrease i n th e moisture o f the

su bsoi l in th e val leys T h e pri ncipal products are i ndigo and cotton
. .

More than hal f of th e ti l/1 k consi sts o f reserved forests ’

.

Sidh o u t t h e h ead quarters i s a place o f so m e i m portance an d of

,
-
,

con si derable sancti ty O wing to a fancied resem blance i n i t s posit ion

.

o n th e Penner to that o f Benares on the Ganges an d to th e relati ve ,

si tuat ion of som e n eigh bou ring villages an d ri v ers it i s so me t i m es

‘
,

call ed D ak sh in a K a si or th e South ern Benares I t i s k nown for .

’

i ts m elons th e cu l ti v ati on of wh ich is carried on fro m j anuary to

,

March i n th e dry sandy bed of th e Penner .

Sid h p u r T i lu k a — North ern Ltd/H k a of th e Kad i p ri n t Baroda

.
,

State wi th an area of 2 5 4 square m iles Th e population fell from

, .

i n 1 8 9 1 to in 1 9 0 1 Th e f d/uk a contai ns two towns .

,

S I D H P U R (population the h ead quarters and UN J H R

,
-
,

and 7 8 villages I t i s flat and u ndu lati ng by tu rns an d is so me w hat

.
,

bare of t rees whi le t he su rface soil is ligh t and sandy Th e Saras

I n 1 90 4 —
.
,

w at i river fl ows th rough th e centre th e land revenu e was

5 .

Rs .

S idh p u r T o w n —H ead quarters o f th e idly /ea of th e sam e nam e

.
-
.
,

° ’ ° ’
Kad i p reifl t Baroda State si tuated i n 2 3 5 5 N and 7 2 2 6 E o n
, , . .
,

th e Saraswat i river wi th a stati on o n th e R aj pu t a na M a l w a R ailway

,
-
,

6 4 m iles nort h of A h mad a b ad P op ulat ion Sidh pu r .

,

w h ich was form erly k nown as Sristh ala i s a town of mu ch rel igiou s ,

i mportance an d i s frequented by great cro w d s of H ind u p ilgri m s

,
.

Th ey resort h ere because i t is sai d to b e th e only place wh ere

s/z rcidd/z a can be performed fo r th e p ropi tiation of th e manes of
dec eased m oth ers W h at Gay a i s for the fath ers Si dhp u r i s for th e
.
,

m others .

A K Forbes i n h i s R d: Al cila has described th e celebrated R u dra

. .

M ah alay a or M a la fou nded i n th e tenth cen tury by M alar aj a and

, ,

reconsti tu t ed by Jay Singh S iddha R aj a once th e glory of Si dh pu r , ,

bu t n o w only a m assive ru in
‘
Th e M a la w as a very large edi fice of t he usual form and
R u dra
apparently th ree storeys h igh I n the cen tre o f th ree si des of t he .

ma n dap a proj ec t ed tw o storeyed porticoes called rip e/zorz s ; on th e

'

fou rth th e ady tu m a mo st m assi ve st ructu re risi ng to th e extrem e

, _

h eigh t of t h e cen tral bu ilding and th en m oun ti ng beyond it in to ,

a szk dra or spire O n ei ther side stood a k irm sla m/ Mm or tri u mphal
' '

p illar o n e of wh ich exists i n a nearly perfect state

,
Tw o rich ly .

adorn ed col u m ns support an entablatu re an d scul pt ured ped i m ent .

A bove th e brackets form ed of the h eads of mari n e m onsters springs

‘
a deli cately ch iselled arch called th e {0m m 01 garland
,

Th e temple .
’
,

stood i n th e centre of an extensi ve cou rt to w h ich access was given b y ,

 ( I I / A T T A T0 I VA
”

th ree large gate h o uses that i n front open ing 0 11 to the te rra c e lead
-
,

i ng to the ri ver Th e rest of th e su rrou nding wal l w as co mposed of

.

n u mero us le ss er sh ri nes th ree o f wh ich re mai n and have bee n con

,
’
verted in to a M uha m madan m osqu e .

B u t th e work of destruction has proceeded rapidly si nce the t i m e of

Forbes and now there i s li ttle left save gigant ic stones w i th su perb
,

carving to sh o w th e former magn i ficence of the great tem ple O p po .

s ite S idh pu r and across t he river is a large square b ui ldi ng form i ng a

d/z a rmsd/a o f K e w alp uri G o sains Th e town also contains n u merous .

other te mples and several tan ks one of wh ich t he B i nd u Saro var is

, , , ,

held pecul iarly h oly The tortuou s and narrow streets the crowded
.
,

h ouses and t he pop ulation too great for th e area i nhabited u ni te i n

, ,

mak ing S idh pu r an unattracti ve tow n for al l except t he A udic h y a

Br a h m ans wh o deri ve com fortable inco mes fro m th is h oly p lace and
, ,

th e Bo h ras The latter are m erchan ts who carry on bu si ness i n

.

B u rma Z an z i bar & c and the n ret ire to S idh pu r to spend th e re s t

, ,
.
,

o f their ex istence i n t hei r well bu ilt houses and pl easant garden s -

.

Th e town possesses a magistrat e s c ourt A nglo vernacular and ver ’

,
-

h acular schools a d ispensary and the usual pu bl ic offices

,
I t is
, .

ad m in istered as a m u n icipal ity w h ich w a s recons t ituted on a partly ,

e lec tive basis i n 1 9 0 5 and has an i ncom e of R s ,

fro m cu stom s .
,

exc i s e and tolls The ch ief arts are dyei ng and pri nting of c loth b u t
,
.
,

th e w ood carvi ng o n the h ou ses i s also w orthy of notice

-
Sidh pu r is .

local ly k no w n as th e centre o f the poppy growi ng t ract i n Baroda and -

,

th e place w here th e S tate manu factu res o p iu m .

S id la g h a tt a T a n k — Ce ntral {ti/11k of Kol ar D istrict M ysore , ,

’ ° ’ ° ’ ° ’
°
ly ing bet ween 1 3 1 3 an d 1 3 4 1 N an d 7 7 4 8 an d 7 8 8 w it h .

a n area of 3 2 9 square m ile s The pop ulation i n 1 9 0 1 w as .

c o m pared wi th i n 1 8 9 1 Th e lei/11k contai ns one town 8 10 .

,

LAG H AT T A ( pop ulation th e h ead quarters ; an d 3 5 3 v i llages

,
-
.

T he lan d reven ue dem and i n 1 9 0 3 —4 w a s R s The Pé .

p agh n i river crosses th e lei/11k t o t he north east The P o n naiy ar d rai n s -

.

t h e sou th west angle

-
for m ing so me large tanks T h e north w e s t is
, .
-

h i lly and rugged and t he soil poor an d stony ; bu t black s oi l o c c urs

,

n ear th e river S ou th of S idlagh atta th e soil 1s good an d potatoes

.
,

are grown .

S idla g h att a T o w n — H ead quarters o f th e I ii/11k of t h e same nam e

.
-

° ’
i n Kol a r Di strict My sore s ituated i n 1 3 2 3 N and 7 7 5 2 E
, ,
° ’
. .
,

3 0 m iles nort h west o f K olar town Popu lat ion

-
I t was .

foun ded abo u t 1 5 2 4 by a robber ch ief i n whose fam ily i t remai ned ,

for eigh ty seven years Th e Mar a th as t hen took and held it for forty
-
.

five years when i t was captu red by t he M ughals The Mar a th a s agai n
,
.

go t possession and sold i t to th e chi ef of C H I K B A LL AP U R For abou t -

.
,

5 m ile s rou nd th e town occu rs a ki nd of laterite called dra f t/z wh ich ,

3 60 S I D /“ J G il / 1 7 7 14 T O I VN

d i ffers fro m th e ord inary formation i n allowi ng the growth of large trees .

R educed to clay i t forms a du rabl e plas t ering for wal ls and makes roofs ,

w a t ertigh t The m u n ici pal ity dates from 1 8 7 0

. Th e recei pts and .

expend i ture during the ten years end ing 1 9 0 1 averaged R s and
I n 1 903—
.

'

Rs .
4 th ey were R s .

S ido k t a y a N o rth wester n townsh i p of M inbu D istrict Upper

.
“ -
,
’° ’ ° ’ ° ’ °
B urm a lyi ng betwee n 2 0 7 and 2 0 5 4 N and 9 4 2 and 9 4 3 0 E
, . .
,

on th e eastern slopes of th e A rakan Yo ma i n the M on river basin , ,

w i th an area o f sq uare m iles I t 15 sparsely popu la t ed and cu rsed , ,

with a malarious cl i mate wh ich no B urman fro m th e plai ns can endure .

Th e popu lation fel l fro m i n 1 8 9 1 to i n 1 9 0 1 and i n the ,

latter year i nclu ded C h ins wh ile t he no m inally B u rm an p o pu ,

la tio n is m uch m i xed wi th Ch i n There are 2 0 8 vi llages th e head .

,

quarters bei ng at Si doktaya (pop ulation on the Mon river I n ,

.

1 903— 4 t he area cul tiva t ed was 1 5 square m iles and th e land revenue ,

and t/z a t/zameda am ou nted to R s .

S idri —T/z aleu ré t i n t he M ALW E A G E NCY , Cen t ral I nd ia

. .

S ih fi w a l — H ead quarters of th e Bard i ta /zsil o f th e R ewah S tate

.
-
,
' ° ’ °
Central I ndia s it uated in 2 4 3 4 N and 8 2 1 7 E P opulat ion
, . .

1 98 . The place is o f n o i m portance excep t as th e h ead -quarters o f

a ta/zszl b u t con t ai ns a B ri tish pos t o ffice
, .

S ih o r —T own i n th e S tate o f B hau nagar K a thi a w a r B o m bay

.
, , ,

s i t uated i n 2 1 4 3 N and 7 2 E o n th e B havnagar G ondal R ai lway

0 ’
.
°
.
,
-
,

abo ut 1 3 m iles west o f B hau nagar town and o n th e slope o f t he Sih or ,

range of h i lls Pop ulat ion The nam e i s a corrupt ion

‘
.

of Si nghpur t he l ion c ity A st i ll more ancient nam e i s Sarasw atp ur

’
.
, .

I t form ed a cap ital o f th e B hau nagar branch o f th e Go h e l R aj pu ts u nti l

B hau nagar town was fou nded i n 1 7 2 3 T he o ld site o f th e city is abou t .

h alf a m ile to t he s o u th Si hor i s famou s for i ts copper and brasswork .

,

s nu ff and plaster (dz z mdm) T he dyers are n u merou s and sk ilful and
, .
,

dye wom en s scarves (said/as) wi t h various colours b u t they are especially

’
,

fa mou s fo r the ir ch ocolate dye S ihor i s also a great place for oil .

pressers Near th e sou t hern wal l o f th e t own is si tuated th e Brah ma

.

k u nd the water of wh ich possesses S pec ial v irtu es for bathers Farther
, .

u p th e river G autami lie th e G autami k u nd an d G autame sh w ar Mah a

de o . The S i hor s tone fou nd i n th e R a mio h i ll is m u ch used for
bu ildi ng .

S ih o r — Town an d m i li tary sta t ion i n Cen tral I ndia

. See S E H O R E . .

S ih o ra S tat e — P etty State i n R E W R K ANTH A Bom bay

.
,
.

S ih o rfi T a h s il — Central m/zsi! o f J u bb ulp ore D istrict Central

.
,
'
Provinces ly ing between 2 3 1 9 and 2 3 5 5 N and 7 9 4 9 and
,
° ’ ° '
.
o

° ’
80 38 E w i th an area o f .
,
square m iles The popu lation .

decreased from i n 1 8 9 1 to i n 1 90 1 Th e density .

i n th e latter year was 1 5 6 persons per square m ile wh ich is below ,

36 2 T0 s V

nam e i n B ulandshah r D istri c t Un ited Provi nces si tuated i n 2 8 2 8 N

, ,
° ’
.

’
and 7 7 4 2 E on the grand trunk road 4 m il es from Sikandar a b a d
°
.
, ,

stati on on t h e E ast I ndian R ai lway Popu lation of .

w h om were H i ndu s and M usalman s The town was bu i l t .

by S ikandar Lod i i n 1 4 9 8 and was th e head — ,

quarters of a pa rg a / m
or ma in?! u nder A k bar I n th e e igh teen th cent u ry it was h eld for a
.

t i me by Naj ib — u d dau la Sai dat K h a n Naw a b of O u d h at t acked an d

-
.
, ,

defeated a Mar a th a force h ere i n 1 7 3 6 Th e Jar arm y of B h aratpu r .

e ncam ped at S ikandar a b a d i n 1 7 6 3 bu t fl ed across th e J u m na on th e ,

death o f S araj Mal an d defeat of J aw a h ir Si ngh Under Mar a th a rule .

the town was t he h ead q uarters of a brigade u nder Perron an d after

-

th e fall of A l igarh Colonel J am es Ski nner h eld it D u ri ng the M u tiny

,
.

o f 1 8 5 7 th e n eigh bou ri ng G uj ars Raj puts an d M u ham madan s attacke d

, , ,

and pl u ndered S ikandar a b a d bu t Colonel G re ath e d s colu m n rel ieved ’

the t own o n Sep te mber 2 7 1 8 5 7 There are several to m bs a nd

'

.
,

m osqu es of so me ant iqu it y B es ides th e la /zsi/z and police station

'

'

there is a disp ensary ; and t h e A m erican M eth odists t h e C hurch ,

M issionary Soc iety and th e l ami n a B i ble and M ed ical M iss ion have
,

branch es here S ikandar ab a d h as been a m u n icipali ty since 1 8 7 2

. .

D u ring the ten years ending 1 9 0 1 the i nco m e and expenditu re

averaged R s . I n 1 9 0 3 —4 th e i n co me was R s c h iefl y .

derived fro m octroi (R s and t he expendi t u re w as R s

. .

There is not m uch trade bu t fi ne cloth or mu sli n is manu fact ured an d

e xported to Delh i and a cotton gi n has bee n recently opened wh i c h
,
-
,

e mployed 1 0 5 han ds i n 1 9 0 3 The town contai ns a flourish ing Anglo

.

vernacu lar sch ool wi th m ore than 2 0 0 pupils a sch ool wi t h 1 2 0 , ,

and fi ve pri m ary school s wi t h 2 4 0 pu pi ls .

S ik a nd arp u r — Town i n th e B ansd ih f a /zsi/ of Bal li a D istrict

.
,
° ’ 0 ’
Uni ted P rovinces s i t uated i n 2 6 3 N and 8 4 4 E 2 4 m i les north of
,
. .
,

Bal li a town an d 2 m i les from th e righ t bank of th e Gogra Popu lation .

Tradi ti on ascribes the fou ndi ng o f th e tow n to th e

reign of Sikandar Lo di from who m i ts na me was taken I t s former
,
.

i m portance is attested by the ru i ns of a large fort and of h ouses ,

extend ing over a large area -

I ts decadence is locally ascri bed .

t o th e wh olesal e m igrat ion of the i nhabi tan ts to Patna bu t noth ing

i s k now n as to th e cause or even th e date of th is abandon ment .

Si kandarp u r is ad m i n istered un der A c t X X o f 1 8 5 6 w i th an income ,

fro m taxati on of R s T h e local m arke t i s fam ou s fo r i ts otto

.

of roses and oth er perfu m es produ ced fro m fl owers grown loc al ly
-
,

and exported t o Bengal There is also a s mall manu factu re of coarse

.

cl oth The tow n school has 6 3 pup il s

. .

S ik a n d ra — V i llage i n th e D istric t and ta / s / of A gra Uni ted

.
,

Provi nces si tuated i n 2 7 1 3 N and 7 7 5 7 E 5 m i les north —

,
° ’
west .
° ’
.
,

o f Agra ci ty on th e M uttra road Pop u lat ion Th e .

 SI K AN D R A RA0 TA H s if ,
3 s3

vi llage i s said t o have recei ved i ts nam e fro m Sikandar Lod i who ,

bu il t a palace here i n 1 4 9 5 wh i ch now form s part of th e orphan ag e , .

J ah a ngir s moth er wh o died at Agra i n 1 6 2 3 i s bu ried here ; but the

’

, ,

place i s ch iefl y fam ou s for th e t o mb o f A kbar wh ich w as bu il t b y ,

Jah a ngir an d com pleted i n 1 6 1 2 —3

, I t stands i n a spaci ous garden .

o f 1 5 0 acres s u rrou nded by massi ve walls and gateways i n th e m idd le

,

o f each s ide Th e entrance is by a gateway o f magni ficen t proportions

.
,

wi th fou r lofty m inare t s o f wh ite marble Th e bu ild ing is of u nu sual .

design and according to Fergusson was probably cop ied from a H ind u
,

or B uddh ist m odel I t cons ists of a series of fou r square terraces

.
,

placed one above th e other and gradually decreasi ng i n si z e Th e .

lowes t is 3 2 0 fee t square and 3 0 fee t h igh and has a large entrance ,

adorned wi t h marble mosaic Above the h ighes t of th ese fou r terraces .

,

w h ich are ch iefly of sandstone stands a wh i te marble enclosu re 1 7 feet

5 , ,

square th e ou ter w all of wh ich is com posed of beau tiful ly c arved

,

screens Th e space with i n i s s urrounded by C loi sters of m arble and

.
,

paved with t he sam e m aterial I n th e cen tre i s th e marble cenotaph .

o f th e great em peror a perfect example of th e m ost del icate arabesqu e

,

tracery among wh ich may be seen th e n i nety n i ne nam es of G o d

,
-
.

Fi nch after descri bing h is visi t to th e to mb i n 1 6 0 9 says that th e

, ,

i ntention was to cover t h is u pper e nclosu re with a marble dom e l ined

wi th gold Th e Ch u rch M iss ionary Soc ie t y has an i mportan t branch
.

at S ikandra w i th a ch u rch bu il t i n 1 8 4 0 and an orphanage establ ished

a fter t he fam ine of 1 8 3 7 —
, ,

8 wh ich con tai ns abou t 4 0 9 boys and girls

, ,

m ostly fam i ne wai fs I n add ition to ord inary li terary s ubjects som e
.
,

of th e ch ildren are taugh t clot h and carpet w eavi ng b ookbind ing , ,

pri n t ing and oth er trades

,
.

S ik a n dra D h ar — R ange of h ills i n the Pu nj ab wh ich starting

.
, ,

fro m a poin t o n th e border o f the S uket B i l a sp u r and Mandi S tates , , ,

runs north west for 5 0 m iles i n th e last Sta t e I t is pierced by th e

- .

Be a s river abou t 2 0 m i les nort h west o f Mand i town I ts nam e is -

.

derived from that of Si kandar Kh a n Surf wh o is sa id to have ,

establ ish ed a cantonm ent o n its su m m i t i ntending t o con quer ,

K a ngra
S ik an dra R a o T a h s il —
.

Sou th eastern f alls?! of A l igarh D istrict

.
-
,

United Provi nces co mprisi ng t h e p a rg mza r o f Si kandra and A kr a b ad

,
,

° ’ ° ’
an d ly ing between 2 7 3 2 an d 2 7 5 3 N an d 7 8 1 0 and 7 8 3 2 E ° ’ ° ’
.
. ,

w ith an area o f 3 3 7 square m iles T h e population rose from .

i n 1 8 9 1 to i n 1 9 0 1 Th ere are 2 4 8 villages and seven towns. ,

the largest o f w h ich are S I K A ND R A R ao (popu lation 1 th e f a /z si/ ,

head quar t ers and P I L K H A N A

- Th e de mand for land reven ue
in 1 9 0 3 —
,

4 w as R s and for cesses .

R s O n the north .

east th e K al i Nad i form s t he bou ndary and i n the sou th one or two ,

s mal l stream s rise I rrigat ion i s suppl ied by th e E t a wah branch o f the
.

VO L . XX I I . A 3 .
36 4 Sl K A /V D /B/ I RA O TA H Si L

U pper Ganges Canal ; and th e is one o f t h e m ost prosperous i n ta lzsi/

th e Distri ct i n spi te o f t h e presence of large w aste areas covered
,

w ith sali ne e filo re sce n ce s I n 1 9 0 3 —4 the area u nder culti vation w as .

2 1 8 square m iles of wh ich 1 6 4 w ere i rriga t ed ,

.

S ik a n d ra R a o T 0 w n — H ead quar t ers of th e la /zsil of th e sam e .

-

" °
nam e i n Al igarh District Un i ted Provi nces si tuated i n 2 7 4 1 N , , .

and 7 8 2 3 E on th e grand tru nk road and on t h e Cawnpore

° ’
.
,

A ch h ner a R ailway Pop ulation

-
Th e t own was fou nded
.

i n th e fi fteenth cen tu ry by Sikandar Lod i and afterwards given as ,

a j agz r to R ao K h an an A fgh a n from wh ich ci rcu m stances th e

'
‘

, ,

dou bl e nam e is derived D uring th e M u ti ny of 1 8 5 7 Gh au s Kh a n .

, ,

o f Sikan dra R ao was o n e o f th e leading rebels an d h eld K oil o r

, ,

A l igarh as depu ty for W al id ad Kh a n o f M alag arh i n B ul andshah r

D istrict K u ndan Singh a P u n dir R aj pu t d id good service on th e
.
, ,

B ri tish side and h el d t h e p a rg a n a as n dz z m Sikan dra R ao is a

'

.
,

squal id poor — looking town o n a h igh m ou nd su rrou n ded by lo w

, , ,

badly drai ned environs A great swam p spreads eastwards attaini ng

-
.
,

a length o f 4 m iles in th e rai ns Th ere i s a m osqu e dating from .

A k b ar s t i m e and a ru ined h ouse i n th e town was once th e resi dence

’

o f a M uh am madan governor Th e pu bl ic bu i ld ings i nclude th e ta /zsz li

'

.
,

dispen sary an d sch ool S ikandra R ao h as been a m u n icipal ity since

, .

1 86 5 . D u ring t h e ten years en ding 1 9 0 1 th e i ncom e an d e x p e n ,

diture averaged R s I n 1 9 0 3 —4 th e i ncom e was R s

. .

ch iefly deri ved from octroi (R s and th e expenditu re was .

Rs . Th e tow n is decl i ni ng an d i ts trade i s ch i efl y local ,

.

Th ere i s a sm all export of glass an d sal tpetre wh ich are m ade i n ,

the n eighbou rh ood T h e m i ddle sch ool h as 2 2 0 pu pils an d five.

,

pri m ary sch ools 2 7 0 pupi ls .

S ik a r — H e ad quarters of th e ch iefsh i p o f th e sam e nam e i n th e

'
-
.

Sh e k h aw ati 7zz z cz ma t of th e S tate of Jaipu r R aj pu t ana si tuated i n 2 7

°
' '

, ,
’ ° ’

3 7 N and 7 5 8 E abou t 6 4 m iles north west of Jaipu r ci ty an d -

. .
, ,

abou t 4 5 m iles n orth of Kuch a wan R oad j u nct ion on th e R aj pu t

ana M a lw a R ai lway
-
Th e town i s wal led and possesses some large
.
,

b az ars and a com bi ned pos t an d telegraph o ffice Th e populat ion i n .

1 9 0 1 was th us m aki ng S ikar th e secon d largest town i n th e

State ; H indu s nu m bered or 6 0 per cent an d M u salmans .
,

or over 3 5 p er cen t Th e R ao R aj a mai ntai ns an A nglo .

vernacular sch ool at tended i n 1 9 0 4 by 9 0 boys an d a h ospital wit h

, ,

acco m m odat ion for 16 ih patients T here are al so seven indigenous -

.

sch ools i n th e town Th e R ao R aj a s palace th e top o f wh ich is

.
’
,

illu m i nated at n igh t by an electric l igh t rises feet above sea ,

:

l evel an d can be seen from a long d istan ce across th e d esert A bou t

,
.

7 m iles to th e sou th east i s a ru ined tem pl e o f H arasn at h wh ich stan ds

-
,

on a h il l feet above sea level an d i s said to b e 9 0 0 years old -

,
.
3 m. Sl K /Kl /V
'

Sikki m is covered b y gneissi c rock s ex cept i n th e cen t ral port ion

w h ere m etam orph ic rocks belonging to th e D a l ing series occu r
‘ ,

Si r J D H ooker d i vi des th e coun try i nto th ree z ones calling th e

. .
,

lower u p to fee t above th e sea th e tropical th ence to feet , ,

th e u pper l i m i t o f tree vegetation th e tem perate ; an d above to th e ,

perpetual snowl ine at feet the alp i ne Sou th o f th e P e n lo ng La , .

,

wh ere th e Nep a lese have been al lowed to settl e th e m ore produ ct ive ,

sites h ave been cleared for cu l ti vation up t o feet th e greatest ,

h eigh t at w h ich m ai z e ripens and t rees ord i narily remai n only i n th e

rocky ravines and o n th e steepest s lopes wh ere no crops ca n be grown .

Th e tropical z one i s characteri z ed by large figs Teri/z in a /ia Va t/m , , ,

M y ria eea e lau rels E zzp /z orbia ee a e M elia ceae B o zz /z imo B omba x
'

, , , , , ,

M om s A rtoea rp us and oth er Urf ieaeea e an d m any Leg zmz in osa e and
, ,

t h e u ndergrowth cons ists of A ea n t/z aeeo e bam boos se v eral Co /a mi , , ,

tw o dwarf A reea e W a llie/z ia an d Ca ry o f a w ens Plantai ns an d tree

, ,
.

ferns as w el l as P a f zdc mm are co m m on ; an d as i n al l m oi st t ropical

, , ,

cou n tries ferns orch i ds Sei/a min eae an d P ol/z os are extrem ely abu n
, , , ,

dan t . Oaks o f wh ich ( i nclu ding ch est nu ts ) there are u pwards of

,

eleven species i n S ikk i m beco m e abun dan t at abou t feet ; an d

,

at fee t th e te m perate z on e begins t he veget at ion vary ing w i th th e ,

degree of h u m i di ty O n th e ou term ost ranges an d on north ern

.
,
.

exposures th ere is a dense fores t of cherry lau rels oak s and ch est
, , , ,

nu ts ,
A ndromeda Siy rax Py re x maple and bi rch wi th an , , , ,

u nderwood o f A ra /iaeea e H o/ooeilio Limom a B ap / me A rdisia M y e

'

, , , , ,

sinea e Sy mp loeos R u bia and a p rodigious variety of ferns

, , P /eetoeomia
,
.

and M o ra ascend to feet On drier exposu res bamboo and tal l .

grasses form th e u nderwood R h ododendrons appear below feet .

,

becom ing abu ndan t at feet w h ile from 1 0 0 0 0 to feet th ey ,

.

for m th e m ass o f t h e sh rubby vegetation O rch ids are plen tiful fro m .

to feet an d Va eeifl ia between and feet Th e .

sub alpi n e z one begins at abou t

-
feet at wh ich elevati on a dense ,

rhododen dron scru b occup ies th e slopes of th e moun tai ns fill ing up th e ,

valleys so as to render th e m i m penetrable I n th i s z one th e ch ief .

forms of th e vegetation are Gen iicma P rio n/la P edia z /a n s M econopsis

'

, , , ,

an d s u ch l ike genera gradually changi ng to a S iberian flora w h ich at

-
, ,

last enti rely supersedes th at of th e sub alp in e z one and ascends above -

fee t .

Th e tiger i s only an occasi on al v isi tor ; bu t th e leopard (F elix p a rdz/ s)

an d t h e cl ou ded leopard (F meow /om ) are fairly com m on th e la tt er ,

j o urn a l, A s iat ic Society B en l

g a , vo l o a
‘
xxx i J urn l of a T rip unde rt ak e n to
x p l ore th e G l cie rs o f th e K in h
.
, ,

e a kk im H imal y c inj ung a G r o up in t h e Si a a,

’
by J . I
Sh e rw il l ; R rd Geol g i l Su rv ey f I n di
e co s, l x x iv p t i n d i
o ca E x tr o a, v o s a v, a cts fro m
K bru P ndim ‘
.
, .

t h e Jo urn l o f T ip t th G l ie r
a a f r o ned Th ac s o a a a e Ge o l og y
b y P N B os
, ,

an d M ine r l R e so u c s o f Sikk im
’
a r e ,
. . e .
 H I S T OR Y 36 7

ascending to abou t feet The snow leopard (F u n a a ) i nhabi ts

’

. .

th e h igher alti tu des wh i le the marbled cat (1 ? ma rmom /a ) and the

,
1

leopard cat are fou nd on the warm er slopes The large .

I ndian civet cat ( Vio erm afoot/ m) is not u ncom mon u p to feet ,

and the spotted tig e r ci vet -

th ough rare occu rs ,

between an d feet A p al m ci vet (I a rodox /z rus g ray i) is .

-
’

fairly co m m on i n th e warmer forest The ca t bear (A c/1m m f ir/g ens ) .

-

occ urs fro m abou t feet u pwards The brown bear ( Um/rs a re/us) .

is fou nd at h igh al t itu des rarely below or feet and the

, ,

H i m a layan black bear ( U ton/ u ams ) is co m mon from that poi nt down
.

to abou t feet Though these are the only two bears recorded
.
,

t he Lepch a s assert the exi stence of a th i rd species possibly to be ,

i den ti fied wi th U The sdmbar ( Cer 1/ s w u ro/or) i s fre

'

'
. z

quent at al l elevations u p to or feet The com mones t .

of the deer tri be is t he barking deer ( Cere a l/15 found from -

th e lowes t val leys u p to feet ; the m usk deer (Adore/ ms more/zi

fem s) remains always at h igh elevat ions rarely descendi ng below ,

feet even i n winter The serow (A emor/z a edu s ba da /in n s) fre

f
.

quents th e rockies t ravines over feet wh i le the g o m / ( C ema s ,

g ora l) affects si m ilar local ities bu t descends to feet and is fou n d

,

u p to The M o ra l ( 021i; f ro / mm ) is fou nd i n considerable herds

at h igh alt itu des An except ionally large nu m ber o f birds and butter
.

fl ies occu r in the State .

The cl i mate varies between th e tropical h eat of the v alleys and the
alpine cold of the snowy ranges Th e ra infal l i s very hea v y averaging .
,

1 3 7 inches annually at Gangtok Fro m No v e m ber to February t he .

ra in fal l is ligh t and the weather in Nove m ber and D e c e m ber i s clear
,

and fine I n M arch th u nderstorm s co m men c e and gro w ing more and
.
,

more frequ ent usher in the rai ny season w h ich lasts t ill O ctober
, ,
.

S ikk i m was known to early E u ropean travel lers su c h as H orace ,

della Penna and Sa m uel V a n de P u tte under the name of B ro oms/io n ,

(see Mark ha m s Tz oef p wh i le Bogle cal led it

' '

.
,
H ist o ry
D e m o j o ng
.

. Local trad itions assert that the ancestors

of the R aj a s of Sikk im or ig inal ly came from th e neigh bou rh ood of
Lh asa i n Ti bet A bou t the m idd le of th e seventeenth century the
.
,

h ead of the fam i ly was na med P rintso Namgye ; and to h i m repaired

,
‘
th ree T ibetan m onks professors of th e N y in g mapa (or red c a p se c t ’

of Budd hism ) who were d isgusted at the predom inance of the G e luk pa
,
’
sect in Ti bet These L i mas according to M r E dgar s R eport suc
.
,
.
,

c e e de d in converti ng th e Lepch as of S ikki m to their own faith and ,

i n mak ing P un tso Na mgye R aj a of the cou ntry The o v a/(in of tw o .

of th ese L i mas are now the heads respect ively of the grea t m onasteries , ,

of Pe mio ngc h i and T assiding I n 1 7 8 8 th e G u rkhas i n v aded Si kki m .

i n th e go v ernorsh ip of the Morang or ( a n t i and only retired i n 1 7 8 9 , , ,

36 8 SI X /( 1 M

on th e Ti betan govern men t ced ing to t h em a pi ece o f terri tory at th e

h ead o f the K o t i pass B u t i n 1 7 9 2 o n a second i nvasi on of Ti betan
.
,

t erritory by th e G u rkhas an i m m ense Ch i nese army advanced to th e

,

su ppor t o f th e T i be tans d efeated th e G u rkh as an d d ictated t erms to

, ,

t h em al mos t at th e ga t es of K a t m a ndu .

O n th e break ing ou t o f t h e Nep a l W ar i n 1 8 1 4 Maj or Lat ter at th e ,

h ead of a B riti sh force occupied the Morang and form ed an al liance ,

wi th the R aj a of Sikk im wh o gladly sei z ed th e opportu n ity of revenging

,

h i msel f o n t h e G urkhas A t th e close of t h e war in 1 8 1 6 th e R aj a

.
,

w as re warded by a cons iderable accession o f terri tory wh ich h ad been

,

ceded to th e B riti sh by Nep a l I n Feb ruary 1 8 3 5 th e R aj a granted .

, ,

t he s ite of Darj eel ing t o t h e B ri t ish and recei ved a pensi on o f R s , .

pe r annu m i n l ieu of it .

There was h ow e ver a s tand ing cause of quarrel bet ween the R aj a
, ,

an d t he param ou nt power due to th e prevalence o f slavery in Sikki m

,

the R aj a s su bj ec t s were i nve terate k id nappers and th e R aj a h i m self

’

was m ost anx iou s to ob tain fro m the B ri tish au thori ties th e res t oration
o f ru naway slaves W i th som e no t ion of enforc ing the latter demand
.
,

D r Cam pbell t he Superi n tendent of Darj eel ing an d D r H ooker t h e

.
, , .
,

fa mous na t ural is t were sei z ed i n 1 8 4 9 w h ils t travel ling i n S ikk im and

, ,

de t ai ned for s ix weeks A s a p u n ish ment for th is ou trage th e R aj a s

.
’

pens ion was stopped and a p iece of terri tory i nclu di ng th e lower
, ,

course of th e T ista and the S ikk i m f a rm, was an nexed The pract ice .

o f k idnapp ing Bengal i su bj ec t s o f th e B ri tish Crown was h owever no t , ,

d iscon t i n ued ; and two especially gross cases i n 1 8 6 0 led t o an order

that th e S ikki m t erritory n orth o f th e R am m a n river and wes t of t h e
,

R an git sh ou ld be occup ied u n t il resti tu tion was m ade Colonel Gawler

,
.
,

at t he h ead o f a B ri tish force w i th th e H on A sh ley E den as envoy ,

.
,

advanced i n to S ikk i m and proceeded to Tu mlong w h en th e R aj a was ,

forced to make full res ti t u tion and t o s ign a trea t y (in M arch 1 8 6 1 )
, ,

wh ich secu red th e righ ts of free trade o f protection fo r trave l lers and , ,

o f road mak ing

-
For m any years th e Sta t e was left to manage its o w n
.

aff airs ; bu t for so me ti m e prior to 1 88 8 th e Ti betan s w ere fou nd to be

in trigui ng w i th th e M ah a raj a wh o becam e m ore an d m ore u nfriendly
,
.

Affai rs reach ed a cl i max i n 1 888 wh en war broke o u t wit h t h e Ti betans , ,

w h o took u p a posi tion 1 1 m i les w ith i n S ikki m territory Bri tish t roop s .

w ere sen t agai nst the m an d they were driven off wi th ease
,
I n 1 889 .

a Pol i tical o fficer su bord inate to t h e Co m m iss ioner o f th e R aj sh ah i

D iv is ion was stat ioned a t Gangtok to advise and assist th e M ah ar aj a
and h i s cou ncil ; and th is was followed i n 1 8 9 0 by the ex ecu tion of

a convent ion with th e Ch inese by wh ic h t he B ri t ish protec t orate over ,

Si kk i m and its e xcl usive con t rol over th e i nternal ad m in istra t ion and
foreign relat ions of th e State were recogni z ed S ince th e T i betan .

expedi t ion o f 1 9 0 4 th e P o l i tical offi cer h as been d irectly re sponsi bl e

,
3 7° SI K K I M

i s a very ancient colony fro m sou th ern T ibet T hey are abo v e all .

th ings wood m en k nowing the ways of bird s and beasts an d possessing

,

an extensi ve z oological and bo t anical nomenclature of th e ir own The .

ch i e f Nep ales e t ri bes represented are th e Kh am b a Li m b u M urm i , , ,

G urung K has K a m i Mangar New a r an d Damai Th e great m aj ority

, , , , ,
.

o f th e populat ion
(9 2 per cen t ) are su pported by agric ul tu re
. .

I n 1 9 0 1 Ch ristians nu m bered 1 3 5 of who m 1 2 5 were nati ves Th e , .

m issions at work i n th e S tate are th e Ch u rch of Scotland M issi on and

th e Scandi navian A llian ce M ission .

B y far t he m ost i m por tant crop i s m ai z e wh ich occupies a larger ,

area t han all the other crops togeth er ; i t i s es t i mated to cover

9 4 square m iles A fter m ai z e th e largest areas are .
,
Ag r icu l t ure
u nder maru ci buckwh eat rice wheat and barley
.

, , , , ,

w h ich are esti ma t ed to cover from to acres each Carda .

ruo m s grow n o n abou t 6 0 0 acres are a valuable crop

, C u lt iva t io n h as
,
.

rap idly extended i n recent years bu t a large quanti ty of cu ltivable ,

waste sti l l re mains Plantai ns oranges and oth er fru its are grown i n
.
, ,

t h e gardens and th e G overn men t apple orchards s tarted at Lach u ng

,

an d Lachen are p rovi ng a success Ca t tle yaks and sheep o f variou s .

, ,

k i nds are bred i n th e S tate and are also i mported fro m T i bet .

The princip al t rees h ave been enu m erated i n th e sect ion o n B o t any .

T h e forests h ave su ffered m u ch fro m pro m i sc uou s cu t ting an d also ,

fro m fires caused by villagers w hen clearing grou nd

Fo re st s for cu l tivat ion A n atte mp t i s now being made to .

i ntroduce a proper syste m o f fores t conservancy P i ne f l?” ( Cadre/a .

,

Tom a ) C ryp tomerza fir alder beech ch estnu t and a few oth er ki nds
'

, , , , , ,

have been raised i n n urseries fo r plan t ing by t he roads ides and an

avenue o f 1 5 0 rubber trees plan t ed at S ingtam is doi ng well The
-
.

recei pts from fores ts i n 1 9 0 3 4 were R s derived ch iefl y from

-
.

the sale o f rail w ay sleepers and t ea box plank ing ; th e expenditure i n -

th e sam e year was R s .

Copper ores are very w idespread i n S ikk i m Th e ore i s copper .

pyrites often acco mpan ie d by m u ndic an d occu rs ch iefly i n the D arli ng

, ,

bed s I t is generally d isse m i nated i n slates and

.

M in erals
sch ists and seldom occurs i n true lodes Th e
.

.
,

an alysi s o f a sam ple taken at rando m fro m th e deeper part o f a copper

m i ne at P ach ikh an i gave 2 0 3 per cent o f copper Som e ores have . .

bee n recently sm elted an d expor t ed for sal e o n a s mal l scal e u nder

S tat e su pervision bu t th e experim ents h ave not proved rem u nerat ive
,
.

I ron occu rs ch iefly as pyrites being m ost plen ti fu l at Bh o ta ng where

, ,

m agneti te is also fou nd ; bu t i t has not ye t been p ut t o any econom ic

u se Garne t is i n places abu ndan t i n the gneiss and m ica sch ists bu t
.
,

i t is o f poor qual i t y .

A w eaving sch ool at Lach u ng has done w ell ; tweed su i tings and
 A D A/ [ N 1 5 TR A TI Oz V 37 1

blankets are th e ch ief articles made There are s everal trade routes
.

through Sikk i m fro m Darj eeling D istric t i nto Ti bet ; bu t ow ing partly
to th e natu ral d i fficu lties of th e cou ntry an d partly ,
T r a de a n d
to th e j ealousy of the Ti beta n authorit ies trade co m m u n ica t io n s .
.

over these roads has never been fully developed .

I n the convention of 1 8 9 0 provisio n was made for th e openi ng of a

t rade rou te ; bu t th e resul ts were d isappoi nt ing and the fa ilure of the ,

Tibetans to ful fil thei r obl igat ions resulted i n 1 9 0 4 i n th e dispatch o f

a m ission to Lh a sa w h ere a new convent ion has been signed I n
,
.

1 90 2 — the total val ue of th e trans frontier trade was 1 9 lakh s th e

3
-
,

principal i mports bei ng w ool m usk and yaks tai ls and th e princ ipal
, ,
’
,

exports cotton pi ece goods w ool len c loths silk tobacco c opper i ron
-
, , , , ,

and other m etals Ch inese caps c hi naware mai z e and i ndigo I n

, , , ,
.

1 90 3 —4 w hen trade w as d isorgan i z ed the val ue fel l to 7 lakh s

, ,
.

G ood roads properly bri dged th roughout ha v e been opened since

, ,

1 88
9 from Pedong i n Brit ish territory to th e Je le p La and to T u mlong ,

and in 1 9 0 3 —4 th e State con tained 3 7 6 m iles of road A c art road has .

-

recently been constru cted from R angpo to Gangtok from I m perial

funds and a m ule track on a gradient o f 1 i n 1 5 has been m ade
,
-

from Gangtok to C h u m bi v ia th e Natula I ron bridges have been .

constru cted across the T ista the Ran git and oth er stream s
, ,
.

The Pol i ti ca l o fficer w h o is s tati oned at G angtok ad v ises and assists

, ,

th e M ah a r aj a and h is counci l bu t no rules have ye t been lai d down fo r

,

the ci vi l and cri m inal ad m in istration The landlords

Adm in istratio n
.

referred to i n a later paragraph exercise a l i m ited ci v il

and crim inal j urisdic t ion w ith in the lands of wh ich they col lect t h e
reven ue bu t al l i m portant cases are referred to th e Mah ar aj a or th e
,

P ol itical o flic e r Those referred to th e M ah a r aj a are decided b v h i m

.

i n consu ltat ion w it h h is m i nisters at present fi v e i n nu m ber ,

two of w ho m are al w ays i n attendance on h i m A ppeals are h eard .

by the Mah ar aj a si tting wi th one or m ore m e m bers of h i s c ouncil o r ,

by a com m i ttee of th e cou ncil Capi tal sentences passed by oth er

.

au th orit ies requ ire the con firmat ion of the M ah a raj a T he an nual .

b udget esti mates of i nco m e and expend iture are in th e fi rst ins tance , ,

approved by the Mah a r aj a and h is cou ncil and are th en s ubm itted for ,

the sanction o f th e G overn men t of I ndia by th e Pol itical o fficer .

Th e tota l receipts i n 1 9 0 2 — 3 a mou nted to 1- 5 8 lakhs of wh ich ,

Rs . w as derived fro m the land R s from excise R s ,

.
,
.

fro m forests and R s ,

u nder th e h ead of agriculture of w h ich
. ,

Rs . was deri v ed from cardam o m rents I n 1 0 —

9 3 4 a grea t .

demand for labou r w as created by th e T i bet m ission and many vil

lagers l e ft thei r hou ses ; a marked decrease i n the c ol lect ions of land
and excise reven ue resul ted and th e total receipts d ropped to ,

1-54 lakh s .T he e xcise revenue is mainly d e rived from the fe es

 SI K A I M
'

372

c harged for l i c en c es to brew p ar/27 0m or ri c e beer for h om e c onsu m pti on -

,

and fro m t he fees charged for th e man u facture and sale of cou ntry
’

spi ri t ; th e manu facture of t he latter i s cond ucted on the ou t stil l syste m - .

T h e collect ion o f th e land reven u e is i n th e hands of landlords

x a rio usl
y k now n as K a z i land lords (nu m bering L a m a landlords
U nder these are vi llage headmen (styled p zp bzz
'

and t/z zk a drirs

' '

i n Bhoti a f arm i n Lepch a and fi za n aa / i n K hasku ra ) each h ead man

, ,
’
,

being over th ose ryots who m he or h is predecessors have i ntroduced .

The su m payable by each ryot i s fixed by an i nformal com m ittee o f

h ead men an d villagers presided over by th e landlord and h is agen t
, .

Th e rate now allowed to the land lord is 1 4 an nas per p alfi z (abou t
'

4 seers ) o f seed for Nep a lese ryots and 8 an nas per p a t/21 for Lepch a
°

‘
,

and B hot i a ryots I n m ai z e and ot her d ry lands o f fai r qual i ty abou t

.
’

4 p a l/21s an d i n terraced rice lands abou t 6 p a t/225 go to the acre

'

, ,
.

Terraced rice lands however more often pay produce ren t s on the
, ,

[ mriz system one fou rth o f th e ou t t urn being taken by th e landlord

,
- -
.

New land pays no ren t for th ree years i n consideration of the ,

labou r i nvolved i n cons t ruct i ng th e terraces The p a r/25 and k ul/z .

system s were i n troduced fro m Nep a l and h ave n o w been adopted

throughou t th e greater part of S ikk i m Th e m onasteries however .
, ,

an d som e of the Si kki m K az is sti l l m ai ntai n the ol d pract ice o f

”

assess ing each h ouseh old accord ing to i ts circu m stances E ach lan d .

lord pays to the State a su m fi xed at th e com m ence men t o f h is lease .

A man can settle down an d cultiva t e any lan d he may fi nd u noccupied

w i th ou t any form al ity whatever ; and when once he h as occupied th e
land no o n e bu t th e M ah a r aj a can tu rn h i m ou t Th e latter however
,
.
, ,

can ej ect h i m a t any t im e and if he ceases to occupy th e land h e does ,

not retai n any l ie n upon i t u nless he pays ren t for i t as th ough h e h ad

,

cultivated i t I n the Lach u ng and Lachen val leys th e sys t em i s p e c u

.

liar H ere th e assessm ent o n each vi llage is co m m u n icated each year

.

to the p zpéfl or v illage h ead m an wh o collects the rents b u t gets noth ing
'

, ,

for h i s trouble excep t exe mpt ion fro m the obl iga t ion of carrying loads
a nd fro m th e lab o u rt ax Th e p zp oh calls a co m m i ttee of al l th e adul t
’ '

males over fiftee n years of age at t he end o f the year and in consulta ,

t ion w i th them fixes what each i ndividual shou ld pay hav ing regard
, ,

to h is general con dition the n u m ber o f h is cows m u les ponies an d

, , , ,

yaks and t he quanti ty of land i n h i s p ossession There are no fi xed

,
.

rates ; b u t th e assess m en t on ani mals appears to work ou t at abou t

3 annas for each cow o r yak and 4 annas for each m ule o r pony In
‘

.
,

the u pper part of Lach u ng th e vi llagers r ed istri bu te t he fields among

them selves every th ree years by lo t t h e ri ch er people throwing for the ,
‘

big plots and th e poorer villagers for th e smal l ones G ra z ing lands are .

divi ded i n t he sam e way bu t not the h ouse an d hom estead , The .

L ama s are not bou nd to labou r for th e Mah a raj a and they pay no due s ,
3 74 SM C H A R S UB D I VI SI ON

t han o ne t h ird of th e total area i s reserved forest wh ile a consi derable

-
’
,

por t ion of th e re mai nder l ies too low even fo r t he cu l t ivation of rice .

For ad m inis trat ive p u rposes th e su bdivis ion i s d ivi ded i n to the three
‘
t/z a n as of S ilch ar Lakhi p ur and K at ig arzr Th e rain fall is heavy eve n
'

.
, ,

for A ssam A t Si lchar i t i s 1 2 4 i nches in th e year bu t near th e h ills

.
,

i t exceeds 1 6 0 i nches .

S ilch a r T o w n — H ead quarters o f C ach ar D istrict and of th e su b

.
-
,

divisi on of th e sam e name i n E astern B engal and A ssam si tuated i n , ,

° ’ ° ’
4 4 9 N an d 9 2 4 8 E on the left bank of the Bar ak river S ilchar
2
. . .
,

u sed formerly to be ex trem ely i naccessibl e as du ring th e dry season ,

only s mal l s tern wh eel steam ers can ply over th e upp er waters of th e
-

B ar a k an d th e j ou rney from Calcu tta used to take as m u ch as fou r o r

,

five days Th e A ssam B engal R ailway has n o w reduced th e ti m e to

.
-

3 3 h ours th e r oute fol lowed being by Goal undo and Ch a n dpu r

, Dur .

i ng th e rainy season a service of large steam ers pl ies bet ween Calcu tta
and Silchar T he t own though s m all has been steadi ly i ncreasi ng i n
.
, ,

si z e an d i m portance and th e pop ulat ion at th e last fou r enu mera t ions
,

was : ( 1 8 7 2 ) ( 1 88 1
) ( 1 8 9 1) an d ( 1 90 1
) A s

is th e case w ith m any o f th e towns o f Assam th e great m aj ori ty of the ,

i nhabi tants are foreign ers .

S ilchar is very prett ily si tuated an d com mands a ch arm ing vi ew down
th e Bar a k wh ich i s l ined w ith groves of areca pal m and do t ted with
,

t he sai ls o f nati ve craft wh ile a l ittle to t he n orth th e bl ue h ills o f North

,

C ach a r rise sharply fro m th e plai n The heavy rainfal l ( 1 2 4 inch es ) and .

th e com parat ively h igh m ean tem peratu re ren der th e cl i m ate somewhat
o ppressive du ring the rai ns Th e p lace i s su bj ect to earth quakes and .
,

i n 1 86 9 som e damage was done to the bu il dings A nother severe sh ock .

was fel t i n 1 88 2 bu t the great earth quake o f 1 8 9 7 d id com parat ively

,

l ittle harm S ilch ar is th e h ead quarters of th e D istrict staff an d of

.
-
,

th e Su rm a V alley Ligh t H orse wh ich i n 1 9 0 4 had a s trength of 1 5 6 ,

residen t i n the D istric t A detach ment of m il itary police i s al so .

station ed i n th e town Th e j ai l contains acco m m odat ion for 7 6 m ales

.

and 8 fe males and a h osp ital p rovides 3 3 beds A clergy man of t he

, .

Ch u rch o f E ngland resides here an d th ere is a branch o f the W elsh ,

Presbyterian M ission S ilchar w as consti tu ted a m u n icipal ity i n 1 8 9 3

. .

The receipts and expen diture during the te n years ending 1 9 0 2 —3

averaged R s I n 1 9 0 3 —4 th e i ncom e and expen di ture w ere
.

Rs . the ch ief sou rces of incom e being tax on houses and lands
( Rs . an d tolls o n ferries and markets (R s whi le the .

m ai n ite ms o f o u tlay were conservancy (R s and p u bl ic works .

(Rs . Si lchar i s th e i nd ustrial and educational centre of the

D istric t A considerable trade i s carried on i n rice E urop ean p iece
.
,

goods t i m ber and oth er forest prod uce an d tea box es are manu factured
, , ,
-

by native firm s There i s also a s mal l pri n ting pre s s at wh ich a ver
.
,
 SH I/ H A Gl l / f L/ I M 375

nac u lar paper is publ ished Th e princi pal educat ional i nstitu tio n i s .

th e h igh school w h ich i n 1 9 0 3 —4 had an average attendance of 2 5 1

,

p up ils .

S ilg h éit — V i llage i n N o w go n g D istrict E astern B engal and A ssam

.
, ,
° ’ ° '
si tuated i n 2 6 3 7 N an d 9 2 5 6 E , on th e left bank of th e B rah ma . .

pu tra wh ich de ri ves i ts na me fro m th e rocky spu r o f th e K a m a khya

,

h il ls wh ich at th is poi n t co m e down to the river I t is a place of cal l

, .

for ri ver steamers and prior t o th e construction o f the railway nearly al l

,

th e external trade of the D istrict passed by th is rou t e A te mpl e sacred .

to D urg a stands on t h e h il ls i m med iately t o th e eas t of S ilgh at

S ilig u ri —V illage i n th e K u rseong su bd i vision o f Darj eel ing D istric t
.

'

.
,
° ° ’ ’
B engal situated in 2 6 4 3 N and 8 8 2 6 E near th e left bank o f th e
, . .
,

M ah anan da Populat ion 7 84

. S i l igur i i s t h e north ern term i nu s .

o f th e E as t ern B engal S tate R ail way where i t is j oined by th e Darj eel ing ,

H i m alayan R ailway I t is also th e t erm i nu s of th e cart road from .

-

K al i m pong and Si kki m an d i t t hu s focuses th e whole trade o f Dar ,

j eel ing S ikki m and Tibet Several j u te firm s are establ ish ed here and
, , .
, ,

i n add it ion to th e permanen t sh ops th ere is a b i weekly Governm en t ,

-

market A Depu ty Magistra t e is stat ioned at S il igur i

. The s ub jai l
-
.
-

has acco m modation fo r 8 prisoners and th e dispensary has 2 0 beds

S illan a —
.
,

S tate and t own i n Central I ndia See SA I L AN A

. . .

S illo d Crow n tciluk i n the north o f A u rang a b a d D istrict Hyder

.
’
,

a b ad Sta t e w i th an area o f 2 4 9 square m iles The populat ion i n 1 9 0 1

, .
,

i ncl u ding j iig zrs was co mpared wi th 3 5 5 2 1 i n 1 8 9 1 the decrease

'

, , ,

bei ng d u e to t h e fam ines o f 1 8 9 7 and 1 8 9 9—1 9 0 0 Th e trituk contains .

5 4 vi llages o f wh ich 8 are j rig z r an d Seona (pop ulat ion

‘

, is th e , ,

head quarters Th e land revenu e i n 1 9 0 1 was

-
. lakhs Th e cou ntry .

is h illy i n th e north and i s com posed of black cotton soi l ,

.

S imh ac h a la m — Temple i n th e D istrict and ta ils?! of V i z a gapatam

.
~
,
0 ’ ° ’
M adras si tuated i n 1 7 4 6 N an d 8 3 1 5 E 6 m iles n orth west of V iz a
, . .
,
-

g apatam tow n I t stands p ictu resquely i n a steep wooded glen do w n

.
,

w h ich fl ows a stream broken by n u m erou s cascades abou t half way u p ,

-

th e north ern fl ank of Kai l a sa h i ll At t h e foot o f the h ill li es the vi llage .

o f A div ivaram from wh ich a long series of fl igh ts o f stone steps w ind u p
,

th e glen to th e tem ple T hese steps are con ti nu ed up to t h e to p of th e .

h ill and down its other s ide The tem ple wh ich is the most fam ou s .
,

place o f local p ilgri mage i n th e Northern C irc ars i s dedicated t o t he ,

Lion i ncarnation of V i sh nu and i s bel i eved t o have been b u i lt by ,

L a ng ula Gaj apati of Orissa A part from its su rrou ndi ngs t h e shri ne .

p ossesses no striking beau ties th ough th ere are som e fin e black ston e ,

carvings A n i nscript ion dated 1 5 1 6 records th e vi sit of K rish na Deva

.

R a ya th e greates t o f th e k ings of V ij ayanagar

, The te mpl e i s n ow .

i n th e charge of th e R aj a of V i z ianagram wh o has a bu ngalow and a ,

beau ti fu l rose garden at th e foot of th e h ill -

.
374 SI L C M ? 5 UB D ] VI SI ON

t ha t h ird o f the to tal i s reserved forest wh ile a considerable ’

n on e- arc ,

po rt io n o f the re m ai nder lit too low even for the cu lt iva t ion of rice .

Fo r ad m ini strative p urpo se ah e su bdiv ision is divided in t o t he three

Mi na; o f Si lchar La kh i pur nd K atigara The rainfall is heavy even
, ,
.

fo r Assa m A t Silchar i t i s 2 4 i nches i n the year bu t near the hill s

.
,

i t e xc e e ds 1 6 0 i nch es .

S ilc h a r T o w n — H ea d uarte rs o f C a ch a r D is t rict and of t he sul

.
-
,

di visi o n o f th e sa me nam e 1 E as tern B engal and Assam si t ua ted , ,

°
4 49 N a
'
n d 9 2 .
4 8 E o th e °
left bank'
of t he. Bar
,
a k river Silcl .

use d fo rme rly to b e e x tre n ly in access ible as dur ing t he dry se a ,

o nl m al l st e rn w h e el s t e a ie rs can ply over th e upper wa t ers of

-
y s

Bu i lt and th e j o urn e v fro nCalc ut ta used to take as much as fo

.

fru cla y s T h e A sa m Be nd R a ilway has now reduced t he ti

.
s -

h o urs th e r ut e fo llo w e rb e ing by Goal undo and Ch a ndpur

o
33
.

ing th e ra inv s e a o n a s c rv ii o f large steamers pl ies be t ween

s

a nd S ilc h ar T h e t o w n t lu gh s mall has been steadily incr

. . ,

w e and im po rt a n e a nd t i populat ion at the last four enu c .

-A ~ 1 1 8 7 2 )
. (1 8 8 1 ) 5 7 ( 9 )
0 6 1 8 1 and ( 9 )
1 0 1 r
,

t e c a e w ith man y o
' s f t l to w n s o f A ssam the great m ai ,

l‘ l l l t ta ms are fo re i g ne r
i s .

‘ i d d com mands a C harmi n

S s h at i w r t t tt ily t t a n
’
i e
a
y p s s

"at “ h i h i l i n d t h g r ove s o f areca p '

t lw w s e c

‘
.

t sa t f n a
'

t is c
s n 1 r a ft n h i l a l it t l e to the north .

1 3 H r rw h r
'
y f ro m t h p la i n T h e h
a
p
.
s

tl c m| u n
c t m Iv h i g h m e a t e m p e r a tu re
e w: g t h e r a i n Th e pl ac e i s subj ee s
y
8 m m d m w a s ( h e to t h e bu ildings
g
.

e a a e
1 , v

h q uake of 18
l t: a t 1 8 5 2 l ut th e p a t ea r t
u o .

-- u h d - ua rt e rs o f the
um l h ar h n se a r q
Lg i h t l lr s e w h ich in 1 90 4 h
r I S "
,

‘
.

l s lf l t
' d e ta c h r
ment of rm .

l c o m m
m h ac
'

m l j i c o a
nt ins
'

a
s la t o c d
. n t r 1 '
.

m l vid 3 3 beds
! 8 " it l ic s. a n d a h p
ro e s
t p
.

or a

mm h f L n g la n - l r e s a le h e re a n d there is
a ,

‘ “ S l c o nst i tuted a
l re yt u'
s i
a n M i s 1 1 i ta r w s
as .

d e x pe n d a r e d u rin g the ten

—
It t n
'

a
r
.cu e ip s

and
I n 9 03 4 t h e income
an a d R c s .
,,

i f f i n c me
o be ing tax on
Rs th e t h e so u t h o

T ries and
markets (R s .

In lu z tu tt t ll t s .
376 S I M/ A D I S TR I C T

S im la D is t ric t Del h i Division of th e —l) istric t i n th e

Punjab cons ist ing o f n ine smal l tracts lying am ong th e S t u m H l u

,
r .

S T A T E S between 3 0 5 8 and 3 1 2 2 N an d 7 7 7 an d 7 7 4 3 E with

,
’° ° ’ ° ’
.
° ’
.
,

a total area of 1 0 1 square m i les T h e town l ies on th e spu rs whi ch ru n .

down from J akk o h ill an d occu pies an area of only 6 square m iles
'

.
,

North east of i t l ie th e parg a n as of K o t K hai and Kotgarh th e former

-
,

3 2 m iles by road from Si mla i n the val ley o f th e Gi ri th e lat ter 2 2 m i les ,

(5 0 by road ) o n a north ern spu r of th e H atu range overlook ing th e

S u tlej valley Th e B harau l i tract is a narrow strip of h i ll cou ntry
.
,

exten ding fro m Sab a th u to K iarig h at abou t 8 m i les long an d from ,

2 to 6 w i de B esi des th ese t racts th e canton m en ts of J U T O G H

.
, ,

SA B ATH U S O L O N D A GS H A I and San awar th e si te of th e Lawrence

, , , ,

M i litary A sylu m are i ncl u ded i n th e D istri ct

, .

Th e h i lls an d th e surrounding Nat ive S ta t es com pose th e sou th ern

ou tl iers o f th e great cen t ral chai n of th e W estern H i m a layas They .

descen d i n a gradual seri es fro m the main chain

P h y sical itsel f i n B ashahr State to the gen eral l evel of th e
a sp e c t s .

Pu nj ab plai n i n A m b ala D istrict th u s form ing a ,

t ransverse sou th wes t erly spu r be t ween th e great bas in s of th e Ganges

-

and t he I ndu s h ere rep resen t ed by th eir t ribu taries th e Ju m na an d the

, ,

Su tlej A fe w m iles north east of S i mla th e sp u r d ivi des i nto tw o mai n

.
-

ridges o ne o f wh ich cu rves rou nd th e Su tl ej valley towards t he north

,

west wh ile th e oth er crowned by t h e to wn o f Si m la trends sou th

, , ,

east w ard t o a point a few m iles n orth o f Sab a thu where i t m erges at ,

righ t angles in th e m ou ntains o f th e O u t er o r Su b H i m a layan system -

,

w h ich ru n parallel to th e pri ncipal range South an d east of Si m la t h e .

,

h i lls between th e S u tlej an d th e Tons centre i n th e great peak of C H AU R ,

feet above th e sea Th roughou t all th e h ills fores t s of deodor .

abou nd w h i l e rhododendron s cloth e t h e slopes up to th e l i m i t of

,

perpetual snow Th e scenery i n t h e i m m ed iate neigh bou rh ood of

.

Si mla i tsel f p resents a series of magni ficent views e mbracing on th e ,

sou t h th e A m b ala plai ns w ith th e Sab ath u an d K asau l i h i ll s i n th e

,

foregrou n d and th e m ass ive block of th e Chau r a li ttl e to th e left

, ,

wh ile j ust bel ow th e spectator s feet a series o f h uge ravi nes lead down ’

into th e deep valleys wh ich score th e m ou n t ain sides N o rth w ards th e -

.
,

eye wanders over a network of confused chai ns rising range above ,

range an d crowned i n th e d istance by a crescent of snowy peaks w h ich

, ,

stand ou t i n bold relief agai nst the clear backgrou nd of th e sky Th e .

p rincipal rivers of th e su rrou nd ing tracts are th e Su t lej Pahar G iri , ,

Gang a G amb h ar an d Sarsa

, ,
.

Th e rocks fou nd i n th e neigh bourhood of Si m la belong ent irely

t o th e carbonaceou s system an d fal l i nto fou r grou ps —th e K rol th e ,

i nfra K m ] th e Blain i an d th e in fra Blain i or Si m la slates Th e Si mla

-
, ,
-
, .

slates are th e lo w est beds seen th e v are su c c eeded by th e Blain i grou p .

 PH A SP E C T S 2
0 77

consisting of two b ands of boulder s lat e separated b y w h ite weath ering -

,
-

slates (bleach slat es ) and overlain by a th in band of pink do lo rn itic ,

l i mestone Th e Blain i grou p i s overlai n by a band of black carbon

.

ac e o us slate wh ich fol lows th e ou tcrop o f th e Blain i beds

,
The .

overly ing beds consi st of a great mass of quart z i te and sch ist know n ,

as t h e Bo ile auganj beds ; th ey cover t h e greater part of Si mla and

extend t o J utogh A bove t hese is t h e K rol grou p consist ing of
.
,

carbonaceou s slates an d carbonaceou s an d crystal l i ne l i mestones w i th ,

beds of h ornblende garnet sch ist w h ich probably represent ol d volcan i c

-

ash beds they are largely developed i n Prospect H ill an d JutOg lr

-
.

I n trusi ve d iorite i s fou nd am ong th e lower l i mestones of th e K rol

grou p o n t he sou th ern slopes of J ut ogh No fossils have been fou nd .

i n any of th ese rock s and i n consequence th eir geological age i s

u nknown ‘ .
,

I n th e F lora Sim/e uris ( edi ted by M r W B He m sley ) th e late . . .

,

S ir H enry Col lett has enu m erated species o f trees and fl owering
plants ; b u t th is nu m ber woul d be raised considerably i f a botan ical
census o f th e s maller Nat ive S tates w ere avai lable and i f t h e alpine ,

region i n Bashah r i nclu d ing K anaw ar w ith w hich th e w ork does not ,

deal were added D eodiir pines an d fi rs several oaks and maples

,
.
, , , ,

a tree rh ododendron th e H i m alayan h orse chestn u t and d i fferen t ki nds

-
,
-
,

o f bu ckthorn and spin dle tree (R iz a mn u s and E uony mus) and o f Ficus -
,

w it h Celtis are com m on ; cli mbers such as ivy vi nes and hydrangea
, , ,

are frequent w ith a h ost o f sh ru bs and herbs belonging t o fam il iar

,

E u ropean genera I n Bashah r th e alp ine fl ora i s varied and pl enti ful
. ,

w hile that o f K an aw ar i s al mos t pu rely Ti betan .

Th e leopard and bear are com m on i n t he Si m la h i lls The a iw u or .

serow t he g um ] th e k cik ar o r barking deer and th e m usk deer are

, ,
-
,

fou nd Pheasants of variou s k inds are fou nd i n the h igher ranges

.
,

w h il e e/z ik or a nd j u ngle fo wl abou nd i n th e lower -

.

Th e cl i mate i s ad m irably adapted t o th e E u ropean consti tu t ion ,

an d the D istrict has th erefore been selected as th e si te of nu m erous

sani tari a and canton men ts Th ere are fou r seasons i n S i mla Th e . .

w inter lasts fro m D ece mber to Fe bruary w h en t he m ean max i m u m ,

t e mperatu re ranges from 4 9 t o wh i le sharp frosts and h eavy snow °

bring th e mean m in i m u m som eti m es down to Th e te m peratu re

r ises rapi dly fro m February to March and fro m March to J u ne hot ,
C
s eason conditions prevai l th e mea n maxi m u m ranging from 5 6 i n ,

M arch t o 7 4 i n J u ne
°
Th e m axi m u m recorded d u ring recent years
.

°
w as 9 4 i n May 1 8 7 9 Th e rainy season extends from J ul y to Se p
,
.

M c M ah o n , ‘
Th e Blain i G r o up an d C en tra l G ne iss in t h e S im l a llimé la y as ,
’

R eeordr, Geotagvm l S u rvey

’

I n dia , vo l x iv ; O d l h m, ‘
( 2e o lo g y of Sim l a an d
f
o .
, pt . a

j uto g h ,
’
ib id , . vo l . xx , pt ii ; M a n u a l
.
f
o Geology of l n riia , s e co nd e dit io n, p . 132
(T h e
C arb o nace o us Sy st e m)
378 SI M /2A D I S TR I C T

te m ber . A b ou t t he m iddle of Septe m ber the m onsoon cu rrents

wi th draw and du ring O ctober and Novem ber fi ne wea t h er prevail s
,

wi th rapidly falling tem peratu re Cholera visi ted Si m la Sab a th u and

.
, ,

Dagshai i n 1 8 5 7, 1 8 6 7 1 8 7 2 and 1 8 7 5 t hough one o r oth er station

, , ,

escaped i n each v isi tat ion I n 1 8 5 7 the dea t h rate am ong E uropeans
.
-

fro m cholera was 3 -5 per and i n 1 8 6 7 i t was 4 -2 per

Goitre leprosy and stone are prevail ing endem ic d iseases an d syph i lis
, , ,

is sai d to be very com m on amongst th e h ill people .

The an n ual rainfall averages 6 5 i nches at S i mla 4 6 at Kotgarh an d , ,

4 0 at K il ba D uring th e th ree m onsoon month s th e average fal l at

.

Si mla is 4 1 i nch es .

Th e acqu isi t ion of th e pa t ches of terri tory composi ng Si m la D istrict

dates fro m th e period o f th e Gurkha W ar in 1 8 1 5 —6 A t a very early .

t i me th e H i ll States together w i th the outer port ion

,
H isto f y
o f K a ngra D istrict
.

probably for med part of th e

,

K ato ch k ingdo m of J a landhar (J U LL U ND U R ) ; and after the disru ption ,

o f that pri ncipali ty they con ti nu ed to be governed by pet ty R a j a s t il l

,

t h e begi nn ing of t he ni neteent h century A fter th e encroach m ents .

of t he Gur kh as h ad led to th e i n v as ion of th eir do m inions i n 1 8 1 5 ,

th e B ri tish troops re mai ned i n possess ion o f t h e wh ole block o f h ill

cou ntry between th e S ard a and th e Sutlej K u maon an d D ehra D un .

becam e a portion o f B ri tish territory ; a few separate local ities were

retai ned as m ili tary posts and a port ion of K e o n th al S ta t e was sold
,

to t he R aj a of Pat i a la W i th th ese exceptions however t he tract

.
, ,

conquered i n 1 8 1 5 was restored to t he h ill ch iefs fro m who m i t had

been wrested by th e G urkhas Garh w a l S tate becam e attached to th e
.

U nited Provi nces ; bu t th e re maining principal it ies ra n k a mong th e

dependencies o f th e P u nj ab and are k now n collecti vely as th e S I M L A
,

H I L L STAT E S Fro m one o r oth er o f t hese th e plots composi ng t he

.

l itt le D is t rict o f S i m la have bee n grad ually acqu ired Part o f t h e .

h ill over w h ich t he stat ion of S i mla spreads was retained by Govern
m ent i n 1 8 1 6 and an additional strip o f lan d was obtained from
,

K e o n th al i n 1 8 3 0 T h e spu r k nown as J u togh 3 % m iles from th e

.
,

centre of th e station was acqu ired by exchange fro m Pa t i a la i n 1 8 4 3

, ,

as th e equ ivalen t o f two vi llages i n B har a u l i K o t Khai and Kotgarh .

,

agai n fel l i nto o ur hands th rough th e abdica t ion o f the R a na wh o

, ,

re fu sed to accep t charge of th e petty State Sab ath u h il l was retained .

fro m t he begi nning as a m il itary fort ; and th e oth er frag ments o f

th e D istrict have been added at variou s dates A s a resul t o f som e .

ad m ini strati ve changes m ade i n 1 8 9 9 Kasaul i and K a lka wh ich til l , ,

t hen belonged to th e D istrict were t ransferred to A mb a la ,

.

Th e D istrict contai ns 6 towns an d 4 5 villages Th e popu lat ion a t .

each of th e th ree enu m erat ions was : ( 1 8 8 1 ) (1 89 1 )

and ( 1 9 0 1 ) I t increased by 1 2 6 per cen t i n th e last decade . .
 3 80 Sl i t/ LA D I S TR I C T

au tu m n h arvest covered and 8 7 5 acres respect ively O f m i lle t s

, .

‘
f /zz n a and mm ma l (E lm/ sin e mm ca n a
) and of pulses ”15 5 /z
’
,

radz a /us) and k zz /t/z z

(D o/[ ri ms
' '

are t he most co m mon .

Potat oes h e mp t turme ric an d ginger are largely cu l t ivated

, Tea i s
, .

g row n at Kotgarh wh ere 5 1 acres were picked i n 1 9 0 4

, No i ncrease .

worth ment ion has occurred i n th e culti vate d area d uri ng t he last
te n or fi fteen years ; th e de mand made by th e expansio n o f S i m la
tow n on th e s urrou n di ng h ills be ing rather for grass wood and labou r , ,

t han for agricul t ural p rodu ce Pract ically no advances are take n b y .

th e peopl e fro m Govern m ent T h e cattle are o f t he smal l mou ntai n .

b reed V ery few ponies are kept an d t h e sh eep an d goats are n o t

.
,

of i mportance O f th e total area cu lti vated i n 1 9 0 3 —4 7 4 5 acres or

.
, ,

7 per cent were i rriga t ed by s mall chan nels by wh ich t h e waters

.
, ,

of t he h i l l s t ream s are led t o and distribu ted over th e terraced fields

‘

Forests of t i mber abou nd b u t only a s mal l part o f t he S i m la Fores t ,

d ivision l ies wi thi n British territory the greater port ion being leased ,

fro m th e R aj a s o f th e variou s S t ates I n 1 9 0 3 —4 the

Forest s & c Di strict contain ed 1 square m iles o f ‘
, .

reserved and
.

3
‘
5 1 0 acres o f u nclassed forest u nder th e Forest depart ment and ’

‘
,

33 square m iles o f u nclassed forest an d Govern m ent was t e lands ’

u n der th e con tro l of th e D ep uty Com m issioner I t also con t ains -

‘ ‘
.

4 5 7 acres o f reserved an d of unclassed fores t belonging to

’ ’

t he S im la m u nicipal ity wh ich are preserved as th e catch m en t area,

for th e S i mla water supply I n 1 9 0 3 — 4 th e total reven u e of the forests

-
.

u nder th e Forest departm en t was R s .

Th e only m ineral produc t o f i m portance i s iron wh ich i s found i n ,

th e K o t Khai tract an d s mel ted rou gh ly by th e nati ves .

M ost of t h e art istic i ndustries o f N orthern I ndia are represented i n

S i m la to w n by ar t isan s w h o co me u p fo r th e season ,
Trade an d
co mmun ica t io n s
b u t very few real ly belong
.
t o t h e D istrict Shawls .

are made at Sab at h u by a colony o f Kash m iris ;

basket weaving an d som e rough i ron s m elting a t K o t Khai are th e only
- -

i ndigenou s arts .

Th ere is a cons iderable trad e w i th C h i nese T ibe t wh ich is registered ,

a t W ang t u near Kotgarh M os t of th e t rade however i s w it h R a mp ur

,
,
, ,

i n Bashah r I mports are ch iefl y wool borax and sal t an d th e exp ort s
.
, ,

are co tt on p iece goods Th e principal i mports from th e p lai ns are t h e

-
.

variou s ar t icles o f consu mp t ion requ ire d by t h e residen ts a t S i m la .

Th e K a lka-S i mla R ail way (2 fee t 6 i nch es gauge ) has i t s t er m i nu s

at S i mla wh ich is also connec t ed w it h K a lka by a car t road and a road
,
-

through Kasaul i Th e H i ndu st a n T ibe t bridle road leads fro m S i mla

.
- -

to R a mpu r an d C h in i i n Bashahr an d a road fro m S ult a np u r i n Ku l u ,

j oi ns th is at N a rkanda for ming th e easiest l ine o f co m m u nica t ion,

b e t ween S im la and Leh A road t o M u ssoori e branches o ff from t hat.

 A M U N / s z / cA J YON 38 r

to R a m pu r A noth er ru ns westwards to B i l aspu r wh ence i t leads to

. ,

Mand i and S uket on one side and to Nada u n and Ka ngra on the ,

o t her Sab at h u Dagshai Solon San a war and Kasaul i are al l con
.
, , , ,

n e c te d by cross roads -
.

Th e D is t ric t has never been visi t ed by fam ine th e rain fal l being ,

constan t and t he crops al ways su fficien t for th e wan t s of i ts s mall agri

cul t ural popu lat ion .

T h e t wo sub St a a mz B H A R AU L I and K o r K H A I m m - - -

KO TG A R H are each u nder a n a z lz ta/zsilddr T he D epu ty Co m m issioner

'

- -
,
.
,

wh o i s also S u peri ntenden t of H i l l Sta t es is aided ,

Adm in ist rat io n
by t wo A ssistan t o r E x t ra A ssis t an t Co m m iss ioners
.
-
,

of who m o ne is i n charge o f th e D is t rict treas ury S i mla an d t he H il l .

Sta t es form an execu t ive d ivision o f t h e P ubl ic W orks depar t ment and ,

also a Fores t division .

Th e Dep u t y Co m m issioner as D is t rict Magistra t e i s respons i ble for

-

t h e cri m i nal j ustice of t he D istric t ; c ivi l j ud ic ial work is u nder a

D istrict J udge ; and bot h o fficers are su pervi sed by th e D ivisional
J udge of t he A m b a la C ivi l Di v ision (wh o is also Sess ions J udge ) .

Th e D istrict J udge is also J udge of th e S mall Cause Cou rts o f S i mla

and J u togh Th e Can t on m ent Magis t rate of Kasau l i J u togh Dagshai
.
, , ,

Solon and Saba th u has j urisdict ion th roughou t th e D ist rict H e also
, .

has th e powers of a S m all Cau se Cou rt i n al l t h ese can t on m ents excep t

J u t ogh Th e s t a t ion staff o fficers o f Dagshai Solon Sab ath u and
.
, , ,

J utogh are appoi n t ed m agis t ra t es o f the t h ird class i n th e D istric t b u t ,

exercise powers only w ith i n th eir own canton m en t s T he D istrict is .

free fro m seriou s cri me .

Li ttle i s k now n of th e reven u e sys t e m s w h ic h ob t ained i n th e S i m la

h i lls before annexation A fter variou s su m mary se t tle ments made
.

be tween 1 8 3 4 and 1 8 5 6 a regular set t le ment was m ade between 1 8 5 6

,

an d 1 8 5 9 th e rates varyi ng bet ween R s 5 —1 4 per acre o n th e bes t

‘
.
,

i rriga t ed land and R 0 3 — -8

o n th e worst ki nd of dry
. land I n 1 8 8 2 ’
.

t he assess ment was rev ised by Colone l W ace an i ncrease of 3 6 per cent .

i n Kotgarh an d K o t K hai and of 2 0 per cen t i n B harau li was taken , .

, ,

wh i le th e assessm en t o f S i mla was mai ntai ned T h e people are p rosper .

'

o u s an d wel l to do an d the reven u e is easily pai d Th e dem an d i n

- -

1 903—
, .

4 i nclud ing cesses am ou nted t o R s

, Th e average si z e
, .

o f a proprietary hold ing is 1 2 acres .

Th e collect ions of land reven u e alone and o f to t al reven u e are show n

below i n thousands of ru pees
,
 3 82 su n /1 D I S TR I C T

S tru m i s t he only m un ici pal ity i n th e D istrict t hough th e Depu t y ,

Com m iss ioner exercises th e functions o f a m u n ic ipal com m i tt ee i n

K A SU M P T I and t hose o f a D istric t board th roughout th e D is t rict
,
The .

inco m e of the D istric t fu nd derived mai nly fro m a local rate o f R s 9 5 —4 , .

-

per cen t on th e reven u e excep t i n t he Si m la and K o tg nru p a rg a mz s

.
, ,

w h ere th e rate i s R s 8 — 5 4
— am ou n ted in 1 0 —
9 3 4 to R s
. an d
,
.

t he expen dit ure w as R s m ore t han hal f bei n g devoted t o ed u

.

cati on .

Th e regular pol ice force consists o f 3 1 5 o f all ranks i ncl ud ing ,

1 1 canton m en t and 1 2 8 m u nicipal pol ice un der a Superintenden t w h o , ,

i s u sually assisted by t wo i nspec t ors T here are t h ree pol ice s t at ions .

and o ne ou tpos t T h e D istrict jai l at S i mla t ow n has acco m m odat ion

.

for 4 4 mal e and 1 2 fe male prisoners .

The D i strict stands first am ong th e twenty eigh t Districts o f the -

Province i n resp ect o f th e l i t eracy of i ts p opu lat ion I n 1 9 0 1 th e pro .

p ortion of literate p ersons was per cen t ( 2 2 -2 m ales and 8 5 .

females ) Th e n u mber of p up i ls u nder i nstruct ion w as 8 2 7 i n 1 88 0 —1

i n 1 90 3 —
.
,

i n 1 9 0 0 —1 an d , 4 I n th e last year th e D istrict .

possessed 1 2 secondary 1 6 pri mary (pu bl ic ) schools an d 1 0 elem en tary, ,

( priva t e ) schools w it h 4 9 2 girls i n t h e p ubl ic an d 4 2 i n the private

,

schools M ost of th ese are in Si m la t own Th e Lawrence A syl u m

"

. .

at San a war fou nded i n 1 8 4 7 by Sir Henry Lawrence for th e ch ildren

,

o f E u ropean sold iers an d n ow contain in g som e 4 5 0 boys an d girl s

, ,

i s suppor t ed by th e Govern m ent of I ndia The total expend itu re o n

educat io n i n th e D istrict i n 1 9 0 3 —
.

4 was 3 7 la k hs lakh s bei n g ,

derived fro m Provi ncial revenues an d 1 -1 lakh s fro m fees .

B esi des th e R ipon H osp i t al and th e W alker H osp ital in Si mla town ,

th e D istric t has o n e ou tly i ng d i spensary a t K o t K hai I n 1 9 0 4 th ese .

th ree insti t ut ions t reated a total o f o u t pat ients an d ih -

pat ien t s an d ,
operation s were perform ed Th e expen diture was .

Rs . derived al mos t enti rely from m u ni cipal fun ds and sal e of

securities
Th e n u m ber of s uccessfu l vac c inat ions i n 1 9 0 3 —
.

4 was 6 4 1 re p re ,

sen t ing 1 6 per o f th e pop u lation V accination i s com pulsory i n .

S i m la t own .

I bb etson a z e tt eer ( 1 88 3 4 u nder revision ) ; E G W ace

[ D C J G -
.

‘
.
. . .
, , ,

Se f f /emem R ep ort H F B lanford Tfi e Silver F ern s of Sim/a . .

,

S i r H Collet t F lora Sz m/ezzszs

' '

a n d Meir A llies .
,

E J B u ck Sim/a P as! a n d P resen t

. .
, ,

S imla T o w n H ead quarters of S i m la D istrict P unj ab and

.
- -
, ,

su m mer capital of t he Govern men t o f I ndia s itua t ed o n a transverse ,

’ ’ ° o
spu r of t he Central H i m a layan system in 3 1 6 N an d 7 7 1 0 E at ,
. .
,

a m ean elevat io n above sea level o f feet I t i s d istan t by rai l

-
.

from Calcutta m i les fro m B om bay m iles and fro m

, ,
3 84 Si d/ LA TO IV/V

t i on A t p resent th e bungalows ex tend over th e w hol e length of

'

,
.

a considerable ridge wh ich ru ns east and w est i n a crescen t shape , ,

w i th i ts concave side
p o mtmg sou t h ward Th e ex t re me ends o f th e .

station l ie at a d istance of 6 m iles fro m o n e another E ast ward the ,

.
,

ridge cul m i nates i n t h e peak of J akk o over feet i n h eigh t and , ,

nearl y feet above t h e average el evation of th e station W oods .

of a eoa dr oak and rh ododendron cloth e i ts s i des w h i le a t olerably

’ ’
, , ,

l e v el road 5 m i les long ru ns ro un d i ts base A nother grassy h eigh t

, ,
.
,

k nown as Prospect H ill o f i nferior elevation t o J akko an d devoid of ,

t i m ber closes th e western ext re mi ty of th e cresce n t Th e h ouses cluster

,
.

th i ckest u pon th e sou t hern slopes o f J akko an d o f t wo o t her h il ls ,

lyi ng near th e western e nd o n e of w h i ch k nown as O bservatory H i ll , , ,

i s crow ned by V iceregal Lodge Th e chu rch stan ds at th e wester n .

base o f J ak ko b elow wh ich on the sou t h side o f t h e h ill th e nat ive

, , ,

q uarter c uts off one end o f th e s t at ion from th e o ther Th e eas tern .

port ion bears th e nam e o f Chota Si m la w h ile th e mos t western ,

ex trem ity i s known as Bo ile auganj A beautifu l north ern spu r ru nn ing .
,

at righ t angles to th e mai n ridge an d still cloth ed wi th o ak and old ,

rhododendron trees has acqu ired t he co mpl i mentary designat ion o f,

E lysi u m N ot far from th e western end tw o batteries of artillery

.
,

occu py th e de tac h e d h ill of J u togh T h e exqu isite scenery of th e n eigh

‘

b o urh o o d has been descri bed i n t h e article on S I M L A D I ST R I CT .

S i mla besides being th e s u m m er h ead quarters of t h e Govern ments

,
-

o f I ndia and of th e P u n j ab and of th e variou s D epart m ents of A rm y ,

h ead quarters is th e h ead quarters of th e D ep u ty Conserva t or of Fores t s

-
,
- -
,

S i mla d ivision and of t h e E xecu tive E ngi neer S i mla d ivis ion as wel l
, , ,

as o f th e ordinary D is t rict s t aff and t h e su m mer head quarters of th e ,

-

Co m m i ssioner of t h e Delh i D ivis ion A battal ion of V ol u nteers th e .

,

2 n d P u njab
(Si mla ) R i fles i s stationed h ere Th ere are four ch u rch es , .

o f t he Ch u rch of E nglan d : C hrist Chu rch (the stat ion ch u rch ) opened

in 1 84 4 a chapel of ease at Bo ile auga nj a chapel a t tach ed to B ish op

, ,

Cotton Sch ool an d a n ati ve ch u rch i n th e ba z ar Th ere are also

, .

a R o man Cath ol ic cath edral an d two conven t s and a n unde n o min a ,

t ion al c h u rch fol lowi ng th e Presbyterian form o f w orsh ip Th e C h u rch .

M issionary Soc iety th e S ociety for th e Propagation of th e Gospel

,

Z an a na M ission an d th e Baptis t M iss ion h av e b ran ch e s i n th e town

,
,
. .

Th ere are t wo masoni c lo dges Si m la also contains the Uni ted S ervice .

I nstitu tion of I nd ia an d a large cl ub The G overn men t offices are ,

.

fo r th e m ost part accom m odated i n large blocks o f bu i ld ings ; and

a town h al l contai ns a th eatre readi ng 1 00 111 and bal l room A rm an ,
-
,
-
.

dal e th e Si mla cricket grou n d an d racecou rse has recently been greatly
, ,

enlarged T he m u nic ipal ity was created i n 1 8 5 0 Th e i ncom e du ri ng

th e te n years end ing 1 0 2 — aver aged 4 -2 lak h s and th e expend iture
. .

9 3
—
,

5 5 lakh s ch i e fl y d e rived from

-1 lakh s I n th e i nco m e was -
4 1 9 3 4
0 . .
 3 1 1/ LA H I LL S YI I TE S
I

385

octro i lakhs ) taxes o n h ouses an d lan ds ,

lak hs ) m u nici pal ,

proper t y and fi nes & c (R s an d loans fro m Governm en t

,
. .

(R s. The ex penditu re o f lakh s incl u ded general admin is

(
tratio n R s w ater supply R s
.
( conservancy ( R s 3 - . .

h ospi tals an d di spensaries (R s p u b lic safety

(R s . .

pu bl ic work s ( 1 lakh ) i nteres t o n loans (R s and repay men t

,
.

of loans (R s W ater is suppl ied to th e s t atio n by a syste m

.

of w ater w orks con structed at a cost of abou t 6 lakh s and supposed

-
,

to be capable of sup plying a m i ni m u m of gallon s a clay T h e .

supply i s not however su fficien t for the rap idly grow ing needs of th e
, ,

town A drainage system is now being ex t ended a t a cos t o f nearl y

.

6 lak h s Th e consol idated m u n ici pal deb t amou nt s to abou t 1 2 lakh s

. .

Th e com merce of Si mla consists ch iefl y i n t h e suppl y of necessaries

to th e su m m er visi tors an d t heir dependan ts b u t the town is also a n ,

e ntrep ot for th e trade w i th Ch ina and Tibet menti oned i n th e art icle
on S I M L A D I ST R I CT There are a large n u m ber of E u ropean sh ops
.
,

an d fou r banks Th e ch i ef exports o f the town are beer an d spirits

.
,

t here being two breweries and o ne d isti llery .

The ch ie f edu cat ional insti tu t ions are th e B ishop Cotton School .

a p u bl ic sch ool for E uropean boys fou nded by B ish op Cot ton i n 1 86 6
i n thanksgiving for the del iverance o f th e Brit ish i n I ndia d u ring th e
M u ti ny of 1 8 5 7 ; t h e A uckland h igh school for girls ; th e C hris t
C hu rch day sch ool for boys a nd girls ; two conven t schools an d a
con v en t orphanage ; th e Mayo O rphanage for E u ropean an d E u ras ian
orphan girls ; an d a m u n ic ipal h igh school Th e tw o ch ief m ed ical .

insti tu t ions are th e R ipon an d W al ker H ospi tal s th e la t ter fou nded in ,

1 9 0 2 th rough th e mu n ifi ce n c e o f Si r J am es W al ker as a hospi t al ,

for E uropeans .

S imla mmz B h ara uli — Th ese t wo i sola t ed tracts for m a sub la b s?!
-
.
-

of S i mla D is t rict Punjab ly i n g be t wee n 3 0 5 8 an d 3 1 8 N and

,
°
,
° ’ ’
.

° ’ ° ’
7 7 1 and 7 7 1 5 E wi th an area o f 2 5 square m i les I t i s bounded
.
,
.

o n al l sides by the S i mla H i l l Sta t es Th e popu lation i n 1 90 1 was .

com pared w ith i n 1 8 9 1 S I M L A (popu lat ion is .

,

t h e h ead q uar t ers an d th ere are 3 5 vi llages T h e lan d reve nu e an d

-
, .

cesses i n 1 9 0 3 —4 a mou nted to R s Th e SUb -fa /ZSZ/ l ies en tirel y .

i n th e h ills .

S imla H ill S t a te s A collect ion o f Native States i n th e P u nj ab .

-

°
su rrou nding th e sani tariu m o f S i mla , and extending between 3 0 4 6
.

and 3 2 5 N an d 7 6 2 8 an d 7 9 1 4 E Th ey are bou nded on t h e

° ’
.
° ’ ° ’
.

eas t by t h e high wal l o f th e H i m alayas ; o n th e north w est by th e -

‘
m ou ntains of Spit i and K u l ti belonging to th e D istrict of K a ngra and ,

lower dow n by th e S utlej separating them fro m th e State o f S uket and ,

K angra proper ; on th e sou th wes t by t h e plai ns of A m b a la ; and on -

th e so uth east by Dehr a D tm and th e Nat ive State of Teh ri Th ey l l C ‘

'

-
. .
3 86 SLM LA H I LL S TA TE S

con t rolled by t h e Su perin tendent S i m la H ill S tates i n su bordination t o , ,

t h e P unj ab G o ve rnme n t Table I I I appended t o th e article o n th e

.

P U NJ A B (V o l X X p 3 8 1 ) gives som e o f t h e lead ing s t a t is t ics regard ing

.
, .

them .

Th e mou n tains h ere form a cont inuous series o f ranges ascendi ng ,

from the lo w h i lls wh ich boun d t he plains of A m b a la t o t h e grea t

cen t ral chain o f t h e W estern H i m a layas Th is cen t ral chain t erm i na t es .

a few m iles sou t h o f t h e S u tlej i n Bashah r t h e m ost northern of t h e ,

S ta t es Th e sam e State i s broken on i t s north ern fron t ier by S purs

.

fro m t h e snowy h i lls wh ich separate i t fro m Spi ti an d o n th e eas t by ,

sim i lar spu rs fro m th e range sh u t t i ng i t o ff from Ch i nese T artary .

Star t ing fro m th e ter m inat ion o f th e Cen t ral H i m a layas a t ransverse ,

range t h e las t t o t h e sou t h o f th e S u t lej ru ns south wes t t hrough ou t

, ,
-

t h e length o f the S im la S t ates form ing t h e wa t ershed between t he ,

S utlej and th e J u m na A few m i les north east o f S i m la i t d ivides i n t o

.
-
,

t w o mai n branch es o n e fol low ing t he l ine of th e Su t lej i n a north wes t

,
-

di rectio n an d th e oth er o n wh ich S i m la stands contin u ing sou th west

, , ,
-
,

u nt il at a few m iles north o f Sab a th u i t meets at righ t angles the

, ,

m oun tain s of th e O u t er o r sub H i m a layan sys te m wh i ch have a dire c

-
,

t ion paral lel to th e Central H i m a layas i e fro m nor t h west t o sou t h , . .

-

eas t
. Sou th and east o f Si m la t he h i lls lying between th e Su tlej ,

an d th e Tons t h e p rincipal feeder o f th e J u m na cen t re i n the great

, ,

C haur peak fee t h igh i tself th e ter m ina t ion of a m i nor chai n
, ,

that branch es off sou th wards fro m th e mai n S i m la range Th e m ou n .

tai n syste m (exclu ding Bash ah r) may be th u s mapped o ut roughly i nto

t hree portions t h e C hau r peak and th e s purs radiating fro m i t occupy , ,

i ng t h e sou th east corner th e S i m la range ex t end ing from t h e Central

-
,

H im a layas t o t he ne ighbourh ood o f Sab a th u ; an d th e m ou n t ains o f

th e su b H i m a layan series run n i n g fro m nor t h wes t t o sou t h east an d
-
,
- -
,

form i ng th e bou n dary of t he A m b a la plains The last m en tioned group .

-

may be subd ivi ded i nto t h e su b H i m a layas p roper an d an ou t er range -

, ,

correspondi ng t o t h e S iw a l i k h i lls o f H osh i a rpu r o n t h e o n e s ide

an d of th e Ganget ic D o a b on t he oth e r Th e su b H i m a layan an d the .

-
“

S iw ali k ranges for m parallel l in es having bet w een t h em an Open space ,

‘
o f varyi ng wid t h known as t h e K iarda D ii n a broad and wel l cul t iva t ed
, ,
-

valley Th e D an i n N al a garh i s open and ri chly cu l tiva t ed l ike t h e

.
,
‘
corresponding K iarda D an i n Sirmii r and Jasw an D flll i n H osh i arp u r
'

Th e wi lder par t s o f Bashah r beyon d t h e S u t lej are t h us described by

S ir H Davies
.

‘
I m mediately t o th e sou t h of Sp it i an d L a hu l i s the distric t o f
K anaw ar wh ich form s t h e larges t su bdiv is ion o f th e Bashahr pri n
,

c ipality and consis t s o f a series o f rocky and precipi tous ravines

, ,

descendi ng rap idly to th e bed o f th e Su tlej Th e d istrict i s abou t .

7 0 m iles long by 4 0 an d 2 0 broad at i t s n or t hern and sou t h ern

,
5 3
3 SU I / 4 . 1 5 7 11 7 15 8

form id a b le t o rrents d uring the rai ny sea s on The l abar is fed from .
’

peren nial snow Fu rther in formation regarding the S i m la H ill States

.

w ill be fou nd i n the separate arti c les on each O pi u m made i n th e .

H ill States is im ported i nto th e Punjab on paym ent of a du ty of

R s 2 per seer
. .

The ch ie fs of the H il l States possess ful l powers except tha t sentences ,

of death passed by them requ ire th e con firmati on of th e Sup eri ntendent ,

H il l States who i s also th e Depu ty Co m m issione r of S i m la D istrict I n

,
-
.

t h irteen of th e twenty eigh t S tates owing to the m i nori ty or i ncapaci ty

-
,

o f th e ch iefs th e adm in istrati on is not at presen t i n th eir b ands I n

,
.

B ij a K u n ih ar Madh an and M ailo g i t i s carried o n by cou ncils of State

, , ,

o fficials ; i n D h adi i t i s i n the hands o f a rela t ive of th e ch ief an d i n ,

T haroch i n those of the W a z ir B i l asp u r J u bbal Bash ah r K u m h arsain , , , ,

and K aneth i are ad m inistered by native officials of th e B ritish serv ice ,

depu ted by G o v e m me n t wh o are s tyled managers i n B aghal th e ,

counci l consists of a brother o f th e late ch ief and an o ffi cial depu ted by

Govern men t ; an d i n K u th ar th e m anager i s a m e m ber of th e ruling
fam ily o f Suket I n all these cases th e au th ority i n charge o f th e
.
,

ad m i n istration exercises i n practice th e p owers o f th e chi ef .

S i n b a u n g w e — North eas t ern tow nsh ip o f T h ay e tmy o D istrict

.
-
,
’ ’ ° ’ ° '
B urm a lying between 1 9 3 0 and 1 9 4 7 N an d 9 5 1 0 an d 9 5 5 0 E
,
° o
. .
,

and stretch ing fro m the I rrawaddy east wards to th e con fines of Magwe
and Yameth i n D i stricts w ith an area of square m i les I ts h ead
,
.

quarters are at S inbaungwe a village of i nh abi tants on th e left o r

, ,

east bank of t he I rrawaddy The cou n try i s dry an d u ndulating and .

,

sparsely i nhabi ted Th e popul ation was . i n 1 8 9 1 an d ,

i n 1 9 0 1 distri bu ted i n 1 0 5 villages T/za tfi ameaa was th e m ai n sou rce

’

o f revenue u p to 1 0 2 — when i t was replaced by cap itation tax

, .

9 3 Th e
area u nder cu ltivati on i n 1 9 0 3 —
.
,

4 was 3 6 square m iles paying R s , .

land revenue .

S in c h u la H ill range i n Jalpaigu r i D istrict E as t ern B engal and

.
-
,
°
A ssam lying between 2 6 4 1 and 2 6 4 9 N and 8 9 2 9 and 8 9 4 5 E
,
’ 0 ’
.
° ’ ° ’
.
,

and form ing th e bou ndary between Bri tish territo ry and B hu t a n Th e .

average elevation of th e range is fr o m to a littl e over feet ,

th e highest peak R e n ig ang o i n 2 6 4 7 N and 8 9 3 4 E being 6 az

, ,
° ’
.
° ’
.
, ,
r

fee t above sea level The h ills ru n generally i n long even ridges th ickly
-
.
,

wooded fro m base to su m m it bu t occas ionally t h e s u m m its bristl e wit h ,

bare crags fro m 2 0 0 to 3 0 0 feet in he igh t Fro m C H O T A S I NGH U L A .

feet h igh ) a magn i ficen t V lC W is obtai ned over the w hole o f t he

Bu xa D u a rs I n th e d istance are seen large green patch es of cu lt ivat ion
.

i n th e m idst of wide t racts of brown grass and reed j u ngle th e cu l t ivated ,

spots being dot ted wi th hom esteads ; i n th e foregrou nd near th e h ills , ,

a re dense fi r ?! (S/z orea ro b/15 m) and oth er forests th e whol e being i nter ,

s e c te d by nu m e r o us rivers and stream s T h e Sin c h ula range can nearly .

 7) 3 89

e very w here be ascended by m en and by beasts o f burden bu t not by ,

w heeled veh icles

S in d —Th e p rovince o f S i n d form s th e ex trem e north w estern

.

-
,

por t ion o f th e Bo m bay Pres idency consis t ing of th e lower valley and ,
° ’ ° ’
del ta of t h e I ndus an d lying bet ween 2 3 3 5 and 2 8 2 9 N and
,
.

°
6 6 4 0 and 7 1
’
10 E 1
I t has an area of
° ’
.
‘
square m iles
and a population ( 1 9 0 1 ) o f an d i ncl udes one Nati ve S tate ,

K H A I R P U R w i th an area o f
,
square m iles and a pop ulat ion of

Sind is bou n ded on th e north by Bal uch ist a n t h e Pu nj ab and , ,

th e S tate of Bah a wal pu r ; o n th e eas t by th e R aj pu t a na States of

J aisal m er a nd J odh pu r ; on th e sou th by th e R an n o f Cu t ch and th e
A rabian Sea ; an d o n th e west by th e t erritory of th e Jam o f Las
B ela and o f t he K h a n o f K al a t (Bal uch ist a n ) I t com prises th ree .

w el l de fi n e d tracts : th e Koh ist a n

-
or h i lly cou n t ry
wh ich l ies as a sol id block bet w ee n K ar a ch i and
P h y s ica l
, ,

a s p e cts .

Seh w a n and i s thence continu ed north as a narrow

,

fringe along t he sk irts o f the K irthar ran ge ; S ind proper th e central ,

allu vial plai n w atered by th e I nd u s ; and th e R eg ist an or Thar a

, , ,

ban d o f so cal led deser t o n th e eastern border w here rol l ing sandh i lls
-
,

alterna t ing w ith val leys are often fai rly w ooded and th ere are exten ,

si ve level t racts of pasture lan d .

A l m os t every port ion o f th e great al luvial t rac t of Si nd h as at som e

ti m e or oth er form ed a channel fo rt h e river I N D U S (Sanskrit Sin d/ m , ,

wh ich gives i ts nam e t o th e provi nce ) o r o n e o f i ts many branch es ,

.

Th is mai n cen t ral stream o f North W es te rn I ndia a fter col lecting in to -

,

i ts bed th e wa t ers o f the fi ve P unjab rivers has dep os ited near i ts ,

debo uch u re i n to t h e A rabian Sea a vast mass of deltaic m atter ,

th rough w h ich i t fl ows by several sh i fting ch an nels to j oi n t h e sea

on th e sou thern border of th e provi nce I n every di recti on traces .

of ancien t river beds may b e d iscovered c rossing t h e cou ntry l ike

-
,

elevated d ikes for th e level o f th e land as i n all oth er deltaic

, ,

regions i s h ighes t a t th e ri ver bank T h e I n du s brings do w n fro m

,
.

th e tu rbid h il l torren ts a greater quan t i ty o f d e t ri tu s than can be

carried forward by i ts di m i n ishe d veloci ty i n t he plai n ; and h ence
a constan t accu m u l atio n o f s i l t takes plac e along i ts variou s be ds ,

rai si ng th eir level above th at of th e su rrou ndi ng cou ntry and i nci ,
~

den t all y affording an easy m ean s o f i rrigation o n wh ich t he ag ric ul ,

tural p rosperi ty o f Sin d en ti rel y depends by sid e channels d rawn from ,

t h e cen tral rive r Bes ides th e I ndu s th ere are so m e h il l stream s o r

.

” a ir o f w h i ch th e H AB w h ich m ay al mos t be cal led a rive r i s i mpor

, , ,

tan t Appeari ng as a string of u n connected pools i n th e d ry season

.
,

1
A ll sp h e ric a l v lu
a e s w e re o b ta ine d f rom th e l
C o m p i e r, S im! C ru d /( Cf , an d are

b ase d u
p o n th e l t t
a es in fo rma t io n .
 90 SI N D

i t form s th e bou ndary be t ween S i nd an d Baluch is ta n O th er i mpor .

tan t fl a ts are th e M al ir fro m wh ich the ci ty o f Kar a ch i obtains i ts

drinking water su pply th e Baran wh ich S uppl ies Koh is t an and th e
-
, ,

G aj .

Th e only eleva t ions deservi ng th e nam e of mou n t ains occur i n the

KIR TH AR range w h ich separates S i nd fro m Baluch ist a n and attains
, ,

i n places a h eigh t o f abou t feet above sea level sink i ng i n th e -

,

sou th to th e Pab h i lls T h e w ild and rocky trac t o f K o m sraN i n

.
,

th e w estern portion of Karach i D istrict form s al m os t th e only re mai n ,

ing exception t o th e general flatness of th e provi nce A noth er o ff .

shoot o f th e K irthar chai n h owever known as th e LA K H I range , , ,

extends i n a barren m ass eas t ward i nto th e Kotri lei/a k a o f Kar a ch i

D istrict present ing eviden t m ark s o f volcan ic origi n i n i ts h o t springs
,

and sulp h u rou s exh alations A few in signi ficant l i m estone ranges
.

in tersect t h e I nd us valley o n o n e o f wh ich known as t he Ganj o

, ,

h ills wi th an elevation o f only 1 0 0 feet stands th e T alpu t cap ital

, ,

o f H yder ab ad A secon d s mal l chain ru nn ing i n a north westerly -

.
,

direct ion fro m th e neigh bou rh ood o f J ai sal mer attain s towards th e
'

I nd us a h eigh t of 1 5 0 feet and form s th e rocks o n wh ich are perch ed

,

t he towns o f R oh ri an d Su kkur .

Th e plai n cou ntry comprises a m ixed tract of dry desert an d all uv ial
,

plain The fi nest and m os t productive region lies in th e ne ighbour

.

hood o f Sh ik arpu r an d L ark a na wh ere a long narro w islan d ex tends ,

for 1 6 0 m iles fro m north to sou t h enclosed o n one s i de by th e river ,

I ndus and o n th e oth er by the W estern N a ra A nother grea t all uvi al

,
.

tract wi th an average width of 7 0 o r 8 0 m iles s tretch es east w ard fro m

, ,

th e I ndus to th e E astern N a ra T he I ndu s i s kn own to h ave fre .

quently changed i ts course wi th in h istorical t i mes V estiges o f ancien t .

towns sti ll stud th e neighbourhood of th e R ann of Cu t ch San dh ills .

abou nd near the eastern border Large tracts rendered s t erile for want .

of irrigation also occu r i n m any other parts o f S ind .

The scenery of th e p rov ince na t urally lacks varie t y or grandeu r an d ,

i ts monotony renders i t tam e and u ni nteresting Noth ing can be m ore .

d reary t o a s tranger approach ing t h e shore th an t h e lo w and fla t coas t ,

entirely devoid of trees and shrubs E ven among th e h il ls o f Kobis .

tan wh ere fin e rocky scenery abou nds th e char m o f foliage is al m ost

, ,

totally wan ting I n the Thar and P arkar D istrict i n th e eas t ern por
.
,

t ions of K hairpu r State and i n th e ld/uk as of R oh ri M irpu r M a thelo

, , ,

and Ubau ro (Sukku r D istrict ) th e R egist an o r desert tract consis t s o f

,

noth ing bu t sandh ills m any o f wh ich however derive p icturesqueness

, , ,

from th ei r bold ou tli ne and are so m eti m es even fairly wooded Th e

,
.

several ranges of sandh ill s succeed one anoth er l ike vas t waves .

The allu vial strip w h ich borders ei th er bank of t h e I ndus for a

d istance of 1 2 m i les though su perior t o every oth er par t of Sin d i n
,
392 mm
measu res 2 0 m iles i n l ength and covers an area o f abou t 1 8 0 square
,

m iles At th e same period th e fl ood h ol lows (J a mi/25 ) o f the E astern

.
,
-

N ara form pretty lakelets Th e Makh i (la n d/z 5 0 m iles i n c ircu m

.
,

ference through wh ich th e E astern N ara w inds t i ll i t e m erges at

,

B uk k u r w as owi ng to i ts th ic k j u ngl e an d wooded i slets

, ,
th e ,

favou rite haun t o f t h e H u r ou tlaws .

The greater part of Si nd is occu pied by th e all u vi u m of th e I n dus ,

frequently covered by sand d unes i n th e eastern part o f t he prov ince

-
,

wh ich i s an ext ens ion o f th e R aj pu t ana desert W estern S ind be t ween .

th e I ndu s and th e Balu ch ist a n front ier i s a h i lly region consisti ng ,

al mos t en tirely of Tertiary s t ra t a fol ded i n to a success ion o f ant icl ines
and synclines T he fol lowing are th e p ri ncipal geological d i vis ions of
.

this series

9 Manch
. har or Siw a l ik ( sandst ones clays and conglo m erates of , ,

fl uv iatile or t errestrial origin w it h fossil wood and rem ai ns o f exti nct

,

m am m al ia ) .

8 G aj (l i m estones sh al es and sands tones partly fl uv iatile par t l y

. , , , ,

marine ) .

Oligocen e .

7 Upper N a ri (pri nci pall y shales and sands t ones partly fl uviat ile ,
-

.
,

partly mari ne ) .

E ocen e .

6 Lower N a ri (pri ncipally l i m estone an d shale mari ne )

.
,
.

5 K irthar (mostly N u m mu liti c li meston e o f great t h ick ness

.
,

form i ng the h igher h i ll ranges ) .

4 Upper R an ikot (shales and li mestones m arine correspon di ng

.
, ,

i n age with the London clay ) .

3 Lower R a n ikot ( mostly sandstone o f fl uv iatile origi n w it h beds

.
,

o f lign ite and foss il plants ) .

C a raz la oea z/ mof ztz beds and D eccan t rap (sands t ones shales
' '
’
2 .
, ,

i mpure l i mestones and in t ercala t ed volcani c beds approxi mately

, ,

of th e same age as th e Thane t Sands i n E ngland ) .

C re f aceous .

1 . H ippu rit ic l i m estones (onl y locally developed ) .

Hot su lph urou s springs occu r at a n u m ber of places along t he h ills

o f W estern S i nd t h e best known being those of Lakh i near Seh w a n
, , ,

and Magar P ir north o f Kar a ch i A t Nagar P a rkar o n th e northern .

,

b o rder o f th e R an n of Cu tch t here is an ou tcrop of grani tic rocks ,

si mi lar to those of th e A ravalli range T he geology of W estern S in d .

has been described i n detai l by D r W T B lanford i n vol xvi i o f th e . . . .

JWe moz rs of I /ze G eolog ica l Su rvey of I n dia

'

W hatever i s cu lt ivated i n E gypt i n A rabia and i n th e cou ntries , ,

 P H YSI C A L A SP E C T S 3 93

b ordering t he Persian G ul f may be grown w it h suc c ess i n S ind si n c e ,

th ese cou ntries are equal ly characteri z ed by great su m mer heat b u t ,

l itt le tempered by rain ; grea t w inter cold ; a d ry soi l and s im ilar

geological forma t ions The ch ief t rees of S i nd are th e oalz zcl (A cacia
'

op ula r e c lz ra tica ) ( romp ts sp zczge ra )

) ( k
'

ba lz an a nal P and ’
'

a ra ozca P ~
, , ,

Sim s . Th e a im pip a l banyan an d oer also occu r Th e oa ofi l i s th e

, , , .

staple t ree o f Low er S i nd i ts wood yield ing t i m ber for boat bui lding
,
-

and fuel its bark bei ng used i n t anni ng an d i ts leaves and pods as
, ,

fodder for camel s and goats Sim s an d [ o f (tamarisk ) are foun d i n .

all form s fro m scru b to big trees Th e oa lz an co m mo n i n Upper S ind .

, ,

fu rn ish es a l igh t soft wood u sed i n h ouse b u i ld ing an d i n th e man u -

fac t ure o f t h e celebra t ed lacqu er boxes of H a la and Kh a no t The -

.

shores o f th e I ndu s delta abou n d w it h low m angrove th ickets wh ich ,

yield good fuel an d fodder A m ong exo t ic t rees are th e f all (D a l .

oerg ia Szssoo) an d t h e tamari nd

’

Th e co m moner w i ld ani mals are th e wol f w i ld h o g clzz fl k ara

'

, ,

(ga z elle ) h o g deer j ackal wi ld cat and hare T h e h yen a is rare I bex
,
-
, ,
-
,
. .

an d g o d (m oun t ai n sh eep ) are fou nd i n th e western h il ls an d t h e ,

w ild ass i n t he eastern desert Th e lynx i s rarely fou nd w h il e th e .

,

leopard and bear are occas ionally m e t wi th i n th e western h il l s as

stragglers fro m Bal uch ist an A ntelope have been in troduced w i th .

success i n t o the K hairpu r State Th e m igra t ory birds w h ich v isi t .

t h e province i n large n u m bers i nclu de geese du cks teal sn ipe crane , , , , ,

flam i ngo pel ican an d ibis Th e I ndian b ustard i s fou n d eas t o f the
, ,
.

I ndus and t he tz l17 r and 1m o r fl o rican i n all par t s Quai l an d

'

many ki nds of sand grouse occu r i n large n u mbers wh il e swans are

-
,

seen o n rare occasions T h e pri ncipal local gam e bi rds are th e .

-

francol in o r black partridge and th e grey partridge Th e blu e rock

, ,
.

pigeon i s co m mon n ear th e K irthar h ills M ortal ity cau sed by snakes .

has greatly d i m inish ed bu t t he b lack cobra t h e k a raz t and th e k app a r

'

, , ,

are co m mon A n u nusually large species o f th e fi rs t (B ung arz/ s

.

sz na a mz s) i s foun d i n R ohr i Pythons are occasi onally me t w it h i n

'
’
.

K ar a ch i D is t rict .

O wing to its prevalent ar idi t y and th e absence o f t h e m onsoons th e , ,

cl i ma t e o f S in d ranks am ong t he ho tt es t an d m ost variable i n I n dia .

Th e average te mpera t u re o f t he s u m m er m onth s is 9 and that of th e

wi n t er month s B ut th e thermo me t er frequently rises i n su m m er to
1 14
°
and occasionally t o wh i le i n w in ter i t falls at n igh t a few
degrees below freez i n g poi nt an d ranges even i n t h e dayt i m e fro m 4 0
-
,
°

to N o ot her par t o f I ndia has so long a conti nuance of excess ively

h o t wea t her owing to th e de fic iency of rai n
,
Th e cl i m at e on th e sea .

coast h owever i s m u ch m ore equable i n tempera t ure than i n Upper

, ,

Si nd an d Kar a ch i th e great centre o f E uropean p opulat ion enj oys

, ,

a strong sea bree z e wh ich blows day and n igh t fro m A p ri l t o O ctober
-
,
.
394 91 /VI) .

I n North ern S ind th e ex t rem es of tem perature are s t rongly marked .

Th e th ermom e t er at Sh ik a rpu r often sinks below free z ing poi nt i n -

w i nter and ice forms as late as February ; yet i n s u m m er for weeks

, ,

together the read ings at m idnigh t do not fal l below

,
Jacob a b a d
boasts of th e h ig h e st temperature yet recorded a t an I ndian meteoro
’

°
l o gical station ( 1 2 6 in J un e ,

On th e verge o f t wo m onsoons Si n d i s u nrefresh ed by either , The .

south west m onsoon stops at Lakh pat i n Cu tch i n t h e south e as t ; th e

-
, ,

north east monsoon passes no farth er t han Kar a ch i i n th e ex trem e

-

sou th west Th e rai nfal l of Si nd is t hu s scanty and irregu lar, and i t

-
.

averages only abou t 8 i nch es Th e record o f series o f al m os t rainless

.

seasons is occasionally broken by a su dden excessive fal l Of such .

deluges th e m ost notabl e occurred a t K ar a ch i i n 1 90 2 when 1 2 i nches

, ,

fell i n 2 4 hou rs .

I n th e earliest ti mes of whi ch records are availabl e th e A ryan s were

already settled o n t he I ndus and traded by sea wi th both E ast A frica
and th e Persian Gu lf ( 1 0 0 0 A bou t fi ve h u ndred
H ist ory
years later D arius H y staspe s con qu ered t h e wh ole o f
.

th e I ndus valley and gave a fu rth er i mpe t us to t rade wh ich led t o th e ,

i ntroduc t ion of t he art o f coi ni ng m oney Persian rule in S in d h ad .

passed away and wi th i t t h e t ra ffi c by sea w ith t h e Persian Gu l f and

,
i

A rabia b e fo re th e adven t of A lexander th e Great who after passing

, , ,

th rough the plains o f t h e P u nj ab sai led down t h e I ndu s in t h e year

,

3 52 . B c The
. departu re o f A lexander was followed by th e rise of th e
M auryan em pire wh ich i nclu ded wi th i n its bou ndaries th e whole o f
,

Northern I ndia as well as Guj arat an d S i nd W hen t hi s emp ire fell .

,

t he Bac t rian G reeks i nvaded th e P u njab abou t 2 0 0 and i t is

probable t hat bot h Ap o llo do tus and h i s s uccessor M enander ruled over
Si nd a h u ndred years before th e Christian era Fro m t h is t im e u nt i l .

th e 7 th century A D I nd ia was th e scene of n u m erou s i nvasions by th e

. .

hordes o f Central A sia o f who m th e E ph thal i t es o r W h i te H u ns se t tled

,

i n Sin d and es t ablished th e R ai dynasty at A 101 and B r a h man a b ad A t .

th is t i m e su n worsh ip flou rished i n North ern S ind wh ile B u ddh is m had

-
,

a firm h old o n th e peopl e o f th e south Th e R ai dynasty was ter .

minate d by th e usu rpation of t h e Br a h man m i nister Chach wh ose ,

fami ly was soon after ou sted by th e ris ing power o f t h e M uham madans .

D u ring th e reign o f C h ach s son D a h i r a few p eacefu l M uham madan

’
,

merch ants as th e A rab version o f t h e conqu es t asserts wh o had been

, ,

sent in to S ind by th e Khal if A bdu l Malik to p urchase female slaves and

ot her articles o f lawful com merce were at t acked by robbers an d ei ther
, ,

made prisoners o r killed o n the spot O n e or tw o o f t h e i nj ured m er .

chants alone escaped t o make th ei r com plai nts to th e K hal if and the ,

latt er readily e mbraced so excellent an opportun ity of spreading I sl am

i nto the delta of the I ndu s H e died before th e army collected for th e
.
39 6

del t a Thei r au thority never extended to Upper S ind w h ich con t i nued
.
,

u nder the rul e of M ah mtid s successors and th us i n time b e came part

°

'
’

o f the D elh i k i ngdo m Th e Sfi mras were even t ually overthrown and

.

their capital T tir des t roye d by the t roops of A la ud din K h ilj i abou t th e
'

- -
, ,

end of the th i r teent h o r early i n th e fou r t eenth ce n tu ry I n 1 3 3 3 t he .

Sammas ano t her R aj pu t tribe of Cu tch and Lower S ind follow ing
, ,

th e example o f the Sti mras sei z ed the rei ns of govern men t and se t up
’

a ruler o f t heir own u nder th e t itle o f J a m A few years later (abou t .

1 3 4 0 ) Tatta was fou nded and becam e thei r capital .

Th e connexion o f S ind w ith th e rest o f I n d ia is slight d uring thi s

period ; bu t i t m ay be m entioned tha t th e provi nce was conquered by
M uh ariimad G h o ri and that Ku b a cha wh o h eld i t for h i m an d fo r
’

, ,

K utb u d din th e first o f the Slave k ings o f D el h i rebelled after th e

- -
, ,

latter s death bu t was Overth rown by Altamsh

’
,
I n 1 2 2 1 J al a l ud din .
- -
,

the last S h a h of K h w ariz m (K h iva ) was driven into S i nd by h is ene my

‘
,

Ch i ng i z Kh a n Th e adven tures of th is h eroic pri nce wh o battled h is

.
,

way b ack t h rough Pers ia only to succu mb after a d ecade of daring

energy for m a stirri n g page o f ro mantic h isto ry
,
l
M u ham mad bi n .
’

T ug h lak d ied on the banks o f t h e I n du s i n 1 3 5 1 i n pursu it of a rebel , ,

leader wh om t he Sammas h ad sh el t ered .

The h istory o f the Sammas after their accessi on to power is o f in t erest ,

by reason o f th e abi lity wi th wh ich t hey held t heir ow n i n se veral cam

aig n s agai nst the forces o f t h e i mperial govern men t and by reason also
p ,

o f the conversion o f large n u mbers o f peop le fro m H i n du is m to I sl a m .

Th e first ruler of t he l i ne was a M u ham madan wi th a H i ndu nam e J a m ,

U nar a fact w h ich see ms t o argue recent conversion U nder J u n a the

, .
,

second J a m Buk k ur i n Upper S ind w h ich had h i therto been h eld o n

, ,

behal f of th e S ult a n of Del h i was added to the Sam m a dom in ions b u t ,

u nder h is successor Ta m a ch i F iro z T ug h lak retook B uk k ur and carried

, ,

Tam a ch i and h is son Khair— u d din cap tives to D el h i

, 011 the deat h -
,
.

o f Tam a ch i a few years later K h air u d din was released and allowed to ,
- -

resu me th e govern ment of S i nd I t w as du ring h is reign i n 1 3 5 1 that .

, ,

M uh am mad bi n T ugh lak en tered S in d i n pu rsu i t o f the rebel who m

K hair ud din had sheltered M u ham mad s successor F iro z S h a h was
- -
.
’

, ,

so harassed by th e Sammas o n h is way back to Delh i that eigh t years

later h e retu rned to avenge h i mself u pon the m accompl ish ing h i s pu r ,

pose after prel i m i nary failure The Sam m a k ings gradually ex t ended .

t heir au thority over the wh ole of S in d the z enith o f their fam e being ,

reached i n the t i me of J a m N i z a m ud din better k nown as Jam Nanda - -

, ,

who d ied i n 1 5 0 9 after a reign o f for t y six years T he l i ne ended with -

.

J a m F iro z who was conquered by Sh a h B eg A rg h tin i n 1 5 2 0

’

, .

The A rgh an dynasty traced i ts origin to C h ingi z K h a n and co m ,

me nce d i ts ru le i n S ind i n 1 5 2 1 T h e fi rs t pri nce o f th e l ine S h a h B eg .

,

1
S Lane Po o l e M ea ia ev a l I n dia p 7 1 ’
. . .
, ,
 H I S T OR Y 39 7

Ar
g h tm, having been driven o ut of Kandah a r by B a bar defea t ed t h e
'

Sam m a arm y i n 1 5 2 0 and sacked Ta tt a t he capi t al of J a m F iro z

, ,

Sam m a B y a subsequen t agreem en t t he J a m re t ai ned al l Si nd be t ween

.

Sukku r and Ta tt a w h il e th e S h a h t ook t he reg ion nor t h o f Lakh i B u t

,
.

t h e Sammas soon after rep u diated t h is agree men t ; and a ba t tle fough t ,

probably i n t he sou t h eas t o f th e presen t H yder a b a d D is t rict re su l t ed

-
,

i n t h ei r u tt er defea t an d th e secure es t abl ish m ent o f t h e A rg h tin power

'

Sh a h B eg aft erwards cap t ured t h e for t o f Bukk ur and rebu il t t h e fort i ,

fi catio n s w it h bricks taken fro m t he ancien t s t ronghold o f A ror J us t .

before h is deat h i n 1 5 2 2 he m ade preparat ions to i nvade Gujar at bu t ,

did no t l ive to accompl ish h is p urpose S h a h B eg was no t only a bold .

sold ier, bu t al so a learned M u sal m a n th eologian and co m mentator H is .

son and s uccessor M irz a S h a h H asan fi nally drove J a m F iro z fro m

, ,

Tatta t o Cu tch and a t length to G uj ar a t wh ere he died D uring S h a h

, ,
.

Hasan s reign t h e M ughal e m peror H umay t m being defea t ed by t he

’ ’

A fgh a n S her S h a h i n 1 5 4 0 fl ed t o S i nd where h e endeavoured un ,

successfu l ly t o t ake t h e for t o f Bukk ur A fter a shor t s t ay i n J odh pu r , .

H umay fi n retu rned to S ind by way o f Um arko t i n 1 5 4 2 and agai n ,

a tt em p t ed w ith ou t su ccess to conqu er t he cou n t ry S h a h H asan d ied .

ch ildless i n 1 5 5 4 after a reign o f t wen t y tw o years an d w i t h h i m en d ed

,
-
,

t he Arg h ii n dynasty
'

A sh or t l ived l i ne t he T urk h a n su cceeded and w i tnessed t h e sack o f

-
, ,

Ta tt a i n 1 5 5 5 by t he Portuguese ; bu t i n 1 5 9 2 t h e M ughal e mperor

Ak bar w h o was h i msel f born a t U marko t d uring t h e fl igh t o f h i s fath er
,

H u m a y rin defea t ed M ir z a J a n i B eg ru ler o f Ta tt a and u ni ted S in d

'

, , ,

wi th t h e e mp ire o f D elh i Th e provi nce was incorpora t ed u nder

.

Ak bar s organ i z a t ion i n th e Szioali o f M ul t a n D uring t h e flouri shi ng

’ '

period o f the M ughal em p ire t h e general p eace o f t h e grea t m onarchy,

ex t ended t o S ind and bu t few h is t orical even t s of i m por t ance occurred

,

for t he nex t cen t u ry I n the i n terval however be t wee n t he consol ida

.
, ,

t ion o f the em pire by A kbar and the dis me mberm ent wh ich followed
o n the i nvasion o f N a d ir Sh a h th e D aud utras o r sons o f Dau d K h an
p , , ,

rose to d is t inction W eavers and warriors by profession t hey led a w ild

.
,

and wan dering l ife at K h a np u r Tarai and th roughou t t he S ukku r , ,

cou n t ry A fter a long and sangu inary confl ic t w i t h t he M ah ars a race

.
,

o f H indu origin th e D audp utras s ucceeded i n es t abl ish ing t h eir

,

su premacy over Upper S ind and fou nded t he t own o f S h i k a rp u r ,

.

Towards t he en d o f t h e seven teen t h cen t ury ano t her race closely , ,

all ied to t h e D audp utras rose t o power i n t h e lower I ndu s val ley
, .
.

The K alh oras t raced t h eir descen t h is t orical ly t o M uham m ad of

K amb ath a an d m ore my t h ically t o A bb a s t h e u ncle o f t h e ,

Proph e t A bou t 1 5 5 8 th e fam i ly rose i n t o not ice th rough th e sancti ty

.
,

of on e Adam S h a h th e ch ief o f a large sect o f mendican t s i n Ch a nd uka

, ,
‘
w ho m the governor o f M u l t a n at t acked and pu t to death T h e f ak i rs .

O G Z
 98 Sl D

descended from th i s fa mily l ong l ived a l i fe of w arfare against t h e

M ughal l ieu tenan ts u ntil a t length i n 1 6 5 8 under N asir M uham mad
, , ,

Kalh ora they began s uccessful ly to oppose th e i m perial t 1 00 ps and

, ,

to organ i z e th e msel ves i nto a regular govern m en t A t length abou t .

,

1 7 0 1 Yar M u ham mad Kal hora assisted by th e S irai o r T a lpur tribe

, , ,

sei z e d u pon S hik arpu r w here h e fi xed h is cou rt an d obtai ned from
, ,

t h e e m pero r A u rang z eb a gran t o f the tract be twee n the I n dus and

th e N ara togeth er with a regular t i tle ( Kh u da Yar Kh a n ) u nder th e

,

imperial system By the year 1 7 1 1 Yar M u ha m mad h ad farth er

.

overru n the Kand i a ro and La rk a na tracts as w el l as the cou ntry ,

arou n d S u kk ur .

O n th e death of Yar M uha m mad K alhora i n 1 7 1 9 h is son N rrr

'

, ,

M uha m mad s ucceeded to h is terri tories and con qu ered t he Sh ik a rpur ,

territory from the D audp utras Sehw a n and its dependencies also fel l .

u nder h is rule and hi s terri tory e xtended fro m th e M ul t a n border to

,

Tatta : T he for t of Buk k u r ho wever did no t com e in to t he pos session , ,

o f th e K alh o ras ti ll 1 7 3 6 W i th th is excep tion N rrr M uh am mad s

' ’
.
,

au t hor ity stretch ed fro m the deser t to th e Bal uch i mou ntain s D uri n g
_
.

h is re ign th e T alpu r tri be of Baloch w h o w ere to be th e last nat ive ,

r ulers of Sind first ca m e i nto notice i n th e person of M ir Bah r a m

, ,

an able o fficer of the Kalhora kings W he n N a d ir Sh a h the Persian .

,

c onqu e ror swooped upon Del hi i n February 1 7 3 9 an d broke down

, , ,

t he decaying M ughal organ i z ation all t he provi nces west o f th e I ndu s ,

w ere deta c h ed fro m t he em p ire and i ncorporated with th e Persian

dom in ions Tatta and Sh i k arp ur formed part of the territory th u s
.

ceded to N adir Sh a h Shortly after h is retu rn to K abul N adir se t

.
,

o ut u pon a second expediti on ag ai nst Si nd and th e P unjab i n order ,

to repress h is t roublesome vassal r11 M u h am mad T w o years earlier

' '

.
,

t h e Kal hora prince h ad pe rs uaded S a dik Ali saoaliaar of Tatta to ,

’
,

make over that prov ince i n ret urn fo r a s u m of 3 lakh s ; and th is

transact ion apparently aroused th e anger of h is new su z erain O n ,
.

‘
N adir s approach N trr M uh am mad at fi rs t fl ed to U marko t bu t
’

afterwards surrendered w ith th e loss o f S h ik a rpu r and S ibi wh ich t he ,

Sh a h made over t o t he D audp u tras an d A fg ha ns A n an nual tribu te .

o f 2 0 lakhs w as also i m posed u pon the Kal hora pri nce .

O n N a dir Sh a h s death Si nd becam e tri bu tary i n 1 7 4 8 to Ah mad

’

, , v

Sh ah D urr a ni I n 1 7 5 4 th e tribu te be ing i n arrears A h ma d Sh a h

,
.
, ,
‘
advanced aga inst S ind and N trr M uha m mad fl ed to Jaisalnre r where
, ,

he d ied H is son M uham mad M ur ad Y a r Kh an managed to ap peas e

.
, ,

the Afgh an ruler and obtained a con firmation o f his rank an d po w er

, .

He fou nded the town of M ur ad ab a d I n 1 7 5 7 h is subj ects rose .

.

agai nst h is oppressi v e govern ment an d deth roned h i m placing h i s

"

,
,

broth er G h ul am Sha h upon th e th rone Th e new pri n ce in 1 76 2 .

, ,

i nvaded C u tch and d uring th e next year too k t he s eaports o f B as t a

,
 SI N D
'

400

l eaving o n e so n Sobh d a r an d bequ eath ing h i s dom in ions to h i s t hree

, ,

bro t hers O f t h ese Gh ul a m Ali d ied i n 1 8 1 1 and l eft a son M ir

. , , ,

M uham mad ; bu t t h e tw o su rvi ving broth ers retain ed t h e ch ief power

i n H yder a b a d K arram Ali d ied w i th ou t i ssu e i n 1 8 2 8 ; bu t M u r a d
m
.

‘
A li le ft t w o s on s N rrr M uh am ad an d Nas ir K h a n
,
Up t o 1 8 4 0 th e .

govern m en t o f Hyder a b a d was carried 011 by t h ese two M irs toge t h er ,

wi t h th eir cou si ns Sobh d a r and M ir M uham m ad Th e T alp ur M irs

,
.

adorned H yder a b a d and i t s rival Kh u d a ba d wi t h many h an dsom e

bu i l d ings o f wh ich t h eir ow n tom bs are th e m os t remarkab le
,
.

Th e fi rst connex ion o f th e B ritish w ith S in d took place as earl y as

,

1 75 8 ,
i n th e m at t er o f t h e factory a t Ta t ta I n 1 7 9 9 a com m ercial .

mission was sen t to S ind t o cond uc t bu si ness be t ween th e B ri t i sh an d ,

t h e T a lp u r M irs bu t i t ended u nsa t isfactori ly Th e agen t resi ded fro m .

t i me t o t i me at Tat t a Sh a h ban dar o r Kar a ch i and end ured nu m erou s

, , ,

ind igni ti es u n t i l at length h e received a perem p t ory order from th e

,

M irs to qu i t th ei r terri tory Th e E as t I nd ia Company took no notice .

o f t h is insul t I n 1 80 9 an arrangem en t was e ffec t ed be t ween t h e M irs

.

an d t h e Company mai nl y fo r t h e pu rpose of excl ud i ng t h e French

,

from settl ing i n S ind I n 1 8 2 5 th e Kh osas a B aloch t ribe made.

, ,

i ncursions i n t o Cu tch an d a m il itary dem ons t ration beca me necessary ,

as a preven ti ve m easure I n 1 8 3 0 Lieu t enan t (afterwards Sir A l exander ) .

B urnes afte rm any delays and t hreats o n th e par t o f th e M irs was

, ,

perm i t t ed t o fol low u p the cou rse of th e I ndu s th en u n explored tak ing , ,

with h i m present s fro m t h e K i ng o f E nglan d to R anj it Singh a t Lahore .

T wo years later Colonel Po tt inger concl u ded a t reaty with th e H yder

a b a d M irs for th e advance men t o f co m merce by wh ich traders an d ,

merch ants were perm i tt ed t o u se t he roads an d r ivers of Sind th ough ,

no E ngl ish man m igh t se t tle i n th e cou ntry Th e Kh ai rpu r M irs also .

ra t i fied t h is treaty I n 1 8 3 5 Colonel Pot t i nger obtained leave t o survey

.

the s e a coas t o f S in d and th e del t a of th e I nd us ; ye t trade d id no t

'

enter th e river an d th e M irs clearly m istru sted t h e i n t en t i ons o f t h ei r

,

powerfu l n eigh bou rs .

I n 1 8 3 8 th e fi rs t A fgh a n W ar necessita t ed t h e dispa t ch of B ri tish

troops t o j oi n th e mai n army by way o f t h e I nd us i n sp it e of a clau se ,

i n th e treaty expressl y forbi dd ing th e em pl oym en t o f th e r iver as a

m il itary h igh way Lord A u cklan d consi dered that so great an em er
.

geney overrode th e text o f t h e agree m en t I n D ecem ber o f that year .

a large force u nder Sir J oh n K eane lan ded i n S i nd bu t fou nd itsel f ,

u nable t o proceed o wi ng t o th e obstacl es th row n i n its way by th e

,

M rrs i n with hold ing stores and carriage A fter a t h rea t to m arch upon .

Hyder a b a d S i r J oh n K ean e at l ength su cceeded i n conti nu ing h i s

,

cou rse O wing to th is h ostile de meanou r a reserve force was d is

.
,

patch ed from B om bay i n 1 8 3 9 to take u p i ts stat ion in S i nd Th e .

Baloch garrison at Manora n ear K ar ach i endeavou red to prevent i t , ,

 H I S TOR Y 40 1

from land ing and th e B ri tish accord ingl y fou nd i t necessary t o occu py
,

th at fort.

A t rea t y was afterwards i n 1 8 3 9 concl uded w i th the Hydera b a d

, ,

M irs by wh ich th ey agreed to pay 2 3 lakh s to Sh a h Sh uj a i n com

, ,

m u tation of all arrears o f t ribu te du e to t h e A fgh a ns ; t o ad m i t th e

es t ablish m en t i n S ind of a B ritish force not exceed ing me n th e ,

expenses bei ng defrayed i n par t by th e M irs th em sel ves and fi nally ,

to abol ish al l tol ls u pon t rading boa t s o n th e I nd us ; The K hai rpu r

M irs concl uded a s i m ilar trea t y excep t as regards th e s ubs idy Th e
, .

B ritish th en t ook possession of t h e for t o f Buk k ur u nder th e te rms o f , .

th e e ngagemen t B y carefu l con ci liatory m easu res t h e B ri tish repr o

.
,

se n tativ e s secu r ed t h e t ranqu ill ity o f th e c ou ntry so t h at a stea m fl o t illa ,

‘
naviga t ed t h e I nd u s u n i mpeded N rrr M uham mad t he senior H yder .
,

a b ad M ir d ied i n 1 8 4 1 and t h e govern m en t passed to h i s t wo sons

, , ,

conj oi ntly wi th t h ei r u ncle Nasir Kh a n ,

.

I n 1 8 4 2 Si r Charl es Nap ier arri ved i n S ind w i t h sole au t h ori ty over ,

al l th e territory 0 11 th e lower I ndu s N ew condi tion s were proposed .

to t he M irs owing to d elay i n pay m en t of th e trib ute th ese t erm s

, ,

i ncl u ding t h e cess io n o f Kar a ch i Tatta S u k ku r Bu k k ur an d R ohri

, , , , .

A fter som e delay an d a sl igh t m il i t ary de monstra t i on t he trea t y was ,

signed i n February 1 84 3 B u t t h e Baloch composing th e S ind i army

,
.

d id no t acqu iesce i n th is su rrender o f i ndep endence ; an d sh ortly after

wards t h ey at t acked th e R esidency w h ich s t ood near th e I ndus a fe w , ,

m iles fro m Hyder a b a d Th e R esiden t (Maj or O u tram ) an d h i s s mal l

.

su i te after defending th e bu il ding fo r a sh ort ti m e fou nd th e m selves

, ,

com pel led t o re t rea t an d soon after j oi ned Si r C Nap ier s force O n .
’
.

February 1 7 1 84 3 Napi er fou n d th e M irs arm y

, ,
s t rong ’
, ,

pos t ed o n t h e Fule li river near M i a n i H e gave t he m battle w it h onl y .

m en of al l arm s an d 1 2 pieces o f ar t i llery an d gai ned a co m ,

~

p le te an d brillian t v ictory Th e Baloch loss amou nted t o abou t

.

m en wh il e tha t o f t h e B rit ish d i d not exceed 2 5 7

,
Sh ortly .

after th e ch ief M irs of Hyder a b a d an d Kh ai rpu r su rrendered as pri

,

so n e rs o f war and th e for t o f H yder a b a d was cap t u red t ogeth er w it h

, ,

th e M irs treasu re compu ted a t abou t a crore of ru pees I n Marc h

’
, .

N ap ier receive d rei nforcem en ts fro m S ukku r an d wen t i n search of ,

th e res t o f th e ene my w it h ,
m en H e fou n d th e Baloch arm y .
,

s t rong un der Sh er M u ham m ad o f M irpu r i n a strong posi t ion

, ,

near D ab o A fter a despera t e resis t ance th e Si n d is fl ed i n d isorder

.
, ,

t h ei r l eader ret rea t ing to th e desert Soo n afterwards o ur t roop s .

occu p ied M irpu r K h a s an d U markot S i n d was dec lared a conqu ered .

cou n t ry an d annex ed t o th e B rit ish dom i n ions w it h th e exceptio n o f

, ,

th e present K h airpu r S t ate w h ich was made over to Ali M u r a d one

, ,

o f th e Kh airpu r M irs w h o had su pported th e Briti sh pol icy .

Th e T a lpu r fam ily th u s ceased t o b e a ruli ng power save i n K hai r .

,
40 2 SU V!)

p ur, after a sovereignty of 5 3 years The M irs w ere re moved succes .

s ive l
y t o B om bay Poona and
,
Calcutta ; bu,
t i n 1 8 5 4 Lord Dalhous ie

allowed t h e m to return to Si nd an d take u p thei r resi dence a t H yder

a b a d Under t he Talpurs t h e govern men t of Si nd consisted of a rude
.

m il itary feudal is m Th e M irs th e msel ves h ad l i ttle educat ion o r

.

refine men t and l ived in prim itive Baloch si mpl ici ty t h eir ex t ravag ant
, ,
‘
propensit ies bei ng sho wn i n th eir fondness for h orses arm s an d fi eld , ,

sports Th eir sole aim was t o h oard rip wealth oppose al l i m prove
.
,

m en t s an d enjoy them selves after thei r o w n fash ion

,
.

I m media t ely after an n exati on S ir C Nap ier was appoin ted t h e .

firs t B ritish G overnor wh ile a pension o f ,

lakh s toge t h er with lands ,

in j ag ir was di stributed amongs t t h e deposed M irs

,
Th e j u d icial and .

revenu e system s u nderwen t a speedy rem odel l ing an d th e province w as ,

d ivided i n to extensive D is t ricts Th e wi ld border trib es were red uced

.

t o order by th e skil fu l m anagem en t o f G eneral J oh n J acob Si nce t h e .

B ritish annexat ion th e ch ief events i n Si nd h ave cons isted o f co m

me rc ial im provem en t s i ncl u ding especially t h e i m mense harbou r work s
,

at Kar a ch i wh ich have rendered th e m odern cap i t al o n e o f the m ost

,

i mportant seaports o f I n dia U nder th e Com m issionersh ip of Si r

.

Bartle Frere (1 8 5 1 i n whose t i m e th e province was so peacefu l that

h e w as a b le to s en d h is only E u ropean regi m en t to t h e P unj ab du ring
th e M ut iny Sin d took m ost i mpor t ant step s i n th e d irect ion o f m ercan
,

t ile progress ; and at a later da t e th e construct ion of th e I ndu s valley

port ion o f wha t is n ow t he North W es t ern R ailway contributed greatly -

t o th e prosperi ty of the cou ntry by li nki ng K ar a ch i w ith t h e wh eat,

growing t rac ts of th e Pu nj ab .

I n 1 8 8 1 a staff of village o fficers was o rgan i z ed i n S ind and the ,

presen t system o f irrigat ion settlem ents i ntroduced u nder wh i ch the ,

assess ment depends o n th e m ean s o f i rrigation u sed Of recen t years .

S i nd has progressed rapi dly i n population and prosperity ; K ara ch i is

n o w a very i mportant port w ith a stead ily growi ng export of w h eat
, ,

cotton and oilseeds Cu ltivat ion is ex tending as sch emes o f i m m igratio n

, .

bri ng settlers for th e lan ds wa t ered by t h e new canals S in d now con

i

tai ns more Baloch i nhabi t an t s than th e wh ole o f Bal uch ist a n Th ere .

are n u merous settlers fro m th e Pu njab on th e J a m rao Canal ; and

th e fut ure o f th e p rovi nce wh ich k nows not fam i ne seem s ass ured
, ,
.

T h e most famou s ru ms are at B R AH M A N AB A D i n T har and P a rkar

D istric t Throughou t t h e pro vi nce are scattered re mains of M uh am
.

madan bu i ldings bu i lt of burn t brick s decorated w it h enamelled t iles

,

i n beaut i fu l patterns Th ese bear legi ble i nscrip ti ons i n A rabic

.

characters Th e fi nest speci m ens are at Tatta and i ncl ude th e tom b
.
,

of Jam Ni z a m ud din bui lt i n great part fro m th e re mains o f some

- -
,

magni ficen t H i nd u te mples ; D iw a n Sarfa K h a n s t o m b w i t h an ela ’

,

b o rate ly carve d g rave sto n e and a mill / rill decorated w ith gla z ed bl ue
'

,
40 4 S 1 VD 1
/

persons i nclu ding

, i n can t o n m ent s ; bu t i ts com m ercial i m por
tance i s far greater th an th is total wou l d see m to i m ply SH I KRR P U R .
,

st ill a d ep ot o f transi t t rade wi th th e Bol a n Pass and K hora s a n had i n , ,

1 90 1 , H VD E R A BRD C I TY th e T a lpu r capi tal ,

i ncl uding ,

i n canton m ents Th e other ch i ef to w n s an d places o f i nterest

.

inclu de A L O R t h e capi tal of S in d u nder it s H i nd u R aj a s ; B R RH M A N

,
~

RE ED a mass of extensive rui ns of ve ry great an ti qu i ty near Sh a hd a dpu r

,

t h e forti fi ed island o f BU K K UR i n t h e I ndus ; K E T I th e por t o n t h e ,

p rincipal m outh of t h e I ndu s K H A I R P U R th e cap i t al o f th e ,

State o f th e s a m e nam e ; K O T R I t h e stat ion o n th e N or t h W estern ,

-

R ai lway opposite H yder ab a d ci ty LRR K A N A th e h ead quart ers ,

-

o f t h e newly form ed D i strict of th at nam e R OI { R I -

SE H W AN th e deser t ed por t of SH Z H BA N D A R ; S U KK U R th e ,

great inlan d por t of th e I nd us an d poi n t of departure for th e line

,

o f rai l to Quetta TA TT A th e o ld em poriu m o n t h e sea board

,
-

JA C O BABZD th e m il i tary station of th e Fron tier D istric t

,
‘
i ncl udi ng i n can t on m ents ) ; UM AR K O I Ak bar s ’ ’

bi rthplace ; MIR P U R K H ES a ri sing tow n i n t h e J a mrao

tract ; an d T A N D o A D A M an i mportan t tradi ng centre i n
H yder a b ad .

Sind is very sparsel y popu la t ed even a t th e presen t day No .

stat istics are available as to t h e nu m ber of i nh abi tan ts u nder i ts

nat ive ru lers t hough a probable conj ec t u re sets i t down i n th e early
,

part of th e n ineteent h cen t u ry at n o t m ore than or on ly

abou t 1 6 persons per square m i le A Censu s t aken i n 1 8 5 6 exclu siv e .
,

o f th e Khairpu r S t ate returned th e population at

,
A m ore
accu rate enu m eration u n dertaken i n 1 8 7 2 gave th e total agai n e x clu d ,

ing th e Khai rpu r State at th u s sh owing a gai n o f

,

persons o r 2 6 per cen t i n th e fifteen years T h e Censu s o f 1 88 1

,
.
,
.

d isclosed a total population i n B ritish D istricts o f w h ich had

increased to i n 1 89 1 I n 1 9 0 1 th e popu lati on w as 1 2 per

.

cent greater than a t th e prev iou s Censu s a striki ng i ncrease o f over

.
,

havi ng taken place i n th ir t y years .

Th e mai n featu re o f th is i ncrease wh ich i s fou nd i n every D istric t ,

o f th e province seem s to be th e in fl ux of foreigners ch iefly fro m th e

, ,

adj acent t erri tori es and th e Pu nj ab I n K ar a ch i as i n t h e city of

.
,

Bom bay an d oth er large seaports th e i n digenou s populat ion i s i n th e,

min ority M uch o f th e i ncrease i n th e m ore rural parts o f th e p rovi nce

.

may be attributed to t h e general develop m en t o f t h e peopl e u nder th e ,

i n fl u ence o f prosperou s harvests an d i m proved m eans o f access to

mark ets Th e rate of increase i n th e t owns h as been general ly h igher
.

than i n th e su rroun ding cou ntry Kar a ch i owes its prosperity t o th e .

develop men t o f i ts sea trade an d t o th e open ing of di rect railway

,

com m unication w ith Upper I n dia and th e w estern frontier Th e .

 P O P UL/ l TI OA
’
40 5

ex t en sion o f rai l w ay com m u n icat ion has adversely affect ed Suk ku r

and Sh ik a rpu r wh ich depended largely o n th ei r overland and river
,

tra ffic .

Th e collect ion an d registra t ion o f vi tal statistics does n o t di ffer

materially i n syste m fro m th e rest o f th e Presiden cy Th e average .

birt h ra t e per
-
i n th e provi nce for th e y ear 1 9 0 4 i s 2 2 th e h igh es t ,

being 2 6 i n Su kku r an d t h e lowest 1 8 i n Hyder a b a d ; w h ile th e death

ra t e i s 1 7 th e h igh es t b eing 2 5 i n K ar a ch i and th e lo w est 1 2 i n Upper
,

Si nd Fron t ier Th e mor t al i t y i s swelled by th e fever wh ich prevails

.
“

after th e annu al i nu ndat i on s have su bsi ded w ith th e arri val of th e cold
season O th er co m m on d iseases are sm al lpox and ch olera
. .

Plague appeared for t h e fi rst t i m e i n Kara ch i ci ty i n Decem ber ,

1 8 9 6 having probably been i n t rodu ced fro m B o mbay

,
Fro m Kara ch i .

i t spread t o H ydera b a d i n January 1 8 9 7 an d t o S u kk u r i n t h e fol

, ,

low i ng m onth Th e epi dem ic in Sukku r and t h e neigh bou ring t own
.

o f R oh r i was v irul en t ; bu t very effective measu res of repress ion and

d isin fect ion were adopted at a cost o f R s an d t h ere has been

.

no recru descence of t he disease S h i k a rpu r h as al togeth er escaped

.

attack ; Hyder a b a d has been free on several occasions of varyi ng

du ration ; bu t Kar a ch i has enj oyed n o respite save for a few w eeks , ,

since th e fi rs t out break Plagu e has exerc ised l ittl e effect o n th e p o p u

.

lat ion except i n Kar ach i city D uri ng th e seven years preceding th e
, .

ou tbreak th e average annu al b irth rate for th e c ity was 4 7 per -

and th e average an nual deat h rate 3 7 Th i s di ff erence o f 1 0 represen ts

-
.

t he normal growth of populat ion apart fro m variations owing t o m igra

,

t ion F o r th e seven years end ing 1 9 0 3 th e bi rth rate decli ned to 4 2

.
-

and th e death rate rose to 7 0 showing tha t th e popu la t ion w as annually

-
,

decreas ing at th e rate of 2 8 per A dding to th is th e po t ential

l oss of norm al accretion t h e ful l e ffect o f plagu e i s expressed by an
,

annual loss o f 3 8 per I n Kar a ch i th e nu m ber of death s

ascribed t o plagu e from i t s com m ence men t u p to th e end of 1 9 0 3
i s abou t bu t i n real ity was probably larger Th e m ortal ity i n .

H yder a b a d and Suk ku r D istricts u p to t h e close o f 1 9 0 3 was

and 6 9 7 respect ivel y .

Classi fied accord i n g to sex th e nat ive populat ion of B ri t ish Districts
i n 1 9 0 1 consisted o f—m ales
,

an d fem ales Th e
E u ropean elem en t was represented b y person s : namely m ales ,

and fe males Classi fied according to sex and age t here ,

were returned (i ) u nder 1 5 years — boys an d gi rls

total ch ildren or 4 0 per cen t (i i ) of 1 5 years an d u pwards .

mal es an d females total adu l ts or 6 0

per cen t I n Si nd th e proportion of females has always been notably

.

low So far no com pl ete explanat i on i s forth com i ng o f th is pecul iarity

.
,

bu t i t i s dou btl ess due i n som e m easu re to a l arge portion o f th e

, ,
4 06 SLVD

population b e i ng recently arriv e d i m m igrants w h o l eave th ei r w om en ,

beh i n d .

O f th e total popu lat ion i n B ritish D i stric t s th e u n m arried n u m ber

th e married and th e widowed of wh om
t w o t h i rds are women
-
Th e proport ion of wi do w ed is considerably less
.

than in t h e rest o f th e Presidency doubtless owi ng to th e absence of ,

prej u dice against w idow marriage a m ong the m aj ority of th e p opu lat ion ,

w h ich i s M u ham madan Th e prem ier H in du cast e o f Sind nam ely .

, ,

t h e Loh a nas do not favou r w i dow marriage th ough it is no t forb idden

, ,
.

I t i s noteworth y t hat i n som e sect ion s of th e Loh a na caste t he p ract ice

, ,
’
of marrying a w idow t o her deceased h usband s you n ger brother stil l
prevails .

M ore th an fi v e s ixth s of th e pop u lati on of S in d s peak S ind i Th e

-
.

only oth er languages o f i mportance are R a jasth a n i Bal uch i an d Pun , ,

j abi spoken by i m m igrants fro m R aj p u ta na Bal uch ist an an d t he

, , ,

Punj ab Gujar a t i i s spoken i n parts o f Thar an d P a rkar and i n

Kar a ch i ci ty Si nd i belongs t o th e north wes t ern grou p of I ndo—
.

. A ryan -

languages and is more closely connected w i th t h e Prakrit than eithe r

,

M ar a th i o r G ujara t i hav ing preserved n u m erous p h onetic an d gram

,

matical form s th at have d ropped ou t of oth er vernacu lars I n Kar a ch i .

and Hyder a b a d a dialect of Si nd i known as Siraik i i s spoken A noth er

’

kn own as L ar i is th e l iterary dialec t deal t w ith i n gram m ars of th e ,

language S ind i l iteratu re consists mai nly of translat ions fro m A rabic
.

and Persian ch iefly th eological works an d a few ru de nat ional ballads

, , .

Classi fied by religion th e M uham madans nu mber or ,

7 6 per cen t of th e total populat ion in B riti sh D istricts ; H indus

.
,

Ch ristians P a rs is J ains 9 2 1 ; an d J ews 4 2 8

, , , , ,

Th e Si kh s of w hom a considerable n u m ber were retu rned i n prev iou s

,

years are concealed i n th e Censu s stat is t ics of 1 9 0 1 u nder th e de n o mi

,

nat ion o f N anak pan th i H i ndu s Th ey probably amou n t to .

Th e M usalmans by race are d ivided i n to A fgh a ns or Path a ns A rabs , ,

Baloc h B ra h u is Jats M ak ran is M ughal s Si nd is Shai k hs an d th e

, , , , , , ,

m en ial o r slave tribes i ncl uding th ose of A frican descen t , .

O f t hese ten d iv isions t he J at an d Makr a n i are allied to t he Baloch , .

A rabs nu mbering
, are largely Saiyids o r at leas t claim t h is ,

d isti nc t ion Shaikh s who are partly A rab bu t mainly H ind u conver t s
.
, , ,

n u mber The A fgh ans reside ch iefly i n S ukku r and Sh ik a rp u r

“

D istricts an d are greatly su perior to t he S ind is i n physical developm en t

,

and personal cou rage Th e Baloc h cons ist of many t ri bes originally .
,

w i l d m ountaineers fro m th e barren h ills to t he west ward wh o se ttled ,

i n S ind u nder th e T a lp ur dy nasty and received large j ag z rs in retu rn

'

for mi li tary service T hey are fai rer more powerful and h ard ier than
.
, ,

th e S ind is t hey have gen ui ne th ough pecul iar ideas o f h onou r ; an d , ,

they are brave soldiers wit h a large share of nat ional pri de They a re . ,
408 SI N D

stations at both K ar a ch i a nd H yder a ba d and th e M ethodis t E piscopal ,

M ission an d the R o man Cathol ic M i ssion wh ich work only i n Kar a ch i ,

D istrict .

The occupational d istribu t ion of the popu lat ion i n the B rit ish
D istricts and K hairpu r State i n 1 9 0 1 w as : agricul ture 7 5 per cent ; ,
.

i ndus tries an d co m m erce 5 per cent ; general labour 1 2 per cen t

,
.
,
.

There are very few in dustries .

Th e S ind i M uham madan is tal ler and m ore robust than th e native
o f oth er Provi nces o f I ndia H e is s t rong extre m ely hardy of exposure
.
,

and fatigue and i n the m ain trut hfu l an d h onest On th e oth er hand
,
.
,

h e is i ncapable or i m patien t o f any prolonged labour excep t earthwork ,

or wh en engaged i n h is o w n c ult ivation T hough ex tre m ely s im ple .

i n h is hab its i n t he vi llages h e i s liable to becom e add ic t ed to gam bling

,

and in tox ication i n t h e towns H e is u nclean in hi s person an d im .

m oral H e m akes a poor artisan an d n early al l th e sk illed work men

.
,

i n the large towns are foreigners T he landowners have o n t h e wh ol e .

retrograded Th eir i nfl uenc e over their cult ivators and tribesm en has
.

decreased wi th th e establish m en t o f cri m i nal and civi l courts the ,

i ncrease of cultivation an d the general relaxation o f feu dal t ies Care

,
.

less habi ts o f l iving i lliteracy i nab il i ty t o cop e w it h th e m oney len ders

, ,
-

an d th e u ncer ta int ies o f c ul tivation h ave rath er t han th e extravagance ,

so loosely ascri bed to th em caused th e i mpoverish m en t o f many o f th e

,

o ld fam il ies Those surv ivi ng l ive for th e m os t par t w i th i n t heir

.

m eans and are o f great assistance i n local ma t ters to t he admin is

,

tratio n Th e Baloch w h o form a large p ropor t ion o f t he pop ulat ion

.
, ,

h ave adopted t he language and approx i mated i n h ab i ts to th e S in dis ;

bu t many tribes retai n to th e full the ir predatory i nst inc t s esp ecial ly ,

i n regard to cattle Th e B aloch i s also a poorer cu ltivator than t h e

.

Sind i.

O f th e H indus th e A m ils have perhaps changed more i n their habits

,

t han any other class Th ey have been th e only class freely to seek
.

education and with e duc atio n h ave adopted m any W estern hab its
, , .

A l though many no w enter other profess ion s they still hol d the great ,

m aj ori ty o f govern men t appoin tmen ts for w h ich t heir talents quali fy ,

them . A s mal l n u m ber of t he Ban i as have availed th e mselves o f

education to enter govern m ent service bu t th e m aj ori ty cont inu e to ,
.

fol low purely m ercant ile pu rsu i ts Their m ost profitable t ra ffic i n th e .

past has bee n m oney lending i n wh ich m any have acqu ired fortu nes
-
,

i n both real and personal property They are frugal a nd avari cious .
,

and gener ally manage to secure a competency i n whatever t rade they

adop t
I n Upper S i nd t he ordinary food o f th e lower classes consists o f
,

boiled rice or flat cakes o f j azz/air Th e acco mpan ime n t to th is fare .

,

i n the shape o f a l ittle m eat vege t ables or fish is designated 1307 b ut

, , ,
 P OF ULA TI ON 40 9

meat i s rare B u tterm ilk k /zz r is th e u sual beverage I n Lowe r S i n d

'

. .
, ,
'

édj ra i s eaten as w el l as j ow dr an d i n rice d istricts rice becom es th e ,

staple di e t M uham madans do not take alcohol bu t t hey are add ic t ed

.
,

to M a ng H indus t ake nati ve l iqu or freely and t here i s a growing

.
,

taste for E ngl ish sp irits W el l to do M uha m madans eat w heaten cakes
.
- -

’
an d a p zz lao of boiled rice and sp iced goat s fl esh Th e die t of H indu s .

of t he be t ter class consis t s for t h e m os t part of rice w heaten cakes , ,

vegetables an d p ulse A few are vege t arians ; t he rest partake al mos t

, .

‘ ’
daily o f s p ice d goat s fl esh an d occasionally in d ulge i n p zz /ao B oth .

H indus an d M uham madan s are very fo nd of sweet mea t s .

D ress i s u ndergoing a consi derable ch ange ; garm ents o f E uro pean

m ateri als an d cu t are every day becom ing m ore prevalent Th e .

educated and o fficial classes more particu larl y a mong t h e A m ils , ,

h ave evolved a com pro m ise between O ri en t al and occidental cos t u m e ,

the pri ncipal features o f w h ich are a long black or dark cloth coat
buttoned up to t he t h roat wi th a t urned down col lar and cotton cloth ,
-
,

or fl annel trousers E uropean boots are also beco m ing general Th e

. .

old Baloch hat o r sz razk i lap t now hardly ever worn by M uh am madans
' ' '
‘

, ,

has i n a m odi fied shape becom e t h e disti nc tive h ead dress o f t h e

, ,
-

pleaders t hough eve n among t he m i t i s giving way before th e t urban

, , ,
.

A mong M uham madans th e al mos t u n iversal h ead dress i s t h e vol u ,

- ~

m inou s wh i t e t urban o r pa tk o A fl owi ng sh irt an d th e .

loosest o f trousers plaited at the wais t and drawn i n at t h e

ankle are th e pri ncipal garm en ts though a m ong t he better classes
, ,

the for mer is surm oun t ed i n w inter by a coa t o f E ngl ish t weed o r
o f broadcloth o r green velvet e mbro idered w ith gol d lace o r sil k ,

and somet i m es tri m m ed w ith fur I n su m m er a shawl i s th rown .

,

over t he sh ou lders o r w hen ri di ng t ied rou n d th e wais t T he Baloch

, , .

of Upper S ind w ears a wh i te s mock gathered i n at t he wais t an d

reach ing down to th e ank les ; i n w i nter h e p u ts o n a sheepski n p ar/in ,

w h ich accordi ng to s trict Baloch cu stom i s th e onl y coloured garm en t

, ,

perm issi ble I n th e Fron tier D istric t dark clothes were for merl y t h e
.

sign o f a blood fe ud b u t the traditio n i s dy i ng o ut an d t h e ch iefs and

-
,

lando w n ers now ofte n w ear colou red coa t s an d w ais t coats w h ich som e ,

h i de u nder the whi te sm ock I ns t ead o f o r i n addi tion t o th e s mock .

, ,

a very long sh ir t is freque n t ly worn T h e work i ng cos t u m e o f t h e .

cu ltivati ng classes consists o f a t urban a tigh t cot t o n coa t w i th short ,

sleeves and trousers dyed w it h i ndigo to conceal the di rt

,
Th e .

ordinary c ult i va t or wears no warm clo t hes even in frosty w eather ,

bu t goes abou t sh iveri ng wi t h a sheet th ro w n over hi s head I n the .

desert t he m en dress i n t h e Kach h i fash ion T h e Bani a s are t he m os t

, .

co nservative i n th eir dress t h ough th e m om en t a m e mber o f that class ,

‘

e n te rs Go vern men t serv ice or a profession h e discards h is h ereditary

'
’

cos tu me for th e garb o f th e A m i l T hei r ord inary dress consists o f .

4 10 SI N D

th e wh i t e cot t on vest th e wais t cloth an d a s mal l fl at

red or wh i t e t u rban (p ag ri) A short coa t . fas t ened w it h
tapes com pletes th eir costu me I n th e Fron t ier D i s t ric t th e p an
.

is replaced by a s mal l rou n d cap o r l oose wh i te turban .

M uham madan w o men generally wear a co tto n ves t red co tt on

trou sers and a shawl (m o) t hrown over t he h ead I n som e .

parts a sk irt (p ara) mostly o f red co tton is worn i nstead o f trou sers
, ,
.

B aloch women wear a long wh i te gown reach ing t o th e

ankles P a m a w omen wh en t hey ventu re ou t i n pu bl ic are enveloped
.
’
, ,

fro m h ead to foo t i n th e long wh i te bzz rk o w h ich corresponds t o th e , _

yash mak of the nearer E ast H ind u wo m en wear a wh ite m usl in ves t
.

a red cotton sk irt and a w h i te m usl i n sh aw l (m o ) ,

wh ich is replaced i n p u bl ic by a t h icker garm en t (r/z a da r) drawn over

t he face leaving only o n e eye exposed I n th e desert th e w om en wear
, .
,

a red cotto n sk i rt fully plai t ed k nown as th e g /zag /z ro A m ong H i nd u

, ,
.

ladies o f the u pper classes garmen t s of a se m i E u ropean c u t are com i ng -

i nto favo u r ; th e rud i mentary S ind i sl ippers covering onl y th e t oes are
being displaced by the E u ropean shoe and t h e u nwh oleso m e fash ion ,

of encasing both en tire arm s i n i vory bangles wh ich once pu t on are ,

never re moved ti ll the wea rer d ies o r beco mes a w idow i s gradual ly ,

losing i n fl uence Married wo m en among both M uha m madan s an d

.

H ind u s are generally d isti ngu ished by t he nose ring -

.

I n th e cit ies s ubstan t ial storeyed houses are co m mon ; i n Kar a chi ,

stone is u sed ; i n H yder a b a d brick ; and i n Upper S i nd su n dried

, ,
-

brick Th ese h owever are the dwel lings of the weal thy th e m aj ority
.
, ,

l ive i n m ud houses devo i d of verandas an d o f al l b u t th e s malles t

w in dow apertu res Th e M u ham madan peasan try l ive i n wattle h u t s
.

or m ud cottages The large lan downers o f th e Frontier D istr ic t

.

usually have s u bstantial bu ngalows su rrou nded by h igh crenellated

walls ; an d everywhere th e M u ham madan noble man su rroun ds h i s
private apart men t s w ith a wal l (5 1a m sh el tering th e m fro m
the publ ic ga z e .

T he favourite gam e of the S i nd is is wrestl ing i n wh ich

t he negroes or S id is are the m os t expert performers A t fairs and .

festivals a wrestl ing com peti t io n is certai n t o be one o f t he ch ief

attract ions T he nat ional sport o f the Baloch i s h ors e racing ; th e
.
-

grea t m eet ing is held a t th e J acob a b a d h orse show b u t there are ,

generally races a t Baloch wedding feasts an d m atches and s mal l ,

sweepstak es are n o t u nco m mon Cock quai l partridge and ram .

fig h ting are also popu lar am use ments w i t h th e lower classes ; i n th e

r iverai n forests h og baiting is occasionally practised
-
H awki ng was .

formerly the favouri te pasti m e o f th e M u ham madan nobili ty and

gentry ; but i t is being dri ven ou t by the u n iversal t aste for breech ~

l oaders wh ich howev e r a re rarely d i scharged at a bird on th e w ing

, , ,
.
4 12 S I N !)

A rabic or Pers ian names bu t especially a mong t he lower classes , , ,

n a m es of I nd ian origin are frequen t Th e Pers ian term i nat ions bak /zs/z
‘
.

and dad m ean i ng granted u sed wi th one o r other o f the many names
, ,
’

o f t he A l m igh ty are com mon wh ile t h e S i nd i equ ivale nt din o and the ,

S i rai ki ditto ar e frequently s ubstitu ted A fe w special S i nd i names are

‘ ‘ ‘ ‘
.

’
M i tho s weet ; Kau ro bi tter ; W arayo returned ; Bacho pre ’
’

’
, , , ,

served Th e day of bi rth frequently i nsp ires a nam e e g S u mar

.
’
, . .

( M onday ) J u mo ( Fri day,) Saiyids always add th e h o n o rific Sh a h to .

thei r names ; Path ans and Baloch appen d th e t itle Kh a n .

A m ong H i nd us names are usually for med by suffi x ing to ap propriate

‘
,

nou ns s uch termi nat ions as d a s slave mal brave r a m an in car -

’
-
’
-

‘
, , ,
’ ’
nat ion o f de ity ; nand t he nam e of Krish na s father ; rai a k i ng ;
- -

‘ ‘
, ,

and chand th e m oon

- T h us N aray an das m eans t he servant o f
,
.
’

N a r a yan i e God ; H o t chand sign ifi es th e friend o f the m oon The

,
’
. . .

fol lowers of Gur a N anak and o t h ers at tach t h e term inat ion Si ngh
‘
,

lion to certai n w ords e g A wa t S ingh So me S ikh s even use th e

,
’
, . . .

Persian term i natio n B akhsh e g Gobind B ak hsh B y so me th e names , . . .

,

o f t he days o f the week are emp loyed t hough bot h S h uk u r (Friday

) ,

and Chanchar (Sa t urday ) are avoided b eing con sidered u n l ucky , .

A mong H i nd us th e descendants o f a co m m on an cestor are des igna t ed

,

by an adject ival for m o f h is name : th us G idv an i fro m G i du A dv a n i ,

fro m Adu and a t endency i s exh ibi t ing i tself i n th e educa t ed ranks
of t he you nger genera t ion to exte nd th e use of th e cogno men w i th
a v iew t o the i ntrod uct ion o f th e E urop ean style b u t th e pauci ty of ,

names exposes t he syste m to obvio us d isadvantages .

T h e soi l of S ind is plas tic clay deposi ted by t he I n dus W i th water , .

,

i t develops i nto a rich moul d ; w ithou t water i t degen erates into a

deser t Th ere are two principal harvests —the spri ng
,

Ag r icul t u r e
o r ra bi so w n i n Sep t e m ber O ctober o r Nove m ber
.

, , , ,

and reaped i n February M arch o r Ap ri l ; and t he au tu m n o r k /za rzf

’

, , ,

sown d uring t he fl oods o f the river fro m May t o A ugust and reaped ,

fro m O ctober to Decem ber .

Th e total extent of c ult ivated lan d i n B ri tish S i nd i n 1 9 0 3 —4

a mou nted to square m iles th e greater portio n of th e prov ince ,

bei ng u ncultivable for want o f water Th e rabi harvest consis t s o f .

wh eat barley gram vetches oi lseeds and v egetables

, , ,
The k /za rzf , ,
.

includes th e m illets known as bdj m and j ow dr th e t wo c hief food ,

grai ns in Si nd rice i ndigo sa n hem p til p ulses and co tt on T he , , , , ,

.

area u nder each s taple in 1 9 0 3 —4 was as follows : j ow dr square ,

m i es ; bcij m rice wh eat 8 5 8 ; gram 1 2 9 ; 711123 3 8 ;

'

t 1
, , , , ,

ta ng 3 3 9 ; tobacco 1 3 ; tit 1 8 2 ; m iscellaneou s products s uch as

, , , ,

vegetables fru i ts & c 6 4 square m iles Th e average yield of each crop

, ,
.
,
.

i n pounds per acre is —w heat barley 9 6 5 ; brif f a 7 6 3 j azz/(f r , , , ,

gram 4 6 9 cotton (cleaned ) 4 6 6 ; til 4 4 8 s ugar cane ,

, , ,
-
 A GR I C UL T UR E 4 13

Th e fru i ts co mmon to t he co u ntry i ncl ude dates p lan ta ins mangoes , , ,

l i mes oranges po m egranates ci trons figs grapes tamari nds m u l

, , , , , , ,

berries and melons T he B rit is h have i n troduced apricots peaches

,
.
, ,

and nec t ari nes with excellen t resu lts ; and E gypt ian cot t on wi t h
, ,

a longer s taple t han th e ord inary variety has been grown with con ,

side rab le s uccess .

T h e methods of cu lti vat ion s till di ffer l ittle i f at all fro m th e , ,

pri m it ive t ype R ota tion of crops i s u nk nown and th e i m ple ments
.
,

belong to th e coarses t patterns Two b u llocks generally draw th e .

clu m sy native plough wh ile a heavy log o f w ood w i th a man perch ed , ,

o n e ither end and drawn by four bu llocks does d u ty for a harrow

, , .

Loans u nder the Land I mprove men t and Agric ul turis t s Loans A cts ’

w ere slow i n gai ni ng pop ulari ty i n S i nd owing par tly to t he igno r ,

ance o f cu ltiva t ors and partly to t he h old o f th e money lenders who -

,

threaten ed foreclos ure i f money was borrowed fro m Govern men t .

R ecently however t he sys te m has been m uch extended and is now

, , ,

i nd ispensable i n consequenc e of th e co ntraction o f credi t caused by

,
’
the i ntroduction o f th e D e k k h an Agricu lturists R el ie f A c t But .

Go vern men t loans are m ade only to th e owners o f land and no t to ,

the large class o f c ultivators T h is class is i n a ch ron ic state o f .

i ndebtedness t hough m u ch o f th e burden of t heir debts is ass u med

,

by t he landowners th e money lenders generally exacti ng a cond ition

,
-

’
that the landowner shal l be respo ns i ble fo r h i s tenan ts debts A mong .

the landowners espec ially t hose holdi ng 5 0 acres o r less indeb tedness
, ,

i s widespread ; th e larger landholders however fi nd it easier to keep , ,

ou t of debt Th e credi tors are al most i n variably professional m oney

.

lenders though most o f the m fall i n t he category o f agricu lturists

, ,

i n so far that t hey o w n land w h ich they generally cul tivate th rough
the m edi u m of the original owners reduced to t he status o f tenants .

The ordinary rate o f in teres t pai d o n private loans by agriculturists

i s 1 8 per cen t per ann u m . .

A mong dom estic an i mals th e cam el o f t he o n e h u mped species ,

-

rank s first as a beast of b urden nu mbers being bred in the sal t ,

marsh es of the I ndus i n H yder a b a d and th e K oh is tan Great herds - .

o f buffaloes gra z e o n th e swampy tracts o f the delta and g /t i (clari fied

bu tter ) made fro m thei r m i lk form s an i mportant i te m o f export
, , .

T h e fat tailed sheep and th e goat abound i n Upper S ind S u kku r

-
, ,

Thar and P a rkar an d the Koh ist a n Th e h orses though s mal l are
, .
, ,

active hardy an d capable o f end uri ng great fatigue The Baloc h

, ,
.

o f U pper S i nd pay mu ch attention to th e breeding o f mares Th e .

G overn m ent has i n troduced E ngl ish s tall ion s ; and horse breeding is -

carried o n fo r th e p urpose o f furni sh ing a su perior c lass o f re m ou nts

for the cavalry as wel l as to i m prove th e local breed Th ere i s a
, .

strong and usefu l type of m u le B u l locks are ch iefly used for draugh t .

D d z
 14 SI N !)

or for t urn i ng i rrigat ion wheel s G ood ca t tle are bred of medi u m .
,

s i z e Th e m i lch cows are well k no w n and are expor t ed t o o ther parts

.
-
,

of t he Presidency .

Th e dry character o f the soi l and th e al mos t co mple t e absence of

rain render irriga t ion a matter of pri me i mpor t ance S ome t i mes .
,

i ndeed for two o r three years in s uccession n o rain whatever falls i n

, ,

th e provi nce Un der th ese circu mstances th e I ndus is to S ind wh a t

.

t h e N ile is to E gyp t W h en th e province was an nexed i n 1 8 4 3

.
,

n u m erous irrigation canal s ex isted wh ich der ived th ei r su pply d irect

fro m th e river These canal s are carried away fro m the river bank
.

i n th e d irect ion th e wa t er can most easily flow to reach t he fields th a t

are to be irriga t ed N one of th e m has its h ead where the bank is
.

really permanent and they can draw off water o nly d uring t h e in u nda
,

t ion season Th e river m u s t consequently rise several feet before t h e

.

canals will fill M any o f th ese canals are bu t o ld del taic chan nels
.
,

reopened and ex tended an d all have th e appearance of rivers rather ,

t han arti ficial cu ts The sys te m is very i mperfec t bu t m uch has been
.

done s i nce the cou n try came u nder B rit ish rule to i m prove i t and to ,

m ini mi z e th e risks to wh ich cul ti vation is necessarily ex posed owing ,

to i ts dependence o n th e capric iou s nat ure o f the s up ply i n t he river .

E nor mou s areas for merly was t e have moreover been brough t u nder
, ,

cult i vation by the construct ion o f new canals also dep endent as m u s t , ,

be th e case o n th e ri ver i nu ndat ion bu t designed on more m odern

, ,

pri nciples and kept u nder control b v m eans of masonry regulators near
th e h eads O wing to the natu re o f the I ndu s wh ich i n its course
.
,

t hrough Si nd offers only three poin ts — Su kk ur Kotri and J err uck , ,

s u fficien tly s t able for th e per manen t h eads necessary for perenn ial
canals these i n u ndation canals far exceed t h e perennial canal s in
,

nu mber reve nue prod uction irrigat ional scope and payi ng properties
, , ,
.

The E astern N a ra a depression o n th e left bank o f the I ndus has

, , ,

by means o f a cu t through th e rock above th e B uk k ur gorge been ,

converted i n to a river of manageable si z e fro m wh ich by means o f , ,

w eirs a sys t e m of perennial canals h as been carried o ut

, The lates t .

of these — the J a mrao Canal — is des igned th rou ghou t fro m h eadworks ,

t o vi llage watercou rses o n the most m odern scient ific principles T h e

,
.

other perenn ial canals are the F u le li t he M i th rao th e Thar and t h e , , ,

H iral al l of wh ich toge t h er wi th t heir branch es have regulators at

, , ,

their h eads t o control th e wa t er passing down t he m Th ei r m ou ths .

are not l iable to be chok ed wi t h sil t or m asked by sand banks as is t he ,

case with th e i nu ndation canals R e m odel lings i mprove men t s and .

, ,

e xtensions to the o ld canals are bei ng act ively carried o u t by th e

Govern me nt E ngineers and cultivation now i s m u ch less specu lative ,

than i t used to be Th e supply of water fro m al l canal s is obtai ned i n

.

two ways by flow and by li ft Flo w wh ich is due t o th e act ion of

, .
,
416 S I N I)

of a con siderabl e si z e and perenn ial o t h ers fail du ri n g t h e dry season .

T h e provi nce contain s more t han well s o f wh ich are ,

u sed fo r i rrigat ion pu rp oses Th e area i rrigated from w e lls was 1 1 1

square m il es in ‘1 90 3 —
.

4 and t h e assessm en t am ou nted t o R s ,

.

Th e u se o f th e Persian wheel fo r l ifting wa t er from wells is general .

1 880 -1 . 1 890 -1 . 1 900- 1 . 1 90 3-4 .

N umbe r of wo rk s .
33 63 67
I rrig a te d are a in sq uare mi e s l
l
T o t a re ce ip ts Rs .

C ur re nt e pe ndit ure x
Rs . 1

Seafi sh abou n d al ong t h e coast Th e principal are t h e p o mp h le t .

,

sol e an d sardine wh ich co me i n sh oals in Febru ary ; th e shark saw

, , ,

fi sh ray ska t e f ing em sim a co d sir aw aifi o an d ’

F ish eries .
,

red snapper Of fresh water fish wh ich are o f m u ch

,

.
,

-
, , , ,

m ore i m portance th an th e se afi sh th e ch i ef are th e p a l/a alza mé/z m , ,

’

(a carp ) sing /Zara j /zirk /zan an d g a mz an Th e lo n g an d al so th e ’

.
, , ,

sn u b nosed crocodil e are fou nd i n th e I ndu s E xcell en t oys t ers are

-
.

col lected at Kar a ch i .

Th ere are few tenan t righ ts i n existence i n S in d Th e smaller -

.

z a mz n a cirs cu lti vate t h ei r own land whi le th e larger es tates are l et

’
’

to yearly tenan ts w h o alm ost al ways pay ren t i n ,

R e n t s w ag e s an d
,

p ric e s
ki nd for t
.
he privilege
,
o f cu ltiva t ing t h e z a mindcim ,

being responsibl e for th e Govern m en t revenue Th e . ,

share o f th e p roduce paid vari es from o n e fo urth t o o n e hal f accord ing - -

,

to the difliculty and expense of cu l ti vating I n Upper S ind i n th e .

,

R oh ri talzz k a a special form o f tenancy kn own as ma u rzb i lza rzp a n or

' ’

, ,

h eredi tary ten ancy ex ists wh ich p re sents som e rese mblance to th e
, ,

af ora men to o f th e Portuguese Th e h eredi t ary tenant pays t o th e .

proprietor a qu it rent k nown as iap o z amindari ma lk cmo toé m o r deli

’

-
, , , ,

M a rt /z seldom exceedi ng 6 o r 8 annas per acre

, Th e ra t e cannot .

be enhanced T he se t tlem ent o f th e Govern m ent dem an d i s t h en

.

made d irect wi th th e tenant agai nst wh om i n th e land registers th e , , ,

qu i t ren t is also en tered Th i s righ t of occu pancy i s p erm anent and

-
.

al ienabl e I n oth er cases th e Jea n s or cul tivators pay lap o to th e

'

.
,

z a mir
’
zaé r and al so a proport ion o f th e crop as rent fi xed i n acco r
, ,

dance with cu stom Th e z aminacir i s th en l iable fo r th e Govern m en t

.
’

assessment .

Th e da ily wages fo r s k illed labou r are o ne ru pee i n th e case o f

mason s and 1 2 a n nas for carpenters an d black sm i th s
, Unsk illed .

labourers receive 4 annas to 8 annas I t is n o t customary to give .

food in addi tion t o m oney wages E xcep t among th e M uh an o fi sh e r .

folk and Mu sal m an c ul tivators th e wom en do n ot perform outdoor ,

 F OR E S T S 4 1 7

labou r Th e average rates f o r sk i lled an d u nsk i lled labou r i n differen t

.

p arts o f th e province du ring th e decade ending 1 9 0 3 are sh own i n th e

foll owi ng table

Sk i ll e d. U ns k ll
i e d .

Di s t ric t s .

M x im
a u m . M i im n um . M x im
a um . Mi ni mu m .

R . a . p . R . a . p . R . a . p . R . a . p .
l

H y de rabad 6 6
K
1 o o o 12 0 o o 4 o
arac i h 1 8 0 o 10 0 0 8 0 0 5 0
Su urkk 1 2 o 1 0 o o 6 6 o 4 0
k
Lar ana 1 o o o 14 0 0 6 6 0 5 0
P
.

h
T ar a nd a rk a r 1 0 o 0 12 0 o 6 6 0 3
Upp e Sind r F ro n t ie r 1 0 o o 12 o 0 5 6 0
4
3 3

The rates are generally above th e norm al level of th e Presidency .

Du ring th e last decade i m m igrants d ri ven by fam i ne fro m R aj p u t

'

a na and K a thi a w a r h ave consi derably lowered th e h igh rates o f wages

previou sly prevail i ng .

T h e di ff u s ion o f edu catio n and t he exp ansion an d devel op m en t o f

t he agricu l t u ral resou rces o f th e provi nce have e ff ected m u ch i m prove
m ent i n th e condi t ion o f th e people Th e m iddl e class clerk is rapi dly .
-

adopti ng a m ore E u ro p ean style o f l iving B esi des th e evolu t ion in .

dress noti ced above h e n o w adds chairs a nd a table to th e few cots

,

wh ich form erly represen t ed h is fu rn i ture h e buys glass an d crockery , ,

and replaces t h e p ri m i t ive w i ck an d earth en bowl by an o il lam p Tea -

.

and cigarettes are also pu rchased and h is food general ly i s of be t ter ,

quali ty Th i s tendency is not so noticeable i n t h e cu lt ivator H is

. .

dress and fu rn i tu re betok en no ch ange ; bu t h is body i s wel l nou rish ed

an d excep t i n wi n t er wel l clothed E d ucation has not ye t disclosed
, , .

to h i m oth er wants Fo r th e landl ess labou rer o f Sin d work i s al ways

.

pl en tiful and i t s retu rn su fficient to supply al l h i s m aterial wan ts

,
.

Th e exten t o f fores t lan d is sm all for a provin ce o f so large an area ,

am ou n ting to only square m iles excl uding th e State o f Kh airpu r , .

Th e Fores t depart m en t has charge o f abou t 1 0 0

separate forests (u nder th e control of a D epu ty
F o r e st s .

Conservator ) ch ie fl y si t uated along th e banks o f th e I n du s extend ing

, ,

south ward from Gh otk i to th e m id delta Th ey ru n i n narrow strip s .

,

fro m a quar t er of a m il e t o 2 m i les i n breadth and abou t 3 m il es i n ,

length Th ese strips o f forest are su pposed to h ave been constru cted
.

as gam e preserves by t h e M irs Many o f th em su ffer grea t l y at t i m es .

fro m th e encroach m en t s of th e stream Th e fl oods of 1 8 6 3 swep t away .

acres o f th e Dhar e ja fores t i n Su kk u r D ist rict and a s i m ilar ,

mi sfortu ne occu rred t o th e forests o f S under B elo and Sam t ia i n th e

two su cceedi ng years .

Th e com m on trees have already been not iced u nder Botany T h e .

 4 18 SI N !)

delta o f t h e I n dus contains no forests bu t i ts sh ores and inle t s abou n d ,

w ith lo w th ickets o f m angrove trees th e wood of wh ich makes good -

,

fuel The Forest dep artm ent has la t ely i ntrodu ced several valuabl e
.

exotics incl ud ing t h e t amari nd th e water ch estnu t an d t h e tallow tree

, ,
-
,
-
.

I n 1 8 6 0 —1 th e revenu e derived from th e S i nd fores t s was 1 2 lakh s

-

—
wh ile th e receipts i n 1 9 0 3 4 a mou nted t o nearl y 3 2, lakhs Thes e are
1
.

m ai nly from gra z ing fees the sale of fi rewood and t i m ber cul tivat ion
, , ,

fi sh eries ch arcoal éabz?! pods and seeds reeds & c Large quan t it ies
, , , , .

o f firewood are exported .

Th e sal t o f th e del ta i s t h e only m ineral produc t o f com m ercial

i m portance E xtensive beds o f remarkably pu re bay sal t occu r o n t h e
.

Sirgan da creek an eastern arm o f th e I ndu s said to , ,

be capable o f supplying th e consu mp tion o f th e

wh ole worl d for a cen t u ry Si nce 1 88 0 n o sal t has .
,

been taken fro m th ese deposi ts al l that is requi red being m an u fact ured ,

a t Mau rypu r Th e only deposi ts n o w worked are at D i lyar an d

.

Saran i n Thar and P a rkar Fu ller s ear t h and soda com poun ds are .
’

fou n d i n Si nd .

Lign ite occurs interbedded wi th t h e lower R a n ikot format ion sou t h ,

west o f K otr i Li m estone is fou nd ab u ndan t ly over W es t ern Sind

.
,

often con tai ni ng n um erou s fl i n t nodu les wh ich were at o n e t i m e , ,

largely m ade u se of fo r fl intlo ck s H ot su lph u rou s springs occur at .

a nu m ber of places along th e h ills of W estern S ind th e best known ,

being th ose of Lakh i near Sehw a n and Magar P ir north o f Kar ach i , .

Th ough chiefly an agricu ltural and pastoral cou ntry Si nd has a repu ,

tatio n for pottery leat hern work and carpets w h ich i n design an d
, , ,

finish are equal to th e p roduct ions o f any part o f th e

Art s an d
m an uf act ure s Bo m bay Presiden
.
cy Th e ch ief ar t icles produ ced i n .

H yder a b a d are blank ets coarse cotton clo t h cam el , ,

fi ttings m e tal work lacqu ered work enam el and gold and si lver
,
-
, , ,

em broidery H a la is fam ou s fo r po tt ery and t i les B u bak fo r carpets

.
, ,

and Tatta fo r cotton lu ng is Th e pri ncipal productions o f S h ik a rpu r .

are ear t henware m etal vessels o f all descript ions coarse cot t on cl oth
, , ,

an d lea t hern ar ticles Lacquered work embroidered shoes woollen

.
, ,

carpe t s and saddle bags are th e ch ief prod uc t s o f th e U pper Sin d

,
-

Fron tier D istrict .

I n 1 9 0 4 th ere were 3 0 co t ton ginn ing m ills i n t h e province m ostly -

,

i n H yder a b ad wh ich e mployed m ore than h ands Many .

rice h usk ing factories have been opened i n L a rk a na D istric t

-
In .

Kar ach i D istrict th e nu m erou s fac t ori es in cl u de an arsenal 6 co tt on ,

gi nning cleaning an d pressing factories 2 bone m i lls 2 m e t al w orks

, , ,
-
, ,

and a railway workshop Th e province has i n all 4 0 fac t ori es em

.
,

ploying over opera t i ves .

Th e t rade of Si nd cent res al m os t en t irely i n t h e grea t seapor t o f

4 20 SI N ]?

Kar a ch i has a Cham ber of Com merce and a Port Tru st Th e great .

harbou r works o f KA R ACH I are descri bed u nder t hat art icle .

Co m m un ica t ions are carried o n by means of th e I ndu s by nu m erou s ,

excellen t roads by th e North W estern R ailway and by th e H yder a b a d

,
-
,

J odhpu r m etre gauge l i ne wh ic h connec t s th e fron t ier

-

Co m m un ica tio n s
wi t h t he J odh pu r B ikaner R ailway t h u s l inking
.
-
,

Si nd a t H yder a b a d wi t h R aj pu ta na Nor t h ern an d Central I ndia and

, ,

G uj ar a t Th e I ndus is u nder th e charge o f a special Govern m en t de

‘
.

p tme n t th e I ndu s Conservancy

ar ,
th e d u t y o f wh ich i s to rem ove al l
,

obstruct ions to navigation as soon as t hey appear T h e mai n l ine o f .

th e North W es t ern R ail way t raverses t h e prov ince fro m n or t h t o sou t h

-
,

en t eri ng i t a t R et i and t erm i n a t ing at Kar ach i and K iam a ri B e t ween .

Kar a ch i and Kotri th e line is double ; be t ween R oh ri and R e t i i t i s

being doubled ; and between Ko t r i and R oh ri t h ere is a singl e li ne o n
eith er s ide o f th e I ndu s Th e eas t ern Ko t ri R ohri ch ord was original ly
.
-

constructed i n consequence o f t h e sh ift ing o f t h e righ t bank o f th e

I ndus and frequ en t breaches wh ich di slocated com m u nication Th e
,
.

li ne o n th e le ft ban k i s o n h igh grou nd an d less l iable to inu ndation ,

and saves abou t 3 6 3 m iles o n th e t hrough dis t ance from t he Punjab to

Kar a ch i Th e Qu etta branch com m ences at R uk and runni ng north
.
,

wes t leaves the province som e l it t le way beyon d j acob a b a d A no t her .

branch ru ns sou th east from H y der a b a d to B adi n an d i s l ikely before

-
,

long to form part of th e B om bay Si n d conn ex ion rai lway A short -

.

branch o f 3 m i les connect s Ph ulj i w i th Puranadero on t h e I ndu s righ t

bank . Th e North W estern R ailway facil i t ates t h e t ransm i ssion o f
-

goods from Kar a ch i t o Nor t h ern Si nd and th e P u nj ab or vice versa , ,

th u s saving th e long de t ou r by sea an d ri ver be t wee n K ar a ch i an d

K o t ri via th e I ndu s del ta T he I ndu s has been bridged at Su kku r
, .

and Kotri The d istance fro m Kar a ch i to Delh i by standard gauge

.

th roughou t via Bh ati nda is 9 0 7 mil es and by m ix ed gauge vi a H yder ,

a b a d and J odh pu r 7 8 1 m iles .

K ara ch i i s al so t h e focus of a n u m ber of t rade rou t es from A fgh a ni

st a n and Central A sia Three i mpor t ant l ines converge at K ar ach i
.
,

placi ng i t i n d irect com m u n ication with th e i n t erior of Sin d wi t h Las ,

B el a and Kal at Tru nk roads con nec t Sukk u r Di stric t with th e

.

adjoi ning D istricts of Upper S i nd and wi t h L a rk ana H yder a b a d and ,

The t otal leng t h of roads ( 1 9 0 3 —

, ,

Kar a ch i .
4 ) in th e prov i nce is
m il es of wh ich 1 5 3 m il es are m etall ed
, .

Th e I ndu s i s navigable by cou n try boats at all t i m es o f th e year and ,

affords faci li t ies of com m un ication for bot h th e i m port and expor t t rade
of the areas i n p roxi m i ty t o th e river On th e F ule li canal abou t 1 0 0
.

cou ntry boats pl y for th e greater par t o f t h e year and s t eam lau nch es ,

h ave recen tly been i ntroduced fo r passenger tra ffi c .

T h is de p a rt me nt a n d th e fe e s l e v ie d fo r its u k e e w e re ab o l i h e d in M arc h 1 06
p p 9 s
,
.
 A D A/ I N I STR A TI O N 421

S ind form s t h e m ost i mpor t ant part o f t h e S ind and B al u ch ist a n Postal
Ci rcle wh ich is i n charge o f a D eputy Post mas t er General Th e - -

followi n g sta t is t ics show th e advance i n postal bu si ness si nce 1 88 0—

, .

1 .

The figu res inclu de t hose fo r t h e Sta t e o f K hai rpu r .

1 88 0 —
1 . 1 8 90-1 . 1 900 —1 . 1 90 3 - 4 .

N umb e r o f p o st o fl‘ice s
N umb e r o f l e tte r-bo x e s
N umbe r o f mil e s o f
p o st a l co mmu nica
t io n
T o ta l nu mb e r of
p o sta l
art ic e s l lv
de i e re d
Le tte rS
P d o st c ar s
P kt ac e s 3 4 4 .9 7 7 t

N p p r ew s a e s

Pr l a ce s

V alue of s tamp s so ld
t o t h e p ub ic Rs l .

V l
a ue o f mo n e y o rde rs
issue d
l
T o ta amo unt o f sa v
ing s b auk de p o sits R s .

I p lp
nc u din g B l h
fi g u re s f o r a u c is t an
pp P
l
.

f I nc udin g un re g is t e re d n e w s a e rs . R
1 e g ist e re d as n e w s a e rs in t h e o st O ffi ce .

A su b marine cable laid in 1 86 4 connects K ar a ch i wi th Fao i n

, ,

Tu rki sh A rabia and t h ence b y Tu rk i sh Govern men t t elegraph w i th

'

Constan t inople and W estern E u rope A n o t h er tel egraph l ine ru ns .

fro m Kar a ch i along t h e M akr a n coast and th ence by su b marin e cabl e ,

to B u sh ire i n Persia connec t ing u l t i matel y w i t h th e R u ssian system

, ,

as well as w ith th e Siem en s l ine t o B erl i n an d E nglan d .

Sin d form s a n on regul a t ion su b provi nce u n der a Com m issioner

- -
,

w h o h as h owever larger powers t h an th ose of an ordinary Com m is

, ,

s io n e r of a D ivision I t con t ai ns fou r Col lec t orates

.

Adm in is tratio n
Kar a ch i Sukk u r L a rk a na an d H y dera b a d t ogeth er
.

, , ,

w ith th e t wo D istricts o f Thar and P a rkar and th e Upper Sin d Front ier ,

each u nder a D epu t y Com m ission e r bes ides th e Nat ive Stat e o f Kh ai r
-

‘
,

pu r I t i s nom inally a sch edu l ed area i e i t i s not necessari ly brough t

.
,
’
. .

w i th i n ,o r i s from ti m e to ti m e re moved from th e operation of t h e ,

general A cts o f th e l egi sla t ure and t h e j u ri sdictio n of th e ordi nary

cou rts o f j udicature bu t ac t ually has been brough t u nder th e ordi n ary
,

laws and j u risdic t ion Th e Com m issi oner has t wo A ssistan ts one
.
,

bei ng an I n dian Civil ian wh o perform s th e du t i es o f a secre t ary .

T he D i stricts were origi nal ly ad m i nistered by a separate service th e ,

Si nd Com m ission bu t th i s h as been gradu ally su perseded by th e I n dia n

C i vi l S e rvice an d i s no w al m ost ext i nct Th e Provi ncial an d Subor .

dinate serv ices are however d isti nc t from th ose of th e B om bay Pres i
, ,
422 SI N D

deney . Th e Collec t or of Su kku r i s Pol iti cal A gen t for th e K H A I R P U R

S TA T E .

Th e Sad r Cou rt presided over by a j u di cial Com m issioner is th e

, ,

h igh es t cou rt of ci vil and cri m inal appeal an d th e H igh Court a t ,

Bom bay has n o j urisdiction i n o r over Si nd except ,

as regards ( 1 ) its powers u nder th e A dm inistrator

General A ct 1 8 7 4 ( 2 ) proba t es and ad mi ni strat ions ;
,

(3 ) decrees i n matri m oni al cases ; an d (4 ) E uropean Bri t i sh su bj ects .

T he Di stric t Cou rt of Kar a ch i i s a Colon ial Cour t o f A d m iral t y fro m ,

wh i ch an appeal l ies t o the Sadr Court and u l ti mately to H is M aj es t y

i n Cou nci l ‘ Th e Subordina t e J u dges i n S i nd form a dis t inc t service ;
.
,

otherwise th e j udi cial sys t em does n o t di ffer fro m tha t i n the res t
,

of th e P residency I n certain parts o f Upper S i nd th e Si n d Frontier

.
,

R egulat ions are stil l i n force wh ereby t h e D istrict Magistra t e can refer
,

m u rders and oth er offences l ikely to give rise to repri sal s among
Baloch an d Path a ns to t h e speedier and m ore pri m it ive procedu re
of a j irg a or cou nci l of th ei r o w n elders an d h i mself pu ni sh those ,

fou n d gu ilty I n such m a t ters h e is not su bj ect to th e j u risdicti on

.

of th e Sadr Cou r t .

The revenu e o f Si n d u nder Arab rule appears to have been

small and was ch iefly derived from th e land tax Th e assess m ent o f
, .

Si n d and M ult an was 2 7 lakh s and th i s is su pposed to h ave com

prised t h e pol l t ax cus t om s d u t ies an d o t h er m iscellaneou s i t em s
, , ,

besides th e land tax wh ich was fixed a t tw o fifth s of t h e produce of

,
-

wh eat an d barley i f th e fields were wa t ered by publ ic canal s an d ,

th ree tenths i f i rrigated by wh eels o r oth er art i ficial m eans and a t

-
,

o n e fourth i f altoge t h er u n irrigated

-
Th e form o f govern m en t u nder .

t h e T alpurs may be described as a pu rely m i li tary despotism o n

feu dal principles th e ir Baloch ch ieftai ns hol ding j dg irs or gran t s of
,

land for renderi ng serv ice t o t h e s t ate wh en called u pon T h e lan d .

revenue was m ai nly pai d i n k i n d t h e s t a t e sh are bei ng one eigh th ,

-
,

two fi fth s o r one fi fth of t he produce accord ing t o t h e nat ure of the l an d
-
,
-

cul tivated A cess payable u sual ly i n k i nd was levi ed on land

.
, ,

irriga t ed by wa t er wh eels and a capi t at ion tax on H indu s and t raders

-
,
.

A cash paym en t fi xed at a certai n su m p er f a rt é (abou t half an acre )

'

and vary ing according to th e n a t u re o f th e soil was also exacted Th e ,

.

average seem s to h ave ra n ged fro m R s 6 t o R s 1 2 per f a rt/2 An . . .

Since 1 90 6 t h e Sa dr C o urt an d th e Di t i ts rc ma l g a
C o urt , K arac h i h av e
, b ee n a

mate d in a ne w C o urt , k n o w n as th e C o urt o f th e Judicia l C o mmissio ne r o f Sin d .

I t is p re side d o v e r b y a Judicial C o m missio ne r and tw o additio n al Judicia l C o mmis

s io n e rs , o n e o f w h o m is t o b e a b arrist e r e s e cia l l
p y q ual ifi e d to de a l w it h me rcan t il e
c ase s Th e n e w co urt p e rfo rms all t h e f un ct io n s o f a H ig h C o urt , and t h e t w o
D
.

addit io n a l C o mm iss io n e rs a l so
p e rfo r m th e dut ie s o f t h e istr ic t and Se ssio n s C o urt
o f K arac hi
.
4 24 SI /VD

o wners I n the lands co mman ded by t h e J amrao Canal grants made

.
,

si nce 1 90 0 are su bj ect to th e condi tion that they shal l not be trans
ferred wi th ou t the sanction o f the Com m iss ioner The rent free or .
-

part ial ren t free tenu res i n S in d co mprise j dgi rs charitable gran ts
-
,

and garden gran ts Th e descendan ts o f the T a lpu r dynasty .

h ol d j rigirs permanently al ienated M any o t her j iig irs have been .

gran ted o n term s involving thei r even tual lapse to Government O n .

th e Si nd frontier an in terest ing survival o f former land gran t s made

,

by th e A fgh a n govern men t t o Path a n settlers is to be fou nd i n the

p a tta ddri gran ts equ ivalen t to an assign
,
men t o f a fi xed portion o f the
revenue o f certai n lands and amou n t ing i n al l to hal f a lak h o f
,

ru pees . These grants are also fou nd i n Kar a ch i and S ukku r D istricts .

K /za irdts or chari table gran t s to Saiyids a mou n t to 6 lakh s being t he

, , ,

esti mated reve nu e of t he lands so granted I n addi tion to t hese .

ord inary alienations large tracts of land in t he Upper S i nd Fron t ier

,

D is tric t have been granted ren t free to Baloch chiefs and t h eir t ri bes -
,

m en Th e area o f these grants i s

. acres Garden grants are .

e ith e r re n t free o r o n reduced assess m ent

-
to encourage t h e c ultiva ,

tio n o f garden prod uce wh ile iz uri an d seri grants represen t lan ds
,

al lo t ted for th e growi ng o f trees o r i n reward fo r p ubl ic service su ch

as th e de t ection o f cri m e .

The m in i m um and max i mu m rates o f assess men t per acre o n

‘ dry land vary from R 1 to R s 3 —8 o n r ice lands R s 2 —
’
.
3 to .
,

— —
.

Rs 5 —
.
4 and o
,
n garden lands R s 2 3 to R s 6 8 T he total land . . .

reve nue in 1 90 3 —4 was 9 2 -2 lakhs o f wh ich 6 9 6 was fro m canal ,

irrigat ion Th e gross revenue i n t h e sam e year fro m all sources

.

amou n ted to 1 5 crores T he land tax ordin ari ly form s tw o t h irds o f

.
-

th e net reven ues o f S i nd ; bu t re m issions are constantly necessi tated

by drough ts floods o r bu rst ing o f e mbank m ents I n spi te o f these
, , .

d rawbacks however th e reven u e has steadily i ncreased u nder Bri tish

, ,

rule The cost o f clearing canals form s o n e o f t he m os t i m portan t

.

i tem s o f pu bl ic expend i ture .

The ch ief port i n Si n d i s Kar a ch i T he Co m m iss ion er i n S i nd is .

the ch ief cus t om s au th ority ; and th e Col lector of Custom s and Sal t
R evenu e i n S ind aided by two A ssistants is ch ief , ,
M is ce ll an eo us
r e v e n ue cu s t o ms officer
.
for all ports i n the provi nce S mal l .

establish ments are main t ai ned at Keti Bandar and

Sirg an da — two su bordinate ports wh ich have pract ically no foreign ,

t rade The average annual receipts o f Kar a ch i port were 8 lak hs

.

du ring the decade 1 8 8 1 —9 0 an d 2 5 5 lakh s d uri ng th e next ten years , ,

the pri ncipal i te ms i n both periods being sp irits an d l iqu ors 4 5 lakhs
and 5 ,1 lakh s and petrole u m R s
7
,
and 1 -3 lakhs respectively .
,
.

Between 1 8 9 4 an d 1 9 0 0 dut ies o n sugar reali z ed 5 lakhs and those

1 903— 4 t he total receip ts
o n cotton goods more than 6 ; lakhs
5 I n .
 WI I S CE LLAN E O US R E VE N UE 425

exceeded 3 3 5 lakhs the ch ief h eads o f receip t be ing pe troleu m abou t

,

lakhs sugar 6 % l akhs sp irits and w ines 7 lak hs and cot t on goods
, , ,

m ore t han 7 lakh s .

The Collector o f C us tom s and Sal t R evenu e ad m i nisters th e Sal t

de part men t subj ect to th e control of th e Com m iss ioner i n S i nd Th e
,
.

province prod uces nearly al l the sal t requ ired fo r local consu mption ,

t h e ch ief sources o f su ppl y bei ng t he Mau ryp u r sal t works 7 m i les fro m -
,

Karachi an d th e D i lyar an d Saran deposi ts i n Thar and P a rkar D istrict

,
.

At these three cen tres and also at S ukku r where a d ep ot is mai n t ai ned ,

fo r t he convenience of the people o f Upper Si nd salt i s issued to the ,

p u bl ic after pay men t o f d u ty A s mal l ex t ra charge i s m ade a t M aury

.

p u r D i lyar and Saran to cover the cost of manu facture and at the
, , ,

Sukkur d ep ot fo r railway freigh t Th e State o f K hairp u r i s annuall y

.

S uppl ied w i th abou t m au nds o f sal t fro m M au rypu r free of ,

d uty Th e man u fac t ure o f salt by private i ndivi duals i s s t rictly pro
.

h ib ite d T he quanti ty of sal t m anu fac t ured d u ring the decades

.

en ding 1 8 9 0 and 1 9 00 averaged mau nds an d m au nds ,

and i n 1 9 0 3 amou n ted to m au nds R ock sal t is i mported .

-

fro m t he Punjab by private i nd ivi duals ch ie fl y fo r the u se of P u nj a b i ,

res iden ts th e i m por t s am ou nt ing to

, mau nds i n 1 90 3 S m al l .

quant ities of tab le and pack ing sal t are i m por t ed fro m E u rope T h e .

average consu m pt ion p er head rose fro m 5 8 l b i n 1 8 8 1 to 7 3 lb i n 1 8 9 1

lb i n 1 9 0 3 The to t al reven u e fro m sal t i n 1 90 3 —
. .

and . .
4 a mou n t ed
to lakh s There are t wo Govern men t fish ing yards at Sh a msp ir
.

an d Khadda near Kar a chi t o w h ich sal t is su ppl ied at a reduced

, ,

rate of R 1 per mau nd o n condi t io n tha t th e c uri ng is perform ed

.
,

w ith i n th e Govern men t enclosu re T h e ex tension of rai lway com mu n i .

cations has had no appreciable effect o n t he consu mp tion o f sal t i n t he

provi nce .

The opi u m revenu e of S in d i s derived partly fro m transh ip m en t

o r re exportati on fees levied upon foreign Op i u m transhi pped o r re
-

expo rted at K ar ach i an d par t ly fro m exc ise d uty upon op iu m sold at
,

th e D istrict treas uries to licensed dealers for local consu mption The .

average n u mber o f chests o f op i u m carried ann uall y fro m the Persia n

Gul f to H ongkong an d oth er ports via Kar a ch i and B o m bay rose fro m
between 1 88 1 an d 1 8 9 0 to i n th e nex t decade I n 1 9 0 3 .

t h e n u mber was T h e a mou nt o f fees for each of these periods

w as R s and R s Poppy cu l tivation bei ng
9 5 00 R s
.
, , . .

prohi bited op i u m for local consu mption is obta ined from Bo mbay and
,

iss ued to persons selected by t he Com m ission er in S in d from the

tenderers who are allowed to sel l opi u m at s ingle shops an d are bou nd
, ,

to regulate th eir sell ing pri ces according to a s tandard fixed by the
Co m m issioner Licensed p racti tioners are allowed to keep one seer
.

o f op iu m fo r m ed i cal p urposes wh ile private persons may possess

,
4 26 SI N !)

th ree t olas of opiu m and fi ve seers of poppy h eads excep t i n a portion -

,

of T har and P a rkar D is t rict o n t h e eas t of th e N a ra Canal where th e ,

l i mi t for priva t e possession i s ten tolas Th e reven u e from Opi u m .

fl uctua t es w i th the price of labou r t h e charac t er o f the harvest and , ,

th e general cond ition of th e classes add ic t ed to th e u se o f i t .

E xcise revenue i n Si nd i ncl u des rece ipts on accou nt o f cou n try

l iquor i ntoxicating drugs oth er th an Opi u m foreign i m ported l iquors
, , ,

an d toddy Co un t ry l iquor i s ei ther ma /z zzd spirit obtained fro m

.
,

d ist illeries at Uran near Bo mbay o r m olasses spiri t fro m a cen tral ,

d istillery at K otri in H yder a b ad D istric t L icences fo r d istillati on .

are gran ted to persons chosen by Govern m ent wh o pay an an nual ,

fee o f R 1 per gal lon o f the capaci ty o f t heir st ills A few wholesale
. .

l icences are granted free o f charge wh i le t he re t ai l t raders selected by

, ,

t he Col lec t or o r D epu ty Co m m iss ion er for each D istric t pay licence
-
,

fees varyi ng fro m R s 5 0 0 i n Kar a ch i to w n t o R s 6 in rural areas

. . .

The t rade i n i ntox icat ing drugs nam ely M a ng ( fl aw s an d g dtg/a is

, , , ,

regulated by th e Bom bay Abk a ri Act The cul t ivat ion o f hem p u nder .

l icence i s res t ricted t o Deh o Yak ub ani an d B u bak i n L a rk a na D istrict ,

th e M n produced being stored i n a central warehouse at B ubak ,

wh ence t he retai l and wholesal e dealers are s uppl ied Ganj a is u sually .

ob tained fro m Panvel i n the Kol a ba D is t ric t of B ombay an d clz a m s ,

fro m th e Gover nm en t wareh ouse at A m ri tsar i n t he P unj ab A quanti .

tative du t y i s levied of R 1 per seer on M a ng R s 6 per seer on ( t rim s

.
, .
,

and R s 5 per seer o n g anj a th e retail l icences for each shop bei ng
.
,

sol d by auct ion every year Govern ment regu lates th e max i m u m daily
.

quant ity wh ich m ay be pu rch ased by o n e person .

The excise reven ue fro m foreign l iqu ors is deri ved fro m l icences
for the righ t o f sale wh ich are o f t h ree kin ds : i mporters l icences
,
’

granted only i n Kar a ch i town to large firm s for th e sale o f not less
than 2 gal lons at a t i m e ; wholesale licences at fees vary i ng fro m ,

R s 2 5 t o R s 2 5 0 for the sale o f no t less than o n e p in t at a t i m e ;

. .
,

an d re t ail l icences wh ich per m it u nres t ricted sale o n pay ment o f fees
,

ranging fro m R s 5 0 0 to R s 7 0 0 R um and malt liquor manu factured

. . .

by th e M urree B rewery Co mpany at Quetta are treated as foreign

sp irit and are sold only i n th e towns of Kar ach i Hyder a b a d an d
, , ,

Sukk ur Th e consu mp tion o f toddy is very s m all th ere being only

.
,

n ine sh ops i n Si nd au thori z ed to sell it Th e i nc iden ce o f exci se .

revenu e per h ead o f popu lat ion was 2 annas m 1 88 1 4 -4 annas i n ,

18 1
9 , and 5 4 annas i n 1 9 0 1
- I mports o f foreign l iquor rose fro m
gallons i n 1 8 90—
.

gal lons i n 1 8 8 7 —8 to 1 in ,

1 90 0— 1 an d i n 1 9 0 3 —4 T he average ne t revenu e from.

,

—
cou n t ry l iqu or and i ntox ica t i ng drugs rose from 3 2 to 5 lakh s and from
1

Rs . t o 1 -3 lak h s respec t i vely d uring th e decade en ding 1 8 9 0

, , ,

and to nearly 8 lakhs an d lakhs du ring t he fol lowing decade t h e ,

 7
4 28 SI A 1)

E mpress marke t at Kar a ch i and th e S i nd College E x tensive work s

,
.

have been carried o ut i n Kar a ch i harbou r si nce 1 8 86 .

Seven years experience o f the work i ng of M un icipal Ac t X XV I

’

of 1 8 5 0 had proved t hat th e people of S ind t hough un fi tte d to ,

co ntrol their own m un icipal aff airs were qu ite ready ,

Lo cal an d
to con trib u te fu nds fo r p u bl ic i mp rovements Ac
m un icip a l
.

c o rding ly M r (after w ards Si r B artle ) Frere drew

,
.

Up proposals i n 1 8 5 8 to a mend that A c t so as t o make i t lawful t o

consti t ute any D istric t o r port ion th ereof a m u ni cipal i t y and t o i mpose ,

a ces s on th e lan d tax and a sh op and h ouse t ax Under th is schem e

,
.

t he expendi tu re o f funds was to be left i n t he hands o f D is t rict o fficers ,

assisted by a board for each m u nic ipal d ivision th u s const i t u t ed corre ,

s o n din
p g t o t he m odern M i tt /ea local board T he superin t endence .

of large and i mportan t works was t o vest i n the Col lec t or su bj ec t ,

to th e con t rol o f th e Co m m issioner and th e i m m edia t e supervis ion ,

o f m inor work s devol ved upon th e h eads o f villages T he sys t e m .

ad vocated was ne i t her new nor experi m en t al I t had bee n i n force .

for so m e years i n parts o f th e provi nce and had opera t ed t o rel ieve ,

c ult iva t ors fro m sta t u te labo ur i n road mak ing and bridge construc t ion -
.

The sch e m e however was u lti ma t ely w ith drawn i n favou r o f Ac t

, ,

XX X I I I o f 1 8 6 0 w h ich ab ol ished the land cess and sh Op tax h ither t o

,

levied as a Local fu nd i n par t s o f Si nd Th e cess was never t heless .

revived soon afterwards i n t h e sh ape o f a levy o f o n e anna p er rupee

of assess m en t wh erever t he l i m it of assess men t had no t been a uth o ri
,

tativ e ly fi xed . I n 1 8 6 3 Govern men t by execu t ive order appoin t ed , ,

‘
D is tric t and lei/a k a com m it tees wi th defini te du t ies to pro m ote educa
tion and th e constructio n o f roads T he p roceeds o f a cess fixed
.

at o n e anna per rupee o f land revenue an d subsequ en t ly legal i z ed

by Ac t V I I I of 1 8 6 5 tol ls ferry fees an d cattle pou nd rece ip ts were
, , ,

placed u nder th e con trol o f t hese com m ittees T he m e m bers however .

, ,

m et but rarely o wing to lack o f i n terest o n the par t o f th e ra t epayers

,

and save for i mprove men ts wh ich th e Collectors and their depu ties
,

personal ly supervised a nd effected no p rogress was m ade t ill t h e ,

pass ing o f th e Local B oards (Bo mbay ) A c t I of 1 8 84 w h ich ai med ,

at carrying o u t local i mprove ments by local t axation at decen t ral i z ing ,

the managem ent o f local funds and at giving a large share i n t heir,

m anagem en t to the ratepayers By 1 9 0 3 —4 t here were 6 D istric t.

and 5 1 tci/uk a boards in S in d composed o f 7 1 6 me m bers o f wh om

, ,

_
4 0 7 were no m inated and 2 9 9 elected All m e mbers are elected excep t
.

those for 8 taluk as i n the Thar and P a rkar D is t ric t and for t he whole
of the Upper S i nd Front ier D istrict T h e t o t al revenu e o f th e boards
.

rose fro m 7 1, lakhs i n 1 8 9 0 —1 to 8 lakh s in 1 9 00 1 and t o 8 23; lak hs

7
-

i n 1 90 3 — 4 and t he ir expendi tu re fro m —

7 3 lakh s to 7 3 and 9 lak hs
i n the s am e period The ch ief h eads o f expend it u re i n 1 9 0 3 —
,

.
4 w ere ;
 LO C A L A I VD 4 29

edu cat ion (2 7 lakh s) roads ( R s , repairs t o roads (2 -2 lakh s )

.
,

h orse an d cat t le breeding experi m ental cul tivation an d tree plan ting
-
, ,

an d t h e i mprovem en t of ru ral water su pply an d village sani t at ion I n -

.

many places vi llage san i t ary com m i t tees h ave been establ ish ed u nder ,

a system wh ereby hal f t h e cos t of vi llage sani tation i s borne by t h e

villagers o n e th ird by Local fu nds an d on e sixth by Governm en t
,
-
,
-
.

Th ough progress i n local sel f govern m en t i s n ecessarily slow t h e local

-
,

boards are all i n a sou nd fi nancial cond ition an d con ti nu e t o e ffec t ,

considerable i mp rovemen t wi th i n th e areas o f th ei r j u risdict ion .

Th e h istory of m u nici pal adm i nistra t i on i n Si nd com m enced wi th

th e establ ish m en t by Si r Charles Napier of con servancy board s u nd er
Ac t X X I o f 1 8 4 1 i n Kar a ch i and H yder a b a d sh ortly after th e conqu es t ,

of Si nd I n th e res t o f th e province th e respon sibi l ity for

u rban conservancy an d th e provision o f roads l igh ting an d wa t er , ,

suppl y res t ed wi th t h e local p am/z dy a ts and inh ab i t an t s wh o t hough , ,

h elped by sm all gran ts fro m th e D istrict Magistrates were u nabl e ,

to e ff ec t m uch progress I n 1 8 5 2 a t th e i nstance o f Si r B artl e Frere

.
, ,

A ct XX V I of 1 8 5 0 was appl ied to Kar a ch i an d su bsequen tly to ,

H yder a b a d Su kku r Sh ik a rpu r and oth er town s I ts provision s were

, , , .

sim pl e contemplat ing only th e l e vy of a h ou se tax an d to wn du t ies

, ,

t he prevent ion of n u isances and t h e establ ish m en t of d ispensaries

,
.

Ac t X X V I o f 1 8 5 0 was su bsequ en t ly am ended by Ac t I o f 1 8 7 1 ,

w h i ch obl iged m u n icipal ities to pay a cer t ai n propor t ion of th e local

pol ice charges and was fi nally repeal ed by Ac t V I of 1 8 7 3 wh ich was

, ,

not actually applied t o S in d u n ti l 1 8 7 8 B om bay Act I I of 1 88 4 i ntro .

duc e d fu rth er changes by ex t en ding th e el ec t ive pri ncipl e exem p t ing

, ,

al l m u nicipal i t ies from pol ice charges and obl igi ng t h em t o establ ish ,

and m ain tain m i ddl e an d pri mary sch ool s ; and fu r t h er progress i n
m un i cipal govern m en t has been e ff ected by th e pass ing o f Bom bay
Act I I I o f 1 9 0 1 .

Th ere are 2 6 m u n icipal i ties i n th e province w ith a total i ncom e ,

—
i n 1 90 3 4 o f nearly 2 5 lakh s an d an expen di t u re o 2 3 2 lak hs t hese
,
f 1 -
,

figures being al m ost t reble t h e corresponding i tem s i n 1 88 —

4 5 Th e .

ch i ef sources o f i ncom e are octroi wh ich has risen during t h e las t t wo

,

decades from 5 lak h s to 1 5 lakh s h ou se tax lza /ci/k /z or cess wa t er ra t e

, , , ,

and th e sale proceeds of lands A h ou se tax is p erhaps t h e m ost.

u npopu lar sou rce of incom e and i s l evied i n only 5 ou t of th e 2 6

,

m u n icipal i ties th e b a ld/M ar or conservancy cess i s l evi ed i n 1 4 places

and th e receipts h ave large ly i ncreased Th e d i m in u t ion of waste area s .

and th e depreciat ion of th e valu e o f bu ild ing si tes i n K ar a ch i i n co u se -

ue n c e o f plague epidem ics h as e ff ected a m arked reduc t ion i n th e sale

q
proceeds of waste lands du ri ng recen t years A large water rat e revenu e .
-

i n th e Kar a ch i Hyder a b a d and S ukku r m un i cipal i ties i s ch i efl y ear

, ,

marked for th e repay m en t of loan s an d th e maintenance of w ater w or k s -

.

V OL X X I I
. . F e 2 .
430 $l

Th e larger m u nicipa li t ies evi nce rath er m ore desire fo r progre ss than
t h ose i n the D istric ts of th e Presidency p roper ; b ut th e e fficiency
o f th e s maller boards depends ch iefly upon the energy of th e o ffi cials

and m e m bers .

T h e t otal s trength of th e army stat ioned i n S in d i n 1 9 0 4 was

B rit ish t roops ,
I ndian total ,
Th i s force becam e ,

u nder the reorgani z ation sch e m e of 1 9 0 4 t h e K ara ch i

Arm y
brigade and is d istribu t ed i n cantonm ents at Kar a ch i
.

, ,

H yder a b a d and J acob a b a d

,
Th e vol un t eer corps i n cl u de t h e Si nd
.

V olu n t eer R ifl e Corps th e Kar a ch i V ol u n teer A rti llery and th e N orth
, ,

W estern R ailway V ol u nteer R i fles wi th a to t al streng t h o f abou t ,

m en .

T h e total pol ice force consisted i n 1 9 0 4 of o fficers and m en

, , ,

excl usi ve o f four D istrict Su peri ntendents I n T har and P a rkar th e .

D epu ty Com m issioner and i n t he Upper Si nd F ro n

-
,

tier D istrict an A ssi s t ant Superin t enden t are i n ,

charge o f the force b u t th e area i ncl udes so large

a n extent o f desert th at any general s t a t e m en t o f n u m bers per s quare

m ile wou l d only m islead I n H yder ab ad D is t rict w h ere th e p o p ula

.
,

t ion i s th ickes t t here is o n e pol iceman to every 1 2 square m iles an d

,

to every i nh abi tan t s ; i n Kar a ch i D istrict i nclu d ing th e capi tal , ,

th ere i s o n e pol icem an to every 1 4 square m i les and t o every 5 3 8

o f th e popu lat ion ; wh ile i n th e deser t D istric t o f Thar and P a rkar
th ere i s o n e pol ice man to every 3 3 square m il es and to every 9 1 0
'

i nhabi tants Th e Co m m issioner is ex ofi iczo t h e h ead of t h e pol ice

.
,

bu t direc t control has recen tly been t ransferred to a D ep uty I nspector -

Ge neral .

S ind possesses n o heredi t ary village pol ice Th e local z a mina drs .
’

ass ist th e pol ice in al l cri m inal cases T h e track i ng o f cri m inal s an d
.

stol en ani mals by their footprin t s is sk ilfu lly perform ed by vi llage p ag zs

’

wh o are paid by t h e vi llage cess fu nd Cattle l ift ing an d th eft s i n

.
-

general are th e ch ief o ffences wi th wh i ch t h e pol ice i n Si nd are called

upon to deal .

T he Cen t ral j ail at Hyder a b a d con t ai ns accom modat ion fo r 8 6 5

i n mates Th ere are besi des 2 D is t rict j ai ls and 5 4 su bsidiary j ai ls
.
, , .

Two j ails a t Kar a ch i and S ukk ur are bei ng cons t ructed The convicts .

are e mployed i n prepari ng articles for u se or consu m pt i on i n th e jails ,

i n jai l repairs and i n manu fac t uring cloth o r carpets

, .

Si nd s t an ds last am ong th e four D ivisi ons of th e Bo m bay Presi dency

i n regard to t h e l iteracy o f i ts p opu lation o f who m only abou t 2 9 per ,

cen t (4 9 m ales and 0 5 females ) are abl e to read and

.
.

E du cat io n .

write Th e m ost backward D istri ct is Thar an d

.

P a rkar E ducation h as h owever made relatively rapi d progress s ince

I n 1 8 5 9—
.
, ,

annexat ion . 6 0 t he provi nce con t ai ned only 2 0 G overn m ent

432 SI N D

W F P Napier Tlz e Conq uest of Scinde ( 1 8 4

. . .
,
S i r W Nap ier I iI sto ry .
,

of Sir C /z a rles N ap ie r s A dmin istr

f Scin ae R ichard F
’ ’
a tio n o .

B urton Scin de or t/ze Un /zappy Va lley

,
Scinde R evisited 2 vol s ,
.

Captai n G M alet Tra nsla tion of M una uzmad M as/7 m S/z alz s ’
'

,
.

H is tory of Sind f rom 7 1 0 to 1 5 9 0 ( Bom bay A W H ugh es ,

. .
,

G az etteer of [ Ice P rovince of Sin d Maj or R av e rty The M ihr a n ,

o f S ind and its Tribu taries (vol l x i j ou rn a l A sia tic Society of B eng a l
’
.
, , ,

1 8 93 ) G eneral Haig Tlze I n du s D elta Cou n try a M emoir on its A ncien t

, ,

G eog rap hy a n d I I z story W P A ndrew Tlie I n dus a n d its P ro . .

,

v in ces M ir z a K alic h b e g F re dun b e g Cnack n ama a n A ncien t , ,

H istory of Sin d i n t w o parts (Kar a ch i ,

Ofi cia l C orresp ondence ,

rela tive to Scin de 1 83 6—4 3 ( 1 84 3 ) [ Miscella neou s I nf orma tion con

,

n ected w it/z St u d
(B o mbay 1 8 5 Ofi cia l Sk e tc/z of tile j udicial A d
,

f i d e u n der th e Ta l ur D y n asty
(Bom bay
H '

nz z n zstra tz on o Sc n f ,

Ofi icz al b istory of A lien a tions in S in d ( Kar ach i H istory of M e

r

P lag ue in Sind 1 8 9 6 —
,

7 ( Kar a ch i ,
A ne w Ga z etteer i s i n ,

preparatio n ]
S in d R iv e n — O n e o f th e large s t rivers o f Cen t ral I ndia fl owing i n a
ection fo r 2 5 0 m
,

north eas terly d i r i les th rough th e Agency t il l i t en ters

'

-
,

t h e U nit ed P rovinces near Jag m an p ur ( 2 6 24 N an d 7 9 1 2 ° ’

.
° ’

fi nal ly j oin i ng th e j u m n a abou t 1 0 m iles farth er north T h e or igin o f .

t he nam e i s not known b u t a river cal led th e S i ndh u is m entio ned i n

,

th e V ishn u Pu r ana together wi th th e D h asan wh ich is probably th is

, ,

s tr eam Cu nningham w ish e d to i dent ify i t w it h th e S in dh u m en tione d

.

i n Bh avabh ut i s play of M a la tz M ad/za va taking th e P a ra Lavan a o r

’

, ,

I un and M adh u matl to be th e P arv atr Nu n and M ah uar w h ich are

, , , ,

tribu taries of th is s tream I ts nom inal source is a tank . feet abo v e

sea le Ve l si tuated i n the v illage of N ain w a s (2 4 N and 7 7 3 1 E ) i n
-
,
-
° '
.
.
9
.

th e Sironj p a rg a n a of Tonk S tate I t first fl ows for 2 0 m i les through .

Tonk bein g crossed by th e G u na B in a sect ion o f th e Grea t I nd ian

,
-
'

Pen insula R ailway ne ar Pag a ra T he S in d th en en t ers Gwalior wh ich .

,

i t does not agai n qu i t during i ts cou rse in t he A gency for m ing th e ,

bou ndary be t ween that State an d D at i a du ring th e m ore n or t h ern par t

of i ts course F o r the first 1 3 0 m iles th e S i nd i s a stream o f very
.

m oderate di mensions bu t at Narwar i t com m ences to w iden an d rap idly

,

develops i nto a large river I t i s fed by n u m erou s affl ue n ts . Th e .

P arvat i and M ah uar j oi n i t o n i ts wes t and east banks respectivel y , , ,

n ear Parwai 1 0 m i les north of th is place th e Nu n enters close to th e ,

spot wh ere th e A gra J h ans i branch o f th e Grea t I ndian Peni nsula R ai l

-

way an d th e Agra J h ansi road cross th e ri ver The latter i s served by

,
-
, .

a temporary wooden bridge du ring eigh t m onth s o f t h e year Th e Saon .

and B esl i en ter 7 0 m iles farther north an d t h e K u nw a ri and Pah fi j t wo , ,

large stream s 2 2 m iles above the m T h e S in d has a con t i nu ou s stream

, .

d u ring the wh ole year th rough ou t m ost o f i ts course ; bu t owing t o i t s ,

 SI N D K H E D 4 33

h igh rocky banks i t i s as a rule qui te u nsu ited for i rrigat ion p u rposes
, , , .

I n t h e rai ns i t i s ap t to rise w i th great suddenness often causi ng seriou s ,

fl oods B etwee n Kol a ras and Narwar th e river fl ows th rough th e mos t
.

p ic turesqu e scenery w i ndi ng in and ou t among h ills covered w i th th ick

,

tree j ungle down to t h e water s edge

-
’
.

S in dg i — Nort h — eastern taluk a o f B ij ap u r D is t ri ct Bom bay lying

.
, ,
° ’° ° ’ ’ ° ’
bet w een 1 6 3 5 and 1 7 1 2 N and 7 5 5 7 and 7 6 2 8 E w ith an . .
,

area o f 8 1 0 sq uare m iles T here are 1 4 4 v illages i n cl uding S i ndgi th e

.
, ,

h ead quar ters ; bu t n o town T he popu lation i n 1 90 1 was

-
co m .

pared w it h in 1 8 9 1 T he den si ty 1 0 6 persons per square m ile .

, ,

is m uc h below th e D is tric t average Th e de man d for land revenu e i n

1 90 3 —
.

4 was 2 -2 0 lakh s and for cesses R s E xcept som e vi llages

, .

o n the B h ima river th e eas t of S i ndgi i s a rough rocky plai n wi th fre

, ,

quent and i n som e cases abru pt u ndula t ions I t i s scanti ly cu l ti va t ed

, , .
,

treeless and m onotonou s T he portion o f th e talu k a o n th e banks of

,
.

th e Bh ima to th e nort h and east i s a plain o f black Soi l T h is is wel l .

t illed and along t h e river ban ks dotted w ith rich v i llages I n t h e

, , , .

sou th th e part watered by t he D o n river i s th e bes t cu l tivated porti on .

Th e supply o f water i s scanty T h e ann ual rai nfal l averages 2 5 i nch es : .

S in dh nfi r T alu k — Talu le i n R aich ur D istrict Hyder a b a d S ta te , ,

with an area o f 6 2 1 square m iles i ncl u di ng j cigz rs Th e popu latio n in

‘ ’

.
,

1 9 0 1 was com pared with i n 1 8 9 1 T h e taluk contain s

—
.

o n e town Sl N D H N lI R (popu lation

,
th e head quarters ; an d 1 2 6 ,
-

‘
vi llages o f wh ich 6 1 are j ag z h I t i s separated o n th e sou th east fro m
,
-

th e Madras D istrict o f B el lary by th e T ungabh adra ri ver Th e land .

reven u e i n 1 9 0 1 a mou nted to 2 -5 lakh s

S in dh n fi r T o w n —H ead quarters o f th e taluk o f th e sam e nam e i n
.

-
.

R aich fi r D istrict H yder a b a d S tate s it uated i n 1 5 4 7 N and 7 6 4 6 E

° ’ ° ’
. .
, ,

Popula t ion The town con t ai ns a post office and a sch ool .

Cou n t ry clo t h grain an d especially cotton are largely exported Hal f

, , '
.

a m i le fro m th e town i s an o ld stone m osqu e said to have been erected

during Auran gz e b s reign ’
.

S in dia p u ra — Pe tt y S t a t e in R E w a K ANTH A B om bay

.

S in d k h e d —
.
,

V illage i n th e M ehkar taluk o f B ul d a na D is t ric t B er a r

.
, ,
° ’ ° ’
s ituated i n 1 9 5 7 N an d 7 6 1 0 E Populat ion . Th e .

[ j a rg a n a o f S i ndkhed was granted i n 123n to th e h im of th e town abou t

“

1 45 0 ,
an d h e afterwards gave i t volu ntari ly t o t he famous M ar ath a
fam ily o f J a don o r Jadav th e mos t famous m ember of w h ich was ,

Lak h j i Lak h j i was according to one accou nt a R aj pu t fro m Ku r

.
, ,

w a l i i n H i ndus ta n b u t th e fami ly also clai med descent fro m th e Ya dava

,

R aj a s o f D e o g iri Lak h j i obtained a com mand o f

. h orse u n der
th e A h m adnagar govern ment b u t after w ards espoused t he M ughal ,

cause receivi ng a co m mand of

,
horse i n th e i mperial arm y .

H e was en t rapped by M aloj i Bh o n sla i nto g ivi ng h is daughter i n

. ,
434 SI N D K H E 1)

marriage t o Sh ah j 1 and sh e th u s becam e th e m oth er o f S ivaj i Not

,
.

w i th stand ing th is connexion th e Jado ns were except o n one occas ion , , ,

s teady i mperial ists t hroughou t t he wars between M ughal and M ar a th a ,

an d h eld h igh rank i n th e i m perial arm y The representat ives o f th e .

fam i ly are n o w se ttle d at K ingaon R aj a bu t they los t thei r possession s

'

i n 1 8 5 1 ow ing to an act o f rebel lion by A rab troops u n der th ei r

,

com mand .

Th e te m ple o f N ilk an th e sh w ar to th e sou th west o f th e v illage is -

th e oldes t struct ure trad it ionally assigned to H e m a d Pan t Several .

fi ne bu ild ings attes t th e form er magn i ficence an d prosperity o f th e

p lace S indkh ed was held by Si ndh ia for nearly si xty years an d was
. ,

restored to the N i z a m i n 1 8 0 3 I n 1 8 0 4 G eneral W el lesley wrote .

S indkh ed is a nest o f t h ieves ; t h e situat io n of th is cou n t ry is sh ock

i ng th e p eople are starving i n h u ndreds an d th ere is no govern men t ,

t o afford t he sligh test reli ef B aj i R ao Pesh w a e ncam ped at S indkh ed .

f o r som e days i n 1 8 1 8 wh en t h e B ri t ish t r oops were o n h is track Th e

,
.

d ecl i ne o f t h e place was has t e ned by marau ders wh ose nam es — M ohan
S i ngh B udlam Sh a h a nd G h a z i Kh an —were long rem e mbered w ith
,

, ,

t error .

S in dk h e da T alu k a Talulza o f W est K h a ndesh D istric t B om .

-
,
’ ° ° ’ ° ’ ° ’
bay lyi ng between 2 1 4 and 2 1 6 6 N and 7 4 2 8 and 7 4 5 8 E
,
. .
,

w i th an area of 50 5 s quare m i les I t con t ai ns two to wn s S I N D K H E D A .

,

( popu lation i ts h ead quarters

, bei ng t h e larger ; an d 141 -
,

v illages The populat ion i n 1 9 0 1 was

. com pared w i th
i n 1 89 1 T h e dens ity 1 5 2 p erson s per s quare m i le is above th e
.
, ,

D istrict average Th e demand for lan d revenu e i n 1 90 3 —

.
4 was
- lakh s an d fo r cesses R s T he north ern portion form s a
3 4 , .

contin uat ion o f th e rich black soi l o f th e T ap ti plai n ; th e sou t h ern

i s fo r th e most par t h illy or u ndu la t ing w ith large trac t s o f was te land ,

u sed for graz i ng cat t le E xcep t along t he banks o f th e T ap ti an d th e

.

P anj h ra Si ndkheda is poorly s upp l ied w ith s urface water

, T h e tw o .

ch ief r ivers are th e T ap ti fl owing along t he ent ire northern bou ndary ,

for a distance o f 3 5 m i les and i ts tribu tary t h e P anj h ra fl owing along , ,

th e eastern bou ndary T h e an nual rainfall averages 2 2 inches . .

S in dk h e d a T o w n — H ead quarters o f t h e taluk a of t h e same .

-

n am e i n W es t Kh andes h D is t ric t B o mbay si t ua t ed i n 2 1 1 6 N and , ,

° ’
.

7 4 4 5 E on t he T ap ti V alley R ai lway
° ’
.
, Popu lation .

Th e m uni cipal ity estab l ish ed i n 1 86 4 had an average i nco m e d uri ng

I n 1 9 0 3—
, ,

th e decade end ing 1 9 0 1 of R s 4 t h e i ncom e was .

Rs . T h e t own con tai ns t wo co t ton gi nn ing and press ing -

factories a d ispensary and th ree schools w ith 2 84 p upils of wh ich

, , , ,

o n e w ith 2 0 pu p ils i s for girls

‘
, , .

S in d S ag a r D o ab
- — A doal o r t ract b etween two r ivers (the I ndus
.

and Chen a b and h igher up t he I ndu s and J hel u m ) i n t he P unj ab , ly ing

,