Use this guided note document to take notes during lecture and/or while reading your textbook.

The USLOs
are taken from the course syllabus.

Unit 3: Cardiovascular System-Heart

Identify the structure and function of the heart (USLO 3.1).
o Pericardial layers of the heart
 Parietal pericardium
-lines inner surface of the pericardial sac
-Outer fibrous pericardium holds the heart in place
 Visceral pericardium
-covers heart (is an outer layer of the heart) Epicardium, fused with the
myocardium

o Surface anatomy of the heart

 Auricle
-upper chamber of the heart (atrium)
 Sulci

o Layers of the heart wall

 Epicardium
-Then visceral pericardium covering the outer surface of heart
-Epithelium + areolar connective tissue

 Myocardium
-Muscular wall of the hear, thickest layer of the heart
-contains cardiac muscle, blood vessels, and nerves

 Endocardium
-Covers inside of chambers and heart valves
-Simple squamous epithelium areolar + connective tissue

 Cardiac muscle cells

-smaller than skeletal nucleus within cell
-A singe, central nucleus within cell
-Myofibrils are organizes into sarcomeres
-Large numbers of mitochondria
-Depend upon aerobic respiration only

Internal anatomy of the heart

4 Chambers
-Right atrium receives blood from systemic circuit (upper) receives low-oxygen blood returning
from body tissue through superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
-Right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary circuit (heartbeat), Pumps blood from right
atrium to lungs
-Left atrium receives blood from pulmonary circuit(upper), Receivers high-oxygen blood from
lungs
-Left ventricle pumps blood into systemic circuit (heartbeat), pumps oxygenated blood to body.

**Upper chambers -receivers

**Lower-Discharging chambers
Structure and function of valves
 Right Atrioventricular Valve (AV Valve) Entrance valves
-Also called tricuspid value,
-has 3 flaps or cusps

 Left Atrioventricular Valve (AV Valve) Entrance valves

-Also called bicuspid or mitral valve
-has 2 flaps or cusps

 Right Semilunar (exit valves)

-pulmonary valve, aortic valve

 Left Semilunar (exit valve)

-pulmonary valve, aortic valve

o Vessels of the heart

 Venae Cavae

 Aorta

 Coronary arteries

 Pulmonary trunk/arteries

 Pulmonary veins

Differentiate the pulmonary and systemic circuits (USLO 3.2).

o Pulmonary circuit
 Leaves: The heart and to the lungs
 Flows through
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o Systemic Circuit
 Leaves:
 Flows through
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o Pathway of blood through the heart.
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Identify the events in an action potential that are generated in cardiac
contractile cells (USLO 3.3).

o Cardiac vs. skeletal muscle physiology

 Cardiac Muscle
-slightly striated, have single nucleus, controlled involuntarily, have
intercalated disks, and have branching fibers

 Skeletal Muscle

o Role of sodium, potassium, and calcium.

 Sodium

 Potassium
  Calcium

Explain the conduction pathway through the heart (USLO 3.4).

o SA Node

o AV Node

o AV Bundle

o Purkinje Fibers

o Path of an impulse

Identify the electrical events recorded in an EKG (USLO 3.5).

o Role of an EKG/ECG

o Various waves and intervals involved in EKG/ECG

 Waves

 Intervals

Outline the events of the cardiac cycle (USLO 3.6).

 o Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
 Atrial Systole

 Atrial Diastole

 Ventricular Systole

 Ventricular Diastole

o Heart Sounds
 Semilunar valves

 AV valves

Define the factors that influence cardiac output (USLO 3.7).

Heart Dynamics (Cardio dynamics)

 Stroke volume (SV)

 Cardiac Output (CO)= SV x HR

o Effects of HR and SV on cardiac output (CO)

o Hormonal effects on HR
 o Autonomic Innervations of the heart
 Sympathetic

 Parasympathetic

o Blood Volume Reflexes

 Atrial Reflex

 Starling’s Law of the Heart

Differentiate the homeostatic imbalances of the heart (USLO 3.8).

o Myocardial Infarction

o Valvular diseases

o Arrythmias
 Bradycardia
  Tachycardia

 Atrial fibrillation

o Cardiac tamponade

o Angina pectoris

o Congestive heart failure