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Experiment - 1
Experiment - 1
EXPERIMENT
1. BACTERIA
Comments
0ecteria
Bac
are microscopic, unicellular and
1. prokaryotic organisms.
Racteria
2.
Bacteria have different
shapes. These
are Coccus (spherical). Bacillus (rod shaped),
Spirillum (spiral-shaped), Vibrio (commna shaped) and Filamentous.
Plasma
Lipid globule Mesosome membrane
Glycogen Mucilage
Nuclear body Respiratory
(Nucleoid) enzymess
Pilus (Fimbria)
RNA
Polyribosome
Filament
Ribosome L Basal body flagellum
- Cytoplas1m
Lcell wal
An ultra structure
Pilli
Plasma
membrane-
Cell wall
Ribosomes
Nuclear
region
Mesosome
Flagellum
A bacterial cell
Diagnostic Features
1. Microscopic and unicellular.
2 True nucleus absent.
3. Membrane bound organelles are absent.
4. Hereditary material is in the form of circular DNA.
2. 0SCILLATORIA
Comments
1. It occurs in stagnent water, ponds, pools, ditches etc., as bluish green scum on the
surface of water.
2. It is a filamentous blue green alga.
3. The filaments of oscillatoria is unbranched and
cylindrical. Each filament consists of a
trichome made up of a row of cylindrical cells
of trichome oscillate like pendulum.
enveloped in a sheath of mucilage. The tip
Apical cell
Vegetative
- Dead cell
-Centroplasm cells
Hormogonia
Central
body
Chromoplasm
B
C
Fig. 2.3.Oscillatoria. A. Filaments ; B. D
Magnified view
oscillating tip; D. Afilament showing of cells ; C.
Single filament with
separation disc and
hormogonia.
EXPERIMENT FOR SPOTTING-2 85
4. ach cell of the filament has prokaryotic organisation. The cytoplasm of the cell is
differentiated into a peripheral chromoplasm and a central centroplasm.
5. The chromoplasm contain pigmented thylakoid lamellae and reserve food in the form of
cyanophycean granules.
6. The centroplasm contains nuclear material in the form of circular naked DNA.
7. Reproduction occurs by means of hormogonia formed due to the formation of deadcells.
Diagnostic Features
1. Bluish green in colour.
2. Filaments unbranched and enveloped in a mucilage sheath.
3. Each cell is prokaryotic.
Comments
1. Spirogyra occurs in fresh water bodies such as ditches, ponds, lakes etc. It is commonly
called water silk or pond seum because of slippery touch of its thread like filaments.
2. It is a multicellular, filamentous green alga covered by a mucilagenous sheath.
3. Each filament consists of cylindrical cells placed end to end.
Cell wall
X
Chloroplast
Cytoplasmic
strand
Nucleus
Pyrenoids
w
Cytoplasm
A B
Diagnostic Features
touch.
1. Unbranched, filamentous body with slimy
2. Ribbon shaped, spiral chloroplast.
3. Nucleus suspended by cytoplasmic strands.
Comments
1. It commonly grows on stale bread, decaying vegetables and fruits.
Spores
Spores
Columella
Sporangiophore
B
2
Rhizoids Oil droplet Hyphal wall
A D
2. Its body is made up of interwoven mass of white cottony threads or hyphae, and is
known as mycelium.
3. The hyphae of the mycelium are branched, unseptate and multinucleate (coenocytic
hyphae).
4. The horizontally growing hyphae are called stoloniferous hyphae and those penetrating
into the substratum are called rhizoidal hyphae. Vertically above rhizoids grow
sporangiophores.
5. Each sporangiophore bears a globular sporangium at its tip. The sporangium contains
black coloured spores, which give black colour to the mycelium in reproductive phase.
6. Asexual reproduction occurs by spores and sexual reproduction occurs by conjugation.
Diagnostic Features
1. Mycelium is unseptate and multinucleate (coenocytic).
2 Sporangiophores arise in the form of a tufts.
3. Presence of stoloniferous and rhizoidal hyphae.
5. AGARICUS (Mushroom)
Comments
1. It is a saprophytic fungus that grows in humus rich soils, piles of straw and rotting
wooden logs.
Pileus
Basidiospores
Gills Basidium
Annulus
Stipe (stalk)
Gill
Mycelium
A
B
Paraphysis
C
Fig. 2.6. Agaricus campestris. A. Basidiocarp; B. T.S. Pileus; C. A portion of T.S. gill.
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY MANUAL IN BIOLOGY
88
white or
substratum. The mycelium produces cream
. It has septate mycelium under the above the substratum.
coloured umbrella shaped fruit bodies or basidiocarps
3.
3. A basidiocarp consists of a stalk like stipe and a cap like pileus.
Pileus is circular, umbrella like and bear a number of vertical plate like structures
4
called gills.
The gills bear club shaped basidia on either sides. The basidiospores are placed on the
5.
basidia.
Diagnostic Features
1 The fruit body is umbrella shaped.
2. Gills are present on the lower side of the pileus.
6. SACCHAROMYCES (Yeast)
Comments
1. It is commonly found growing in sugary medium such as fruit surfaces, nector, cane
juice etc.
2. It is a unicellular but may form a pseudomycelium by repeated budding.
3. Yeast cell is oval or elliptical in shape with a distinct cell wall made up of chitinous
material.
4. The cytoplasm has a large central vacuole with a nucleus on its side. Dark strands over
vacuole from the nucleus.
Nuclear vacuole
A B
Comments
1. It grows on damp and humid places and commonly found in hilly areas.
Notch furrow
Scale
Mid rib
Rhizoids
Rhizoids
A C
Fig. 2.8. Riccia. A. Thallus with rosette habit; B. Dorsal view of thallus
C. Ventral view of thallus.
Diagnostic Features
1. Plant body is a thallus with repeated dichotomous branching.
2 Sex organs and sporophyte embedded in the thallus.
8 MARCHANTIA (Liverwort)
Comments
hills.
moist, shady and damp places
on
t commonly grows on
Notch
Gemma cup
Midrib
Rhizoids
Fig. 2.9. Vegetative thallus of Marchantia with gemma cup.
Male receptacle
Female receptacle
Gemma cups
Thallus
Rhizoid
A
B
Fig. 2.10. A. Marchantia thallus with
B. Marchantia thallus
with
antheridiophore;
archegoniophore.
2. The thallus is
dorsiventrally flattened and dichotomously branched with notched
3. The thallus bears a median apex.
ridge on the ventral side. longitudinal groove on dorsal surface and a corresponding
EXPERIMENT FOR SPOTTING-2 91
Cup shaped bodies called gemma cups are present on the median groove on dorsal su
4.
face of the thallus. The gemma cups contain gemmae for vegetative propagation.
Multicellular purple coloured scales and unicellular rhizoids are present on the ventral
5.
surface of the thalluus.
Antheridia and archegonia are present on special erect gametophores called anther
6
idiophores and archegoniophores respectively born on separate thallai.
is on the archegoniophore after fertilization. It is differentiated
7. Sporophyte produced
into foot, seta and capsule.
Diagnostic Features
1. Plant body is a dorsiventrally flattered and dichotomously branched thallus.
2. Presence of gemma cups.
Comments
creoices of rocks.
1. It commonly grows on moist, shady and damp soils, walls of houses,
differentiated into rhizoids, axis
2. The plant bodyis gametophyte. It is green, erect and is
(stem) and leaves.
3. Rhizoids are multicellular and branched with oblique septa.
leaves. Each leaf is sessile with a distinct
4. Main axis is erect and bears spirally arranged
midrib.
and is called male shoot. A lateral branch
5. The main axis bears antheridia at its apex
its tip.
called female shoot bears archegonia at
6. After fertilization a dependent sporophyte develops on the female shoot.
partially
T. The sporophyte is differentiated into foot,
seta and capsule. The capsule encloses spore
the gametophyte.
3.Sporophyte is a partial parasite upon
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY MANUAL IN BIOLOGYX
92
Capsule
Calyptra-
Seta-
Antheridial
cluster
Perichaetial
leaves
Perigonial
eaves
Female
branch
Rhizoids
A B
Fig. 2.11. Funaria hygrometrica ; A. Gametophore bearing male and female
B. Gametophore bearing branches;
sporogonium.
10. DRYOPTERIS (Male Fern)
Comments
1. Dryopteris commonly called male fern, is a perennial land
and moist places. plant. It grows in cool, shaay
EXPERIMENT FOR SPOTTING-2 93
2. The plant body is sporophyte and is differentiated into root, stem (underground rhi-
zome) and pinnately compound leaves (fronds).
3.
4.
The matureleaves
The young leaveshavecircinate ptyxis and are covered with hair called ramenta.
bear kidney shaped sori. Such leaves are called sporophylls. The sor
bear sporangia that contains spores.
5. prothallus. are haploid which give rise to heart shaped membranous gametophyte called
The prothallus
is monoceious i.e., bears both antheridia and
archegonia.
Diagnostic Features
1. Stem is a rhizome.
2. Young leaves have circinate ptyxis and bear ramenta.
3. Leaves pinnate with furcate venation.
_Furcate
venation
Sori
Rachis Pinnae
Petiole.
Young lea with Persistent
Circinate Ptyxis leaf base
Rhizome-
Adv. roots
A B
Fig. 2.12. Dryopteris (Fern).
A. Complete plant ; B. Sporophyll.
Division - Spermatophyta
Class - Gymnospermae
Genus - Pinus
Species - roxburghii
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY MANUAL IN BIOLOGYV
94 XI
seszcvass
Comments
I t grows in temperate and sub-tropical regions on the slopes of hills.
2. The plant body is sporophyte. It is a evergreen tall tree differentiated into root, stem
m
and leaves.
3 Root have tap root system and often associated with mycorrhizae.
4 Stem is covered with bark and bears two types of branches long shoots and dwarf shoots
The long shoots bear scale leaves and grow indefinitely by apical bud, whereas dwarf
branches bear scale leaves and foliage leaves (called needles) and are of limited growth.
Apical bud
L Long shoot
Dwari shoot
8. Female cones are borne singly on the long shoots.Each female cone is cone snapeaa
bears large and woody megasporophylls. Each megasporophyll bears two ovules On us
dorsal surtace. The ovules mature into winged seeds.
Diagnostic Features
1. Evergreen, woody, perennial tree.
2. Presence of long shoots and dwarf shoots.
3. Reproductive organs are cones.
4. Seeds are naked.
Ovuliferous
scale
Microsporophyll
Ovules
Microspores
(Pollen grains) B. A megasporophyll
Cone-axis
Microsporangium-
Microsporophyll
Microsporangia
(Pollen sacs)
C. A microsporophyll
Tube nucleus
Wing
A. L.S. of male cone D. Wingen pollen grain
Fig. 2.14. Pinus A. L.S. of male cone ; B. A megasporophyll;
C. A microsporophyl ; D. Winged pollen grain.
DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANT
Comments
1 It is a cultivated annual herb.
2. It has a tap root system.
3. The stem is soft green with distinct nodes and internodes.
Flower
-
Petal
Gynoecium
Stamen Sepal
Flower (Half)
Fruit Stigma
Pollen grain
Anther
Bud
Ovary
Ovule
Vein
Node Gynoecium
Internode
Fruit
Seed
Petiole Mid-rib
Leaf-blade
Main root * *
MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANT
18. SPHODELOUS TENEUFOLIUS (Piazi)
Classification
- Plantae
Kingdomn
Division Spermatophyta
Class Angiospermae
Sub-class -Dicotyledonae
Genus Asphodelus
Species teneufolius.
Comments
It is an annual herbaceous weed found growing along with crops.
1.
2. It bears adventitious root system.
soil.
3. The stem is reduced and lies under the
hollow and has parallel venation.
4. Leaves are borne in cluster. Each leaf is cylindrical,
out of the soil and bears
trimerous flowers.
5. Floral axisgrows
6. The seeds are produced within the fruits.
Diagnostic Features
1. Adventitious root system.
2. Leaves with parallel venation.
3. Flowers trimerous.
4. Seeds enclosed in fruits.
Embryo with one cotyledon.
RRISIR682NERSRNS
Flower
Perianth-
Stamen-
Ovary
Thalamus
NW
A Adventitious roots
A
Apothecia Apothecia
Apothecia
Tree trunk