UNIT-III AC Excitation

G Poorna
 Sinusoidal Response of RL Circuit:
• Consider a Sinusoidal Response of RL Circuit
consisting of resistance and inductance as shown in
figure.
• The switch S, is closed at t = 0.
• At t = 0, a sinusoidal voltage 𝑉 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 is applied
to the series R-L circuit,
• where V is the amplitude of the wave and θ is the
phase angle.
• Application of Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the sinusoidal
response of RL Circuit results in the following
differential equation.
𝑑𝑖
• 𝑉 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) = 𝑅𝑖 + 𝐿 ---1
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖 𝑅 𝑉
• + 𝑖 = cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃)
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 𝐿
• The corresponding characteristic equation is
𝑅 𝑉
• 𝐷 + 𝑖= cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) ---2
𝐿 𝐿
• For the above equation, the solution consists of two parts, viz.
complementary function and particular integral.
−𝑡(𝑅ൗ𝐿)
• The complementary function of the solution 𝑖 is, 𝑖𝑐 = 𝐶𝑒
• The particular solution can be obtained by using undetermined
coefficients.
• By assuming
• 𝑖𝑝 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) + 𝐵 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) ---3
• i′p = −Aω sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 + Bω cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 ---4
• Substituting Eqs 3 and 4 in Eq. 2 we have
 𝑅
−Aω sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 + Bω cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 + ሼ𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) +
𝐿
𝑉
𝐵 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃)ሽ = cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃
𝐿
𝐵𝑅 𝐴𝑅 𝑉
or −𝐴𝜔 + sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 + 𝐵𝜔 + cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 =
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃
• Comparing cosine terms and sine terms, we get
𝐵𝑅
−𝐴𝜔 + =0
𝐿
𝐴𝑅 𝑉
𝐵𝜔 + =
𝐿 𝐿
• From the above equations, we have
𝑅
𝐴=𝑉 2
𝑅 + 𝜔𝐿 2
𝜔𝐿
𝐵=𝑉 2
𝑅 + 𝜔𝐿 2
• Substituting the values of A and B in Eq3, we get
𝑅 𝜔𝐿
𝑖𝑝 = 𝑉 2 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) + 𝑉 2 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) ---5
𝑅 + 𝜔𝐿 2 𝑅 + 𝜔𝐿 2
𝑉𝑅
• Putting 𝑀 cos ∅ = 2
𝑅 + 𝜔𝐿 2
𝜔𝐿
• And 𝑀 sin ∅ = 𝑉 2
𝑅 + 𝜔𝐿 2
• To find M and ∅, we divide one equation by other.
𝑀 sin ∅ 𝜔𝐿
= tan ∅ =
𝑀 cos ∅ 𝑅
• Squaring both equations and adding, we get
𝑉2
• 𝑀2 cos 2 ∅ + 𝑀2 sin2 ∅ =
𝑅 2 + 𝜔𝐿 2
𝑉
• or 𝑀 =
𝑅 2 + 𝜔𝐿 2
The particular current becomes
𝑉 −1 𝜔𝐿
𝑖𝑝 = cos( 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 − tan ) ----6
𝑅2+ 𝜔𝐿 2 𝑅
The complete solution for the current 𝑖 = 𝑖𝑐 + 𝑖𝑝
−𝑡(𝑅ൗ𝐿)
𝑉 −1
𝜔𝐿
𝑖 = 𝐶𝑒 + cos( 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 − tan )
𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿 2 𝑅
Since the inductor does not allow sudden changes in currents, at t = 0, 𝑖 =
0
𝑉 −1
𝜔𝐿
𝐶=− cos( 𝜃 − tan )
𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿 2 𝑅
The complete solution for the current is
𝑅ൗ ) 𝑉 𝜔𝐿 𝑉
𝑖 = 𝑒 −𝑡( 𝐿 − cos( 𝜃 − tan−1
) + cos( 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 −
𝑅2+ 𝜔𝐿 2 𝑅 𝑅2+ 𝜔𝐿 2
−1 𝜔𝐿
tan )
𝑅
 𝑑𝑖 𝑅 𝑉
• + 𝑖 = cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃)
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 𝐿
• 𝑖𝑝 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) + 𝐵 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃)
𝑉 −1 𝜔𝐿
• 𝑖𝑝 = cos( 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 − tan )
𝑅2+ 𝜔𝐿 2 𝑅
−𝑡( 𝑅ൗ )
• 𝑖𝑐 = 𝐶𝑒 𝐿
Sinusoidal Response of RC Circuit:
• Consider a Sinusoidal Response of RC Circuit
consisting of resistance and capitance as
shown in figure.
• The switch, S, is closed at t = 0. At t = 0, a
sinusoidal voltage 𝑉 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 is applied to
the series R-C circuit, where V is the amplitude
of the wave and θ is the phase angle.
• Application of Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the
Sinusoidal Response of RC Circuit results in the
following differential equation.
1
• 𝑉 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) = 𝑅𝑖 + ‫𝑖׬‬ 𝑑𝑡 ---1
𝐶
𝑑𝑖 𝑖
• 𝑅 + = −𝑉𝜔 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃)
𝑑𝑡 𝐶
• The corresponding characteristic equation is
1 𝑉𝜔
• 𝐷 + 𝑖= − sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) ---2
𝑅𝐶 𝑅
• For the above equation, the solution consists of two parts, viz.
complementary function and particular integral.
−𝑡
• The complementary function of the solution 𝑖 is, 𝑖𝑐 = 𝐶𝑒 ൗ𝑅𝐶
• The particular solution can be obtained by using undetermined co-
efficients.
• By assuming
• 𝑖𝑝 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) + 𝐵 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) ---3
• i′p = −Aω sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 + Bω cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 ---4
• Substituting Eqs 3 and 4 in Eq. 2 we have
 1
−Aω sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 + Bω cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 + ሼ𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) +
𝑅𝐶
𝑉𝜔
𝐵 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃)ሽ = − sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃)
𝑅
𝐵 𝐴 𝑉𝜔
or −𝐴𝜔 + sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 + 𝐵𝜔 + cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 = − sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃)
𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐶 𝑅
• Comparing cosine terms and sine terms, we get
𝐵 𝑉𝜔
• −𝐴𝜔 + = −
𝑅𝐶 𝑅
𝐴
• 𝐵𝜔 + =0
𝑅𝐶
• From the above equations, we have
𝑉𝑅 −𝑉
𝐴= 2, 𝐵=𝑉 2
2 1 2 1
𝑅 + 𝑅 +
𝜔𝑐 𝜔𝑐
• Substituting the values of A and B in Eq3, we get
𝑉𝑅 −𝑉
𝑖𝑝 = 1 2
cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) + 1 2
sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) ---5
𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐶 𝑅2 +
𝜔𝐶 𝜔𝐶
𝑉𝑅 𝑉
• Putting 𝑀 cos ∅ = 1 2
and 𝑀 sin ∅ = 1 2
𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐶 𝑅2 +
𝜔𝐶 𝜔𝐶

• To find M and ∅, we divide one equation by other.

𝑀 sin ∅ 1
= tan ∅ =
𝑀 cos ∅ 𝜔𝐶𝑅
• Squaring both equations and adding, we get
𝑉2
• 𝑀2 cos2 ∅ + 𝑀2 sin2 ∅ = 1 2
𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐶
𝑉
• or 𝑀 = 2
1
𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐶
The particular current becomes
𝑉 1
𝑖𝑝 = 2
cos( 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 + tan−1 ) ----6
1 𝜔𝐶𝑅
𝑅2+ 𝜔𝐶

The complete solution for the current 𝑖 = 𝑖𝑐 + 𝑖𝑝

𝑡 𝑉 1
𝑖 = 𝐶𝑒 −( ൗ𝑅𝐶) + 2
cos( 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 tan−1 )
1 𝜔𝐶𝑅
𝑅2+
𝜔𝐶
𝑉
Since the Capacitor does not allow sudden changes in voltages, at t = 0, 𝑖 = cos 𝜃
𝑅
𝑉 𝑉 −1 1
cos 𝜃=c+ 2
cos( 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 tan )
𝑅 1 𝜔𝐶𝑅
𝑅2+
𝜔𝐶
𝑉 𝑉 −1
1
𝑐 = cos 𝜃 − cos( 𝜃 + tan )
𝑅 1 2 𝜔𝐶𝑅
𝑅2 +
𝜔𝐶
The complete solution for the current is
𝑡 𝑉 𝑉 1 𝑉 1
𝑖 = 𝑒 −( ൗ𝑅𝐶) cos 𝜃 − 2
cos( 𝜃 + tan−1 ) + 2
cos( 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 tan−1 )
𝑅 1 𝜔𝐶𝑅 1 𝜔𝐶𝑅
𝑅 2 + 𝜔𝐶 𝑅 2 + 𝜔𝐶
Sinusoidal Response of RLC Circuit:
• Consider a Sinusoidal Response of RC Circuit
consisting of resistance, inductance and
capacitance as shown in figure.
• The switch, S, is closed at t = 0. At t = 0, a
sinusoidal voltage 𝑉 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 is applied to the
series RLC circuit, where V is the amplitude of the
wave and θ is the phase angle.
• Application of Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the
Sinusoidal Response of RLC Circuit results in the
following differential equation.
𝑑𝑖 1
• 𝑉 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) = 𝑅𝑖 + 𝐿 + ‫𝑖׬‬ 𝑑𝑡 ---1
𝑑𝑡 𝐶
• Differentiating the above equation, we get
𝑑𝑖 𝑑2 𝑖 𝑖
• 𝑅 +𝐿 2 + = −𝑉𝜔 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶
• The corresponding characteristic equation is
2 𝑅 1 𝑉𝜔
• 𝐷 + 𝐷 + 𝑖= − sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) ---2
𝐿 𝐿𝐶 𝐿

• The particular solution can be obtained by using undetermined co-

efficients. By assuming
• 𝑖𝑝 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) + 𝐵 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) ---3
• 𝑖p′ = −Aω sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 + Bω cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 ---4
• 𝑖p′′ = −Aω2 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 − Bω2 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) ---5
• Substituting 𝑖𝑝 , 𝑖p′ and𝑖p′′ in Eq. 2 we have
 2 2 𝑅
−Aω cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 − Bω sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 + ሼ−Aω sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 +
𝐿
1 𝑉𝜔
Bω cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 ሽ + 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) + 𝐵 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) = − sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃)
𝐿𝐶 𝐿
• Comparing both sides we have,
• Sine Coefficients
2 𝜔𝑅 𝐵 𝑉𝜔 𝜔𝑅 2 1 𝑉𝜔
• −𝐵ω − 𝐴 + = − (or) 𝐴 +𝐵 ω − =
𝐿 𝐿𝐶 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿𝐶 𝐿
Cosine Coefficients
𝜔𝑅 𝐴 1 𝜔𝑅
• −𝐴ω2 + 𝐵 + = 0 (or) 𝐴 ω2 − −𝐵 =0
𝐿 𝐿𝐶 𝐿𝐶 𝐿
• By solving the above equations, we get
ω2 𝑅 1
𝑉 2 𝜔2 −𝐿𝐶 𝑉𝜔
• 𝐴= 𝜔𝑅 2
L
1 , 𝐵= 𝜔𝑅 1
( 𝐿 ) −(𝜔2 −𝐿𝐶)2 𝐿 ( 𝐿 )2 −(𝜔2 −𝐿𝐶)2
• Substituting the values of A and B in Eq3, we get
ω2 𝑅 1
𝑉 2 𝜔2 − 𝑉𝜔
L 𝐿𝐶
𝑖𝑝 = 𝜔𝑅 2 1 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) + 𝜔𝑅 1 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) ---5
( 𝐿 ) −(𝜔2 −𝐿𝐶)2 𝐿 ( 𝐿 )2 −(𝜔2 −𝐿𝐶)2
ω2 𝑅 1
𝑉 2 𝜔2 −𝐿𝐶 𝑉𝜔
• Putting 𝑀 cos ∅ = 𝜔𝑅
L
1 and 𝑀 sin ∅ = 𝜔𝑅 2 1
( )2 −(𝜔2 − )2 𝐿( ) −(𝜔2 − )2
𝐿 𝐿𝐶 𝐿 𝐿𝐶

• To find M and ∅, we divide one equation by other.

1
𝑀 sin ∅ 𝜔𝐿−𝜔𝐶
= tan ∅ =
𝑀 cos ∅ 𝑅
• Squaring both equations and adding, we get
𝑉2
• 𝑀2 cos2 ∅ + 𝑀2 sin2 ∅ = 1 2
𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐶−𝜔𝐿
𝑉
• or 𝑀 = 2
1
𝑅2 + −𝜔𝐿
𝜔𝐶