TRANSLATION PROCEDURES

Transference
like no translation
trans names, literacy works, street names, cultural items
new technique, don't have equivalence
Through translation
literal trans of common collocations, name of organization, component
of compound
eg: NATO > Tổ chức Hiệp ước Bắc Đại Tây Dương
Naturalization 
adapt SL to pronunciation of TL
eg: Shanghai > Thượng Hải, Brazil > Bra-xin
Shift/ Tranposition
SL -> TL change in grammar form 
singular > plural
gerund > verb/ noun/ subordinate clause/ inf
verb > noun/ adv
complex sent > simple sent
ST: There’s enormous inefficiency in the current banking system.
> TT: Hệ thống ngân hàng hiện nay hoạt động rất không có hiệu quả.
Literal trans
meaning of SL and TL correspond or correspond closely than any other
alternatives
Cultural equivalent
SL cultural word translated by a TL cultural word
eg: 34 pounds > 15kg 
1 oz = 29.57 ml
Functional equivalent
use cultural-free word
Pentagon (Lầu Năm Góc) > Bộ Quốc phòng Mỹ
Modulation
variation/ change in viewpoint, perspective, thought
abstract >< concrete
cause >< effect
one part >< another
reversal of terms
active >< passive
space >< time
change of symbol
positive >< negative
Descriptive equivalent
meaning of SL word is explained in some more words of TL
eg: My brother is a big fan of **buffet** > Thằng em tôi rất thích đi
ăn những **bữa tiệc đứng**
Reduction
imprecise trans
recycled toilet paper > giấy vệ sinh tái chế làm từ vỏ hộp sữa tái sinh
Notes, additions, glosses
Couplets
couplets, triplets, quadruplets,...
my brother is a big fan of buffet > thằng em tôi rất thích đi ăn búp-
phê (1 loại tiệc đứng) naturalization + descriptive
Paraphrase