UNIT1 Still Photography PPT HANDOUTS

BA(JMC)-106, Still Photography
Still Photography
BA(JMC) 106
UNIT I
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, by Dr.Yash Vats , Assistant Prof., BVICAM U1.1
Syllabus- Unit 1
• Photography: Definition, Meaning & Concept
• Brief History of Photography
• Types of Cameras: Digital vs Film
• Types of Photography: Portrait, Wildlife, Nature, Advertising,

Fashion, Night Photography
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, by Dr. Yash Vats, Assistant Prof., BVICAM U1.2
Photography: Definition, Meaning &

Concept
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, by Dr.Yash Vats , Assistant Prof., BVICAM U1.3
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, by Dr. YASH VATS U1 1
Photography: An Introduction
A photograph is an image created by light falling on a light-
sensitive surface, usually photographic film or an electronic
image sensor. Most photographs are created using a camera,
which uses a lens to focus the scene's visible wavelengths of
light into a reproduction of what the human eye would see. The
process of creating photographs is called photography.
The art or process of producing images of objects on
photosensitive surfaces. The art, practice, or occupation of
taking and printing photographs. The process of forming stable
or permanent visible images directly or indirectly by the action of
light or other forms of radiation on sensitive surfaces. Digital
photography captures images directly with an electronic photo
sensor. Method of recording permanent images by the action of
light projected by a lens in a camera onto a film or electronic
sensor.
Photography is one of the most important tools in scientific and

technical fields. It extends the range of vision, allowing records to
be made of things or events which are difficult or impossible to see
because they are too faint, too brief, too small, or too distant, or
associated with radiation to which the eye is insensitive. Technical
photographs can be studied at leisure, measured, and stored for
reference or security.
What is Photography?
"Photography" is derived from the Greek words photos ("light") and
graphein ("to draw") the word was first used by the scientist Sir
John F.W. Herschel in 1839. It is a method of recording images by
the action of light, or related radiation, on a sensitive material.
"Drawing with light" is a way of describing photography. When a

photograph is made, light or some other form of radiant energy,
such as X rays, is used to record a picture of an object or scene
on a light-sensitive surface. Early photographs were called sun
pictures, because sunlight itself was used to create the image.
Mankind has been a maker of images at least since the cave
paintings of some 20,000 years ago. With the invention of
photography, a realistic image that would have taken a skilled
artist hours or even days to draw could be recorded in exact
detail within a fraction of a second.
Today, photography has become a powerful means of
communication and a mode of visual expression that touches
human life in many ways. For example, photography has
become popular as a means of crystallizing memories.
Photography: Art & Science

Photography is the art, science and practice of creating durable images by
recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either electronically by
means of an image sensor or chemically by means of a light-sensitive
material such as photographic film. Typically, a lens is used to focus the
light reflected or emitted from objects into a real image on the light-
sensitive surface inside a camera during a timed exposure. The result in
an electronic image sensor is an electrical charge at each pixel, which is
electronically processed and stored in a digital image file for subsequent
display or processing. The result in a photographic emulsion is an invisible
latent image, which is later chemically developed into a visible image,
either negative or positive depending on the purpose of the photographic
material and the method of processing. A negative image on film is
traditionally used to photographically create a positive image on a paper
base, known as a print, either by using an enlarger or by contact printing.
Camera – The Device

A device for forming and recording images; the basic tool of
photography. In its simplest form, a camera is a light-tight box in
which an image is formed by a lens at one end on a light-sensitive
material at the opposite end. Most cameras contain an aperture and
shutter for controlling the amount of light reaching the light-sensitive
material. The receiving material, the film, is usually a plastic sheet or
flexible strip coated with a photosensitive silver halide emulsion. It
can also be an electronic device.
Cameras for still photography include box, point-and-shoot, view-
and-press, roll film, 35- mm, instant-picture, stereo, underwater, and
panoramic. Some categories overlap. Still video and digital cameras
use electronic sensors instead of film.
The camera box, which holds and protects the sensitive film from all
light except that entering through the lens; film, on which the image is
recorded; the light control, consisting of an aperture or diaphragm
and a shutter, both often adjustable; the lens, which focuses the light
rays from the subject onto the film, creating the image; and the
viewing system, which may be separate from the lens system or may
operate through it by means of a mirror. The camera was inspired by
the camera obscura — a dark enclosure with an aperture (usually
provided with a lens) through which light enters to form an image of
outside objects on the opposite surface.
HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY
The History of Photography and the Camera: From
Pinhole to Smartphones
How Photography Begin:

• The first "cameras" were used not to create images but to study
optics. The Arab scholar Ibn-al Haytham (945–1040), also known as
Alhazen, is generally credited as being the first person to study how
we see. He invented the camera obscura, the precursor to the
pinhole camera, to demonstrate how light can be used to project an
image onto a flat surface. Earlier references to the camera obscura
have been found in Chinese texts dating to about 400 B.C. and in
the writings of Aristotle around 330 B.C. By the mid-1600s, with the
invention of finely crafted lenses, artists began using the camera
obscura to help them draw and paint elaborate real-world images.
Magic lanterns, the forerunner of the modern projector, also began to
appear at this time. Using the same optical principles as the camera
obscura, the magic lantern allowed people to project images, usually
painted on glass slides, onto large surfaces. They soon became a
popular form of mass entertainment.
• The pinhole camera (also known as a camera obscura) was first

envisioned around the 5th century BCE. The camera obscura was
a box with a small hole in it, through which light (and the image
carried by it) would travel and reflect against a mirror. The camera
obscura was originally used to observe solar events and to aid in
drawing architecture, though it became something entirely new in
1800. A young man named Thomas Wedgwood attempted to
capture the image portrayed in a camera obscura with silver
nitrate, which is light-sensitive. Unfortunately, the images didn't
hold, and it wasn't until the French inventor Joseph Niépce
attempted the same feat with bitumen (a kind of tar) that the first
photograph was produced
Louis Daguerre
• Niépce, keen to refine his newly-discovered process for taking
pictures, partnered up with artist and designer Louis Daguerre.
When Niépce died in 1833, Daguerre pressed onwards with the
project, experimenting with a polished silver plate, coated in silver
iodide, which developed an image courtesy of mercury fumes.
While Niépce's camera had required multiple hours of light
exposure for a single image, Daguerre's innovation cut the time
down to mere minutes. He made his invention public in 1839. In
1841, a man named William Henry Fox Talbot further refined the
process by substituting Daguerre's silver plate for paper.
The Birth of the Negatives

In 1848, sculptor Frederick Scott Archer became frustrated with the
stark definition offered by photographs at the time. He set out to
create a process that would allow him to capture the more subtle
variations in shade, since all photographs were, at this point,
restricted to black and white. For his wet plate process, he applied a
gelatin mixture of iodide or chloride to a glass plate. The plate would
be dipped into a solution of silver nitrate and used to take a
photograph while the gelatin was still wet.
The photograph had to be developed almost immediately afterward,
but the negative that formed on the glass was capable of capturing
immaculate levels of detail. The one downside to this process was
the time required to prep the glass plate, usually on-site, which
made it extremely impractical for news photographs and field
reporting.
A few years later, in 1864, W.B.

Bolton and B.J. Sayce created a
one-step emulsion fluid with silver
iodide. This process, which became
known as the dry plate process,
wasn't faster than the wet plate
process, but it did produce
photographs of better overall
consistency.
Flexible Film and Photographic Films

For the next 20 years, daguerreotype photography remained the
most popular form of taking pictures. However, as young George
Eastman discovered when he took a trip to Santo Domingo, taking
pictures was an expensive and heavy process. He set to work,
building off the chemical finesse of the dry plate process, and
gradually developed a flexible gelatin-paper film. In 1885, he created
and patented a device to hold a roll of his new film
The box camera was reinvented with Kodak's Brownie camera,
which was released in 1900. The Brownie camera cost a scant $1
and was marketed towards children, although it became a hit among
servicemen when World War I began. Color photography became
possible with the Autochrome plate in 1907, although it didn't take
off until the release of Kodachrome film in 1936.
Flashes of light, produced by burning magnesium, had long been

used by photographers to enhance the light of a scene, but in 1930,
The General Electric Company began producing flashbulbs
specifically for use with cameras. The 35mm camera was created in
1913 by Oskar Barnack, who used existing 35mm movie film to
capture still images
Digital Camera
In 1975, the field of photography morphed yet again with the
introduction of a digital camera. Developed by Steven Sasson, a
research engineer at the Eastman Kodak company, this rudimentary
prototype weighed eight pounds and was as large as a kitchen
toaster. Pictures were stored on a cassette tape, and capturing a
photo could take up to 23 seconds. The first filmless camera was
created by Sony in 1981. Their creation, the Mavica, could store
pictures on floppy disks which would then be viewed on a television
monitor.
Smartphone Cameras
Today, the latest incarnation of the camera may be no farther than

your fingertips. In 2002, the Nokia Lumia 7650 was released to the
public. It was released at the same time as the movie Minority
Report, and demand for camera phones multiplied. In 2005, the
Sony Ericsson K750i introduced a memory card slot and a LED
flash bulb, paving the way for photo sharing. In 2013, the Internet
company Twitter introduced a service called Vine, allowing users
to use their camera phones to record and share 6 seconds of
color- and audio-enabled video with their online followers. Only
time will tell how cameras develop from here, but if it's anything
like the past two hundred years, we're in for a pretty wild ride.
Types of Camera
Types of Camera
Pinhole Cameras
Camera with one lens. Tiny hole replaces lens. Light passes
through the hole, an image is formed in the camera. It is the
simplest camera possible. It consists of alight-proof box, some sort
of film and a pinhole. The pinhole is simply an extremely small
hole like you would make with the tip of a pin in a piece of thick
aluminum foil.
View Cameras
Earliest forms of photographic plate camera
• It consists of 2 boxes one sliding inside other for focusing. You
can readily change lenses which are readily mounted on panel.
• In this camera, the lens can be tilted or offset sideways,
independently of the back.
• These camera movements are especially important for
architectural & still life photography.
• They give the photographer an extra control over Depth of field
and subject distortion (perspective correction).
• Twin Lens Camera : Twin Lens Reflex cameras a use 2 lenses

of identical f-length mounted one above the other on a panel. The
above lens is used for composing while the bottom one is used
for capturing the image. The distance between the top lens to the
focusing screen must be the same as the distance between the
bottom lens and the film.
• Parallax Error in Twin Lens :
• The differences between the viewpoint of two lenses, give
parallax error, especially with close subjects.
• Compact Cameras / Direct Viewfinders

• Direct viewfinder / Compact cameras were the first small format
point & shoot cameras.
• They’re designed as self contained unit with everything built-in,
including a Flash.
• Most of the elements in this type of camera are automated in
order to ensure a low failure rate & to make cameras a common
man’s tool
• Advantages of Compact cameras:
• All in one unit for quick ‘aim and shoot’ purposes.
• Compact & Light weight than their older counterpart View
cameras.
• You can see visual focusing effect even during the exposure
itself.
• It costs lesser than any other camera design.
• Disadvantages of Compact cameras:
• Parallax error was still a problem.
• No convenient way of visually checking DoF.
• No possibility of changing Lens.
• Flash units are not very powerful & give only flat light.
• SINGLE LENS REFLEX (S.L.R.)

• SLRs were developed to overcome the problems with TLRs &
compact cameras. The design avoids parallax error completely by
using same lens for both viewf inding & capturing.
• Hinged 45o mirror reflects image on to a pentagonal shaped
block of glass called “Pentaprism”. It reflects light off its roof so
that laterally reversed image is presented to the eye as straight
image
• SLR Advantages
• Ability to precisely compose the frame without parallax error.
• Ability to check the visual effect of DoF on the image.
• Vast range of lenses & accessories is available.
• Key information such as that of exposure & focus are signaled

directly on to the view-finder.
• SLR Disadvantages
• One cannot see through viewfinder whilst exposure is taking
place.
• Electronically & mechanically it is more complex than other
designs.
• Enhanced camera movements are not possible.
• Shutter speed settings for use with flash is limited.
The digital camera perhaps the most remarkable instances of shift

from Analog to Digital era. Conventional cameras depended
entirely on chemical & mechanical processes. On other hand,
digital cameras work on the mechanism of recording images
electronically.
Advantages of Digital Photography

§ You can manage your images collection on a computer.
§ Small size of many digital cameras makes them portable.
§ You can immediately view & delete photos.
§ You can choose the size & quality of images as you shoot them.
§ Images can be easily shared and printed.
• Disadvantages of Digital Photography

• Good digi-cams are still expensive compared to film.
• Cameras rarely have interchangeable lenses or are expensive.
• A computer is needed for working on the images.
• Most digital cameras are automated, giving photographer little
direct control.
Types of Photography
Types of Photography
Portrait photography
•Portrait photography or portraiture is the capture by means of
photography of the likeness of a person or a small group of people
(a group portrait), in which the face and expression is
predominant.
•The objective is to display the likeness, personality, and even the
mood of the subject. Like other types of portraiture, the focus of
the photograph is the person's face, although the entire body and
the background may be included. A portrait is generally not a
snapshot, but a composed image of a person in a still position. A
portrait often shows a person looking directly at the camera.
Wildlife photography
Wildlife photography is regarded as being one of the more challenging
forms of photography. As well as needing sound technical skills, such
as being able to expose correctly, wildlife photographers generally need
good field craft skills. For example, some animals are difficult to
approach and thus a knowledge of the animal`s behaviour is needed in
order to be able to predict their actions. Photographing some species
may require stalking skills or the use of a hide/blind for concealment.
Whilst wildlife photographs can be taken using basic equipment,
successful photography of some types of wildlife requires specialist
equipment, such as macro lenses for insects, long focal length lenses
for birds and underwater cameras for marine life. However, since the
advent of digital cameras, greater adventure travel and automated
cameras, a great wildlife photograph can also be the result of being in
the right place at the right time.
Nature photography
Nature photography refers to a wide range of photography taken
outdoors and devoted to displaying natural elements such as
landscapes , wildlife, plants, and close-ups of natural scenes
and textures. Nature photography tends to put a stronger
emphasis on the aesthetic value of the photo than other
photography genres, such as photojournalism and documentary
photography.
Nature photographs are published in scientific, travel and
cultural magazines such as National Geographic Magazine,
National Wildlife Magazine and Audubon Magazine or other
more specific magazines such as Outdoor Photographer and
Nature's Best Photography. Well known nature photographers
include Frans Lanting, Galen Rowell, and Art Wolfe.
Advertisement photography
Advertising photography: photographs made to illustrate and
usually sell a service or product. These images, such as pack
shots, are generally done with an advertising agency, design firm
or with an in-house corporate design team.
Night photography
Night photography refers to photographs taken outdoors
between dusk and dawn. Night photographers generally
have a choice between using artificial light or using a long
exposure, exposing the scene for seconds or even minutes,
in order to give the film enough time to capture a usable
image, and to compensate for reciprocity failure.
With the progress of high-speed films, higher-sensitivity
digital image sensors, wide-aperture lenses, and the ever-
greater power of urban lights, night photography is
increasingly possible using available light
THANKYOU

UNIT1 Still Photography PPT HANDOUTS

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

UNIT1 Still Photography PPT HANDOUTS

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

BA(JMC)-106, Still Photography

• Brief History of Photography

• Types of Cameras: Digital vs Film

• Types of Photography: Portrait, Wildlife, Nature, Advertising,

Photography: Definition, Meaning &

Photography is one of the most important tools in scientific and

"Drawing with light" is a way of describing photography. When a

Photography: Art & Science

Camera – The Device

How Photography Begin:

• The pinhole camera (also known as a camera obscura) was first

The Birth of the Negatives

A few years later, in 1864, W.B.

Flexible Film and Photographic Films

Flashes of light, produced by burning magnesium, had long been

Today, the latest incarnation of the camera may be no farther than

• Twin Lens Camera : Twin Lens Reflex cameras a use 2 lenses

• Compact Cameras / Direct Viewfinders

• SINGLE LENS REFLEX (S.L.R.)

• Key information such as that of exposure & focus are signaled

The digital camera perhaps the most remarkable instances of shift

Advantages of Digital Photography

• Disadvantages of Digital Photography

You might also like