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    Сейсмостойкость_монолитных зданий А. Золотков

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    Сейсмостойкость - монолитных зданий А. Золотков

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    Mihai

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    A bo ek ANATOLY ZOLOTKOV ANTISEISMIC MONOLITHIC BUILDINGS _ CEACMOCTOMKOCTb De Os hanes 1 AHATONMM 3ONOTKOB re Axuatomnii 30JIOTKOB CEVCMOCTOMKOCTb MOHOJIMTHBIX 3AHHA Kunnsy Kapta Moaoseit 2000 YAK BBK 38.626.1 437 Peyeroent: npop, s.r, SLM.AlisenSepr Auaromui C. 3010TKOB 137 Celtemoctoitxocrs. mouomutasix stannii—Kuuuusy: Kapra Monuioseit, 2000-2846. Mu. ~ ISBN 5 ~ 362 ~ 00605 ~ 5. seaepecmi, oc roto Poyrina jr none bop cin nexovopmx ocho npoGesroro niga cxpowTesberse. pensfauura posure 1a nays paGoricop 1 minxenepon Visnanne nacrostei © Mmonorpaci ocyttiecraicHo no a Oorronnrera XI Beno Koneen no Cecuocrocouy eronmencrny (Geopunn, 2000 r, Hooan Senatzea), 8 nporpanoe padors novopot yaa serep 3303000000-109 BBK 38.626.1 M751(0)-89 ISBN 5 ~ 362 -00605~5, © Anatoly S. ZOLOTKOV, 2000 ABSTRACT. Monolithic method is « most common practice in the house-building in scismi¢ regions of the world. Monolithic reinforeed conerete is the building material for various buildings and structures, both low- and high-rise ones, Monolithic buildings are considered to be scismically resistant, and the worldwide experience confirms this opinion. However, the history of this house-building method had witnessed negative experience as well. This is true for the case of Moldova. In Moldova nine to twenty-story buildings built of expanded-clay lightweight conerete by means of slip forms were severely damaged during the Carpathian earthquake in 1986. Some of the houses were in dangerous condition, and tenants had to be moved out promptly. This dangerous condition ‘arose from the fact that the use of lightweight concrete had been introduced into monolithic house-building by a directive without proper research, Jn 1970-ies and 1980-ies development of monolithic house-building was intensive, unfortunately, appropriate research followed it with some delay. Monolithic buildings, however, have definite specifies both in terms of structure and techniques, i is these specifies that determine the work of the buildings in forced conditions and, in the first place, during seismie impact Insufficient research of monolithic house-building resulted in significant use per unit of metal in monolithic buildings, more often than not in labor. intensive construction with the quality being not up to the mark, aud last but not least, in behavior during strong earthquakes which was not always satisfactory: Researchers of various countries responded to this with more intensive research in the field of monolithic house-building. As a result. many problems which existed in this promising building method were solved during the recent 15 to 20 years, However, not all ihe problems have been solved. Among those unsolved are the following i., analytical methods of monolithic buildings design given the optimal design, determination of the carrying capacity of buildings by their dynamic characteristics, techniques to reinforce structures of monolithic buildings damaged during earthquakes, etc ‘The author has worked over these problems for a number of years. Certain results have been achieved, and the author considers it his dutty to make the findings and results known to experts in seismically resistant building, in monolithic building in particular Those who are not familiar with the Russian language may find of help the table of contents given below. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ; sopemebuotinn or NT_STATUS AND FUTURE. PERSPECTIVES Tt DEVELOPMENT OF MONOLITHIC HOUSE-BUILDING 1.1, Background 1.2. Modern monolithic house-building in various countries 1.2.1. Modern monolithic house-building abroad 1.2.2, Monolithic house-building: the experience of Moldova 1.3, Behavior of monolithic buildings during strong earthquakes 1.4, Perspectives for development of monolithic house-building and problems to be solved 2. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MONOLITHIC BUILDINGS AND WALL PARTS 2.1, Review of previous experiments and studies 2.1.1. One-story wall parts 2.1.2, Multi-story wall models 2.2. The author's experiments on wall models 2.2.1, Experimental methods 2.2.2. Results of experiments 2.3, Vibro-diynamic tests of full-scale building parts brought to destruction 2.3.1 Description of sites of vibro-dynamic tests 2.3.2, Test methods 2.3.3.Results of tests 3. DESIGN AND CALCULATION OF SEISMICALLY RESISTANT MONOLITHIC BUILDINGS 3.L-Analysis of the main pricciples of design of seismically resistant ‘monolithic buildings 3.2. State of the theory of design of monolithic buildings 3.2.1, General 3.2.2, Design of narrow partitions 3.2.3.Design of wide partitions 33. Theoretical study of stress and strain state of monolithic walls under composite loading 3.3.1. Method and focus ef theoretical study 3.3.2, Main results of theoretical study 34. Strength analysis of walls of monolithic buildings with regard to seismic impact 4.RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND THE PHYSICAL STATE OF BUILDING: 4.1, Results of dynamic tests of full-scale buildings 4.1.1, Review of various experimental data 4.1.2, Impact of foundation ground on dynamic characteristics of buildings 4.1.3. Results of full-scale experiments made by the author 4.2, Underlying theoretic principles of the method of determining physical state of buildings by their dysamic characteristics 4.3. Theoretical study of the dependence of natural period of vibrations of RC walls on their state 43,1, A method for theoretical study of state of stress and strain of damaged walls 4.3.2. Specifies of determining of natural period of vibrations walls in buildings 4.3.3, Research results 44. Methods for determining natural period of vibrations of buildings 4.4.1. Experimental methods to determine T, 4.42. Definition of T, by means of calculation 4.5. Conelusions of Chapter 4 ‘5, STRENGTHENING 0 MONOLITHIC BUILDINGS 5.1, Strengthening methods of current practice 5.2, Development of principles of strengthening buildings 5.3, Vibration tests of a damaged part of a monolithic building after strengthening REFERENCES OrJTABIEHME BBEXEHME 1. COCTOAHME H MEPCIEKTHBBI PA3BMTH MOHOJIMTHOFO AOMOCTPOERUA 1.1. Heropieckas enpaska 1.2, Conpententice aoxomutHoe aomocrpocuite m panisnnnx cxpaax 1.2.1. Cospemensioe mononiriioe womocrpoenite sa py6exomt 1.2.2, Omutr Monomroro somoerpoentts » Mosuione 1.3. Tlonezene monomrrnsix saasutit mpi ciumbibix semnerpacennax 14. Tlepenexrumst pasta MoHomTHoro omocrpoeHua u sanauit, Toamexamne peurertio 2. SKCIEPMMEHTAIBHOE —M3YYEHME —MOHOAMTHBIX 34HMA VW ®PAPMEHTOB WX CTEH 2.1, O6a0p panee npoestentix ucenenoBanttit 2.1.1, Oawostaxnste dpparneneret crest 2.1.2, Murorooraxuie Mose crest 2.2, Mecnenosanies, ssinonweHtble apropoM iia Monesax crew 2.2.1, Metomuka oxcnepunetrransunix neenenopan 2.2.2, Pesymrarst onbiron 2.3, Bu6pommanmieckne wonbrranus ¢parmeitton Hatyprex anamtii 10 paspyuienin 2.3.1, Xapaxrepucritka oGsextor BHGponcmsiTaHHit 2.3.2. Meroamka uemrannit 2.3.3. Pesyawrarst uemmrannit 3. IPOEKTMPOBAHHE Mi PACYET CTEH CEHMCMOCTOMKUX MOHOMMTHBIX 31AHHM 3.1, Anam ocHonHsix TpHKUMOB mpoeKTHpopanus celieMocTofixux Monomerneox satan 32, Coeromie Teopm pactera NonomrTH 3 3.2.1, O6umte cnenerns 3.2.2, Pacer yaxnx mpocrenkos 3.2.3. Pacer umpoxx npocresto8 3.3, Teopermeckoe iaysenne HanpsxcHHO-nehopumponaHHOTo COCTORHIS MOHOANTHIX cTeH NpH cHOxHOM 1arpyaCeHAH, 3.3.1. Meros 1 nampansennocr TeoperH¥ecknx HectetoRaytit 3.3.2. Ochopmste pesysmbrarst Teoperneckx HccresoBaHti 3.4. Auanumnvecknii mevox paciera powMocTH creH MOHOMHTHBIX aslaHtti © yaerom celiemuseckoro Bosieficr=N 4. 3ABMCMMOCTbh — JMHAMMYECKMX — XAPAKTEPHCTHK 3IAHMM OT HX OHBHYECKOO COCTOAHHA 4.1 Pesynwrarst junannseckix Mecneqonantl HarypHbIx o6veKTOR 4.1.1 OGsop saHHeix pasamuuerx eocneoBareselt 4.1.2 Banaune rpynros ocHomHuii Ha aumasoreckie xapaxtepucruxn saannti 4.1.3 Pesynpraret narypiix HecmeoBannll asTopa 4.2 Teopernveckite ockosst Metoga ompenemeus ditnNeckoro cocrosmHts SMAHHHL Ho HX AMHaMaYecKHM xapaKTepHeTHKAM. 4.3 Teopernueckoe My¥eHHe saBvCHMOCTH NepHtosla coGcTHEHHBIX KoNIeGaltii -xenes0GeTOHHBIX CTeH OT HX cocTos 43.1 Merton Teopetitvecxoro ray¥eHHe Hanpexento-nedbopsnponaniiore ‘cOcTosIHIR CTeH ¢ MOBpexMeHHAI 8 43.2 OcoGeuocr onpexeneusis nepHona coGcrmeHHEX KoeGanuit cro ananutit 4.3.3 Pesynwrarur necaenopanisit 4 Meron onpenenesis nepuona cobcraeutirx kone6anni sant 4.4.1 Oxcmepinserraoiie aerontt onpenenenus T) 4.4.2 Pacuettoe oupeneaeune 7, 4.5 Boinonet no raane 4 5. YCHIEHHE MOHONMTHBIX 3ARHii 5.1 Merome: yeutesmg, npunestaenie » conpemextol npaxruxe 9.2 PaspaGorxa npunuuinos yowenms snannit 5.3 Bu6pawrommte uonrranma nonpexnenor pexueMoro parmenta MoxomeHoro sma noeTe yeuennia eesinanesoonane JIMTEPATYPA BBEJIEHHE Mouiomtrioe aomocrpocnie, Heconmienio, aBnaeren osm us Besylvtx nuu0n erposrenscrBa B sMupe. Ynepexwo sanoenaro ONO it cefienecxite 20m Hintepecta netopua passuria sToro ania expoitrenserna, te noxoxas a uctopito opssmposatitx apyrux u4poKo oRecribix Bruton, Tlepabie npuneps RoaneteHie MouonUTHBX snarl OTHOCHTER x navanssioy neputony XX sexa, Ho otit ronsirait He MOCYAnAN oeronolt uaa noamxtioro pasBitTHs MoHontHoro oMoctpoctmta. Hse Bo sTopoTt onosine XX cronerus p pasiisx erpayax a eHny paamusstix mpurmen roe BU erponrensersa Tan aKTuBHe paspusaruce, Hapuay c | macconune Boueneitven BooSmte-To opaimapaLix anaumil, KaK epeucroa. penienme couMANEMEK saNaY, cOMABAIHCS npocKTHl YHHKANGHN MoNometinee auaunnit ~ coocobpasnbix aNaTHiKOR stoMy sity erpomtenuerse Moxaayii, nepaoe Mecto cpean mx sanuMaeT upoekt 400. = sruxnore gaMiMMerpaTIBHOTO wAHHA wsicoToH 1600 mM, paspaBoTaluinit up "CBM Engineers" suis Xsiocrowa. Kasanocs 6x1, HUNTO He Moxer ocraHoBHTS noGelutoro wecTana MoHoaiHoro zoMOcrpoetis Ha erporTenbuoll Huse. Hops pasmusane CTpalt YoaKOHMBAMIN TeXHHVECKHe MpeUMYMIECTRA MOHOMETHBK JOMOB. Halt HoMani apyrix kowerpykTuBiAx pewieui, B TOM. Mee i -npit erponrenscrse ux a celfewstyecknx paiionax. Tak, cornaeso CHall 1-781, naxe b 9-Gamisinm celtemmeckI olaX Paspeliaercn —vossonuTL MonomMrHe aan TaKOH Ke BEICOTHI, KAK HB HecetfeaMeCKHK paltontat Hi ‘nce xe npiuuno sper Kpiriki MoxiomuTmX stan, B pase cayaes ona Gaampowanacs Ha comlocTasitrensHom akottowtieccons Anam, Ho MHOraa tarparneana Hanpsyio W-TexHMMecKHe MpoGsleMD, 3a HpmMepann sueKo xommTs ne Hyxo. B 1985 r. pie. Kapnarckons SemnerpaceHm » MorooGpasKioll sacrpolike Kuumitiesa Gonvute. cero Hoctpanait MonOMITUMe 3AaNt, BooBENeUHKe B eKOMASAMIeH onalyBxe Taxoli uror 6:11 nacronbxo HeomWAHNSIs, KaCKONDKO It HEATHEN, B Peayubrare nocnenosan opimansHsit aanper Ha crpo‘renbeTBo, TaKHX aman Moxito 6sino 6s nponlomeurs nepevens Heyman passurun MovOMTHOTO soMocrpoeHNA MB epaylo O¥epeste B celtchutYeckiee Palionax. Ho 8 9Tom Her nyscaas. Cneapasitcran it TaK SCH, “fro pmol Sux Heya sBnaIOTeR He opranneckue MeAOCTaTKH 3TOO aun erpowrenberpa, a Tor dbakr, 70 B ocHOBe FO pasBHTHs orcyreTByer HoMauan Mayano-uccsenOBaTenDcKaR Basa. Bor wexovopsie nontvepxtemix tomy. Tip mpoerponanor MowomuTHbtx sant 0 cHX mop HenonbayloTEA PacteTHble METORIMKI, le yuorrupaioume KoHerpykrusHo-TexHonoritveckyio eneluupitny sre kouietpyxrmanbix enctese, Kowerpyuponanue mx cre Takike BexeTem wo RaaccHMeCKM MpHHLUTaM, MaNOMpIMEMIMEIM :UIA aHMOTO enytad. B 10 wore PAckon Merasina wa IM? o6wefl noma TaKIEX “waHIK w paNe poekros docturaer 100 xr 1 Gonee, ¢ ew, KoHeaHo, Hembsa cunrartoce Oreyreraylor auamimuveckite Metoms mpowoctitax. pacteron en Monionirrunix sant mpi ocoGoM coneTanit Harpyson Conepurento neysosstersopirenstio coctosmte paspaGores 1exito- tori Bo3beneHtin Mostommrraaix asta. Muoroobpastte Iastororineen cy {pHewon, THB onanyOxH, pisioR Gerowa xpacwopewino eansereateTEyer © TOM, TO OMTIMAMbMBIE napaneTpel OTHK TexHONOTRYEcKHN. sence oe Toxa we waiizewut. Tloxasarentamumnpiatepos anaerca pare Veontorrapuerisieckoro mupoxoro BneapeHua Kepanontoderona ana ven sxaHt, woanosumtrx » exomanuiet onanySxe. Jax Monon, stanpunen Wo saxoHwiOCh TeM, "TO ceromT 3a peenyBinnka pacHonaraer meron ees SMaurembubiM KomMMecTaoM suai (MpHvel BMEOTHLX) ¢ miokok ceifemocrofixoernio, Pao a wick nprranatis amapuiusinnt n oreonennt Hoxsaatensertom —riquanexsiocrn — qbysanettra wovtonutrnoro AoMocrpoettin - ero way'uto-UcerenoparebcKoit Gasit aanacron pane enaGoro ocweutenus sToro erpourentcrea D HopMax pasusix crpan B CHuII 11-781 nooome oveyrerayer pastes, nocsaitestutt arowy sity erpottreaterna, xors mmerorea enetinazinie pasztents, otHocmuicen pores X KaMeHBUM, KPYIHOMAKeTBNDIM 1 KApKACHIIM anaHaM. B opuon me ApyrUX ctpan pekoMenzauN mo upoeKTHpOBALIO i Boseneue Moniomtrinix aman wame Beer Hooer obuinit kapaktep it Octiopames ne Mawcerimix WoiaccueckiEX npinUMaX npoeKTHpORAYIHA 1 CrpottTenserne ‘xeeSOeTOMHALK KOHETPYKID. Ha cxasauoro cnezyer, ‘ro 14 Tore, HTO6M oaiieuTe TexmKO- SKOHOMMTECKHE THOKASATERH MOHOMMTHOEO AOMOcTpoeiA it ochoounty ero Aanbuelimee passim or Heyna4, aNANorNsHX Menta mecto, Neo6xomUMO wHTexeuspuuuIpoBaT® Haynie HecHeHODaNUA n BTOH| Orpacny crponrensersa. Bnocnemte 20 ner yuewwe pasnuuere crpart, Hecosteno, ocean 3 peluenwi 3t0fl npoSnewis ocsaacasx yenexon. HO Hapaay c s1Nbs ocranen HOROMDO eMKHI nepevent OTEpHITAKX aang, amyuette. i plspeuries Kovopsix mberea oS ssaHiocrsi0 conpeMettioitcrportrenbuoll hay Pyxouoweraysch avi Tesicoxs, aBrop w TeveHe pana ner eye cranaa waysHtie Teoperitcckne it oxetiepiMentranonie Mecrerooeon, ¥anpannensie via conepmieversonanwe npiiision pacieta i xoncipy Rosai Monona snanil, akenayarpyaix elfeantieekns poor ax. lanmias mouorpadua xenscrox xpariim oTHeTOM 0 peaymstaray ore Mecsieaopanit. Tlomayacs — wosmoxwocrsio, _aprop —nuipaxaer rayGoxyio Gnaronapuocts HaysHoMy xoxeynstanry Mpoxpeccopy 10.B.Maxaiviony 1 Peveisery Mouorpadbum ~ TIporpeccopy 5 MAieuGepry, at eecue Mpopeccopy A.C. Ganecosy, seu ueHtibie concTat Guan YTeKbi np HoxroroBke pykoncn K msnaHito. u 1, COCTOSHME Mi MEPCUEKTHBBI PA3BATHA MOHOJIMTHOFO JJOMOCTPORHHA To cpastemiuo c KamneM, Repenom u crambi0 xKeneaoGetou manAeroR omiocurensiio “MonoabiM " MaTepuasow. Ero nospact wacsirroisuer uemsioru Goce 100 act. B copenue XIX eka mpenioxema 06 NoroTonNeNNH pasmHsMbLx xkeslexoOeToHNaIX KoCTpYKUA Gta aHteceHbL HassGo, Mouse, Kyause, Tuarrom, Yaniuncowos, — Ogmunansio xenesoberon Gxin sanarentosax no pau B 1867 r, Mouse. Ho cute panswe (2 1802 r.) apwmponanissi Geron 681m nenomsosai mpi Yetpoficrse nuxpottnx wapeKocesbeKoro ABOPHa B POCCHH, Paapurue xexe306eTona no Bropoit nonositie XIX wexa u 8 XX exe ‘cox2aHo € HIFTEHCHBHEIM POCTOM MpOMBIlIIeHHOCTHS, Tpaxtcnopra, cpexterB agai, Topronn. Sromy enocoGeTsoBaN TOT uxt, YO K ITOMY BpemeHt MeMeHTHaR NpoMMINUTeHKocTS M_MepHas Meramyprix nomysumn yxe noctarosnioe paawitue Ha Mawamuom rane pacrpocrpauienue xxene206eroua 10 Rpeimyiiectsenno no nyTH HsTOTORNEHEL MoMOAITTUBTX KoHeTpyEcMIR, aC 50-x room Texymero croderua WieTescMBHO cTadl pasbuBarscR eGopHbit xenesoGeToH. 3a nepHor ¢ 1952 r. no1982 r, oFseM ero npousBomcTHa 8 Gunmen CCCP ysenmsures » 58 pas [19]. OawaKo, KaK HoKasasta mpaxruKa MMpOROrO crpouttentersa, BO MHOTHIX ero OTpactax mowomTHbil xenesoGeroH crabwIBHO YAePAHBAN RELYLIe? MECTO HU cmeKTP TaKHEX oTpacneit » nocaesite ronbl eyiecTHeHHo PACIINpHIER. 1.1, HCTOPHYECKAS CIIPABKA BaMerioe rlossuiene xeites0GevOHA B crpowrrenscrse natupyeTes 60- 70 ronamu XIX veka, pie, Kak npapiito, 970 Guin MoHOMITHE 2xeneso6eroH, abtiomnaDuMtics B OnHOxpaTHo HertonKayeMolt OnasyOKe Haus ¢ §0-x roxos mpouvtoro cronerux crana cosnanatscs Mponas nay'uto-rexiumeckas Gasa xenex06erona, B 1885 r. Bayuusrep 1 Baite (Fepwaiiis) mponenk omsir no onpexenent4o mpowsocri omecroitkootn xexes06erommx KoRCrpYKUUi, cOXpaHOCTH ApMaTYPHI Gerone, cit cuemteHs Mexsty STHNAH MaTepHANANH Hp. FIpiMepHO 8 310 RE ApeMN, Gxsupysch a pesy.IDTATAX POMMOCTHMX enbTAHH GeTOHA, Kener (Ceptatms) chopmysuposan ocsosenonaraouuili pitti Kovlerpynponaimnx xeneso6eToNa, a wveHO: pactonarars apMarypy caeayet penmyutecrsenio 9 90HaX BoDHNKHOReHIUA pacrarnnalouUNX Nanpwecnuit. Ox xe 1986 r. mpenoxiw nepautit meTor pacieta xcnesoGeronmbx nmr. B 1891 r. mpoip. 10.A.BenemoGexuit (Poccns) poner ienyio cepiio HeMLITAHHA xene2oSeTOuNNKX WIHT, GaTOK, cBonOK, pox, 7py6, cimnocos, peseppyapoa m wocra mponeToM 17M [14]. Bonsummerso icenexonaTerell HasualoT HexOmHOHl BexOH Hepporo grana paspirux menesoGerona Haven 90x royon XIX a, Kora 2 @Lenie6ux (pam) paspaGoran Konerpykumo —_moHomerHoro PeOpucroro Nepexpsirus, KoTOpaa ¢ MeSOAMIHMH WaMeltemHmAt TpMeusercx u nowsine. B 3TO BpeMa Haq conepwleHcrnonaHiien xeniesoGerOMMEIX KOHCTPYKUMIL Yoneuo paGoramt Koxcinep (pax), Meput (Pepmanua), 3anmrep (Ascrpus), Kyzauies (Vxpauna) 1 ap. K Kony XIX B. chopmysporanace Teopuapacsera menesoBcTOHMDIX KOHCTPYKUNH, OCHOBANAg Wa MeTORAX olleHKIE conpotuaneiia ynpyrix Matepuanos, 4, MonyMBLIAK NOTOMy HasBaHte “knaceneckoit" B 80-x ronax XIX w. » C.-Llerep6ypre noctpoen paul anazié ( » Tom snene snare TocGaHka), cTeHB H MepexpitrHs KOTOPHIX GULIH BbINOMHEHH us MoulommtrHoro xenesoGeroua. B 970 xe BpeMs 1m Toro MaTepHasta Gxt BosneneHst cHosIBi TKAUKOH GaGpHKM Ha PeytoncKiX Madlydakrypax, NepexpsiTit B ToponcKoit MpayesHoit Mockest, a HecKOTBKO TOs%Ke nepexoatbie moctiKn, GacceliH H cBomvaTHe KOHeTpyKIUA 3naHHa TYMa, Hetuexomuetii apouHtiit Mocr nponeToM 45 a wa HopxeroposteKoit spmapxe. B xonue XIX p. xeneo6eron craaM WMPOKO pHMeHsTs DB AOpoRHOM cTPOHTENKCTBE M MI BOIBEENHA PATEK MEOKeHEPHBLK ( B TOM Hone THsIpoTeXHHtecKHX) COOPYeHI, TONbKO Ha skeitesHOAOPOKHOH anu BureGck-2Kx06un 8 1901-1902 rr. Gsui0 noctpoeHo 27 >Kenes06e- TOHLUBIX NyTenpoBOTOB H MoctoB OBIE MpoTsxeHHocTéIO 412 m [144} B 1904 r. no mpoexry H.isrunuxoro u A.Bapsmmmmkona Huxonaene w3 Montomrioro >Kenes0Gerona noctpowa HepBbiit B supe Mopexoli Mask nbicoToi 36 m. TommumHa ero cTeHoK 8 ocHoBaHHit cocransiana 20 cm, a nnepxy - 10 cm, : B 1906 r. » CLUA nossunacs nonas Konerpyxuit MoHomiturx nepexpsiniti- GesGanownas, nonysupura mupoKoe pacnpocrpanenne B Sananxoit Eapone m Pocenm. B 1908 r. no npoerty A.@.Jlosiefira n Mockse noctpoek 4-sTaxkusill cKsTaM ¢ TAKHMI rlepexpETHURH. Baxktioe straenne su18 pasBuTHa MOHOmTHOTO ‘enesobeTOHA MenIt Necnenogawu” MO TexHoslormM ero MIpHroTORIEHHA Mi YKNARKIL B konicrpykuum. UIpumepos TaKHx pa6or Moxer cnyxirs tpya H.P-Mamora "Cocran 4 crlocobs npurotosieHus ueMeHTHOrO pactopa (Gerona) :1 Honyyenus HauGossmer kpentocrt", ony6mrKowanuisit 5 1895 r. B XX uexe xenesoGerou oxpaTwn mpaKrHyeckH Bee oTpacni crpoutenscrna, BBM ake HOMMTKH IPHMEHSTL ero B caMosteTocTpoeHHH 4 MpowspomieTBe cenbekoxosAiicTBeHHOH TexnMKH, OnpestenenHbtli yenex Soin nocturiyr npH cHombsoBaHH MOHOMMTHOTO xKenes06eTOHA. a cynoctpocnnt OcoGeHHo 8 Gonsumx oGsemax MonommrHetit xKene306eTOH MpHMeHsuIca 8 rHApOTEXHMHeCKOM cTpoHTeMLETBE. Toxo 3a nepHon ¢ 1918 no 1928 rr. o6vem cro ucrtonssopaHns npx Roasenenun Boaxoncnoti, Auenposckot u HiewnectOupexoit PIC cocranwn 18 win? [24] B 20-x ronax Bo mHOrux crpanax mupa cpuxcupyetes axrimoe MpouMKHOREHe —MoHomMHoro >esIeOGeTOHA B OGUIecTBeMHOe Ht B Nposeinmentoe zomocrpocum Mockse Gita nocrpoeniss Uetpassanat Tener » SAIL MumCTepETE slerKoH MpOMLEMCNe Tt 2oMnenomN, 3 Xaparone "mone om NPowbunienioern, » Cancrflerep6ypre -Jlom Coveron, Yenreuuiomy spunenenmio. wovtonmors xenesoGerona 9 JouoetPoeiinx eymtecTaestio enoco6crsonato coon ate ‘crrewwatmenposan XONCTP em TBeCTON. (“TemoGeroH ays uspa6orka reper negetoTExhouoruvecKHx pemtenntl yRpytment Imurrosofi (roKa 1 Mockne, canoe C € noMontionassoaen wenn 2xILTIX HOMO Crore ae CantrTlexep6ypre, Tyne, Bopottare Se ee A. roponax. B 30-¢ roms AUK nowBenenna crew sna eran ‘uieay neprenuen ce Pay PEE, OTuDeiTeN SorrttnaAl nous) Cae “Hetep6ypre ¢ apyeatMM Onbioerottia erenanat ronuuoR I ‘eM. H Tpexenotietasat Jee RHIM, Covroxsunna u3 10.Anuinmerpensn SHON TmKEHIOFO Geror 26 ext nensoumaxoGeroua 14cm oGmitonoMNEix nmTOK (157) cunigpeRRaHtHEM KpUBOUNNOD W pymorO tIpmoceg Tove mx axes fan MMPOBANALE ruapanniyeckite cHctouey Cromasutax onaay6xa, kak aTpu6yr — amyerpnanuore xeslex06eToHa Hecnorps a nosonbio KopoTKyo HeTopHio pAsBHTHR MONOTHTHOTO Hlomocrpocuia ® panini crpaiiax paspa6oraito Gosbuloe KonHYecTBO onany6oK H TexHONOTHiL HX MpHMcHeHHs, OAHAKO nce pasHosHHOCTH onaay6ok MOXxNO KiaccH/MmMpoRaTs Ha MBA TWIMa: cKONBSAULaR 1 epecrantas. Tlocneataa tlonpasnensetes Ha_—_‘Kpynouurronyto, MenKOUITOBYIO 1 OG EeMHOBTONIyZO. 16 i Ye U f Pd A rd SU ¥ eas * ae FS Puc.11. Butcoruue sronony Koporko ocuerua onerr npiertens Mowomrtoro sto ast hops. ‘oHOMITOTO oMocTpoeutia» pasmituntix expasiax wuipas POP The Hb AOMOSrpoeHiNE. Hpi o6tacrit naneriioce pr machen ne) NMoeTPeeH, TIpisest & aro BOIBENIEHHE CTeH snaHti Hs TAKE Yrenuteriiest nerkuas marepuamanty; ore Getowa ¢ nocrenyronia x 7 18 Puc, 1.2, Mononnruste szanna orenci » Kanpe (Eruner) x Suneaccose (Kunp). + BosBeneHMe MHOrOCHO‘iMBIX cTeH, B KOTOPHX HecyiNNIM snares coli 1a Texe0ro Gerorta; = poanesiene antaniti c onHOCHOFiNEIMH cTexaMM Ho JerKoro 6eTOHA, Attassupya OnbIT pasBuTus 9THx HanpanTeNHl, MoxHO IaKMONHT, TO, eonM TepBbIc ABA 3 HHX B GONBINMHCTRE CIy¥aeR He CTAsKMBANcb ¢ HenpenpHEHHBIM TpyANOCTMH, TO MpH crpoHTenscrae gaauutii ¢ ogmiocnoiiubinit TexAM 43 nerKoro GeroHa acTo He yaananoce obecrlewiTb jlocTaTONHO MRICOKOe KaYeCTBO cTeH *. B ueioM ckomsssiiax onfany6Ka yRepeHio Bouma B MoHomuTHOe AOMOCTpocHe, NPHYEM MPeHMYILECTBENO B BBICOTHOE LOMOcTpoeHTH, Te ce npumenexne Gxio ocoBeHHO adypexTHBHBIM, ‘C nomomsio cxomsssinelt OnlaYOKH Hloctpoekst ToCTHMHHA BuICOTOH 90 48 r.Kapn-Mapxe-ILranr, siicorubit kopnyc HHH w Mene, uentit pan 8.23 oraxnun saan » Bearpun, Bonrapn, Kurae 4 apyrix orpanax. Lpoxo weniomssyerex —ckomsaamag onany6xa_—Batantusx KOMOWHMPOBAHHOTO KOHCTPYKTHBHO-TexHONOrHMecKOTO pelleHNR m8 BHITONMcHH nmhTOBO-ReCTHHMBIX WAXT, OT/eNIBHBIX Juad>parM, THUTOHOB, wep KectKocTM om Ta. TIpumepom Moryr ciyaurs ylanve "Met Mounapiiac" nuicoroit 200 wx Tapmxe, 47-sTaxxnnit HOM ZoM B Kenbte, Lenbiit pau cocrunuunsix koprtycon p Tlexnne [64] B pasnuuuix —crpallax —paspaGoranmt —_pastloo6pasmbie KOHCTpYKTyBHo-TexHomOrie4eckHe MoaMdHKAIU ckombasuuelt onasty6xHK. Osuta i Hx - caortosTbentias OnaTyGKa- MpenHasHavena 21H RosReNeHIA ayaunit crymenyaroit KoHpurypaiunt M0 BBicoTe [36]. B Homme cosmana cuocobpasias TexHONOTHs npMMeHeHHs CKOMbasUel onany6xN "Crtur- Pos! [24]. Kax 6n1 Hit OTIMYAINCE APyF OT PYTa OTH TEXHONOTHMH, BOCK HX obsemmseT rapaNTHA nlomyyera cre” c poRHoli um rnaskoft TOpepXHOCTHIO, He HYxnaroMelick B KaXKoit-MH60 onomuTeNBHOMi obpaborke 2a uckmoweHvem HeobxonMMoro jualina. Kak npaniino, TaKne Tet He OMMTYKaTypuBaiores, a TlomBepraiotes AeKOpaTHBHOll OKpacke KpemileopraHYeckKuAGt HH MONIMMEp-leMeHTHEIMH KPachtTensate cHaPYKH 1H owsefixe oGosn sKYTpH. Or ckasaHHoro wbilue cymecTBeHHO OTAKYaeTeR OMDIT MpHMeHeHHA ckomamuet: onany6xu Ha reppurropust Gnimutero CCCP, wavaio KoToporo omocntres K 60-70-M roast. B aro apemst » Coun, Jlovetike, Tyne, Poctose- wa-Jloy, Opsaito 1 npyrmx ropomax Gut mocrpoen pat anarnii » cxonbasiel, onamy6xe. Cpasy ormerm, To mpaxrueckoe ocoeHne store Merona Hawaiiock mpH oTcyTCTAMH HeOGXOAUMOH — aKenepuMeHTaNbHOM Ga2tl. OkcrepuMeHTHI M10 cyiecTay crapiuiucs B HpOHIBOACTRENHBIX YCHOBUSK 1 PesysIbrarbi ux GLUIM NaNIeKO He Bcera YAOBsICTROPHTENBHBIME, Tax, om nosnesleHus 16-sraxHoro slOMa ¢ TpexciojitLIMN ereliamtt * Tipwauasrsroro paccmorpenti s paanene 1.3, 19 n Jlortenke muisouin meicoxHe TpynoxeTparst, cyutecTBenHoe _cHiDKerMe NpO¥HOCTH CTeH 2a CHeT HANHNA B HHX MIATHOTO yrerLMMTeNs, KOTOPLH ‘oveHs TPYNO GUKCHpOBAMC B NpOEKTHOM TOTOXeHKH, Eute Consume “TpyaHocTH npitustocs upeononesaTs crpontrenss mpl yetpoticrse cGoputsx nepexpBrTHit co InnOMOsTIBIM COMpRACCHHLEM Co CTeHaMt B o6mem oGveme onbTa mpunenertx ckomsaameii onany6KH Ha repprropun CCCP MoxHo, KoHesHo, HaifTH nonOxHTeNBHBIE MpHMepst (l6-sraxxnbte toma 8 r. PpsaHtHo, Tyne H mp.), OHAKO AIK >TO OMBITA B eNO XapakTepHo HISKOE KaYECTBO CTett, OCOBEHHO pI BEIMONHENT HX ws nerKoro OeroHa, Hanie HeayaUINX peueHni —% yerpolicrse nepexpsrrHit Wp. B 1973 r. onstr MowonutHoro nomocrpocus. » CCCP awammuposanca Ha Beecorosom cemutiape » Coun, a 9 1976 r. Tocrpaxnaxerpolt copMecrHo ¢ npeswsinymox Llentrpansiioro npaanenis HTO crpojimunyerpin paccmorpen nonpoc 0 passicriit Movomtruoro omocrpocnina » crpaite. B cooTacrerayioutey. pememm yxaauisaroce Ha HeoBxomMMOcTE oBMIMenmA KayecTRa Mm ofppeKTHBHOCTH TOTO. BILIA ‘crpourenscrsa. K oTomy spemcuit 8 crpale Sst10 BossesieHo copie 80 MOOMETHEN sani OBSINHOMI H MoBBIMeHHON STaRHOCTH. Tanbuelimee npunenennte ckonsasmel onanyOKn, HeeMorpa Ha Pusmnunble AeKapATHBHbLe pellewts, Ace Here OOHAKINIO HeraTHBHBIe Peaymbraro ce Mpakritveckoro npiMeHeHus, IT Mpexre necro uHDKoe kasecrao MouommTHum rex. Ton Aannenuem ovHx datos Muticrpoii CCCP» 1980 r. maan npuKas, 8 KoTOpem pasBHTite MoHomMTHOrO AIOMOCTpOcHEA B — CTpalle OpHeHTHPOBAlICcD MpesMyecTBCHHO ta MpUMeNemMe mepecrasuoit onany6xH, a ucmlonssopanne cxombasieli onany6xi sonycKaioce HTK -B OTAEMBMBN coyasx MPH HamMsnt CooTseTCTBYIOIeTO TexHIIKO-2KOHOMITHECKOTO 9GocKORaKIa, Io cyutecTBy 210 Guino O*mUNAMIDHOE MpHsHAHMe HOpaxCKNA B OcBOeHAM OAHOTO 13 Pacmpocrpanienusix mn MMpe nNOS soMocTpocnms. Ips, OSyellopuDUINe TAKOH HrOr, GyAyT paccMoTpestbt Ha MpHMepe cooTRETCT- ayloulero Monanckoro ortsira ® evleyiolteM passe Kak otmevatoch spite, epecrasiex omany6xa Meer Tpit monnpuxatum, Hs mix oGsemHo-nepectannas vaule BcerO uenOMayeTCA Ji BoARERENIAA CriastAHIX KOpMycoA CaxaTOpHeR, FOCTHENI 3.1. alanis w pafionax ¢ Team KamMaToM, HanGonemee pacnpocrpartetiie cpemt PALMNUIEIX BILLOB OOBEMHO-nepecTaBHOH onasyOKH NOuyaiUA ToMMENbHas qupaer "Vrusiop". Ee papviauteit smasercx onany6xa "Batuweramt', 1a citone Koropolt 8 Bexirpiit paspadoram onasyOKy “TI9BAY [ 70]. Tip ucronssopamiut TouNenuoH onanyGKN — mpencrapaserex BoaMoxuOCTS GerouNpopanna creH MH TepexpsItull 9aHiIA B eNO TEXHOMOTHHECKOM IKE, TO ECKMA -RAKHO IA OBecrteNeH MpocrpancrenHoll MECTKOCTHL MH MOKORTHOCTH sam, HenocraTKoM TORMeNbNOH onanyOKM ABIACTEA To, WTO HapyAHDe CTeWM MpHXOJMTER BRINONAATS caMonecyiniMH (SaIlle BoErO Ha EODPHBIX oneMeHTOR). HneHHO 20 no otofi pute mpusrenenne onanyGxu STOFO Tita HaNBortce aAppexrHBH0 B TOXUBIX PallOHAX, THe HApyAHOE OTPAAMLEHHE IaaNENi BEIMOMHAETEH UB crexna, OnHako micior MecTO ciywait npunteHenns ToNHeNbHOM onanyGxn. WB Gonee cyposbix KiuMaTHeckHx yenonnax. Tax B Jlowlonle aa 75 paGounnx neem sosnesienst 3 xopnyca ores Ha 300 HoMepon co crettaMat It epexpsiTHaMH TomMMAHOF coorsercreHHo 14 1 15 cm {166} Hocrourersom Towtensnoft onanyOKH AenaeTeR caMaR woKeR ‘pysloeMKocTs, paGoT, a HemOCTaTKOM - OrpaHiIveHste opMooBpaayiouue BosmoxnocH. B Canxr-IetepSypre spa 22-sraxnix -xIUIBIX. slOMa BOIBEReHK —¢ McHOMAOBAHHEM TouNenbHOH onanyOKH sBYX TUNOR: kpaprupuiolt 1 xopwaopxoi Ms uuromsix onany6ox no cex crpaniax wmpa, neayuix MoHoMITHOe cTpoHTrenscTs0, Gombinee pacnpoctpaxenite - nonyauiia KpyMtHouprronax, oTsNarOMAsck OF MesTKOMINTOROH CYUleCTBeHHO Meliett ‘pynoennocriz paGor. llrs Taxol ontany6k# warorannunaior CTABHBIMH M5. BBICOKOKAYECTBeHHOH danepst_c mmactaccosim moxpsrTvem. Hx osecrkocrs oGecnesupaerea peOpaMm M2. cleUlavibibix npoduineit. O6opasnpaemocts Taxoit onaiyOxK MocTuraer 200 pas. Kak mpaswio, B—pasHusiBix crpawax mpuwenisiorea YudmumposaKibie cucremst xpynuouuerouOH onamyOxn: 8 Sannu - "CK9H-pops', » Bonrapum -"Vaninepean", » Tepmanun-"XyuiieGex", Tlonsine -"WU", 8 GuiBuiem CCCP-"Tpaxnasictpofi". Sty nocnesmo. MORHO cNITTATh — MaGonee —YHMIBepCambuOH = MaKCHNAmBHLIM opmoo6pasyiomiNNH HM TEXHONOTHYECKHNH BOIMOKHOCTAMHL, THK. B ce Cocran OMIM KPYMHBIX MIUETOR JUIX RHYTPEHHUNX, HapyAHBIX Creit 11 epexpurTitt BXOART OnOHHAs onAyOKA cTeH H AMpTOREIX maxT, OBBemNo- NepecTasHas, a TaKXe MesKOUIMTOBAT OMTaNy6Ka, apTowownaa ciicreMa ‘TepmooSpa6orKH, MpHOGBeKTHBI MOMKTOH, KOMTIIeKT OGOPYAORAKHA tt exanE MoD, Kapxacst onanyownsix uurros cuicremst_“Tpaxnanterpoii” BBINIOsEHBL ¥9 wiBeRepos u yronkon, a hopMoopasyiouiste MOREpAHOCTH- uo MeTasumavecxoro mncTa TomIUMHOTE 4 Am. 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B cellemieckux paffonax cxenyet nowanr», tro 9to oGcromenverto MOKET pinecn# K Gone MAK MeHee cytecTBcitTomy cnibxenlNO cronein Mowomurioern acu B cospeneiiion, MoHlonTHOM joMocrpoeHMt npocmexnsaeres a vanpannens passieris, Oxtto uo mtx oxnatetBact Maccovoe. Bosvereure opauapirx saan (npermymectncnito xKWILN), Apytoe sanerece ne BoeNeHHe YonKANSHBAX snaH. Opamapie “uaKiiR obWiMo womens ecait He nO THnoREIM npoeKTass, To MO Mpoektant soroKparnore npuneneusn, Cpenm sapyGeximix erpa ‘Taran cirysiye ieeco pocnexusaerex a Kurae [64]. Konetpyxrunio-naauiposowiiie ie Texionorwveckite pewemn Tax aalltt nomuHent pins AocTInKeHNA oMTHMaITDNBIX —3KOHHOMECKHIK ToKARaTENEH, Te apxirexTypuax mbipasurenviocts —nocruraetes"arpol oGvenoe™ MenombsosaneM sMororouoBoll uBeroaoll OTaeiKH dbacaton W apornenn pve. Yinmwanome srarws, o6eisio npeswastavennsie ja ofmcon Xpymisx dupss, oreaeit wn, nosnonmr ‘aime noero Gomiloll puicowe Ormrraiores ome caoxuuna o6seso-naxmposoueitpetternone, mpoxO ienomayronui wuCoKyIO MAETHKY opMocopenenen BosMOxHocTell MoHOMiTHOro Gerolia n coueTaHbM ¢ sicranumcey Xouenpyxiviann 1 erexnow. B xasecrne mpuMepon Mono ipuaccrn 195, Metponoll siscorst snane "Wleix-Mloitir-rady)", xubiof 10M 8 Xueevone niscoroft 217,5 a, anane *Men-Mounapuac” sucoroit 200 x (Flapita), GE, aTwxHOe saainie "Merponomiten-Tayap" aicorott 218 w ® Huo-Hlopees aauenmerparipsoe aganne » Owsente (Hovax‘enanmnye pen dheutenteGensneix oreneit » Flexsmi [64] 3a pyGexom Gerout win MonomBIX sami yaroranmisaeres KaK ¥a cnewiamsupopanisx savoxax, TAK Ha MpHOsexrHEX yeraHonen cxaBemu neconsinat xoaaTopaMa px coctaunaouutx, Cyatecroyie YeTationkH © nporpasinmoit cuerewoit puroronneluin Goreng Yourusaiowelt KaK ero sanaunme napanerps, “Tak M_spakrinccene Rapaxrepueraxn neriomsyewsix Marepiaton (ilaaulocrs. Seon aktupuoet ueentra tt mp.) Za mona Gerona x Mecty ykaaxK umpoKo mpineiinor Serovonacocu. Pekopiaa asicora ” oat Gerouoll eat Gerouowacocon (314 m) nocturnyra npie exponemerne ® Xuocrone 1s, graxuoro suanuts, "Texas Commerce Tower", Tlonuilientian nonmoenoce, Geronmol eMec, ‘rpanenoprupyewolt Geroutomtacocasnl, B sneer on -Mepe Papautipyer wbicoxoe Kaslectno ee yrruatitb Konerpycihn B past erpavtax paspa6oraitia pasmanuie texnororiuecene CHCTeME BOSBeAeHLA MOHOMITHBIX anaHuii (8 Masi 1 Beawrun "Jamye- "Ora konceny" B Anomn H ap.). Boe x11 CHCTeMbI OpHeHTHpowansl Ha Tapauinpopantio® coke KaYecr80 Monon KONeTpYRINh a BHICOKyI0 eKopoeTs erportremcrua: Tax azanuia 243-5 padornny nel (64) 22 Boawsu r. 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