M A N U A L

MEDICAL BOTANY OF NORTHAMERICA

L AU R E N C E J O HN S O N , AM
. .
,
M D,
. .

m u m 0! m
W
x cu M m m r or m m u m or m on ! O, m
ANY, w zon nn

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t on : " M 0? m am you AO ADm or menu AND or m a m you AOL!),

N or sem an : m u n or m com OP O N or m m m oom

mm m n am n m or m mm r m m oan a m m

W ILLIAM
NE
\V O O D
W YO R K
C O M PA N Y

56 5 8 LAFAYE I IE PL ACE
' ' ‘

1 884

[AME u 3
B! WW Co m
IL LIAM
m
OOD
, 1 884.

COMPANY
 PR E F A C E .

For: many years med ical botany has had no

pl ace i n

can medical sch ool s ; an d n o x book

te t -
on the subj ec t has iss ued fr o m
the American press d uring generation
a .

A s a res ul t o f thi s n eglec t, I bel i ev e th at v egetabl e mater i a medics

is taugh t at a great d isad v an tage, an d o ften i mper fec tl y Pl an ts bear .

re ati o ns
l to eachh l ess d efi n i te th an th ose of the ch emi cal com
ot er n o

o und s o f in o r an ic su bs tan ces ; an d a k no wl edge o f th ese rel ati o ns

p g
sh o ul d i n m o i n ion, reced e al l attem ts at cl assi fication of l an ts
, y p p p p

Fu rth ermo re much of the cred ul i ty ev inced regard ing so called

,
-

new remed ies of v egetabl e o ri gi n is d i rec tly traceabl e to igno rance o f

l a n ts i n gen eral , and o f th eir relati o ns to each o th er L et th e mos t

p .

ex tr av agan t asser tio ns be made co n cern i n g the th erapeuti c ac ti v i t o f

y
anyh i th erto u nu sed pl an t — o r o f o ne used an d l o ng f o rgo tten
- — and ex

e i m e n ters i mmed iately b usy th emselv es w i th i t n o matter if o ther

p r ,

cl osely al l ied spec ies are k no w n to be i ner t An d yet the difi eren t
.
,

s eci es of a e n us are so cl os el rel ated th at wh en o ne i s d emo nstrabl

p g y y
usel ess as a r ul e we n eed n o t expec t much f ro m the o th ers
, , .

A s a teach er of med ical bo tany I h av e been much embarr assed by

the w an t o f a tex t b oo k su i ted to the n eed s o f A meri can s tud en ts—on e
-

co mbi ning a b rief sk etch of general bo tany w ith des cr iptions o f med i
i
c l pl
n a an ts— and, i n thi s v ol u me h av e end eav ored to s u
, l
pp y th at w ant .

In the fi rst part, or El emen ts of Bo tany I h av e sketched the life

,

histo ry of plants from ger mination to rep roduc ti o n explaini ng the ,

tech n ical ter ms commo nl y empl o yed i n bo tan ical d escripti ons and the

la n o f classifi cati on i n gener al u se at the presen t day

p .
 W
W W
Ernest alker Sawyer

7race Element Co llectio n

in emo ry c i Ray Eym an il bur N D
, .

s w a m
h
a Nort 1m Bi n d
 PR E F ACE .

my own drawings and photographs ; but for most of the wood cu ts I

W
-

am in debted to B ail l on ( E dema des P la nk s ) Figui er ( His to zr e des

'

P la nter) an d
,
oo dvill e ( M edical B ota n y) Those of Clematis Vi r .

i i a a an d A nemone p aton s var N ttall i an a w ere k i n dl y l a ed

g n n u , .
p c ,

at my di sposal by Pr ofessor J U an d M r C G Ll oyd ( D r ugs and

. . . . .

Med ici nes of N or th A mer ica n ow i n course of publ ication)

,
.

T o my fri end Dr N L B r itton of Col u mbi a C ol l ege I am mu ch

. . .
, ,

i ndebted for val u abl e sugges ti on s an d for affor ding me every assi st

WW
,

ance r equi r ed in con su l ti n the ex ten si ve herb ari u m of that i n sti tu tion ;
g
an d to my fri en ds D r T homas F .ood il mington N C an d Dr
.
, , . .
,
.

H H R usby Detroi t M ich I ex tend my thank s for recent specimens

. .
, , ,

req ui red to il l u strate the w ork

W
.

823 s sr
'
271 1 ! Sr .
, New Yonx .

December ,
1 88 4 .
 M EN T S O F B O TAN Y .

IN T R O D U C T I O N .

the ci en ce which treats o f the veg etabl e kingd om

s .

so co mpr eh en s i ve i ncl u d i ng everythi ng whic h relates to

,

the li fe hi s to ry o f th ose lo w or gan is ms o n the bo rder li n e

ani mal and the vegetable w o r l d to that of the gian t o ak whi ch

centuries mus t of necessi ty be d i vid ed for the co nveni en ce

,

Acco rdi ne general bo tan y co mpri s es many w ell recognized -

medicinal plants i s ,

once, for the list of

lo ng , and the plants

w pou ea mecfi mnal acti vi ty It treats o f them as li vi ng or gani zed

'

.
,

bodice chm tying them accordi ng to their str uctura l afli ni ties an d no t u
’

M y are M ed of in the Matouis Med ica as mere drugs arranged ac

'
~

W
.

cordmg to their real o r s uppos ed therapeu ti c efi ec ts

W
'
'

R win b e m ho wever that this cl assi fi cati o n of pl ants aceording to

.

M afi ni ties ma o ften afi o rd val u abl e hi nts as to the there»

'

“
y
M ot a lli ed speci es . As the co mparati ve anato mis t and
and hahits o f a sin gl e ani mal o f a

all ied species whose str uctur e on l y is

s peci es of a gen us , d raw a re m nabl e in eren e re f c

2 ELE M E NTS or s on a r .

G E NE RA L PR INCIPL ES O F V E G E T A B LE GRO
AN D R EPRO D U C T IO N .
W TH

by car efully s tud yin g the hi story o f any plant h o wever humble from
, , the

Take . as a famili ar f
and o te n u se -
d ill ustrati o n a co mmon ,

H
( g . This seed , we kno w , is capable u ndm favombl e cir c umsta n ces
, ,

'
I m 1 Pro 2 Pro 8
—
. .

—
. . . .

me wi th a nd c on remo ved Fro 8 me

“
ha l Ab Fro t T he T ho wi th one need M
—
. . ean. . sa ,
-
. .
-
. ca .
-
n
mo ved , showi ng embryo l a va Pro t A ba n af ter
. . M an .

of developing i nto a plan t like imparent though its exter nal appem ce ,

afi b rd n o h in t of su ch hi d den pos s i b ili ti es E xternally i t 18 co vered by a

s
.

A
save at o ne c 5

m t on i ts sli ghtly co n cave mde wh e r e i t w to t he po d in

whi ch it grew This po i nt of fo r ma amchmemt i s mar ked by a scar

,

.
,

the hil um, an d as will be s ho wn late r is su ictl y w al ogo us to the

or
. ,

F xter nal coati ng the mod i s seen to compris e two

l: g no w this e ,

si m il ar ,
par ts j oi ned by a small bo dy o f li ke te xtu re whi ch i s
, ,

fol ded down al on g thei r li ne of apposi tio n (F ig A mo re min u te mi

ti o n wo uld dem
.

u o i cal and ch emi cal

c te o ther featur es
of in teres t b u t fo rei gn to ou r pres en t pu rpose

Protected from moistum a bean may be pres er ved for years wi m

.
,

out

ch m ge and givi ng no sign o f vi tali ty b u t planted in damp earth i t speed

, ,

il y un der go es chan ges whi ch are in te res ti n g an d i nstru cti ve As i t abs or bs .

moi stu re the exter nal co ah’n g is r uptured the two parts of the seed sepa
rate alo n g th ei r mar gin s an d the s mal l body j o i n i ng th em d o w m
,

s always i n a down ward di m m

,
'

Fi
( g . r th is elo n gati on i ,
en ,

whatever may be the positi on o f the seed in the grou nd Th ere i s ho w .

,
 VE G ET ABLE G R O TH W AN D REPR O DUC I T ON . 3

develops a pair of green l eaves wi th an inter veni ng b u d ( Fi g This .

b ud develops oth er leaves and so on the fur ther u pward gro wth of the
, ,

p lan t bei n g b u t a repeti ti o n o f the pro cess In the a xil s of the l eaves .

b u ds are also developed and these gro w i n a mann er si milar to th at of the

,

main s tem so that the ,

pl ant as sumes a more or .

“
i ng Pi
W
“

z s a
.

Vi
i ng B O lb M

ri ms -
a su m mam m cm m
n o

m mw b m m m d n .

h e. 0 . he . 7
. 7 10 0 . .

m M m
i ni mum . Pi a 9 . .
— m leaves
1nd h n ear n wi th its a .

The do wn T2 : 1?
M b of the pl s nt keeps m oe to a eer tain exten t ,
4 EL EM E NTS or s on ar .

i t to o has an ex te mal coati ng si mi lar to that of the b ean . Remo ving this,
the s eed i s fo und co mpos ed of a singl e body mark ed on one side by a ,

l on gi tu di nal el evati on ( Fi g ins tead of two si mi lar parts as i n the bean

. .

B ur ied in the earth a kernel o f co rn abso r bs mo is tur e the li ttl e el evation

, ,

on i ts si d e begin s to el o ngate in an u pwar d an d do wn ward di r ecti o n Fig

( .

o n e ex tr emi ty pr odu ci ng a cl u ster of ro o ts the o ther leaves Fi h

( g t e , .

W
seed i tself rem ai ni ng in the ground and n o t bor n e abo ve i t as i n the case
,

o f the bean .

i th o u t tr aci n g the hi s to ry o f these pl ants fu rth er eno ugh has been ,

sho wn to demon s trate that a seed i s an emb ry o plan t as fu lly fi tted for an ,

i ndependen t exi sten ce wh en plac ed u n der pr o per ci rc u mstan ces as is the

i nfan t mammal wh en i t iss u es fr o m i ts moth er s w o mb The req u i si te
'
.

circu ms tan ces are i n the o ne case fi rst o f al l ai r to br eathe i n the o ther
, , , ,

mo istur e an d seclu si on fro m ligh t .

Having seen ho w a plan t starts on its cou rse of develo pmen t fr om the
seed w e wi ll n o w p ro ceed to s tu dy the or gans by means o f which i ts var i ous
,

T he roo t of plan t is its descen din g axis In the vas t maj or i ty of ia

a .

s tan ces i t fi x es the plan t i n po si ti o n an d gi ves s u ppo r t to the stem b u t ,

n o t i n all fo r th er e ar e many aquati c plan ts whose ro o ts are su s pend ed in

,

the water tak in g no h old u po n the so il at the bo ttom B ut even h er e

m
,

they gi ve a cer tai n a oun t o f s teadi n ess to the plan t an d assi st i t i n mai n ,

taini ng a co mparati ve equ i li bri u m when the sur face o f the water is di s
tu r b ed by w aves or c urrents .

Ro o ts pres en t th emselves in many di fferent for ms an d as th ese are ,

o ften mad e u se o f i n bo tan ical d es cr ipti o n s i t is n ecem r f t he t d en t

y o r, s u

to familiar ize hi msel f wi th at l eas t the l eadi n g on es

, , .

The si mpl es t for m o f the roo t is that whi ch grows direc tly d o wn ward
fro m the emb ryo gi vi ng c d b u t few lateral branch es an d th ese o f co m
’

, ,

p a r ati vel
y s m all siz e ; t hi s i s kn o w n a s a ta p ro o t T he b es t tur ni p
-
. ,

F
( g i. ca rro t a n d.r ad i s h a m o n g h er
,
b s ar e f am i li ar exam,
pl es i n wh ich
the tap roo t attai n s a great d evel opment whi l e i ts lateral branches are ia
-

s i g nifi can t In many fo res t tr ees the main roo t penetrates the earth to a
. .

consid er able depth before later al b ran ch es o f i mpo rtan t size are gi ven off .

S uch trees ho wever n ever h av e tap roo ts o f as propo rti onably gr eat size
, ,
-

as many h er baceo us pl an ts fo r tw o reason s ,

plant foo d i s more abundan t
n ear the s ur face an d the , g r e a ter t h e d e p t h th e m o r e c o m pac t th e soil and

the mo re d iffi cu l t fo r the roo ts to penetr ate Hence i t o ccu rs that mo st .

fo rest trees wh ich s tart in l i fe wi th s tro ngly mark ed tap roo ts h ave at a -
,
6 ELE ME NTS or s or mr .

d owed many plan ts wi th the po wer of puttin g for th roots as occasion may
requir e fr o m any part of the stem or ev en i n so me in s tan ces fr om th
, , e ,

l eaves th us gi vin g them a d o uble ho ld o n life : s uch are denomi nated

,

s ec o ndary or ad vent it io u s roots T he co mmon str awberry o f o ur

.

gardens wi ll ser ve as an ill u str atio n of on e ki nd o f adven ti tio us roots .

”
Thi s plan t prod u ces runn ers whi ch pu t for th roo ts at the po int wher e
,

h e 11 —
. O wa
u ou ivy ( M va -
M . wi th adventiti ous roots .

u s, but main s for the sk ilf ul gard en er to develop i t to i ts fu llest ex

re

ten t as hi s cu ttin gs o f ro s es ger ani u ms and i n deed of almos t all his

, , ,
t o

an d most beau tiful bloo mi ng plan ts abu ndan tly tes ti fy .

S uch adventi ti o us ro o ts are ho wever tru e roo ts whi ch per fo r m the

, , ,

o rdi nary fun c uo ns o f su ch or gans There are o ther ad venti tio u s roo mof
'

t .

an en ti rely difi eren t character The stem o f the poi son i vy (Rims l bs -M en
’

droo L ) wh en gro win g besid e so me obj ec t to whi ch it ma clin g pri m

, ,

fo r th roo ts i n inn u merable n u mbers whi ch do no t co n tr ibu te in any de

g r ee wh atev er to the n o u r i sh men t o f the plan t b u t mer ely affo rd mechan
,

i cal su ppor t Moreo ver them roo ts appear to be prod u ced i n respo nm to
.
,
 THE s oon 7

as the a dven ti tious ( tr ue) roots o f the s trawberry run ner are call ed forth
by contac t wi th the damp earth Of this ki nd of adventi ti ous roots many
.

ill u s tr ation s migh t also b e add uced ; on e more will sufi ce the co mmon ,

i vy ( Hcdem Hel ic L ) ( Fig . .

So me pl ants prod u ce a ki nd of adventi ti ou s roo ts by whi ch th ey attach

themselves to oth er her b s or s hru bs an d d raw thei r nouri sh men t fro m
The do dder (Fi g 1 3) wi ll ser ve as an . The

1 10 l a
.
—Doddefl m m) . ”M d o upon s nomn pl s nt.

of thi s minate in the ground the stems grow un til so me

plant ger

su i tabl e su ppor t is reached then twi n e abou t i t an d pu t for th a sor t o f

,

roo tlets by means of whi ch n ou r is h men t i s dr awn fro m the su ppo rti n g

plant Then di rect co mmun i cati on wi th the ear th i s cu t ofi by the death

.
’

of the stem bel o w the adven ti ti ou s roo tl ets and the plan t th en ceforth li ves
,

T he gener al str uctu r e of the roo t d oes no t differ greatl y fr o m that o f

the stem In both th er e i s bar k wo ody ti ssu e an d pi th tho u gh the las t
.
, , ,

nm ned is seldo m very di sti nc t in the roo t In th eir mod es of gro wth
ther e i s however consi d erable di fl eren c e
, , As alread y s ho wn the s tern . .

branc hes w oor din g to a fi x ed and regul ar plan and as wi ll be seen later , , ,

while sti ll yo ung el ongates between the branches In the roo t o n the . ,

contrary branches issu e irregu larly an d elo ngati o n is li mi ted to the gro w
,

ing extremi ty In other words a roo t of a gi ven length o nce laid in the
.
, ,
 W
b y additions to i ts growi n g ex tremi ty Its increase in diameter is aecom . ~

l i hed i n th e sam e mann er as that o f the stem

p s .

i th ou t en ter i n g too min u tely i nto the str u ctur e of

the gro wi ng ex tr emi ty o f the roo t i t is necessary to oh ,

ser ve that this is mad e u p of a mas s o f cell s whi ch mul

tipl y r apidly an d are co ns tan tly bu ildi n g u p tissue (Fi g 1 4) .

in a fo rward directi o n Th ey are mo reo ver end o wed wi th

.
, ,

the po wer o f r ap id ab so rpti o n an d are in fact the i nn u , , ,

mer ab l e mo uths whi ch feed the gro wing plan t In or der to .

i ncr ease the abs or bi ng s urface o f the roo ts the yo un ger ,

o n es ar e p ro vid ed wi th el on gated cells co mmonly called ,

Pm
ro ot h ai rs Th ou gh of microscopi c size these ar e pro
.
-
. ,

af a r t wl th
oo ot duoed i n su ch i nfi ni te n umbers as to b e o f i mmen se ser
ro

hm M m vi ce A how ever th ey are only req u ired d u ri ng the e

.

‘ '

a .
-
, p
r iod o f ac ti ve gr o wth th ey ar e no t evi d ent i n au tu m n after the seaso n s
’

w or k i s accompli s hed .

alr eady been all u d ed to

o fii ces .
W
mechani cal functi o ns o f the roots i n s upporting the stem have
The
e hav e n o w to con si der thei r o th er i mpor tant
.

As mals feed u po n plants so plants feed u pon mi ner als An d as

an i , .

th ey ar e n o t pr o vi ded wi th o rgans for the mas ti cati o n of th ei r foo d th ey ,

mus t n ecessarily recei ve i t in a state o f su bdi vi si o n s uited to th eir n eeds

W
an d po wers o f absor p tion In thi s fo rm th ey fi n d i t i n the damp ear th
.

which th eir r oots pen etrate E very ro o tlet is a seeker for foo d and every
.

gro win g cell i s hun gry ater wi th gas es an d mi n er al sal ts in so l u ti o n

.
, ,

is greedily su cked u p an d carr i ed to ward the s un li gh t for elabo rati on .

Bo ots ar e mor eo ver endo wed to so me extent wi th the po w er of se

, , , ,

l ec ti n g the pro per n our i shmen t for the plan t whi ch th ey feed and th ey ,

wi ll tak e th is or n o th i ng The mos t careless far mer has l earn ed that he

.

cann o t s ucc ess fully rais e the same cr o p o n a fi eld year after year wi th o ut
fer ti lizers The explanatio n i s si mpl e S uppos e co r n b e plan ted year
'

. .

after y ear in the sa me gro un d The roo ts o f each su cceedi n g cro p fi nd

.

less an d les s nour ish ment u nti l fi nally partial or co mplete star vatio n re
,

s u l ts An d this occ ur s too wh i le there may be still plenty o f food fi t for

, ,

o th er pl an ts .

Hen ce the rota ti o n o f crops a princi pl e at the fou ndati o n o f su ccess ful
,

far mi ng depen ds u po n the selec ti ve po wers of roo ts

, .

B u t al l plan ts are n o t fi xed i n the so il and do n o t d raw their n ourish

mea t fro m i t Many aq uati c plants fl oat i n the w ater : th ese fi n d thei r
pr o per food in that element Other s are parasi ti c u pon the stems or roots
.
 T
S EM AN D BRA N CH S.

mth ’
eu r w ts pen etr afi ng the bark and su cki ng up the j ui ces

to ser ve as storehouses o f

whi ch they germi nate fr om

flo w er pro d u ce fr u i t, an d di e
,
.

nou rishment h en ce th ei r roo ts,

ger mi nate fr o m the seed i n

an d develop a v ery lar ge tap

seaso n . T he next spr in g d rawi n g u po n the s to re o f

,

in the r o o t th ey sen d u p vi go ro u s fl o wer stems pro

,
-
,

Many su ch roo ts as the beet car ro t and tur n i p are

, , , ,

as ar ti cl es o f foo d.

dur e for s ev eral years termed peren n ial s , not

,

roo ts o f the same character Th ese thick en ed roots i n

.

co ntain the acti ve medici n al p ri nci ples o f the plants .

that the stem is the c din g ax is o f a pl ant ; that i t

as en

the li gh t at the earns ti me that the roo t is develop

rved that after the seed l eaves -

came

tan n ed no d es j o ints , an d the

or

N o w d u rin g the earlier stages o f

,

lo n gi tu din ally an d in diameter also

n od es o f a gro w ing sh oo t may ,

b e qui te cl ose to geth er m the en d we fi nd,

10 T
EL EM EN S or nor m .

—
minal b ud that i s, the b ud termi nati n g the main s —
tem i
mu ch more
s so

vigo ro us than the o l her a th at havi ng the star t i n th e b egi nni ng i t keeps

i t and l eaves the br an ches wi th compar ati vely li ttle no uri shmen t In man y .

plan ts the gro wth o f the ter minal b ud is so vi go ro u s ths t the ax i l lary bu ds
n ev er u n fo ld and the s tem remain s always si mple that i a not br an ched
-
.

Bu t su ppose so me acciden t des tro ys the termi nal b u d : then the ex

Agai n, so me plants i n ger minafi o n hav e n ot on e o r two see dMm -

only , b ut a clus ter o f th em , i n th es e the brancha mally nor

character Th is i s the ru le In the pi ne fami ly Con ifi me)

mmwhich cu rt w ith their leaves i n pai rs at a later stage prod uce thm
. .

al ter nM Iy h er e the b ranch es are also al ternate An d so me planmhave

.

for ki ng branches the gro win g bu d emsi n g acti vity at a cer tai n poin t md a
,

pair o f for ki n g br anches star ti n g fro m the axils of the l as t devel oped leaves .

This br ief view o f the gro wth o f the stem an d branches d ” . u .

1 n atly that ev er y plan t i n i ts develo pment o beys a fi xed l aw oi i a

e

bei ng Yet fro m a few pri mary fo rm ari ses endl em di vers i ty
.

Man y o f the fo rms o f s tems have rmf ved dis ti nc tive names whi ch w e ,

mad e use o f i n botani cal demri pti ons as s impl e not bran ch ed erect,
, ,

growin g straigh t u p ; as c ending , arisi ng obli qu ely ; tw i ning, M bing

 l l

b
a ou t so mepport ; prost rate, lyin g flat on the groun d ;
su

al ong over the s u r face of th e gr o un d c r oth er pl an ts etc . ,

up a flo wer s tem,
behind wh ich are
-

o f pmvi o us o nes Eac h ym a new j oint is added

.
,

ly the o ldes t on e ro waway h the s te m is slowly year by ,

S uch an u nderground stem is a rhizo me .

‘
—
l h V ar tld secti on of a hyaci nth bul b .

n t many d ifl er en t
'

forms . Th ey are si mple o r br anched ,

12 ma ma s or m m .

( g )
Fi 1 8.has a si mil ar str m

i ts WW m m
fi b ud Of dam J a 6; <5;

herbac eo us , s ufi ru ti co s e, or w oo d y, to whether they M m

el m na mely
, the ex o geno us an d the endo geno us ,
14 m m or nor m .

egreas o f liq uids hy oa no se h ter their wufl s hew me thi ck ened by the
.

depos i tion al The wo odk afi s

o f so me plnn ts s re oi a ch a istic io whioh mny -
m
as i n the m
ooni fer e l o r the iden tifi mtion of the order .

NM is M all A lon gi tudi nal sechon of many ai m s sho ws

m
.

p h tea of ti mu e tr avem i n g the w o o d fmm the pi th to ward the b mk ;

plates , a llod med ullary rays , are for med li ke the pi th, o f cellular tis
,

s ue, md serv e as a mean s of co mmun i catio n between the p ith and the em

ternal gr o win g s ur face o f the s tem (Fi g The medu llar y rays o f
. m
maple ar e hi ghly develo ped for ming the mu lled
’

an d su ar g -
,
sahn
p ain of

the wood
Inspec tio n cross s ecti on o f an y exogeno us s tem o f a few your!
of a -
"

gro wth will sho w that the woo d is mad e up of c o nc ent ric ri n s
( Fi g 1 9)
. T hes e r i ngs r epresent annu al accessi o ns to the wood g
for med emb o ne co mpr isin g the gro wth o f a year
, Eac h i s co mplemin .

i ts elf an d th ou gh mo re or l ow str o ngly adher en t to the o ne whi ch i t enw

, ,

c lea evid ently i s at the ti me o f i ts gro wth the onl y gro wi ng par t o f th
, , e s tem .

Onoe ter med th ew rings after war d undergo b u t sli gh t changes in eh”
,

acter an d never any i n vo l ume

, As yes rs paa by they become mm dm
.

and gener ally more o r less deeply colored by the depos i tio n o f

matters Hence after a few years growth most exo geno us stems pm
.
,
’
 s rs M
'

AN D m
n oas s. 15

in cross secti on
-
c l colo red por tion ter med heart wood or du ramen,
a en tra ,
-

surro un ded by a li gh ter con e o f sap woo d o r al b u rn u m, the latter de

-

r ivi ng i ts name fr om the i act that the sap stil l ci rc ul ates thro ugh i t while ,

the fo rmer no l onger pomess es vi tal acti vi ty an d li ke the pi th may and , ,

o ften does decay wi thou t i mpairi ng the vi gor o f the plan t

, .

From the foregoing i t becomes evi dent that the proli fer ation of woo d
cells is on ly to b e fou nd i n pr ogress u po n the o u tsi d e of the wood al ready
for med j us t und er neath the bar k As aggr egated here th ese you ng gr o w
,
.
,

i ng cel ls fo rm what is ter med the c amb i u m l ayer This layer is com .

monl y of a mu cil agin o us character and d uring the per iod o f i ts greatest
,

acti vi ty per m i ts the bar k to b e readil y separ ated from the stem .

m u — Vc fl u l n ouon ol thc s wu of n mam showi ng ths

. nwd ull ary rnyt . M ined .

The b ark is the pro te c ti ve co verin g of the s tem . At fi rst composed ,

layer . bar k is commonly composed o f l o ng w ood cells termed

T he inn er -
,

bes t c el l s , un ited in to fi bres o ften o f great s trength and to ughness as

'
,

i n fl ax an d hemp The o u ter bar k is compo sed largely o f cell ular ti mu e

.
,

and pr es en ts two layer s the in n er gr een the o u ter co rky ; the latter
, ,

bei n g d when you n g wi th a d eli cate ep ider mi s Like the woo d whi ch .

it co vers the bar k in creases i n thi ckn ess each year b u t i n a reverse
, ,

manner That is to say wh il e the wood i n cr eases by gro wth u po n i ts

. .

c u ter s urface th e bark thi ck en s by d epo si tio n o f new materi al u po n i ts

,

inner sid e ; and whi l e the w oo d i s co n ti n u ally dyi ng fro m wi thi n o u t

ward the bark is as cons tan tly dying and exfo liati ng fro m wi thou t i a
,

war d . M or eov er as the stem incr eases i n size the o u te r bark being only
, .

moderatel y elastic is spli t and b roken an d co mmo nly ass u mes a r ugose
, ,

appearance In you n g and v er y vi go ro us tr ees n o t u n tr eq uen tl y the woo d

.

g ws so r apidly that the bar k can n ot k eep pace w i th i t an d is co nse

ro ,

q m tl y p
o li t do wn t o the fi b r o us l ayer o r even i n so m e i n s tan ces,
to the
10 E LE ME NTS or nor m .

In annu al ex ogeno us pl an ts, th ou g h the rel ati ve p o sit i on s o f th e b u dr,

wood d, an pi th are the sam e as de sc ai b ed ab o ve th

'
e pi th i s r el ati vel y l ar e
g ,
the woody ti ssue i s arr anged wi th l ow f mi ty
un i or , o ften in wedge s haped
-

End ogeno us pl ants have n o cen tral mass of pi th en ti rely free fro m

m W
W
the the M e
I

of k. as a pro tecfi ve cov

woody fi bres in ters persed , an d tho u gh i t up

m be p d as i n the w as of an ex o gen ous plan t sinc e
se ar ate i t is

m
u
,

woody tim e and shad es c d grad ually into the x

'

a x:

pact stru ct wi thi n.

plan ts the gram s sed gm and mils are fami liar em fl m fro m
eat
bu t
- -
,

their immense n u mber fo r m a ver y i mportant m rt of the

the tropi m m y o f them chi efly palms M n the su ture of m

,
u ,

s uw o ns or T HE srs mAND a

The most i mpo rtant function of the stem and b ranchm is to sew e as a

W
means of co mmunimti o n between the roo ta leaves and ,

W
gaus for to thi s one funcho n all o thers are subs idi ary
, .

e may mfely am mo that a pl an t s wh ’

ol e energ es are ben t to war d the
'

repro d u cti o n o f i ts s ecies

p hm thi s i
.s acco mplid i ed the annual a n d
the bien nial die ; the perennial gem a s tep farth er and (w e

m oo n .

The new an d branches then , , su pply the

 nu ns AN D LE A V ES . 17

and to the mpmducfi ve or gans for their n eeda recei ving back merely

W e have alr eady seen ho w the stem and

br anches elon gate by the u n
foldi ng of the b u d the expansion o f leaves an d the len gthenin g o f the
, ,

s paces b etw een the l atter and hav e no ted that the bu d ex is ts i n th
, e

b ryo . From this ti me for ward i t al ways is the gr o win g po in t of the plant .

Examin ed i n v erti cal secti on i t is sho wn to b e a collection of embr y ,

seas o n green lik e the expanded leaves tho u gh o f a more ten der
the b ud is ,

shad e b u t as the end o f the seaso n approach es the o u ter leafl ets u n d ergo
,

mo re or less change i ncl udin g bo th co lor and textu re and are not u nfro
qu en tly coated wi th rem
, ,

u o ns o r gu mmy matters to pr otect th em against

W W
cold and moistur e dur ing the period o f the plant s rest S u ch altered ’
.

leaflets are ter med s cal es .

e have aheady seen ho w l eaves

-
are pr od u ced. e will n ow consider

U po n the form of the s k eleton , of cou rse depen ds

, the h p
s a e an d gen

er al character of the l eaf .

The lar ger an d mo re pr omin ent fibr es o f the skeleto n are ter med
vei n s the s mall er on es vei nl ets
,
In leaves havi ng a lar ge centr al vein .
,

wi th less promin en t later al branches the cen tr al o n e i s ter med the mid ,

ve i n or mid ri b Indeed m bo tani cal descrip tion s the pro mi nen t fibr es
-
. ,

of the leaf skeleto n are spo k en o f as vei n s , ri b s , or n erves i n discr i mi

-

ner ved. Li ttle co nfu si on h o wever , , d ar ise fro m this misus e of ter ms if
nee

the stu d ent but re member that th ou gh these fi bres bear so me analo gy to
vei ns and r i bs , they b ear n on e whatever to ner ves.

A leaf may co mmonly be distin gu ish ed into two par ts an expanded

por tio n ter med the l ami na or b l ade, an d a stalk by whi ch this is at
,

tac hed to the stem ter med the petio l e or fo ots tal k
, In case ther e be '
.

ne potio l e the blad e bein g attach ed di rectl y to the stem the l eaf is sai d ,

to b e s es s i l e .

Thro u gh the petiol e if ther e b e on e or i n i ts abs ence dir ectly into

, , , ,

the base of the blad e pass the woody fibr es whose rami fi cati on s make u p
mo les t skeleto n The manner in which the veins ramify is termed the
,

-
.

venati o n of the leaf .

In endogenous pl ants th ese fibres commonly di vid e at or near the bu s

ot th s bl ade in o a n umber of neM y eq ual baan chea whi ch pumue a paml
é
-
J
14 y m ked mid vein
-

-
, b ut i nw a
rd a nu mber of w veina purs u e a
 s uns AN D LE AV ES. 19

ou ts tr etched hand or bir d ; hen ce such l eaves are said to be

the toes of a

pa l mat el y, d igitat e l y , or
pe d at el y ve i ned T he lea v es o
.f t he mapl e,

sycamo re, and ( a cto r o i l plant (Fi g 27) wi ll ser v e as i ll us trati on s

- .
.

pl an ts are other connecti n g ones, as when a l eaf has bo th a mid vein with
-

mor e or less str on gly marked later al branches and l ar ge di ver gi ng palmate
,

m ginal s hape
ar In 4 r ;
g d leaves the 4
el - ein e
v is m an ly enti re
“4 t i s, n o t r1 0 t or in dented ; the co mmo n eat -
mmm ,

W ag -t une ri ght. m am a m mm d m m esmw

 W
20 w er e o r nor m .

etc. hen the incisiens are carried still deeper , the ten n parted is us ed
and when they ex ten d to the mid vei n or b ase of the bl ade, the l eaf is mid -

to b e d ivid ed .

as l i ncar , lanceolate, obl ong, ell i ti cal and avoi d, an d or bi u lar c are o ften
p , ,

empl oyed , an d q
r e ui re n o e xplanati on . Oblanceol ate si gni fi es a gen eral

po in t tu r neddown ward ; obomte an ovate form also wi th i ts wider por ,

tion to ward the apex ; M ab l e lik e a spatula cu neate w edge s haped ta, , ,
-
,

per in g fr om abo ve down ward .

Then too the base and apex pres en t a variety o f for ms T he bas e
, , .

may b e cordatc o r h ear t s haped reniform or ki dney shaped c ut imi tate

-
,
-
,
-

or car ed sagi uate or arrow s haped

, hostel s or hal berd s haped pel lets o r
-
,
-
,

T he p x may b e ( term i nate or taper poi n ted acu te when en di n g wi th

a e -

an acute an gl e an d no t tapering; obtuse bl un t ; tr u ncate appear i n g as i f , ,

r ef use sligh tly n o tched at the extr emi ty emer gi nate mo re deeply
’
cu t c d , ,

n o tch ed or i n den ted obcor date in ver sely hearb s h aped ; c usp idate ar med
, ,

wi th a smal l cu s p o r to o th ; mucr onal e ar med wi th a very s mall shar p ,

po in t o r ar istate wi th a br istle li k e po in t
,
-
.

Thu s far w e have co dered the leaf

n s i i n i ts s i m ple t for
s m — that i s wh en ,

consisti ng of a si ngle blad e h ow ever deeply i t may b e cu t or di vi d ed

, .

All su ch leaves ar e termed s i mpl e ( Fig i n con tradi cti n cti o n wi th .

c o mpo u nd l eav es (Fi g whi ch ar e made u p o f two o r more often

.
,

many blad es su ppo rted by a co mmon peti ole Yet this di s ti n ction of
,
.

leaves in to si mple and co mpo un d is to so me exten t arb itrary for in leaves , , ,

which are parted —that 18 di vi ded to the base or mid v ein the lobes b e
,
-

co me as essen tially separate blad es as if th ey were s u ppor ted u pon sepa

r ate peti ol es : sti ll s u ch leaves ar e commonly co nsi d er ed si mple
, S ome
writers si mpli fy the matter by drawing the li n e at an ar ti cu lati on wi th the
peti ole co nsider ing th os e o nly compoun d whi ch ar e so articulated an d all
,

other s si mple B y articu lati o n i s mean t the j oi n t at which the leaf sepa
.

rates wh en i t falls fro m the stem B u t even this di visi o n is not co m

—
.

pl etely sati s fac ry fo r there are leaves for ex pl

t
o ,
am e the l em o n — con ,

s is tin g of a si ngl e en tir e blad e whi ch i s arti cu late d wi th i ts peti o l e and ,

hence would u nder this d efi ni ti on h ave to b e co nsider ed a co mpo un d leaf .

A compoun d l eaf th en is mad e u p o f two or mo r e blades ter med lea

, . f ,

l ets ( Fi g . ho me u po n a commo n petiole wi th whi ch they may or may ,

Compou n d leaves pr in ci pal forms the pi n nate, i n whic h

are o f two ,

W
the l eaflets are arranged lik e the pi nnate v ein s o f a s i mpl e feather vei ned -

leaf and the pal mate, in whi ch th ey are arranged palmately

,
.

Pi nnately compou nd leaves are eq ually pinnate when they e

 m an -s u m Tha w m u m

M
“
W ms the b m mamched m es a m
of

“
the b hde
In I d ec id u o us plan ts —that i s m
m wah
whme
h
withou t an
m an away at themd of the growing m oon—the t ,

M m is ahsent m
the l ea the gr owiag mdy m
’

at the end of sw a away

me m m t, the hm !the leaf

In so whw e t
h e pefi ol e i s ah o
 B U DS AN D L E A V ES. 23

the m;
ste i t is then denominated perfol iate . In o t er cases a
h pair o f
their uni ted abon t the etem; such l eaves are ten ned

na n -
m a m m m an

at its base wi th a pai r of fol m

’c eous or

s t i pul es . Very o ften thm m

W ot s ien n ohowi nc the m t d

 W
24 mm n r s or
'
nor m .

e hnve already eeen that l eam m co mpooed oi cell ul ar an d woody

U nl ike the cel l u l ar ti ssuc of the m

ste ,

cells so mewhat loos ely a rran e g d wi th o pen

,

matter , ta med c h o ro phy l

ll , whi ch they
contai n . Ex ter nall y the en ti m l eaf is co vered

epid er mis (Fi g . thi s per forated

is
m am a -h a m .»
wi th nu mero us open ings termed sto mata
m ‘ l
,

F
( gi 37) , whi ch per mi t the ex ter nal ai r to

mor e nu mero u s on the un der than th e u pper d de of tbe l mfi md her e

l e aves have often b een co mpared wi th the l ungs o f animal a sin ce it is

‘

thei r ofi ce to aer ate the vi tal fluids o f pl an ts Ths n ou rishmen t coll ected .

b y the roots is tr an smi tted thr ou gh the stem to the l eavea and bend er
po sed to contact wi th becomes el abo rated and fi tted fo r the
the air , it
f r ther u se Thro ugh the mul ti tu de o f sto mata or l n eath i
’

p l an t s u . ngp or ee
'

the air has free access to the i ntefi o r o f the l eat wher e the cell s tak e fr om
i t carbon i c aci d and yi el d u p th eir s uper fl uo us mo is tur e or abso r b oxygen ,

an d give o u t oxygen ; in darkn es s the process is reversed and carb on ic

aci d ia exhaled B u t as pl an ts are much more ac ti ve i n dayl ight than in
.

d arkness the amou n t of car bon i c ac i d tak en from the atmos phere is many
,

ti mes greater than that whi ch is exhaled ; an d as n early al l the carbonic

ac i d abso rbed is deco mposed the car bo n al o n e bein g retain ed whi l e th
, e

oxygen is r etur n ed to the ai r i t at o nce beco mes ev id en t that plan ts are

,

contin ually pur ifyin g the air whi ch animals breathe Anhnal aon the other .

han d are as con s tantly r en ewin g the su pply o f carboni c aci d i n the air
, ,

and th us better fi tti n g i t fo r the su s tenan ce o f plan ts so that ther e is an ,

in ti mate i n ter d epend ence of vegetable and ani mal li fe B oth pr o babl y .

had thei r adven t u po n earth at the same time an d pro gressed u pward ,

from the lo wes t to the h igh es t forms si de by s id e wi th eq ual steps

, . .

So far the leaves are anal ogou s to the l un gs of ani mal s b ut their f unc ,

tion s do n ot cease wi th the mer e absor p ti on of carboni c aci d and the ex

 T HE FL O W ER . 25

other green par ts of

the frui t , or in the l eaves themselves,

g
or ans by wh i ch plants d evelop an d ex ist as i ndivi d

l eaves their leaflets un der goin g a tr ansfor

,

r epro d u cti v e o rgana A b u d i n thi s trans

fl o w er b u d, and when fu lly expanded b e
-

l eaf
bud s are n ot scatter ed li s p hazard along
- -

i n a fi xed deter mi nate mann er n o w as flo wer

, ,

leaf bu ds we are p repared to fi nd them also oc

-
,

Thi s arran gemen t o f fl owers i s ter med i nfl o '

a br i ef ex ami n ati on befor e pro ceedi ng to the

u re of the fl o w er .

s tem an d br an ch es

d et er

nu mber is i ndefi ni te .

b rac ts , ped u n c l e, ped ic el ,

’

and

xil s o f whi ch the floral axes spr in g

a

br anou s s car i ous or petal o id ( col ored )

, ,
S ec .

—
Iris are ter med b ract l ets.
at the base o f second ary di vis i o ns o f a fl o ral

A ped u nc l e is a br an ch di re ctly ter mi nawd by a fl o w er ; an d i ts ex

trem ity us uall y mor e or l es s enl ar ged u pon whi ch the flo ral or gans pro per
, ,

mu ted is the rec eptac l e

, .

A ped ic el i s a secondary pedu ncl e or i n o th er word s the stalk u po n

, ,

‘ ltiehan in divi d u al flo wer o f a br an chi n in flo re cen ce i i tu ated

g s s s .

“ Indete rmi nate i nfl o res c enc e pres ents fi ve w ell mark ed for ms
M od the m eme, c o r mb , u mb el , s ik e, and head, each of whi ch
y p
-
,
26 E LE M E NTS or nor m .

A rac e me is an inflor escenoe in which ne mi y equal second ary ax es

ris e a on
l g m
the pr imary on e ; it is s i pl e when the secondary ax es termi
nate i n a si n gle flo wer ( Fi
g c o
.
p o u nd wh m
en they br an ch

M W b d t m .

flo wer in g . A co mpou n d r ac eme is termed a panic l e .

the cen tral pedi cels lon ger than the

thyrs e.

r mtit.
—
A comm a m an .

A c o rymb mbles a mu ms b ut has i ts lo wer pedia le

r ese ,

the u pper ones th u s bri n ging the flo wers u pon a level wi th eac h
, h
ot er. It
may b e simple (Fig 39) or compou nd (Fi g
. .

An u mb el has i ts secondary axes di verg in g from the m e t, :

I
28 E LE ME NTS OE so m r .

In the l atter oase the nl fi mate cl nsters of flo wers are ter med
or pa rti al u mb els .

of the u mmnete the i nvo l uc el , or

vel ao ra.

A s pik s is infl orescen ce in whi ch the flowem the

primary axis ( Fig It 18 co mpo und wh en seco ndary mm ri se fro m the
mm
.

i f?!
M ‘

C at k ins Fi gs 46 an d 47) an d c o nes are for ms o f

( .

the flo wers are i nco mpl ete as wi ll appear later

, .

A head is m inflor es cence i n whi ch the pri mary m

is de od
 THE FLO W E R. 31

whi ch ar e essen tial to p du c tion

r e ro ,

th ose which envelop the es sen tia l

in a separate whorl or d r cl e by i ts elf .

T he lyx
ca is the xternal
e en el ope of the flow
r
n

M Of fr o m tw o to 811 O F mm lm fl m n i s epa s , l ea ch i fsg ;

an d dis tin ct or all more or m uni ted

. .
-

m fi — A i nmo or me
ga he . “m
fi

n
l
ip of
" (w
!
m ath .
e)

distin ct the calyx i s termed po l ys epal o us Fi

( g .

amos epal o us Fi
( g .

1m cu t or di vi ded

teeth or lobes alo ne remai nin g to s ho w the n u mber of

The calyx i s reg u ar when its sepals are al l alike (Figs 5 2 an d 53)
l .

irregul ar o f them are di fferen t in for m fr om th

a e o th ers ( Fi g
-

It is d ec id uo u s when i t falls away after the ferti lizati on of the

flower ; cadlu c o us when i t falls as the fl ower expands ; ers ist ent when
p

W
The c o ro ll a is the inner flo ral en vel ope It is commo nly colored, .

and to this o ,w is i n strong contr ast wi th the calyx Its separate .

h a c termed etal s , and, lik e the sepals . they may be more o r l ess
p
82 m u ms or nor m .

In the gamopetal ous corol la there is the same di sti n ctio n of

tu be, thro at, li mb, and lobes as i n the gamosepalo us calyx, an d i t is de
vel o ped i n t e same mann er — b y the fumo n o f r i ginally di s tinct leaflets
h o
.

Fi
( g s 5 7 an d 58 )
and tt h c mm ly demdnoufl . i t is w it heri ng pers i s tent
“ -

g o o n ff a.
‘

th en the flowers are termed nak ed .

The essential floral or gans as remark ed abo ve

, , are the mmen s an d pi e

wi thi n the corolla if thi s b e pr esent o r in i ts absen ce wi thin the mlyx .

,

They are the fertilizi n g organs o r accordi ng to the for mer ideas of the
, ,

sexu ali ty o f phn ts th ey su pply th

, e male element i n the pro ces s of r epr c

A st amen con sists of two par ts an ant her and a M fi l amen

t
, or

upon wh ich this 18 su ppor ted (F ig The anther i s the only

.
f

part and th is may b e an d o ften is ma i ls It co nmm of two

, .
i

vid ed fr o m eac h oth er verti cally by a sep tu m each openi ng at m atu ri ty

—
,

i ld i g c ll u lar powd ery sua t h l l a whi ch i s the i s

y e n a e , ce e po n .
attac h ed to thei r fll amen ts in a var iety of ways .

An au ther when attached by i ts base to the apex of the

is i nnate
fil amen t ; ad nate when attached by on e face to the si de of the fi l amen t ;
vers at il e when athehed at i ts mi ddl e poi nt so as to tu r n easily ; wh en i t
i s fi x ed to the si de of the fll amen t which l ooks to ward the pi s ti l i t is
i nt r o rs e and when fi x ed to the o ther s i de i t is ext ro rs e .

As intimated above the fllamen t is of mino r i mportance It is varied

,
.

mor e or less un ited They are mo nad el pho u s when un ited bytheir fi la
.

ments into one set ; d iadel pho us in two sets ; pol yadel pho u s in
several sets ; and s n en es io us wh en u ni ted i nto on e set by th eir
y g
anther a as in the

he fl —
O mm
o on torm ot mm and m

The pis ti ls are the or gans

Thei r pos ition is in the cen tre o f the flo wer ; like the h
o t er flo ral or gans
—
,

th ei r n umber is var iabl e ther e may b e o n e or man y .

A pis til may commonly b e distin gui s hed i nto thr ee parts namely the , ,

o vary, the styl e, and the st ig ma ( Fi g Of th es e the fi r st an d las t

.

are al ways eeent b u t the styl e may be abeent i n whi ch case the stigma
pr .

e indi cates is the

. g
or an which contains the

the style the in ter venin g po rti on .

an al most endl ess var i ety of fo rms ; hen ce i t is difi

in su ch gener al ter ms as we ars o bliged to mpl oy
e
 m mom 35

would be a co m
e pistil s of feti d

ferti lizing elemen t an d the

B oth ex hi bi t a gl u t variety o f forms .

t ut u —
A um m
l a m m mm am ) .

di spos i ti on and thei r arran e g men t

e flo wers are commonly in fi m or

en t o f i ts

A str ictly
and the
No w i n
, rea lity su ch a flo wer is rare .

wi th fi ve s epals fi ve petals ten sta

, ,
36 n n m rs or no r m .

mm M m m m y; 4 mm flo v er with two m
m m
o or a -
s

m m M a I a ned
-

m 1n u g,
.

m mm mw m —m
“ “pl
mM u al fim M i n w hi ch
w a s an ts 000 0013 d bat he d n memb eM n mm

M
may
38 wi thou t
be u pon
W
the m
ent . othe

e plant
m wi thont
, or u m
n
p a
’
il
difl erent
s .

mdrvxdmal s of
zl ;
( Fi gs
. 46 and The w
:
n ailanthns , so In gel y 9 »

W
W
M J salu t ed .

h d
s a e- tree, flo wers ith stamens only (sl ami nd i e) on one in l
has i t
r 1;
; 4

an d th ose wi th pi stils only (pis til lal e) on another S uch plants are .

diw c io us ; whi le those wi th bo th kinds u po n the m e 3

ter med mo nw c io u s S ti ll h
o t e rs h v
a e n o t o nly p f
er ec t —
flo wem that in m

—
.

ho w
t s e it h b o th stam en s an d p is tils b ut th ese imperfect and

flo wers al so ; such plants are termed po lygamo us .

p the spcciea
oducfi on of

The mmner m
which this is w compl isl red is sufli d enfl y s i mpl e md to
q
one ac uai n te d wi th the pheno mena o f repr o ducti on in ani mals readil y
,

As the flowa ex pands the

lu by m cr chl nh at

m 7i —
A n aathcr opon

lu by vo ma

which the pol lcn tnbco are cec n

-
m to the ovul n

val ves open ed for th is purpos e ( Fi gs . pollen is ei ther shed

73 and The
direc tly on the sti gma or is car rwd there by the wind or by md
once there i t is retai ned by a gl u ti n o us s ecr eti o n o f the stigm a ( Fi g .

From each po llen cell ( Fig 76 ) is then pro tr u ded a min u te tu be we

-
.
.
 FU N CTION S O F T HE F LO W ER .

growth un ti l the fru it is

mon species the frui t o ften a a ave or impel fect '

on ly a a ls

imper fec t are exceed .

o f lik e charac ter the

M en. wi th pol lcn tnbo at an

o
.
M il l ed.

atu rall y er ti e,
f l bear flo wers year after year
to the bewi lderment o f th ei r o wners The .

pro

nec ti o n is the producti on of

a.
” ( i
"

Of mm S pec ies Or m efi efl .
40 ELEM E NTS or nor m .

Every far mer kno ws that if two variefi es ot cor msay yell ow md white ,

be plan ted side by side, the resul t will b e a great man y ears of spechled
cor n those with bo th whi te an d yell ow ker nels intermin gled Now corn
, ,

is a monmcious plant the pollen bein g prod uced m vas t q uan ti ti es by the
,

tas sels (stamens ) while the sil k oi the ears represen t the expos ed portio s
,
n

u pon the silk of me ear will pro d uce s mix tur e o f di fi er ent col ored
the sa

kernels for the pollen wil l determi ne the character of the kern el pr odu ced
,

by the o vu le whi ch i t fer tilizes .

Again the p umpki n an d squ as h ar e cl osely related speci es an d cannot

, ,

b e gro wn side by si de wi tho u t hybri dizatio n B ut as i n the an i mal king .

,

dom the pro d u ction o f hyb ri ds is li mi ted to cl osel y related s peci es or

,

varietiea an d cann o t be efl ec ted b y the cr os si ng of in

'

di vid u als o f wi d ely difl er en t genera S tr i ctly s peaki ng,

'

the hybrid is the pro du ct of the cr os si ng o f re lated

pr i et be app1ied in pl ant l ife to the

y, cr ossi ng o f varie

fi ea as in the i nstance of corn .

The fertilized an d matu red o vary en

fr ui t i s the »

closin g the seeds capable of r epro du cin g the pl ant

, .

Not u n frequ en tly als o i t co mpr ises the remmni ng

'

, ,

a t i the pis ti L mor e o r l ess al tered or the enl ar ed

p r s o
g ,

and var io us ly modi fi ed calyx an d r eceptac le .

Fr ui ts are dis ti ngui shed as s imp le or compou nd .

A s impl e f ru it co ns i sts o f a sin gle matu red pis til ,

wheth er th is b e simpl e or compo u nd to geth er wi th i ts ,

encl osed seed o r s eeds the seed ves s el ter med e i

p r - '
, ,

c arp, bei ng the matu red o vary and the seed the ter ti ,

liw d and matur ed o vul e .

The peric a rp i s d is tin gui s hed i nto thr ee l ayers,

n amely epic ar p (ou te r
, layer ) end oc arp ( inner ,

layer ) an d meso c ar p ( middle layer ) In many fr u its

, .

the mes o carp i s v ery thi ck and fl es hy an d i s then ,

kn o wn as the s arc o c arp .

Th ere are three princi pal ki n ds of simple fr ui ts fl es hy fruits , sto ne .

fru its , d ry fru its

and .

In fleshy fru i ts the whole per icarp thi ck en s and becomes so ft i n r ipen .

i ng . Of th is ki n d are the b erry, po pe, an d po me .

In the b erry the fl esh is u ni formly soft throughou t, as in the cur

rant Fi
( g huckl eb s rry, to mato , and gr
.

berry , and raspber ry are n o t, botani call y be ,

T he po pe is the kin d of fr ui t fou n d in

man ly hard wi th out an d so fter wi thi n .

T he po ms fi nds w e type in the appl e i ,

composed of the th ick en ed adherent calyx , ,

m ds being the only repmsen tati vw of the p

The sto ne frui t is techn i cally kn own as
-

o u ter fleshy porti on enclosi n g a sto ne or pt

( Fi gs 80 an d
m
.

Dry frui are those i n whi ch the per i al

c
ure its development , and resu l ts m
.

we l in all flmhy and stone fruits the ]

la
as s -
,

ind s his c ent .

O I i nd s his c s d ry fru its m mmma co

s ho n e . a l -
see e d d fr ui t , appear in g lik e a S t

by the pmicar p Of this kin d are al l the

'

82 ) and m y o f the mn u nc ul acetr The re: .

berry is m for each o f the st

al so an acheni u ,

immer sed i n the fl a hy edi ble r eceptacle (F ,

black berry each grai n i s a minu te ber ry 01

M y i n the on e case separ abl e fro n
( us ed mifi i t ( Figs 84 and .

o f the co mposi ta ar e co m

M ul es termed the popp us ( Fig .

 m m or s cr a m .

di str ib uti on by the wind . That of the dandeli on will serve as

The utric l e is an a cheni um wi th a l oose bl addery perics rp

, .

M ad o nna-s w im m in m

The c aryo ps is has the with the see d , as in

wheat, rye, and Indian corn .

A n ut is a dry in d ehiscent fr u i t wi th a h ard woo dy or bo ny s h l l

e
, as

W
i n the aco rn chestnu t and cocoanu t The acorn rests i n a
-

ef f
( u .

.
, ,

7 01 , ter med the o n p, o r c u pu l e t he ch es tnu t i n a

'
r

Pi e .
—mm
8c of the mapl e. Pro 81
.
—8 “15 d

A s am ara, or key fr ui t, is ei th er
-
a nu t

dry frui t fur nished wi th a wing to favor i ts

thi s kin d ar e the fr ui ts of the maple ( Fig . el m
, tuli p
thus Fi
( g .
 ad, is the gener al name for dry seed vessels which spli t -

in some regular manner It pr esents many difi erent

.

tbe fr ui t o f a si mpl e pi sfi l which plits

s al ong i ts inn er
ed by the u nited edges of the leaflet whi ch

a compou n d pistil . It may be one

and may discharge i ts seeds thmugh chinks or ponea as in

or bu rst irregularly , or, as is mos t common , o pen by

i s l oc ul ic idal wh en the pod spli ts d own the back

the cell s first s eparate fr om each oth er
Open alo ng thei r in ner mar gin .

in the cr uaferw It is di vid ed into two

.

and gen erally opens by two valves from bel ow

broad si liqu e lik e that of the shepherd s p urse

,
’
.
44 ELEM E NTS or B OTAN Y .

The pyx is is a pod which open s tr ans versely, the upper por tion form
i ng a lid or co ver (Fi g .

i n to on e mass . The most co mmon for m is the st ro b il e, or c o n s , the

frui t of the cont/l an e .

The c o ne is co mposed of open pis tils co mmonly in the form of flat

,

s a les regu lar ly ov erlyin g each oth er and all prem d to gether in to a coni
, ,

cal sh ape (Fi g Each scal e b ears ons or two seeds on i ts inna
.

W A vine m
Fl o fi
.
-
e.

hen matu re and dry the m l s s di vergs and per mi t the

In some plan ts the c l forming the co ne become fleshy and mor e

s a es

or l ess u n i ted to t o ther ac as to fo rm a fr ui t r esemblin g s herr y ; of

,

su ch a character are the cones of j uni per commo nly known as J

,
.

Ovules whi ch have been ferti lized and und ergo ne subs equent develop
men t M come seeds
The seed consi sts o f a ker nel co vered by an i n tegumen t The i ntegu .

ment or s eed c oat is di visi ble into two layers an exter nal o ften hm and
-
,

c r ustaceo us te r med the tests , an d an in ternal o ne which i s thi n and

, ,

The tests meti mes fi ts the k er n el cl osely as in the bean again

so , , it
is e xpanded in to a wi ng (Fi g 94 ) o r is tu fted wi th l ong w i t hairs as
.
, , in
b e in the causati on of disease—an d sur el y this is a vex s d qu es tion j ust
no w —they are no t, as a rul e, par ti c ul arl y e m caci ous in its cur e, at l eas t
so far as o ur press nt kn owl edge goes .

Of the lowes t or ders we shall say nothing save that their life hi story is
si mil ar to that of the l owest or ds rs of the animal ki ngdom b ein g i n fnct, , ,

n othi ng bu t the his tory of si n gle cells .

The high est or d ers ter med ac rog s no u s c ryptogams , have a die
,

and usu a lly wi th some foliage Th ey are desti tu te of tr ue fl ower s b u t pro

.
,

d u ce i nswad of seed s mi nu te bodi es ter med s po res From thes e s pores

, , .

are pro d u ced new pl an ts b ut i n a mann er al togeth er difl erent from the
,

g er m i nati on o f the seed o f a fl o wer i n gpl an t In the fi rs t pl ace fr o m the ,

s po res ars devel oped o r gans anal o gou s to stam ens an d pisti ls ; the latter

bei ng ferti lized by the former a new plan tlet is the resu lt In o ther , .

words reprod u cti on is n o t fi nally acco mplished by the paren t plant

, ,

To this clas s belon g ver y few medi ci n al speci es male fer n ( Aspidi um ,

El l ie -
owe) shi eld fer n As i di u m m
, ( p ar gi nal e) an d cl u b moss L
( y p
co od i u m) ,
-

CLAS SIF ICA I T ON O F PLA NTS .

The uni t o f classi fi cati o n i n v egetable as in ani mal li fe is the s pec ies :
and a kn o wledge o f all k no wn s pec ies wou ld in o n e sens e co mp ri se the , ,

kn owledge of the whole vegetable ki ngdo m B ut as speci es i n di cates a .

’
r elati ons hi p o f i nd i vi d ual s so difi eren t speci es bear rel ati o ns hi p to each
,

o ther and gro u ps o f speci es relati o n sh ips to other gro u ps and so o n un til
, ,

W
the en ti r e v egetabl e kingd o m is i ncl ud ed .

An i ll ustr ati on wi ll bes t ser ve to d efi n e a species Take for example .

, ,

e e mi nt e ha v e h e e a pla n t o f a cer tai n as pect wi th s tem l eaves

p pp r . r , , ,

W
flowers and fr ui t to a certai n ex tent peculiar to i ts elf The seed of one
,
.

i ndi vi dual o r o f a thou sand wi ll pr od uce plants of es s en tiall y the same .

character year after y ear generati on after generati on

, ,
e mi ght plan t .

besi de thi s anoth er of so mewhat si mi lar as pec t spean ni nt and this wou ld , ,

also reprod u c e i tself gen er ati o n after gen erati on wi th o u t change There .

w o uld never b e an i nter mi ngli ng of the two ; the seed of the o n e w o uld
n ever pro d u ce the o th er b u t each w o uld always repro du ce i tself
,
No w . ,

then all the i n divid ual pepper min t plants exi sting are the direc t d es cend
,

an ts of o th ers whi ch pr eced ed th em an d th ose of o thers sti ll an d we can , ,

r easo nably trace the chai n backw ar d to o n e co mmo n an ces to r The same .

wi th spear mi nt T o ex press this his to ry of a plan t we u se the ter m

.

s pec i es , si gni fyi ng all i n di vi du als d es cend ed fr o m a co mmo n stock .

Hen ce the speci es pepper mint co mpri ses all the indi viduals havi ng i ts pe
cnnss m car xo s or PL A NTS . 47

furth er we shall fi n d many other plants

to these two mi nts in th eir manner o f

and a si milar mod e o f flo wer in g , bu t still

An dg the thr ee di visi on s o f poly

a ain ,

apetah e bei ng fo u nd in exo geno u s plants are

, ,

each o th er than to en d o geno us pl ants ; h en ce

3. B u t the tw o classes o f fl owerin g plan ts ar e

to each o th er th an to fl o werl ess plan ts and an ,

a n atur a l way we have : S ub

form of a cros s Often again .

, ,

whi ch th ey include whose name

cu l ua ; r osacew, fr o mrom ; sol a

of an c ien t o ri gi n i n o th er ia
of in di vi dual s o r fr o m so me

Canada ms, an d i s then co mmonly

’

as etc ,

manner i n which th ese names are employed we w ill ,

exampl e .The ord er G M ACEE i ncl u des all plan ts

M difl erent aapecta ; as for m p l e, a ; i an t whos e fl ow
al ly htue may produce i ndividu al s wi th whi te flo wera N .

var iati o na fr om the apecifi c standar d ten d to repmdms ti

after m tbey are termed vari et hn hence wc not un fi u

M M VM N uaafliam Gn y, aign ifying that tb e pl a

. m
ane mone patena as cham cter is ed b y L in ne which variety v

region or co un tr y, and suc h a flor a i s ot immen se s er vice

flora before hi m and an u nk no wn phn t in his hand he is en

out aual yticall y step b y step the rel ati ons hip of th
, ,
c un k

m
know md fi nall y to fi x the plan t s spec ifi c l omti on
’
.

he haa nevcr seen before He b egins b y ascer taining whe

.

ogenon s or endogen ou s ; if exo gen o u s wheth er polypetal

,

l o ua or apetal ous ; md then whether i t b ear eviden t r el atim

o f any order with w hich h e is famili ar If no t he mus t s
.
,

the char acters of or der s un til he can fi x i ts ordi nal locati on

A medi ml flora mch as is attempted i n the m d part

is m order ly arrangemen t of the medi ci nal pl ants of any reg

O b viou sl y a key cann o t readil y b e avail ed o f in su ch a wori

any servi ce, i t must b e capabl e of appl i cation to s ll the ph
 G LO SS A R Y

M t. witho ut an a pparent ste m Author , the m ential pa t of

r the sta men ,

Figs 5 9 , 78 , 74,
. p . 92
.

AM t ak mex a dry l -
seeded fru it,
Fi g 83' s 4 1
- . AM in cl ose con tac t b ut n ot u ni ted .

Arborcomw r arborescent) , tree l i k e -

.

d raw ( or artl ), a fl es hy, fal se coati n g to

mtg -a thei stsms of fs ms and mosses . the seed , p . 45 .

Ani ta ‘s , armed with a b ristl e li ke poin t -

.

Ar ti cul ation , the j oi n t at w hi ch a part sepa

rates , as the peti ol e fro m the ste m , p .

m
W
Ada an thcrx attachs d
by on e face to 90
mdd
.

e e d ths fi hmen t p fi .

M fi
p . p 10
mm m
.

m
.

e mm w
M
“ M Amergent, ascen di ng
-
.

p 7 Am , a b ristl e l i e a k ppendage
m
-

m
, . .

A u n ou fi ahed b y aé ri al roota, M , the angl e on the ppe si de b etween

u r

9 0 . the l eaf an d ste m

.

Aerato ry ou‘d, -
b u d pl aced l n ths ax i l of a
a

M fi d fl l . l eaf . Axi l l ary b uds often remai n dor

man t i ndefi n i tel y ; w en t ey b egin to h h
“
M

M
9 45
M
on e aftsr
.

u m
another , as al tern ate
grow h
t ey b ecome ter minal b u ds , i n ,

M fl ik s a berry
mdd
.

M a col l ecti ve na me for the M ag a -

a .

Bo r k , p . 18
M the l on g wood -
c el l aof bark ,n 15

“
.
,

l i t -ed rod ucea do m md frul t an d M en di ng i n a beak or nm ow tl p

, p .

ms m mo M md min afl omfi
—p
C h u a l ta atru cturs ger ga
wood) , Fig 19,
. p. 1 4. 1 5, . 2.
LO eLo ss aur on D ICTI O N AR Y or B OT ANICAL mm
Bon y, a trui t ul
p py or j ui oy throughou t,

M fi w fi oa fl a mp w .

R os a
-
mte a two heel ed -
(l aw, the narro w stal k li ke hu e of acme
-

m
, . ,

W
u, wi th two teeth .
petal s .

M e tal, a pl ant whi ch germi natea from

the seed one eeu on an d prod ucea flowers p 1 9 .

an d fr ui t an d di es the n ext, p . 9 .
, risi ng by ol i ngi ng to other ol r

mb
“w h
M , two cl eft .
j eeta Pl an ts cl i in man y di fi erent
M afi a , it two l ea ets fl . ways by twi ni ng, b y
: means 04 ad ven
M ate, two l i -
pped . ti ti ous roots, by ten dr il s, by the peti ol ea
B ha r ,
e vi o two cel l ed
-
. ot the l eavea, etc .

M pa ted , two -
r . (b l ame , the un i wd sta mens , or stu nens

M amie twi ce pi nn ate , , Fig 81 ,. p . 91 . and pi s ti l s of so me pl anta .

Hirermas -
, when the teeth
do u b ly serrate, as

of a ser rate l eaf are th emsel v es serr ate .

B ade ( or l amin a) , the panded porti

W
ex on

of a l eaf, p . 17 . M M ppos i te sid,

es fl atten ed on o .

Draw , the l eaves of i n fl orescen ce . p . 25 . Gamma i r i ng ( f w od ) Fig 1 9 p 14

-
s s o o , .
, . .

M odel s ( or b racteol es) , secon dary 11t Cone the f i t f the

, m n gfl a ru o ,

M ed i a ( and stem) . l x 9 . p 44 . .

B uds an d tea m ,
p . 17 . Ch m u l eav e i ted ab o t the tem p
,
s un u s . .

M , a s h ort, usu all y scal y an d au hter '

28 .

ran enn ste m , Fi gs 16 18 , .

-
p . 11 . Contracted, nar rowed or shor tened .

Oor l aca mc, l eath ery

’

autu mn , fal l i ng o ff qu i ckl y p ,

. 81 . Ger m, a fleshy b u l b , p 12 . .

Cbmaa , the i n n er fl oral en vel ope, p 81

m
. .

Ch , the e ter n al x fl oral en vel ope, p . 31 . Cortical , pertai n in g to the bark ( aortas) .

W
Gmtbvu m layer , p m
Cor nb, a sort of fl at or con vex flower
'

. 15 .

Oanalecula te, c an n el l ed h cl uster, Figs 39 , 40, p 26

m
. . . .

00 ,
res emb l i n g l atti ce work o
. Ca b rian: ( or seed -
l ea ves) . the fi rst tea m
h wh ite h pp 2
“
M arconi , gr ayi s -

, oary .
of the em b r yo , Fi gs 1 8 , .
-
.
, 45 .

agi tate, ead li k e h -

. Gra m , scal l o ed1 p Fi g 28 , . p 19 . .

( hpml c ( or pod ) , a dry aeed veeael -

wh ich M o mma ( or fl ower l eu ) pl an ts, p . 45 .

p mann er p

W
spl i ts o en i n a regu l ar , . 43 .

M M , a k eel .
( or cu pul e ) , the in v ol uc re i n which
an acorn rests, p 42
m
. .

ar mh c a ai mpl e platil or on e di viaion of a ar med wi th a s mall cu p, or

W
tooth
O r uncl e,
a -
an m
e creacenoe at the scar of 0ymc , a aort of flat topped ~ fl ower c l uster, -

so me seeds . Fig 50, . p . 29 .

01 , a fr ui t havi n g the peri a p c r in

co rpor ated with the seed p , . 42 . Deaznd m u , wi t ten stamens h .

men t) p D whic h { al l
“
M n ( or a , Figs 46 , 47, . . 28 . eci d uo us , tail i ng elf , as l eaves

Go u da , tail ed . in autu mn , p . 22 .

( hal id e ( or rad ic l e , ) the stem pa t r of the De li ned t ed t n e i de

c , u rn o o s .

De mp nd eve al many ti me
co ou , s r or s co m
p ded di i d d p 2 1
o un or v e , . .

Do ment ( l eave ) p l onged d w

cu s , ro o n the
Chlorophyll , the green
Immune “ .
col or in g matter of

m
Del i ri um! ( fr ui ts)
, a fl x ed nu mber
p
o eni ng at
.

maturity
; .

( Xvd ual s ,
-
rol l ed i n ward fr om the top . p
41 . .
 51

by t h eir
W
Fhsa dc,

di s
’

or cl uster,
a cl os e cl uster ,

M those whi ch grow i n a b un

p . 5 .
p . 80 .

Filament, the pa t f the r o sta men which

su pp o rts the a th e p 88 n r, . .

M M, yel l owi h tu s ,
or rni ng yel l ow .

M M p 40. .

F low , the pl an ts o! a distri ot or cou n tr y ,

whi ch have stam

47, p
. 30.

o ne of an o vary or M arcus , l eaf l ik e -

.

M al e, a fr u it wh ich opens al on g i ts i nn er

P W
Galena h el met h aped
p
», s i nd l e s a e

-
s
h pd
.
.

Go mopaalo m mou opetal oua, p 82

m m
. .
,

00 mon oaepal ous, , p . 81 .

06 13023141010, b ent l i e a kn ee k .

or i n den t Genus, p 47 . .

Ger m( or e mbryo) , the ru di mentar y pl an t

l et i n the seed , p . 45 .

or s ki n
. Gl ands , smal l cel l u l ar organs wh ich sow te
the o v ary p 87 oil y r esi n o us, or ot h p er rod uc a.

—
.
, .
,

wi th l eafl ets i n pai rs, p . Glau cow co v ered ,

b l oom a nne with a
wh ite powdery coating which ru bs ofl as ,

gr o wi n g str aig ht up , p . the bl oom of a gr a pe.

Giomamlc, a dens e h ead l i ke c l us ter ,

-
p
. 30 .

si de of the gro ws wi th ou t cu l ti vation .

Hai rs ,
h ai r l ike a ppen dage s on the ao rtace
M ,
the in fl orescen ce of the ao cal l ed -
M a pro ecti on j l i k e the
co mpoun d fl owers , Figs 48 , 49 , . p . 28 . M , p . 44 .

M i x ed ( or d uramen ), the older, often

col ored wood of ex ogen ous ste ms .

Herb , a pl ant wh i h c di es al toget er, h or

do wn to the grou nd , af ter maturi ng i ts

fr ui t
“h v
.

Ha w , a i ng the tex tu re of an he b r ,

ti e ,
wi th l ittl e woody tiss ue, p . 12 .

HM marki ng

W
the scar on the seed i ts

“
for mer attac hm ent to the seed vessel
-
,

W
2.
He y m y h wh
is-
ite
, g a
r -
.

Hor n a spur or oth er l ike appen dage

, .

. a crow br eed , p . 89 .

M uc us , in serted b el ow the pi ti l s
s ,

Figs 6 7, 68 , p . 37 .

Li mb, the fr ee b or d er of a mon osepal o us

[ moi abate ov erl appi ng on e an other
-
, .

cal yx o r mon opetal o us corol l a pp 3 1 , 32

, . .

Im a m “h , y wi th whi te p ubescen ce
oar .
Li near ,
Lip , the
n arro

pi r n ci
w and flat
pal l obes of
.

a b i l ahi ate cal yx

Indefi ni te, n ot u nif orm i n n umb er or v er y ,
or coro l l a.
nu merous .
Lobe, a p ro min ent di visi on as of a l eaf, p
Indchiaeent ( fr u i t) , n ot o pe n i n g at matu ri ty 19 .
, .

Locul i csdal ( dehisceu ce),

’

o pe n in g d own the
bac k of eac h cel l , p . 48 .

W
Figs 6 9 , .
—p . 8 .

Indigenous, ve to the co u n try

n at i .

10 wi th edges tur n ed i nward Medull my raye, cel l u l ar tiss u e

'

c o nn ecti ng
'
, .

I nfi mdl bul qfor m, fu n n el s a ed Ma ca wp , the mid dl e l ayer of the

'
-
hp -
peri a p
c r ,

m
.

I n nate ( an t er) attac ed by base to h . h

p
the a ex o f the fi l amen t. 83 p . .

Inter node, the s ace between two n odes or p

j oi n ts, p . 9 .

Introrw ( ant h ) fl er , x ed to the si de of the

fi l amen t whi h l c oo ks to w ard the pi sti l,

W
p . 38 .

In rol ucd , the br acts at the base of a pa ti alr fi l amen ts i nto o n e set. p 82. .

umbel , 28 p . . M ( fl ower) , havi ng b ut o m

Incol uere, wh orl of b racts ab out the base
a

of a si ngl e fl ower an u mbel or a h ead , .

In d us rol l ed i nward from the edges

, .

Irregula r wi th l i ke parts d issimi l ar as an

, ,

i rregu l ar co ro l l a o ne wi th some or i ts , n al , p . 86 .

petal s unl i k e the oth ers .

54 GLO RSA B Y O B DICTI ON AR Y OF B OTANI C AL TER MS .

S emis, wi th out a stal k as a , sen i l e l eaf,

secon dar y ax es al o ng the p imr ary one, one wi th ou t a peti o l e p 1 7 ,
. .

Fig 88, 20 p
m
. . .

e, fu r nis ed h wi th ray fl owers. -

Raw , roceedi ng from the root, p as r ad i Shr u bs, woody pl ants u n der ab ou t t wenty
cal l eaves . feet i n h igh t p
e , . 12 .

Rad idc ( or m pa t of the Stud s , a s or h i b road ai l i q ue, 4

p 8

W
caul i cl e) , the ste r

m mg
.
, .

mb ryo p 45 Basque, the pod of the M 91 ,

W
e , . . .

Bay the marg i nal

, fl weo rs o f a head when
leqf
,

l i gnl ate or difl eren t fr o

'

m the the s Fig 29 , p 20

m
o r ,

m
. . . .

R ecep tacle, the ax i s or su pp t f a fl we

or o o r, , o n e wit h ou t p . 1 0,
p.25 . Si mme
r, stro ngl y wavy , Fi g . p . 19 .

Regul ar ( fl ower) , wi t all h pa t r s o f eac h set

ali k e, p . 87 . ” 8 000 6 8 .

Repan d , wavy margi ned , 19 -

p . .

Ra w , b l un ted an d somew at in d en ted h Space, wi th fl owers

W
. on i n fl orescen ce sessil e

El mo/uh, the ax is of a s pik e cr ot er b ody h . on the pri mary ax ia, Figs . p . 28 .

Rhiw mc ( or roo tstoc k ) a cree i ng su bter . p $7 14 , a t h or n .

r au san ste m , Fig 15 , . p . 11 . p . 46 .

Ri bs ( O f l eaves ) , p . 17 . 89mm , wi th thi ck ly set scal es, l ea ves ,

w . su pi ne 0p m or ot er a h ppe nd ages, s p eading wi del y

r

R oot, pp . 4, 7 . from the ax is .

R oot hairs , Fig 14,

-
8 . p .

m
.

R oo }: ( or r i z ome) , a h cr ee pi n g su bter S tami mte w wer ) o , one wi th sta mens but

ranean ste m , Fi g 1 5 , . p . 11 . wi th ou t pis ti ls , Fi g 46 , . p . 86 .

Roetn uc, b eak ed . Sta nda rd, the u ppe petal r of a a

p pi l i o n w e

Rotation of crops , p . 8 . o us fl ower .

S l ow ( an d b ran c es ) , 9 h p . .

R unner , a sl ender p rostr ate b ranc h , root Sfi gm , the part ot the pl s ti l on whi ch the
i ng at the en d or j oi n ts . po l l en is d e osi ted , Fi s 62 , 75 ,
g 34 p . p
. .

S l ips, the stem ol s pi s til when i t haa

Samara ( or k ey fru i t) , -
a wi nged ac heni um ,
an y .

Figs. p 42 . .
M d als ,
e fu r n is h ed wi th sti pul es .

Sarcasmp , -
a th i k fl e hy c , s mesocarp , p . Bi op s ies, a ppend age s at the b ase of certain

40 ves Fi gs 82 8 4, p

W
l ea 28
“
-
. , . . .

Barbra , ro ug ht o the to u c h . M a ta ( stoma , si n gu l ar ) , the b r eat ing h

p p p
“m
Sod a , red uced l eaves , . 17 . o res o f l ea ves , Fi gs 86 , 87, . . 24 .

S mol der , cl i bi ng . it, p . 41 .

ped from the groun d

W
Soaps, a un cl e ri si n g Strict. cl os e an d n arrow .

o r n ear it . Serobslc , a mu l ti l e co n e s
’

p ,
-
haped f r u i t, li ek
'
h
Boar tous , t i n , dr y, an d memb ran ous . th at of the co mmo n hop .

Samp l ed cyni c ( or r ac eme) , F ig 5 1 , 80 . p . .

» the p or ti on o f the pi til s b etween the

M ode ry -
mots p 0 , .

Seco nd , on e a o n e si d ed raceme
-
si ded, as -

m
.

S eed ,44 p . . S wi sl ig tl y woody, 12 , h p . .

W
Sepal s the se ar ate l eafl ets o f the cal yx
, p
Bups n or ( cal yx ) , encl os in g the ov ary Fi g .
'

, .

Santa na !( de iscen ce), cell s flrst se aratin g h

71 , 87 p p . .

from eac ot er , t en O eni ng al on h g M ( fl h

ow er) w i t t he n i n e h
n u m p , h
h
t eir in n er margi n , p . 48 . ber of parts i n eac h set. p . 87 .

Syupmeu mu ( stamens ) , wi th au thors uni t

’

S en ate, sa w -
toot ed , Fig 28 , h . p . 19 . ed i n to o n e set, Figs . p . 88 .
W
enossanv on morroxvanx '
or s er m on . m u s. 55

W
a rcot with a stout tapering body, U mball a, a secon dar y umb el p , . 28 .

Fig 1 0, p 4
. . .

, the i nner aeod coat.’

Uneq uaay psmw te,

’

wi th l eafl ets in pai rs

1 m , a modi flod b ranch or l eaf nsed for sur mo u n ted by an od d ter mi nal on e,

cl i mbing . Fig 80,

. p . 21
.

mai n ste m or a growing branoh , p . 10

.

M i n threes . U lr fd c, an ac hen i n m wi th a l oose, bl ad

M m as having si x stamens
a , , two
of them s h orter than the oth ers .

M fi m ad ed m ots Fig 1 1 p 5
’

, .
, . . Val oate, Openin g by v al ves .

Val es, on e of the parts ot a dehi scem

t pod
of a mou osepal ous cal yx or mon opetal

W
co s coro l l a meet , pp. 8 1 , 82 . Var ieti es ( of l an ts),p 47 p . .

W
M an o oi d v pani cl e, p
. 26 . Vd nld s ( of l eaves). 17 p . .

M eta », one whi ch ru n s over the m i n: ( of l eav es) , 17 p . .

i aoe of the groo n d or other ob ects. j V , the r ei n i ng of l eaves, p

. 17 .

M woody pl an ts of a greater height Vents icon , i n fl ated

-
on on e sid e.

Vowmoose, warty
-
.

Versatile ( an t he ) r , attac hed at its mi ddl e so

M ont oif . as to tu r n easi l y p ,
. 88 .

M the un di i ded v porti on of a mono Vendei , a w orl h .

l epal ous calyx or mon Opetal ous corol l a , For tu na te br a nches, 10 p . .

pp . 81 32
. . Ves sels (or d ucts), Fi g 28, 14 . p . .

W
M r, a t hi k ened
c , b ud b earing
-
po tir on of Vm flu m, the standard of papili on w eous
p 12
a sub ter ran ean ste m , . . fl owers .

M d am n e w hi c h l i mb s b y twi n o c oes, s haggy wi th l ong soft hai s

r

W
, ,

ing ab o t me u ppo t p 10u so s r , . .

mm w . 13 .
 M E D I C IN A L PL A N T S

N O R TH M RIC A .

PHE NO GA M O U S OR FL O W E R IN G PLANTS .

S rm with bark wood an d pith dis tinct ; wh en perennial i ncreasin g

, , ,

i n siz e by the annual add i ti on o f a layer o f wood ou tsi de that alr eady
for med Leaves n et veined Parts of the flo wer commonly in fi ves or
. p .

four s E mbryo wi th two co tyledo ns or seed leaves rarely with several i n

. ,
-

a wh orl .

Flowers wi th both calyx and corolla , the latter a s en t in onl y a few

b
gen er a an d speci es. Petal s eac h separ ate and di stinct .

R AN U NO U LAO EE .

Char acter t he Order .

—C
alyx : sepals 8 to 6 . gen er ally 5 , dis ti nct,

us ually deci d u o u s, and, excep t in clematis imbr icated i n the b u d Cor olla
, .

petals 3 to 15 , occasi onally i rregular or defor med and so meti mes abs en t , .

In the latter cas e the lly color ed an d petal li ke S tamens

p l
se a s are u s u a ,
-
.

in defi ni te di sti nct ver y r arely few and defi ni te

, , Ovaries n umero us rarely ,

few or so litary di sti nct

,
Ovu les soli ta ry o r sever al i nverted Fru it ei ther
.
, .

aeheni a seed li k e dry fo ll icles or berri es

,
-

, seed s so li ta ry o r sever al
, Em .

br yo minu te at the base o f fl eshy o r h orny albu men

, .

Al most the en ti re or der is ch aracterized by a co lorless acr id an d o ften , ,

poi sonous j uice . The aer id princi ple 18 h owever generally volati le and
, , ,
 m om — m m m 59

It is u sed

Corolla
none, or wi th petals resembling aborti ve s tamens S tamens numerou s .
,

disti nct . Ovar ies n u merous di stin c t Ach en i a po inted o r tailed fl at

, .
,

Perennial h er bs wi th radi cal leaves those o f the s tem two or three

, ,

together fo r mi ng an i n vo lu cre so me distan ce belo w the fl o wer

, .

Anemo n e pa t en s Li n n é va r N u tta ll
, iana G r a
.y — Pasq ue Fl ower .
-
.

Descriptio n — Calyx : sepals 6 pu rplis h o r whi te 1 } inch long spread

, , ,

ing Stem si mple er ec t naked except the in vol u cr e bear in g a si ngle ter
.
, , ,

minal flower which d evel o ps i n advan ce o f the leaves Leaves ternately .

divided the later al di visi on s 2 par ted the midd le o n e s talked 3 parted
,
-
, ,
-
,

the segmen ts deeply on ce or tw i ce cl ef t i nto narro wly li n ear and acu te

lobes Lob es of the in vol u cre l ik e those of the l eaves u ni ted at the b ase
.
,

into s shall ow c up The en ti re plan t is vill ou s wi th lo ng si lky hairs

. It .

bloom s i n Mar ch and Apr i l

—
M m In pr air ie region s fro m m
.

a i no is wes twar d an d n orthwar d .

M ia, i nclu des the h er b no t on ly of this plan t b u t of A .

p u l satill a and

A nci en ts l
a so.

M enu —All par tsfr esh plan t are extremely acr id ; applied
of the
h th e d i n i t causes ir ri tati on an d even vesi cati on This acri d pro per ty .

is (lixl xiniahed or wholl y lo s t by dryi ng an d l on g k eep in g ; h en ce to b e efli

Qflious it sho ul d be us ed as fr esh as OM b Ie or at l eas t r e arati ons mad e
p p p

“
,

W
M the recen t plan t sh ould b e empl oyed The acr idi ty of pul mtill a is .

to the pres en ce of anemomn a crys tallin e su bstanc e whi ch is exceed

'

lfi glyhahl e to chan e an d i s destroyed by h eat

g
—
.

ane None are ofi icial An alcoholi c tinctur e of the fr esh

.
60

medi ci nd dosea howeverfi ts eflb cts are b y no means so wel l kno wn . At

v ari ou s times and by nu mero us h
au t or s i t has been hi ghl y prais ed as a
r emedy i n dis easas of the eye i n . rheu mati n n amenou h
, ma dysmemorr hma .

A few ym mnce’

i t was highly reco mmended as a remedy in go no rrhmai epididymitia and

many cas es were moorded tending to pr ove i ts eflicacy bu t subsequ e
u s es treate d wi tho u t med icine were sh o wn to mak e qu i te a
,
i
ty n
progress The author has employed i t m a number o f cams of this
.

b u t wi thou t any apparen t eflec t He has al so employed i t i n n u mero us

'

mm of dysmenor r hma gen erally of hyster i cal su bj ects md tho u gh he has

, ,

fr equen tly obser ved decided r eli ef fro m pai n dur in g one or two m o

per iods he i s more i ncl in ed to attri bu te th is to the men tal and moral ma
,

o f a new remed y gi ven wi th the posi ti ve ass uran ce that reli ef wou ld foll ow ,
62 su m m
on s es .

or cor ymbed gener ally yello w

, , so meti mes white

them have been d medi cinally us e

—
.

R an u nc u l u s b ul b o s u s Linn é B ulbous Crowf oot or B utter cup

—
.
.

Description Calyx : sepals 5 s mall er than the petals reflex ed , , . Co

roll s : petal s 5 to 7 ro u nd wedge sh aped b el ow wi th a smail scaie at
, ,
-
, the
b ase, d eep , shi ni n g yel l ow. Acheni a wi th a shor t beah c oll ected in a

A perennial her b growing er e ct from a bulbo us base ; leaves an d ste m

out the su mmer .

States mg in mead o ws an d pas tu res

'

, gr o w .

R anu nc ul u s repens Linn é — Creep i ng Cr mqfoot

'
. .

Descr ipti on Calyx sepals 5 spreadi ng smaller than the petals

-
, ,

C orolla : petals 5 o bo vate wi th a s mail scale at the base br igh t yell ow

, , , .

Carpels stro ngly mar gined poin ted by a stou t nearly str aigh t beak col , , ,

l ected i n a globular head .

A l o w per ennial hairy or n early s moo th wi th the stem as cen di ng or

, , ,

creeping alo ng the g ro u nd Leaves ter nately di vi ded the di visi ons mostly.
,

s ta lk ed w edge s haped or o vate u nequ ally 3 cleft or par ted an d var iou sly
,
-
,
-
,

—
Habitat In co mmon
w et s hady places .

R an u nc u l u s ac ris L i an —
e Thu Crow foot
—
.

Descri ption Calyx : sepals 5 spr ead ing shorter th an the petals yel , , ,

lo wish green Corolla : petal s 5 n ear ly as large as th ose of R bul bor us

-
.
, .
,

wi th a scal e at the base br igh t yello w Car pels o vate compr essed smooth
, .
, , ,

i n a globular h ead .

A perenni al h erb S tem er ect 2 to 3 feet hi gh hai ry

. Leaves mos tly , , .

s talked d eeply di vi d ed in to 3 5 or 7 palmate segmen ts whi ch are cu t

, , , ,

i n to ianceol ate or li near ac u te lobes Pedun cl es ro un d n o t fur ro wed It .

, .

bl ooms in su mmer .

b —
Ha itat A nati ve o f Eu ro pe n aturalized here an d common in mead ,

o ws pastu r es an d waste places

—
, , .

R anu nc ul us s c el erat u s Li nn e Cursed Crouf oot

Descr ipti o n —Calyx
.

sepals 5 small Coro lla : petals 5 S carcely , . .

larger than the sepals pale yello w Carpels n umero us in oblong cyli n
, .
,

A s mooth per en n ial herb . Stem er ect, 1 foot high, thi ck, hollow .
t r anun cu l us x
e erts an infl u en ce
so me for
64 su mm ons .

T
CO P IS .

C o ptic trifo l ia S l b a is ury —Goldth ead r .

at the a exp . Stamens 15

s ta lks Capsules s te ate ll ly
mi nate wi th the pers is ted

A small perennial , wi th
s ome which sends o fl

cr enate the ,

starry whi te -

o vate acu te br act so me dis tan ce b el o w i t

, Bl ooms i n M ay . .

—
Habi at S wamps an d bo gs fro m Canada and the Northern U ni ted
t
S tates so uthwar d alon g the mo un tains to M aryland
Parts U sed —The who le pl an t may b e employed
.

U ni ted S tates Phar maco pmi a

Commm ts Go ldthread has a strongly bi tter taste
.

— .
,
u natten ded with
g cy Its mos t important co ns ti tuen t is barbarian
astr in en . ail m ano th er

loid capuna exi sts in small pro porti o n The latter appears to hear some
'

.
, ,

analo gy to hydras ti s It c ontains n eith er tann ic n or gal ii c aci d

. .

Preparatio ns —There are no o fli ciai preparati o ns o f thi s plan t It .

yields i ts vir tu es to alco h ol an d to wate r The alco holic tin ctu re is of a .

M antifui yell o w co lo r an d in cases wh ere alco h ol is no t contra in d ic ated

,
-
,

may be employed as ful ly r epr esen ti ng the dr ug An i nfu sion i s al so .

afi ci ent
—A
.

Med ical Properti es and Uses na lysi s pro ves goldthread to b e a pm

and si mple bi tter Cl ini cally i t . acts lik e cai u mba q uassia and o ther ,

dr ugs o f this class .

sor e mo u th ex er ti n ,

As a to ni c d ur ing convales cen ce and in weak ened con di ti on of , the di

gesti vo organs i t may b e su bsti tuted for calu mba quasei a etc
, , , , as cc

HYD R ASTIS .

Hyd rast is C anad ens is —

Lin u s Golden S eal , Yell ow Root, -
Yel l ow

Descr ipti on a : —C lyx p l

se a s small petal lik e o f a pale r os e col or
3, ,
-
,
-
,

fal l in g away soon after the flower expands Corolla absen t S tamens
.
 m easure . 65

tests cr us taceo us ,

tesmem
fro m whi ch is sen t
high bearing two
,

of hydn e

that there is li ttie agree

That i t is a power f ul
pro b abl e that to i ts toni c action al one are due the
66 m m
the dr ug . It has b een uaed suc ces sfuliy ae a s nb sti tu te tor qui nin e in the
tro aunen t of in ter mi tten ta in con vaies cen c e fro m ac u te dis cus s and m
gen era l w here a ve etab l a
g ton ic is indi mtc d . Thi s fact is wo rthy ol ro .

d b u t canno t b e emfl oyed on acco u n t o f i dios yncl u y It is not

os te .
.

ho wever as a s ubs ti tu te for quini ne that hydr astis has been mo st em

,

l
p y
o ed o r has ga in ed i ts gr eatest r eputati o n It s eems to ex er t an m .

b enefi c ial ly in a r eat vu i ety o f catarrhal afi ectiona Prio r to i ts in

g us e

scien ti fi c medi cin e i t had b een empioyed by the ab o rigin m as a to pi cnl ap

pl i cati on i n c atarr hai afi ccti ons o i the eyes and as a sti mul an t to old

ulcers It ie stiil us ed wi th b enefi t in such casea

. and in chr on ic coryza ,

in gon orrhe a l euco rrhma hemo rr ho ids and pro laps us ani
, , . . That it
exerts an i n fl uen ce u po n the li ver s eems well demonstrated and i t h as ,

been u sed wi th ben efi t in to rpi d co nd i ti o ns o f this o rgan and in catar rhal ,

i nflammati o n o f the gall bladder and gall d u ct Thou gh no t d ir ectly - -

.

cathar ti c in i ts acti on in cer tai n cas es o f hab i tu al cons tipation i t pro d u ces
,

a laxati ve eflect It has been employed ben efi ci ally i n gland ul ar s well

.

i nga und o u btedl y thr ou gh i ts gen eral to ni c po wer an d hence has pro b
, ,

abl y deri ved its undw er ved repu tati o n as a rs medy for caucer .

XANT HO B HIZA .

Xant ho rhi za api rfo l ia H er i ti er — Yd lo w Boo¢ S hr ub Yellow Boot

'

L
’
- -

Descri ptio n —
. .
,

C alyx : sepals 5 petal like deci d uo us s pr ead in g ovate ,

-
, , ,

acu mi n ate b ro wnish pur pie,
Co roll a : petals 5 very small 2 lo bed ele
~ .
, ,
-
,

vated u po n a cl aw co l o red like the se aia

p S tam ens,5 t0 1 0 hypo gynous ,

filamen ts thick pu r ple an thers ad n ate Ovar ies 5 to 1 5 each beari ng two
, , . ,

pen du lo us o vul es attached to the mi ddle Pods l s eeded o blong the s tyle .
-
, ,

becomi ng later al d ur ing develo pmen t .

A ahru bby perenni al 1 to 3 feet hi gh wi th a large ro otsto ck an d n u mer , ,

i ng within b
ri gh t y ll w
e o . Leaves alte rnate , un e ua q lly 1 to 2~
pi nnate, on

l o ng s taiks Leaflets in two paixs wi th an odd ter mi nal one, 2 to 3 i nches

.

l g
on , rho mbo id o vate o r lan ceo late taperi n g at the base, sessi l e, in cis ely
-

lobed and d en tate smoo th dark green abo ve li ghter ben eath Fl o wers
, , , .

polygamou s in long dro opi ng compou n d racemes appearin g fro m April

, .

to J un e The ro ots to ck i s fro m 3 i nches to l foo t or more in l ength from

.
,

o ne ei gh th to one half in ch m thi ckn ess mo re o r less branc h ed y ellow ish

- -
, ,

bro wn exter nally internall y o f a deep yello w and having an exceedingly

, ,

bitter tas te
Habi tat —Cen tr al New York (one stati on only) to the mi ddl e and upper
.

hishhndl
 m os mm . 67

it has been

analys is see ms to have b een mad e ol this plant,

in s gres t meas me i ts bi tter ness an d to ni o p p

ro

to b oth ws ter and al cohol ,

infusion , or e env in po wd er , thougb in the l atter tor m it

68 su mm ons .

large decompoun d leaves

, mmi t long wandlik e trac emes , and at the su ,
-
.

Leaves 2 to 3 the l ower very largs ths upper small er al ternate on stro ng
, , , , ,

ro u n d partially s hapi n g peti ol es ter nate the pr imar d i vi i n bi p i t

, y s o s n n a e ; , ,
-

l eafl ets l to 3 inches l ong cu t s er r ate the ter mi nal o ns largest and mors ,
-
, ,

or les s 3 di vi ded thin-

s moo th o f a br igh t green co lo r
, Flower s very
, , .

nu mer ou s abo u t on e half i nch i n d iameter i n si mpl e or sparsely b ranched

,
-
,

racemes 8 to 12 i n ch es lon g
, pedi cels abo ut on e four th i nch lon g br acts -
,

of New Yor k, co n tin u es in bloo m d uring some weeks ri peni n g its

an d ,

fr uit in S ep tember Rhizome 2 to 6 or mor e inches i n l en gth one half

.
,
-

to 1 in ch thi ck ho rizon tal so mewh at flattened ir r egul arly corr ugated and
, , ,

kn o tted si mple or branched thi ckly beset abov e wi th the scars an d stu mps
, ,

o f fall en stems an d laterally an d ben eath wi th lon g s tr o n g roo ts

, one , ,

twelfth to o n e eigh th i n ch i n di ameter -

S catter ed ir regularly amon g the .

stu mps o f previ o us s te ms ar e a n u mber o f termi nal bu d s prepar ed for th e

nex t season s s tems The rhi zome and roo ts o f recent growt h are of a
'
.

dark reddi sh bro wn color the older porti on o f the rh izo me almost black ;
-
,

i ts odor is ear thy and u npl easant an d i ts tas te bi tter and nau seo us ,

Habitat —Co mmo n everywhere fr om Canada to Geor gia gr o wing in

W
.
,

r i ch o pen woo dlan ds an d u pon hi llsi des b u t avo idi n g v er y w et or ro cky ,

places . hen in b l oo m i ts l ong an d graceful racemee for m a cons pi mous

featur e of the locali ties wh ere i t gro ws .

Par s Used
t — T he rhi zo m e an d ro o tl ets— Un ited S tates Phar macq m
Ofi cial nam e C i mwc f g
u w — B lack S naker oo t
' ’

—
Consti tuents N umerous analys es have been made of thi s plant wi di
ou t how ever yield in g any v ery satis fac to ry res ul t when con sidered fr om
, ,

a ther apeu tic s tandpo i n t In ad d i ti o n to the co mmo n plant co nsti tuents

li ke star ch gu m tan nic and gallic acid s mineral sal ts etc a smal l pro
, , , , ,

porti o n o f vo latile oil h aving the pecu liar od or of the fres h drug was de
, ,

tec ted by on e analyst besides two resins o f difi erent charac ter Another
'

.
,
 m c s oma . 71

speci es oi acta a. From ths apparent si mil ar ity of the pl ants to cimicifuga,

Medical p Pro er ti es and Uses

ch e m i c—As already remarked
al co n , the
sti tu en ts o f acttea are su pposed to be s i milar to those o f ci mici fu ga and ,

therefor e the for mer m i ght b e substitu ted fo r the latter i n cas e o f n ecessi ty ,

thou gh s uch necessi ty is scarcely to b e su pposed As domes ti c r emedi es .

b oth species have been empl oyed tho u gh r arely In s cien ti fic medicin e, .

M AG NO LIAO E E .

Char acter
d
’
the On io n
bs w i th al —T ew
ter nate coria
rceous l eav h
or s r u
es , ,

a nd con vol ute sti pu les which co ver the bu ds an d are d eci d uo us S epals
petals 3 or mor e i mbr icated ; sm
.

u s ually 3 to 6 deci d uous , msns numero u s , ,

d istinct ; anthers adnate ; carpels Ic el l ed n u merous on an elevated t e , ,

c eptacle i n fr ui t fo rmin g a sor t o f fl eshy o r dry co ne

, .

The or der co mpr ises abou t a dozen gen era an d mor e than sev en ty
s peci es very few of whi ch h o wever ar e in di geno us to N orth Amer i ca
, , , .

T he flo wers oi many speci es are tr agran t and o rnamen tal As a whole the .

magnol iacemare charac terized b y aro matic to ni c pr operties .

MA GNO LIA .

m y ths Genus —S epal s 3 ; peta1s 6 t0 1 2 .

i mbr imted, ho rt fi lamen ts

with s , and

l on g an ther s the latter o pening i nward

,
.

Pis ti ls n umer o u s crowded u po n the ,

turn in g a fles hy and so mewhat w oody

c oni ac l mass Carpels dehiscen t n pon

mi
.

t he bac k 1 ,
or 2 .
00 the w eds at

maturi ty bei ng suspended fmmthe open

u ps ul es by an cx tens il e thr ead of spi ral

tomato, cl uster ed at the summi t o f

or

the branches Flo wers lar ge soli tary

.
, ,

large adnate to the ,

M ag n o l ia gl auc a —
Li é Small nn .

rem z petal s 9 to l 2 ovate nar ro w ed at ,

ma ma m , m -

Qu in ce concave erect arranged in cir cl es of thr ee Seeds o bovate scarlet

. , . . , .

Ashrub 5 to 20 feet high wi th d i var i cati ng br anch es and smoo th gray

, ,
72 m o n om cm

green abo v e and glau co us or blui s h w hi te ben eath

-
Bark of you n g twigs

white, an d ver y fragrant . Co ne o f the fr ui t oval , 1 to l § i nch l on g g

, r een i sh .

—
Habitat In swamps from Cape An n nor th o f Bos ton, so u th to Fl ori da

mostly coast though o ccas i o nally fo und so me di s tan ce inland

n ear the , .

N or th o f So uther n New Jersey i t i s no t very co mmon n or does i t attain ,

any co nsi derable size In i ts n o rther n s tati o n s the leaves are d eci d u o us
.
,

b u t sou thwar d they beco me persis ten t In the lati tu de o f New York it .

W
bloo ms in May an d June and at thi s season the flow ers are co ll ected i n ,

large qu anti ti es for sale i n the ci ti es It is kn o wn by a variety o f local .

n ames as S weet Bay

, hite B ay S wamp Sassaf ras Beaver Tree etc
, , , , .

—
M ag nol ia ac u mi nata Li m e Cuc u mber Tree
Co rolla : petal s 6 to 9 oblong—
.

Descr ip tio n —Calyx : s epals 3

. o vate .
, ,

scarc ely expandi ng glau co u s gr een ti n ged wi th y ell o w

, Fr uit cylin dr i cal -
.
,

abou t 3 inch es l o ng ; wh en gr een so mewhat resembli n g a youn g cu c um

her wh ence the co mmo n name

, .

A l arge tr ee 6 0 t0 80 feet hi gh and 4 t0 5 feet i n diameter at the b ase

, .

Leaves scatter ed oblong ac uminate 6 to 9 in ches lon g green abo ve s li ghtly

, , , , ,

W
pu bescen t beneath d eci d uo us Flo wers 3 to 4 i nch es in diameter s li gh tly
,
.
,

fr agran t appear i ng i n May an d Jun e

,
.

—
Habitat From es tern New York so uth to Geo rgia and west to Ohio ,

i n rich woods In the Sou th er n S tates i t is con fin ed to mo un tain ous dis

.

tri cts The woo d so mewhat resembles bm woo d ( M ia) th o u gh i t is more

.
,

compact and is appl ied to the same u ses

,
.

M ag no l ia U mb rell a Lam ( M tripetal a L ) U mbr el l a Tree .

-

Descri pti on —Calyx : sepals 3

. . .

Corolla : petals 9 o blong lanceolate .

,
-

acu te whi te
,
Fr ui t oblong 4 to 6 in ch es lo ng rose co lor ed
.
, ,
-
.

A small tree 25 to 35 feet high wi th irregular b ran ch es

, h aves clus , .

tered at the su mmi t o f the b ranches o blon g lanceo late 1 2 to 1 8 i nch es l on g ,

-
, ,

poi nted at both ends do wn y beneath soo n beco ming smoo th d eci du ous
, , , .

Flo wers 4 to 6 inch es i n diameter whi te o f an unpleasant od or appearing , , ,

in May an d Jun e .

—
Habitat From Pennsylvania sou thward and w es twar d in d eep r ich , ,

so ils and s hady lo catio ns .

Magn ol ia
Consti tuents —Both
.

m bark o f the abo ve d es cr i bed

the roo t and ste -

spec ies o f magn oli a con tai n an aro matic and a bi tte r pr i nci pl e : th e for mer

being volatile is d iminis hed by d esi ccation and en ti r ly los t when the bark
e
The bi tter pr i nc iple i s permanen t b ut has
i s k ep t fo r a len gth o f ti me .
,

n o t been iso late d i t i s n o t as s ociated w ith any astr i ngen t A crystalline

i n i l ha been d i s co v ered in so me o f the speci es b u t i ts therapeuti c
p r c p e s ,

action if i t have any has no t been detnonstr ated

, , .
 mal onm aon . 73

M e rcadil y to dilu ted alco hol and a tinctu re prepared by means of

this menstr uum is an eligi bl e for m in which to admi ni ster the dr ug It .

may al so be in po wder or infu sion, though in the l atter fo rm the

gi ven
aro mati c e
p p y
ro r t i s greatl y di mi n i shed A ti n c tu re of the seeds i s al so .

M edi cal R o perti es -

and Uses —
mati c bi tter to ni cMagn olia is an aro .

If admi nistered f reely i t may i nd uce diaphor esis and th us b e u seful i n

febr il e ma m It is sai d to exer t an antiperio dic i nflu ence i n in ter

WW
mitten t and remi ttent fever s and has long been a favori te do mesti c ,

rem edy fo r these d iseases i n r egi ons wh er e the bark is r ead ily accessi ble .

'

Even i n fu ll doses i t prod u ces n on e o f the cephali c eflects

'

of ci n chona and therefo re is wo rthy o f tr i al when fr o m any reason the

,

latter o r i ts alkaloi ds cann ot b e born e It has been used wi th as serted .

benefi t in both acu te and chr oni c r heumatism In so me forms of dyspep .

sia i t is als o commend ed .

LIR IODEND R ON .

—
Li ri o d s nd ro n T ul i pifera Lian e Tul ip Thee
—
.

M arx i an C aly x sepals 3 obl o n g ob tu s e

: co n ca v e spreadin g
, , , , ,

petal li
-
ke d e ci d u ou
,s Co ro lla : peta ls 6 i n tw o row s o b l on g obtu se , , , ,

cv
con a e at base 2 i nches long green ish yello w mar ked wi th orange
the , ,
-
,

dightl y spr eadi ng formi n g a bell s haped flo wer

, S tamens nu merou s -
.
,

hypogynou s s hor ter than the petals ins erted u pon a coni cal mceptacl e ;
, ,

Anthem s li near openi ng ou tward

-
,
Pisti ls n u mero us flat long and nar .
, ,

M and at the base tr iangul ar and tumi d . The en tir e mass of seed

lM yer -
m eachother and fall singl y
separ ate fro .

“
t h
A lar ge tr ee o ften attainin g the h ei gh t o f 100 feet wi th a diameter
e hm of 4 o r 5 feet
,

In ver y favo rable ci r cu mstances it has been

.

k1101711 to gro w much larger attain i ng a heigh t of 1 40 feet wi th a di am

,

, ,

W
elel of S or 9 feet
'
The tr un k is n ear ly strai gh t the b r anches some ,

wlil t acattened and co m ared with the s iee o f the tr ee rather smal l b el o w
“ p , , ,

b l ll l a er tmvard the to h e n g ro w i n g i n th e f ores t the stem for

g p .

lh “
nt or fo rt feet ia n f f b ch b t d th ci c m
y y d g en eral r ee o r an es u u n e r o er r u ,

M on ths lo wes t branches are mu ch nearer the gro un d The leaves are .

f
lau nts o n l on foo s tal k s an d when ful l
g, yg
- ro w n a re f x o m
,
4 t0 8 in ch es
'

inh th by abo u t the same in bread th so mewh at co rdate at the b ase an d

g , ,

M or l em deepl y t l o b ed tw o o f the lo bes bei n g at the bas e an d two at

s
,

the a ex
p am us,em epm a ted fro m e ac h o ther by a broad ana sh all o w
74 n ac n o m om

the co mmon name ,

rescence. The fl o w
of J u n e, when the tree is in fu ll leaf .

whil e paplafg, i n o thers

i t in n o way resembles.
gener i c, bein g the ly speci es of
on

Part Used —The bar k taken

,

Constituents —Th e m
e; the tuli p tree has a pdhé eh
’‘

W
t aromati c bi tter
, ,

tas te an d to anal yfi yi elds a crystalli n e princi pl e ter med l i ri odsndr i a

, , ,

havin g the same sensi bl e j n oper ti es'

hatev er medicin al efl ects may be
.

attr ibu ted to the d

rug f
‘ fir é d o u b tless d u e to thi s pr in ci ple It m a y .he
ob tai ned in a cr ys ta lli n e form fro m the alcoholic ti n ctu re or as an ,

ph ou s p o w d er fro m th e i n f us i o n I t ex.i s ts i n greater pr o p ort io n i n the

aro matic bitter to nic properties Some of the earli er wr iter s u pon Amer
, .

i can medi cinal plants con si deredi tnear ly if no t al to gether as effi caci ous
-

mrmittent fevers It was

, ,

as c i nch o na i n the tr eatm ent of in .

,

ad min istered in co mb inatio n wi th flo weri n g d o gw oo d ( Camus fl or ida)

probably a mu ch more em
.

cien t dr u g It has also been u sed as a sti mu

.

lan t diapho reti c in bo th acu te an d chroni c rh eu matism and as a si mple ,

to n ic i n dyspepti c ai lments and i n co n vales cence fro m acu te dys en tery

,

an d o th er ac u te diseas es . At presen t i t can scarcely b e said to h old a

p l ac e in s ci en tifi c medi ci n e and
, ev en as a d omesti c remedy i t i s pr o bably
can ru dil y see ho w i t might oocam
ionafl ho hend
y d d in m fu l o m cuta
which it has b een mmmded
reco .

HER B ER IDAOt fi .

q
‘
b ue Ordcr .
—S h r uhs or hcr baceons permaials wi th l
a ter

m more mws of fl to 4 each i mb r icated i n the bud deciduons ; stamens

—
'
,

as mmy as the peh h and oppod ts them hypogynons ; anthm 2 c elled

, ,

c pming np ward by val ves hin ged at the top ; ovu y soli tary l c alled ; ,
-

M aj ors Gm —Sepd s fi orbicul ar, wi th 2 t0 6

ai de . Pehh fi ohovata con cava ahor tcr than the p l
se a s .

l
 s s as s ars—s ans s n s r . 77

ser rate, o ften spiny

mes , and aci d fr ui t .

to h p tr iple or branched
s ar

d in clu ster s or ros ettes an d ,

The flo wer s i n long dr ooping

,

and so mewhat as tr in

to 8 feet in hei ght ,

Pro I
. m p
-
Barb ed ! vulga la
-
r

in May and June .

to G eo rgia .

Corol l a :
 Pr eparation s —Th ere are no o fli ci alpr eparati ons The bar k yi eld s its .

W
vi r tues to al chol an d w ater , and may be ad minister ed i n tin ctur e or in
fu sion
m—
.

M ed ic al Pr oper ties hate ver th era peu ti c efl ect may b e pr o

an d LT ’

d u ced by barber ry is u n dou btedly d u e to i ts most acti ve pr inci pl e b er ,

berina As thi s is pr esen t in bu t small pro po rti on the bark cann ot be a

. ,

very acti ve agen t The E uropean speci es B w agon s has been us ed to

.
, .
,

some exten t as a to ni c ch iefly i n do mes ti c practi ce The Amer i can s peci es

, .

h ave also been experimented with b u t are no t mu ch esteemed The berries , .

are so metimes used to prepare a cooli n g an d r efr eshi ng drin k i n fever s etc , .

—
CAULO HYLLUM B L U E P 00 8 08 11.

C au l o phyll u m t hal ict ro id es Mi ch au x —B l ue Gchash

—Cal yX
.

Descfi p ti on . : se a s p l
blong greeni sh yellow wi th 3 6, v
o ate o -
,
-
,

small br ac ts at th ei r base Coroll a : petals 6 ren iform or hooded thi ck

. , ,

an d gland li ke wi th sh o r t cl aws mu ch sh orter than the sepals an d o ppo

-

, , ,

si te th em S tamens 6 hypogyn ous oppos i te the petals wi th sh o r t thi ck

.
, , , ,

fi laments an thers ov ate o r oblon g o peni n g l i d

, by two valves hi n ged ,

at the top Pisti l solitary gibbou s ; styl e sh ort ; sti gma mi n u te an d

.
,

u n ilateral The ov ary bur s ts soon after flo wer in g by the develo pmen t of
.

the seeds whi ch are th us left nak ed o n th ei r thi ck stalks and havi n g a
, , ,

blu e fleshy in tegu ment th ey loo k li ke dr upes

, , .

An h er baceou s perenn ial wi th a n early h o rizo ntal so mewhat bran ch ed , ,

an d kn o tty r h izo me fro m which sp ri ngs a s impl e smoo th an d glau co u s

,

stem 1 to 25 feet i n h ei gh t bear in g at i ts su mmi t a small r aceme o r pan i

cl e o f green i sh yell o w fl o w er s an d a li ttl e bel o w a lar ge seam

, ,

-
l e tri ter n ately
, , ,

co mpou n d leaf Leaflets 1 to 2} inches lon g abo u t haH as bro ad o h

.
, ,

o vate wedge shaped 2 to 3 l o bed the later al o n es sessi le the ter mi nal
-
,
-

, ,

peti ol ulate A s maller tr i ter nate leaf is someti mes situ ated at the bas e of
.

the pan i cle .

The flo wer s appear in April or May whil e the l eaf is yet small ; the fr nit ,
 meso m —wm

W
J a r -
Lw . 79

W
mtmes hi August The pl ant is known i n variou s secti ons oi the coun tr y
n Rw A Squaw Root, and Bl ueber ry Rool .

—h r ic h moi s t wo ods fr omCanada to Sou thCarol ina and west

ward . A very commo n plant , and qui te wid ely dis tri bu ted

M m
u ddition to the ord inary con stitu ents of plan ts su ch
-
In a ,

lb men
a a u , gum star ch m i
, n er al ml ts etc th ere,h ave been fou nd in , ,

per c
ent of . mpl oyed k nown as coul ophyll in It has a sweetish
the root e

hitter and after ward so mewhat ac r id tas te si mil ar to that o f the root
, “ .

, ,

and robably repr es en ts whatever acti vi ty the pl ant is possesse d f

p o
—
.

M M Th er e are n o ofi ci al p reparatio ns o f cauIOph

.
y l l u m As .

flie mot yiel da i ts vi rtu es to al co hol i t may be admin istered in ti nctur e or , ,

in the for m o f the w called caul ophyll in a co mmer ci al arti cl e readil y ob

-
,

M imi h oper ties d emul cen t di aphor eti c

and Uses -
An tis pasmodi c , , ,

diureti c emmenagogu e and par tu r i en t pro per ti es have been attribu ted to
, ,

this plant b ut u po n what evi dence i t is difli cul t to deci de

, Baflnesqu e .

mys that as a power fu l emmenago gue it pro motes deli ver y men str uati on ,

“
,

md drops ical dis charges and that i t was used hy th e In dian s and th eir
,
"

im ihtors for r heu mati s m dro psy coli c so re throat cr amp h iccou gh epi
, , , , ,

lam hys ter i cs in flammati on of the u ter us etc

, , It w o uld seem that , .

m yau thors in wr iti ng u pon this plant s i nce the time of Rafln es que have
, ,

re eated his asser ti on s i n o ne fo rm or ano th er not only wi th ou t questi on

p ,

bct general l y withou t credi t al so At any mte li ttl e scema to have been .
,

tdded to whi l e muc h h

, as b m su b tr acted from the es ti mated valu e of th e ,

as a remedy sin ce Rafl nesqu e 9 ti me Ki ng h owever says ( A merican ’

p la nt .
, ,

Dfl pmanlor y) : In decoction bl u e co hos h 18 preferable to ergo t for ex pe

,

fi tm g del i ver y i n all tho s e ca se s w he rs the d el ay is ow i ng to d ebi l i ty or

M d uterin e ner vous ener gy or i s the res ul t o f fatigue This state

, .

m ost will b e taken cu m n ao sal ts by th o se who li ke the au thor have

g
— —
, ,

m a d n exper imen tal c p

e a o m ar is on o r r ath er contrast o f the two .

W
M m o nia diphyll a Panama M

l d
ow

0! s en er
—
— u g: Rheumatia n Root
Calyx : sepals 4 petal like fugacio ua Corolla petals 8

fi laments Ovary
,

sol i tar
-

y o oi
,

v d
.

becomin g gibbous
:
.

mw m
soon ;
mm
.

m
, ,

; ee 5 or 6, attac hed to one side of the

c h un en a n mi lu nar -
al i t near the su mmit . S eeds nu mer ous cro wded ,
80 mas s ams cm
in sever al r ows on a l ateral pl ac en ta, wi th a fleshy l acm te aril on ono
si de.

An h er baceous perennial wi th a thi ck somewhat fleshy hor izon tal , , , ,

fi br o us roo ted r hizo me fro m whi ch arises a si mpl e l flo wer ed scape and a
-
,
-

tu ft o f long petio led bi foli ate o r d eeply 2 parted r adical leaves wi th oh

-
, ,
~
,

long foliaceo us sheaths at th ei r hm

, Leaves glau cou s beneath ; lamina
par ted in to 2 semi o vate segmen ts appearing like a pair o f leaves ( when ce
-
,

the n ame twi n leaf) each 3 to 4 in ches lo ng n ear ly 2 inch es wide o bs cu r ely
-
, , ,

to othed or si n uate Flo wers wh i te about 1 in ch in di ameter appeari n g

.
, ,

Ten nessee ver y co mmon

N ot
Par ts Used —The r hizo me an d roo tlets —
. .

n o t o fli c ial .

Cons tituents In add itio n to the co mmon plant con sti tuents on e analyst
.
-
,

has di sco vered i n J efl erso ni a a bi tter prin ci ple an d an acri d aci d analo go us
'

to that exi s ti n g i n Pul ygal a Senega termed po lygali c aci d havin g the acrid , ,

an d n aus eo u s tas te o f the roo t an d capabl e o f pro d u cin g per si sten t nausea
,

an d v o mi tin g Ano th er analys t fo u nd a small quanti ty of ber ber i ns an d a

.

lar ger pr opor ti o n o f a whi te alkalo id .

Preparations — Th ere ar e nei ther o fli cial no r commerci al preparati ons

o f thi s plan t Its vi rtu es are yi el d ed to bo ili n g water and it may th er efore ,

b e ad minis tered i n d ecocti o n o r i n fus i o n .

—
Med ical h operties and U ses J eflerso nia is said to b e al terati ve anti
’

,
o

spasmodi c di ur eti c di aphor eti c and expecto r ant

, , That i t may possi bly . .

prod uce an al terati ve effec t thro u gh the to nic in fluen ce of i ts alkalo i d b er

b er in a i s no t u n li k ely b u t the oth er eflects attr i bu ted to i t are pr o bably
'

lar gely d u e to its mod e o f admin is trati o n r ath er than to its specifi c pr oper
ti es. B ein g rath er n au seou s lar ge q uan ti ti es o f i t i n deco c ti on mi ght
,

readi ly i n d u ce antis pas modi c d iaph o reti c or expector an t efl ects ,It has , .

been used as a substi tu te fo r sen ega to which i t bears so me analo gy as ,

s h o wn by analysi s an d i n chron i c rh eu mati s m secon dary syphi li s n er v o us

, , ,

PO DO PHYLLUM —MAv A r na .
-
r .

—
Po do phyll u m peltat u mLi nn a May Apple Mandrake -

—
.
,

Descr ifl io m C alyx sepals 6 u neq ual obtuse imb r imte pale green : , , , , ,

cad u ceus wi th 3 small fu gaci ou s bractlets at thei r base

, Corolla patch ,
. :

6 to 9 bo vate twice the len gth f the sepals whi te Stamens 1 2 to 1 8

, o , o , .
,

twi ce the mber of the petals hypo gynou s wi th

nu , ,

anther s lin ear o blo ng abou t the l en gth of the

-
,

in g lon gi tu dinally and n o t u pwar d by valves as i s

,

o vo i d l cell ed wi th many o vul es ; sti gm

,
-
a , sessil e,
82 a n : en e ma s .

ab ate d by Pr ofess or Mais ch an d o t er s, nei t er

h h ber b eri na nor any other

Pr epar ati ons —Abstr ac tnm pod ophyl li—abstract pod ophyllum ex of

tractu m po dophylli — extrac t o f po do phyll m ; extrac tu m po dophylli flu

— u —
i du m fl u i d e x tr ac t o f p o d ophyll u m ; r es i n s po d ophyl li res in o f podo

p yh l l u m i nco r rec tly termed

( po d op h yl l i n
) — C m ted S tates Pham racop m c
’ '

—
. .

Med ical Pr opertws and Uses Pod ophyll u m is an acti v e cath ar ti c i n

.
,

cr eas in g the in testinal secreti o ns and produ ci ng co pi ou s an d so mewhat

water y sto o ls resembling j alap m i ts mod e o f o perati on th o u gh i ts efl ects
, ,

ar e prod u ced mu ch mor e sl o wly Its acti on is atte nd ed wi th co n si der able

.

griping an d so meti mes nausea whi ch h owever may b e to a great ex

, , , , ,

tent obviated by admini s ter in g i t i n combi nati on wi th oth er cathar ti cs or

,

wi th sedati ves In o ver doses i t pro d u ces vio len t emote catharsi s an d has
.
- -
,

n o t u n frequ en tly c au sed f atal pros tr ati on That i t exer ts a special i s

.

fl uen ce upo n the fu n cti o ns of the li ver seems to have been ab un dan tly
d emon str ated by cli nical exper i en ce ; and in th ose cases of inacti vi ty of
thi s or gan so frequ en tly met wi th in the con di ti on vaguely b ut
r essi vel t e r med b i lio u s ness fe w remedies ac t as sati sfac to ri ly A a
p y , s n .

ai d to o ver comi ng the hab i t o f co n sti pati o n admi ni stered alo n e or i n ,

j u di ci ous combin ati on s few dr u gs equal an d fewer sti ll su rpass i t in

,

efli cacy . Th u s th o u gh analogo us to j alap i n so me r es pects i t has a

, ,

wi der range o f usefuln ess It is u sed by eclec ti cs as a substi tu te fo r mer

.

cu ry in the tr eatmen t of syphilis an d has even been denomin ated vege ,

“
table calo mel
”
, o n ac co u n t o f i ts su pposed efi cacy as an al ter ati ve There .

i s littl e reason h ow ever for su ppo si n g that i t exer ts any dir ec t or spe
, ,
.

cifi c efl ect u po n syphi lis or that i ts al terati v e in fl u en ce exten d s beyo nd th

’
, e

mer e in cr easi ng the h epatic an d i n testi n al secr eti o ns It wo uld ther etore .
, ,

b e extremely u n wi se to rely u pon i t to the excl usi on of mer cu r y and the

io di des i n the treatment o f s o grav e a diseas e as syphi lis .

N YM P HK AO E E .

Character o f the Order .

-
Aqu ati c
per ennial h erbs wi th hor izon tal rhi ,

zo mes and pel tate o r co rd ate fl eshy l eaves ei th er floati n g on the s ur face ,

of the water or bo r n e abo v e i t u po n l on g peti ol es S epals u s ually 4 .

,

someti mes co nfou n ded wi th the n u mero us petals an d these o ften passin g ,

gradually in to stamens ; stamens in d efi n i te in n umber in serted in the ,

to rus abo v e the petals wi th petaloid fi laments an d ad nate i n tr orse

, , ,

an th ers open i n g by two l on gi tu d i n al cl efts ; to r u s lar ge an d fl es hy su r

, ,

sou ndi ng the o vary which i s man y cell ed an d man y ovul ed wi th radiat - -

m a many celled in dihescent ; seeds very numer ous borne

, , e

i ng stigmas .
-
, ,

on the s id es or back o f th e cells and n ot o n the ven tr al su ture

, .

An or d er comm is in g fi ve gen era in N orth Ameri ca namel y Br as en ia , , ,

Cahomba N elumb iu m N uphar and Nymphsea and thes e are repres en ted
, , , ,
 —
m m a w am m r . 83

Co ro lla : mer ous in many rows

petal s n u , ,

i mbr icate in ser ted u po n the o vary

, S te . p

the o vary abo ve the petals the o u ter o nes ,

fr om wh ich the stigmas equal in n um ,

spo k es o f a wh eel p roj ecti n g and i n ,

scall o ped b o r d er Fru i t d epr essed .

co vered wi th the b ases of the decayed

c herb havi ng a ro ugh kn otty rhizome as large as a

q
a uati , ,

m ”
: u m fr om w hi ch pr o ceed fl o wer an d lea f s tems 1 to 6 feet i n l en gth
,
-
, ,

res pect accor di ng to the d epth o f water i n which the

centre 6 to 1 0 inches wi de the mar gi n en ti r e

, , ,

m y green repell i ng water the u nder ligh ter

, ,

or pu r pl e ; peti o les i n s ecti on nearly semi cir

the po res fi ll ed wi th ai r to bu oy the leaves u p

and erm
p i t them to fl oat ea s i ly u po n the s u r face of t h e water Flo we r .

Clam s round o ther wis e resemblin g th e peti o l es r etr acti ng after fl ow erin g
, , ,

30 that the fr u i t matur es u nd er water Flo wers so li tary 3 to 5 } inch es

.
,

in diam eter whi te rarely pi nk o r rose c o lo red v ery s w eet scen ted o pen
, ,
-
, ,

ing entl m the mo rni ng and closi ng i n the afte rnoo n for sev er al days
y
lu m en The season o f fl oweri ng ex ten ds thr ou gh ou t the s ummer
.
,

Habitat —T he margins o f lakes po nd s and slow flo wi ng streams wi th

, ,
-

N dd botto m f r m C anad a t th e G lf f M ex i c ft en c v e i n g the

y s o o u o o o o r ,

1m

W
face of the water for acres in ex ten t and pr es en ti ng a scen e of rare
“
,

lo sham In deed there is only one o th er aquati c plan t indi gen ous to
North Amer i ca Nel umbi um tal c um— ater Chi n uc m at all compar
.
,

( q p )
‘No to thi s in b eau t T h l tt b l t th m d d g ro ws

W
y e a er e on
.
gs o e sa e o r er an
il l Simil ar si tu ati on s b u t is rare and l ocal east of the Alleghani es
—The rhizome—no t fli cial
.
,

PM Used o

—
.

a The r hizo me o f th water lily has e -

an x m ely a st
e tr e
r in~

8m and bi tter tas te, the astr ingency bei ng due to the pr esen ce of tanni n
E d gl flic acids , whi ch ar e its onl y medi ci nal consti tuents
84 sas s a os m cw

Preparations —There are nei th e r o fficial n or co mmer mal pr eparations ;

’

Medic al Pr operties and Uses —Records of the e mpl oyment of thi s

plant mel y meagrs in medi cal li ter atu re It has been u sed as an
ar e ex tr e .

as tr ingen t i n dysen te ry diarrhcea and catar rhal afl ec tio ns in the las t

'

, , ,

n amed cases bo th i n ter nally and locally It has al so been employed .

to pi cally as a dis cu ti ent an d as an astr i ngen t po ul ti ce to su ppu rati n g uL

,

care As i t d epen ds for i ts efi cac y u pon the tann ic and galli c aci ds whi ch
.

i s to b e mad e .

S A R R A O E NIAO ER .

Char acter of the ( M i en —Perenn ial bog or marsh plants , wi th ho ll ow ,

A mall an d u ni mportant thou gh cur io us o rd er o f plants co mpri sing

s ,

b u t thr ee genera o f which two Sar racen i a and Darlin gto ni a are i ndi gen ous
, , ,

to N or th Amer i ca .

C f
haracter o the w i
Gen us th 3 br ac tlets at t—Sepal
h ei r b as e col s 5, ,

cr ed persis ten t
, Petal s 5 oblo n g o r o bo vate i n cur ved u pon the o vary
.
, , ,

colored d eci d uous Bo th sepals and peta ls ar e i mbricate in res ti vati on

, . .

Sta men s i n defi ni te i n n umber hypo gyn ous ; an thers

—
,

o bl on g d
a nate 2 celled bursti n g in ter nally an d lo ngi
, , ,

h
s ort, e xpan d ed at i ts su mmit i n to a large , 5 -
an gled ,

at ea gle Caps u le cr o wned by the persis tent

ch an ,

styl e 5 celled each cell o pen i ng by a lo cul i ci dal valve

,
-
, .

S eed s v ery n u merou s min u te attached to 5 placen ta , ,

whi ch pr oj ect fr o m the axi s i n to the cavi ty o f the cells .

Peren n ial h erbs wi th sh or t fi bron s rooted r hizomes

, ,
o

r adi cal h o llo w pi tc h er lik e or tru mpet s haped l eaves

, ,
-
,
-

and nak ed scopes bearin g each a si ngle noddi ng flo wer

—
.
,

S arrac enia pu rpurea Linné Pitcher Plant S al e .

-

Descr zpho n
'

.
—Calyx p l
se a s 1 in ch lon g half as wide
, ,

n o 1 01
. W co n tr ac ted
Co ro lla : petal s lon ger
wer than the sepals

to ward di lated at the bas e ligh ter in ,

and narro

, ,
,

co lor exter n ally than the sepals, s ti ll lighter wi th i n foldi ng in war d and , ,

near ly con ceali ng the expanded s tyl e S tamens n u mer ous co mpl etely .
,

co vered by the style whi ch is 1 in ch or more wi de l ight grayis h

, ,
86 P ar a m ms
no .

a nar o ti c prin ci ple An d to

c .

so me o f the reli ef ob tai n ed by u se o f the plan t

P A P A V E R AO E E .

Character qf the n i
O on — Ann ual or per en nial h er bs wi th ,

or mi lky j ui ce regu lar flo wer s the p ar ts i n twos o r fou rs

, , ,

n o us stamens an d a l cell ed
p gy
o -

S epals u s u ally 2 rarely 3 fal l ing , ,

rarely mor e spr ead in g co mmo nly c

, ,

r ati on .Frui t a dry caps ul e or po d ,

Leaves alter nate wi tho u t stipul es ; ,

d un cl es gen er ally l flo wered -

.

genera co mpris i n g al to gether a n o t m

,

which bu t two ar e of any medici nal i m

as di str i b u wd o ver the glo be 1a wi th a few n o table

paver and san gui nar ia—co mparati vely uni mportan
,

pro perti es .

—
S ang u i naria C anadens is L ne Bl ia oodr oot.

Des cri pti on —C alyx : se a s p l 2 li gh t green fallin g , , as

Corolla : petul a S to 1 2 or more o ne h alf to 1 i n ch Ion

,
-

day s after the bu d open s an d th en falli ng away S tamens abo ut 24 in , .

,

several ro ws mu ch sh o rter than the petals th os e i n the i nn er ro ws long

, ,

est ; anth ers n arro w o peni ng l o n gi tu di n ally Ovary linear o hl o ng, I

, .
-

cell ed ; style sho rt s ti gma 2 gro o ved Capsul e o blo n g poi nte d at both
,
-
.
,

en ds ti pped wi th the s tyl e l celled 2 valved

, S eed s n umerous ro un dish
,
-
,
-
.
, ,

sm ooth wi th a pr o mi nent ri dge alo ng the r aph e

, .

the u nfo l d ing of th

leaves , all radi cal ,

later i n the season ,

They are bo r ne u po n l on g ch an nelled peti ol es are dar k shining green abo ve, ,

grayish green and s tro ngly reti cu lated beneath The rhi zo me is reddis h
-
.

bro wn ex ter nally p aler wi thin an d pours o u t when wou n ded an abun
, , , ,

dance of redd ish orange colored j ui ce whence the common name of the -
,
 —s noo ns oor
'

sas c o rn a s u . 87

of the root onl y ; it occurs

Florida an d westward to to
theM i Former ly ver y co mmon i t i bec min g api dly ca ce
pp . s o r s r r , ,

and in the c ul ti vated parts o f the Atlan ti c S tates will er e long b e con si d

a lmost whi te wi th th em , pr e

Cond i tm m—S ang u i naria has

bitter acri d taste which persi sts for a , ,

som e ti me ac compan ied by a sens ati o n o f con s tr i c ti on and i rr i tati on i n the

,

th reat Thi s is most evid en t i n the fres h rh izome b ut does n ot di sappear ,

fromthe dried dr u g which i n po wd er i s ex tremely ir r i tating to the r es

,

p iratory m e t if in haled Th ese i rr i tan t p ro

. per ti es appe a r to r es i d e
mainlyia an alkaloi d sangui nari na whi ch possesses them to an in tense
, ,

degree This when pu re is i n wh ite v err ucose o r n eed l e s haped cr ystals

.
, ,
-
,

soluble in bo th alcoh o l an d ether and wi th ac id s fo rm s sal ts o f a br igh t, ,

,

W
M entor T wo other alkaloids and a pecu liar aci d hav e also been fou n d
.

in the dm bu t san gu i nar i na appears to b e the chief medi ci nal as i t is

g , ,

“ Acetum sang i narize vin egar of m gui naria ; extrac

e — u —
tumm uinarim fl ui du m—fl ui d ex trac t f san gui n ar ia ; ti n ctur e sangu i
.

o
g

Medical Properties and Uses. —In very small d oses

gu i nar ia exer ts a san

tonic influen ce pro motin g gastr o in tes ti nal secr eti on and th u s aid in g di
,

M on It is so meti mes emplo yed i n this mann er i n dys pepsia wi th

“
.
,

fi tted benefi t It is no t h o wever as a to n ic that i t ex erts i ts greates t

.
, ,

influence b ut as an expectorant i n di seases o f the res p ir ato ry or gans .

hth ese cas es it is emplo yed i n mu ch lar ger d os es th an when i ts to ni c

M are des i red In sti ll lar ger d oses i t is emeti c and both too po wer
.
,

ffl l l nd vio len t to b e employed wi th safety In o ver d os es i t p rod u ces

“
-
.

wa ive pmstrafi o n in sensi bi li ty i r regu lari ty and feeb leness o f the pu lse
“ , , ,

4 even fatal co llapse The dry po wder 18 so meti mes u sed as a stern u ta
.

M in chr o ni c nas al catarr la and i t was fo rmerly employed as a to pi cal

,

M n to ulcer s to repress fun go us gran u lati ons o r to exci te i nd ol en t

m to greater and mor e h ealthy acti vi ty .

The u ngu inari a was for mer ly hi ghly es teemed by the medi cal pr ofes
“
o

W
00 enerally
g wi ll become eviden t to the reader of our past an d even
,

M l itemtm r e ; that i t is comparati vely li ttle u sed here 1n the East n o w

lM ou ths l ama a en t a d t e h ethe th i t b t t ib ted t a
pp r n r u r s i s o e a r u o

m change to ther apeu ti c fas hi on s or to a prefer ence fo r expecto ran ts of

.

‘ m llder character is no t easy to deci de At any r ate sangui n ar ia ap .

, ,
88 PAPA W

C hel ido n i u m maj u s In na —m a c.

An herbaceou s perenni ahwi tha fu s iform

l to 2 feet high, al ter nate, pi nm tel y di vided

of the hr mchea Leaflets 3 to 7 the l o b es

,

ind eed cremte , peti ol nl ate, or decurr emt

du oed throughou t the sn mmer . Al l par ts

n fi
W —
o n c ol ored
—A
j ui ce.

nafi ve o f Eu mpa cel an di n e

uice
j poo s mes the sa me sensi ble proper ti ea tho u gh to s mo re in tens e de
gree . The odor is l ost in drying bu t the tas te remains
. An malys is od
90 M M

petal s t shghtly w ha en
'
t the two o u ter eq mfl y spnm d the spu rs h
s ort,

in two sets, wi th fllamen ts uni ted. Sti gmas 2 c -

d and so mewhat ib
h or ned . Pol -
to 20 s eeded -
.

yello w tu ber s r esembl ing peas o r k er nel s of Indi an co rn when ce the ooxm
, ,

mon names l e aves all radi cal 1 0 to l 2 in ches high bi ternate the leaf
.
, ,
-
,

l ets d eepl y pi nn ati fld the lobes li near o bl on g su b glaucous S cope 6 to

,
-
,
-
.

W
w estward ; mos t co mmon n or thwar d

Co: uents. —Dicentra has faint pecu liar odor and a chamefi r is tic
a ,

s ligh tly bitter taste, which is qui te persistent and for some fi l es gr eatly
,

tic pr actiti oners an d is said to fairly repr esen t the medi cinal cons ti tu en ts
,

o f th e plan t It i s prepar ed from the alcoh oli c tin ctur e by preci pi tation
.
,

and is an impu r e r es in o us su bs tan ce .

Prep ar t o ns
a i — No n e are o fli ci al It may b e ad mi ni s tered in i n fus io n
.
,

ti n ctu r e or e,
xtr ac t o r i n the for m of the ao c alled co rydali n
,
-
.

M ed ical Proymf ies and Cm —Di cen tra is said to b e to ni c diu r eti c an d , ,

al ter ati ve As a to ni c Ki ng co nsi ders i ts ac tion simi lar to gen ti an and

col ombo or o th er pu re bi tters ; an d i ts alter ati ve pr oper ties
,

n o t eq u al led by any oth er agen t

”
bro ken d o wn consti tu ti o ns
-
.

,
“
N o t h owever becau se i t ex erts any real in fl uen ce as an anti s yphi li ti c
, ,

proper ly so called bu t si mpl y in the

”
o f an al terati ve toni c Tho u gh
the evi den ce i n favo r o f i ts em
.
,

cacy as a r emed y mus t n ecesmr il y b e c ol

l ec ted chi efly fro m eclecti c sou r ces th ere i s en ou gh of i t to j u s ti fy the ,

con cl usi on that d icen tra i s not i ner t b u t on the co ntrary is wor thy of , , ,

more careful ex ami nation than i t has hi ther to recei ved .

m a w
m x rro nr .

Fu maria cffi c i nal is m e—C mm

an o on F u mi tor y .

shorter than the co ml la cs ducous. Co roll a z pstal s t the upper o ne of

the o uter pai r spur red at the bas e, the lateral pair cohsr i ng at their fi ps
 s w am —s ummer . 91

Ovaryoval ; st yl e flliform, ab ou t as l on g as the stamen a deciduou s . Pod

Amall , l eafy much b ranched

,
~ ann ua l , b
a o ut 1 foo t high . Leaves bi

—
Habitat A nati ve of Eu ope bu t r

phoss abou t d welli n gs and in

mark ed in
strungly the fresh
erb snd stil l mor e
h so i n the

to malysis a pec u l iar crystal

n bh
h aci d ter med f mar
u ic

fi and an al kal oi d also

M am su pposed to b a the
tivs oonsti tu en ts of
le the plan t,
int erperimen ts in su ppor t of
th
e supposi ti o n appear to b e

Puparatio ns —N one are o i

fish] . The expr essed j u i ce o f

th
r u sh plant is an efi ci en t

M sd by the anci ents as a bl ood pu rifi er , an d was al s o b el ieved to ex ert

m ni c md depumfi va and as b ein g s

pec ial l y b en eflci al in dis
Gl ass of the s kin At one ti me o r an o t er h i t has, th erefore, been em
m
.

l
P yed wi th
o d ben efl t in a gr eat var iety o f cases . Cull en fou nd i t
u m benefl cial in ski n dis eases than i n any o ther cl ass o f cases . Oth ers

though as marks i t is no more anthel mi nti c than o ther bi tter s

Cazi n re , .

h is someti mes empl oyed external ly i n cu taneo us aflfec tions in the for m
made by boil m
,

d s deeoction g the pl an t i n milk .

 m a m a -mun . m a m mo

W
an d w ti rel y so b y b o ili ng T hough gener al l y pres ent in all M
. ot the
pl ant, i t is o ften mos t co m b ated in the seeds , md may be
-
mm m
from m y o f them b y dis til l atio n i n the fo rm of a vo l anl e oi l
'

hatever
a
n
.

of i mpor h n cs the or d er l to the

'

M d p i n ci pl e pm t, and thi s appw a to act by virtac of i ts

fi me
c vir s to any phn t of the or der shou ld be viw cd v i mm am
94 caucu s es .

o ften deepl y to oth ed o r pi nnatifld the u pper l aneeol ate sparsely toothed
, , .

Flo wer s small in nu mero us racemes fo rmi ng a ter minal pani cl e

,

Habi tat —In troduced fro m E ur o pe and cul ti vated chiefly as a con di
, .

ment Es caping fro m cul ti vati on i t has beco me to so me extent natur al

.
, , ,

ized . It gro ws bes t in deep r ich moi st soi l and wh en on ce well estab
, , ,

l ished 1s di i cul t to er adi cate

fl ‘
.

l % vea and N ei ther is

dis nll ed with water yi elds

'

wi th volati le oil o f mu s tar d ;

manner yi el ds
, a m il ” 0 11,

mus ta rd , bu t a s l ig h tly difi er .

ent od o r . This oil

mulating salad to shar pen the appeti te and ai d

S ti j s x
a
.
,
i
f
: l

an ti s cor bu ti c pro per ties

, and is u sed i n domes fi c

pur ifi er in the spr in g of the year It probably acts mmpl y as a sfi mulant

” ’

Ex m m
.

to the fu n cti on s o f d iges tio n and m i mil ati on

. it i s 9

empl oyed as a co u nter irritant

.
J
 —
BR ASSICA S IN AI IS ’
. 95

chiefly used as a sti mu

or more freq uen tl y the

to b e eli minated
deci d ed di ureti c

the genito uri nar y tract was con cer ned su fl ered extr emely fr om vesi cal
'

ai
p n and irritation for ho urs after u si n g ho rser adis h as a condi ment

W
.

Ra m a -
S mar ts .

f o the Gen us —Po d lin ear cylin dr i cal ly so smo o th

, or near ,

or fi thstifi h air a mor e or l es s beak ed at the to p the beak co ns is tin g o f ,

the persisten t s tyle alo ne or in clu di ng a por ti o n o f the pod and a si ngl e
,

seed , Seeds gl o bose in a sin gle ro w ; the co tyledon s fold ed l on gi tu di

,

deeply pinn ate or lyrate , the u pper so meti mes en tir e . Flo wers yellow , in

W No plants of thi s gen us N or th Amer i ca bu t sever al

ar e i ndigen o u s to ,

W
{ aign species have become naturali zed the most impor tan t of which are
,

Brass ic a al ba B o issi er ( S inap is al ba Han ey hite M ustard —

—
.

Da cr ipti om Pl o wen r ather large, abo u t on e half i nch in d iameter -

.

Puds three four ths to o n e i n ch lo n g on d ivergent ascen ding pedi cels , more
-

th
i s half the length o ccu pi ed by the sto u t, flatten ed, o ften c ur ved, l s eed ed -

bank ; the valv es an d lo w er par t o f the beak co v ered wi th sti fl, b ris tl yhair s
‘

W
Steml to 2 feet h igh, s moo th o r wi th s tifl hairs Leav es pi nnately lobed '

W
difi ded, the lo bes v
o ate or o blo ng coarsely
, too th ed, the ter minal o ne

—I

W
n tr o d u ced from E u rope an d s ar i n p gly n atu r a lized in cu l ti

Brass ic a n ig ra
K och (Si nap is ni gra Li nn é
) —Bl ack M us tar d .

on —Flowers smaller than 1n whi te mus tard . Pods b

a ou t on e

hng the a ex ti pped wi th the

p shor t per si s ten t st yle . S tem 2 to 3 feet

M or obl ong ter minal l ob e an d small er l ater al o nes ; u

pper l eaves often

mu s
96 ces a r ean .

i n di ameter, lmost globu lar and of a yello wish color ; the black mustard
a ,

seed on e tw en ty fi fth o f an i n ch in diam

-
eter si mi lar shape blackis h , ,

brown Both yi eld a yell o w po wder and both con tai n a co ns iderable
.
,

per cen ta ge o f fi xed oil whi ch is bl an d in odorous an d n o n dr yin g Thei r

, , ,
-
.

caLthat of b lack mustard b ei ng

a vol atil e oi l whil e that o f w hi te
mustard cann ot be ob tai ned by

d oes the acr id pri nci ple pro ex -

i st i n the ses d bu t is formed by ,

ch emi cal reacti on or fer men

when b rou ght in to co ntact wi th

ea ch o t er h i n the pr es en ce of

cases is th us explai n ed B lack

mu stard has as one o f i ts con stit
u en ts a cr ys tal li zable su bs tan ce

termed si nn igr i n whi ch i n the ,

pr m n ce o f an other co ns titu en t ,

myrosi n an albu mi no u s bo dy
, ,

i ng gar bi sulphate o f
su , po tas

si um and ,the v o latil e o il of

P10 . mil —B r and en (M l ) aim

con tain the oth er h and th ou gh
,
~

i n g myr osi n has in stead o f si n a

, a similar complex su bstan ce te rmed ,

si nalb in whi ch i s d eco mpo sed by myr osi n i n th

, e pres en ce of water yi el d ,

in g su gar sulphate o f si napi n and sulphocyanate of acr inyl the latter

, , ,

bein g the acr id pri ncipl e

Prep ar ati ons —O i whi te mu s tar d n one ; o f black mustard Charts
.

, ,

mor e than mer e men ti on As an ai d to di gestio n i t is used i n every

.

ho usehold As a pro mpt and efi ci en t emeti c i t is almo st al ways at hand

.

an d the fi rst to be employed 1n emer genci es As a r ubefaci en t i ts sphere .

o f u sefu lness xs pr acti cally u nli mi ted .

CAPS ELLA .

C aps ell a B u rs a past o ris M oench ( Thlasp1 B un s po

-
‘

-
m M an e) .

S hepherd s Pu rse
’
.
98 vx ou c m
pro per ties Represen ted i n Nor th Amefi ca by two genera namel yJ oni d
i um ( S ol en) and Vi o l a the fo rmer compr i sin g three aad the l atter ab ou t
,

thir ty speci es V er y few plants of the ord er have been experi men ted

Character of the Gen us —S epals extended

cl es at the base into auri ,

and appeari ng as th o ugh j o in ed at th ei r si d es Petals so mewhat u n eq ual .

,

the l ower o n e spur red at the base S tamens closely embraci n g the o var y.
,

sli gh tly c oh er en t the two l o wer beari ng s pu r s whi ch p ro j ec t backw ard in to

,

the spurred petal .

In ad di ti o n to the con spi cuo us co lo red flo wer s sever al of the spew ,

bear later in the seas on o ther flo wers o n short ped u ncles whi ch do no t
, , , ,

open b u t beco me ferti l ized i n the b u d and d evelo p th eir caps ules at o r ,

n ear the s u r face o f the gr o u nd ; these are much mor e fru i tfu l than the

colored blo sso ms and ar e bo th cu r i o u s and i nteres ting M os t o f the spe

, .

cies are s teml ess peren nials .

V io l a c u c u ll ata Aito u — Common B l ue Vi ol et .

d eep vi olet bl ue or pu rpl e so meti mes vari egated o r nearly whi te the two
-
, ,

lateral an d o ften the l ower o n e bearded sp u r shor t and thick .

A s te mless perenn ial Rhizo me thi ckly beset wi th fl es hy teeth

.
,

branchin g an d formin g co mpact masses Leaves u pri gh t o n long peti o les .

,

cordate wi th a b road sin us varyin g to reni fo rm or tri angul ar s moo th o r

, ,

pu bescen t the bas es roll ed i n ward when yo un g S capes simple 3 to 1 0

, .
,

i n ch es h igh l fl o wered pr o d u ced i n pro fusi o n

,
-
, Flowers i no dor ou s o r .

n early so appear in g in Ap ri l o r May and con ti n ui n g to b e prod uced

,

throu gho u t the su mmer .

Habitat —Thi s mos t co mmo n an d most variable speci es is abun dan t i n

wet places fro m the Arcti c regio n s to the Gulf of M exi co .

—
V io l a pedata Lia n e B ird Foot Vi ol et -
.

Descr ipti o n — Calyx sepal s as i n the precedi n g Cor olla : petals lar ge .
,

beardless pd s or deep l ilac pur pl e or bl u e

,
-

, .

A ste mless peren ni al R h izo me erect shor t thi ck ab ru p t

. Leav es , , , .

all 3 to 5 di vi d ed later al d i vi si on s 2 to 3 par ted li n ear o r spatu late some

- -
,
-
, .

times 2 to 3 to o th ed or cu t at the apex

-
Flo wers 1 i nch broad i n masses .
,

W
b u t far l ess co mmon
—
.

V io l a t rico l o r Lia e Pans y Hear t s ease

’
n

—
.
,

BM Calyx : sepals as in the preceding Corolla : petals lar ge .

,

var iegated wi th whi te yello w bl ue purple etc

, , , , .
 V IO L A— V I O LET . 99

into several linear or o blo ng lobes .

as an ornamen tal pl ant and is famili ar to ever y on e as a flo rist s flo wer It ’

.

has escaped from cu l ti vati o n and bec ome to so me exten t natu r ali zed In , , .

deed some an thor iti es b el i eve that a vari ety of the speci es is i ndi genou s .

as regards i ts medicin al acti vi ty , and hen ce the un u c l ti vated plant on l y is

The other s peci es ar e n ot o fli cial th o u gh V pedata was so at o n e ti me the

, .
,

rhizom e bei ng empl o yed .

Cons tituents — Ver y li ttle is kn ow n o f the cons ti tuen ts o f the speci es

of violsts h ere d es cr i bed An alli ed s peci es V odomtmo f E ur ope has
yielded to analysi s an alkaloi d—viol i n—an alogo us to emeti n Al l the
.
, .
,

‘
.

species ar e mu cilagi n ous an d emo lli en t, b u t bey o nd thi s an d th e fac t j ust ,

stated regar d i ng V odo r ata thei r co n s ti tuen ts ar e et t b e i n ves ti gated

.
, y o .

Pagin ati on —No n e ar e o fli c ial Th ey are chi efly employed i n decoc

.

tics tho ugh ther e is a co mmer ci al fl ui d ex trac t o f V trico l or

,

—
. .

M ica!Proper ti es and Uses Al l speci es o f the nowt su bj ec ted to ex

miment appear to b e emetic an d catt when admi n istered in consider
t

abledoses Their naus eatin g proper ti es p ro b ably depend u po n the pr es

ence s f vio lin ; and to this an d the mu ci lagin o u s ro er t al e xi ti n g
p p y s o s

is doubm s s d ue thei r expec tor an t effec t wh en admi nis ter ed i n br on chial

and pulm o n ary afi ecti ons At pr esen t ho wever li ttl e u se i s mad e o f them
.
, , .

' h
ich is u s ed chi efly as a vehicl e o n accoun t of i ts b eau tifu l col or and

Quite recen tly Dr PiEard called atten ti on to the val ue o f vi ola tri col or
med y i n cr us ta lad m m
.

s u m r wh i ch i t was mu ch used in E u mpe years

080 Owin g to hi s recommendati on o f the pl an t many o ther phys i cians
hm mbjected i t to exper iment amo ng th em the wri ter who tho u gh less
, . ,

mtbusiasti c in his pr aise o f i t than Dr Pifi ard feel s sure that i t ex er ts a

.
,

C IS T A O E E .

Character —

W
f o the Onio n hSh
erbs o ften
ru v is ci d S
bs ep alor
s 5 u n , .
,

qfi is tsnt the ou ter two o ften small an d brac t lik s so meti mes wan t
f pers ,
-
,

mg; the inner three larger and somewhat twis ted i n the b u d Petals 5 .
,

hypogynous ver y f ugiti ve cr u mpl ed in the b u d an d twi sted in a

, , ,

‘
S ee R afi ns sque, vol ii .
, p 275
. .
l 00 cxsr ac m

hypo gynou s fi laments slen der an thers innate Ovary di s ti n ct 1 to .

,

many c elled few o r many o vul ed the ovul es wi th a foramen at their apex ;
-
,
-
,

s tyle si ngl e o r no ne s ti gma si mple Fr uit a caps ul e u sually 3 o r 5 valved

o ccasi o nally 1 0 valved ei th er l c elled or i mperfec tly 5 to l o—
-
. , ,

~
, celled -
.

Leaves simple us ually en tir e the lo wer oppos ite the upper alternate
, , , ,

s ti pulate o r exs tip ulate .

A small an d u n impo rtan t or d er co mprisi n g i n N or th Amoric a three ,

Character of the Gen us —Sepal s

charac ter of the and petals as i n the
o r der.Ovary l c elled styl e sho rt or n one M os t North Amer i can s peci es
-
.

bear tw o crops o f fl owers o f wi del y difi eren t as pect The early flo w er s are
'

.
,

few in n umber so li tary o r i n ter mi nal co rymbs have l arge y ello w petals
, , ,

and pro d u ce man y s eed ed capsu l es whi le the later on es ar e i n axil lar y
-
,

clusters the petal s small and in co n spi cu ou s or absent al to gether and the
, ,

W
the early
y nn —C alyx s epal s 5 the o
—
Hel ianths mu m C anad ens e hi ichau x Fr ostweed Rock Rose
uter two small Co rolla p
:etals

flo wer s 5 lar ge and sho wy o pen ing b u t once in su nshi n e and

,
,

,
.

,
,

:
.

,
of

falling the next day E xpanded fl ower abo u t 1 i nch broad

. .

S tem er ect hairy pu bes cen t 6 to 1 8 i nch es high at first si mple ul ti

, , , , ,
~

b
a ou t 1 in ch long Early flow ers soli tary ; s econ dary flower s in axil lary
.

clus ters Perio d o f fl owerin g Jun e to Au gust

Habitat —In dry san dy soil fro m Canad a so u thward ; common
. , .

.
,

Hel ianths mu m c o rymb o s u mMi chaux

—
.

Dm i ptio n Like the precedi ng except that the flow ers are in ter minal
.
,

corymbs the sh o wy o nes beco mi n g stalked whil e the others are sen ile
, , ,

and the who le plan t bein g mor e pu bescent

Habitat —In pi ne har rens fr om New Jer sey to Flori da along the coast
.

—
, .

Par t Us ed —
T he h er b n o t o fi ci al .

Co n sti l w
o nta — T he o nly con sti tuen t o f th er apeuti c acti vi ty th u s far dis
co ver ed i a th ese plants is tannin .

Prepara ti o s n — T here are vario us co mmercial pr epar ati on s .

Matias !Properties and Uses — Frostweed is a mild astringen t, and pr ob

ably no thin g more th ough i t i s n o t wi tho u t advoc ates amo n g those who
,

appear to th i nk every plan t must o f n ecess i ty poss ess therapeuti c vi rtues , . .

Of co ur se s uch perso ns val ue i t hi ghly in scroful a etc , .

1 02 m m
a

HYP E R IO AO E E .

Character qf the Order —He b . r s or shr ub a with opposi te, entir e, dotted
leaves , and co mmonly yellow flow ers . SepNs 4 or 5, disti nct or co h er in g ,

No n h Amefi n by o nl
y

W
tu m
ort.
Ii nn é . St . J ohnie

— “

W
Pi c Il l
. El n a ! par foun tai n
-
.

mens mero us in 3 or 5 clusters ;

vsr y nu ,

S tyles 3 , e co mmon ly di ver gi n g

,
Capsul e 3 cel led .
-
,

An h er baceou s per ennial weed wi th a lign eous roo t and m m

bran chin g stem 1 to It foo t hi gh Im ves oppos i te sa m
,

, e . ,

l i ptical o blo ng o r o blong linear hw t wi th n u mero us pel la n d do n i s

- -
,

sembli n g per fo rati o n s whence the speci fi c name

,
Hm a a xx . s p
-

open leafy cymea appear in g throu gho u t the su mmer

—
.

Habitat f E i hi® h m
'

J h w i pl ’
S t o n s
. o rt s a ant o as ter n or p n w as e a s o

natu ral ized i n all temper ate regio ns and is to the

m lt t
,

nicious weed an d one very di cu o eradi n te .

 —
S APON AR IA S O AP W OR T . 1 03

Per!Use flo wer ing to d —Th e —

ps not o fi ci al .

M a ta
n — St John s wor t .
’
has as yeyi elded to analysi s nothin g
t
more interes ting than a pec uli ar r ed color ing matter and nothi ng what ,

—
digested
Prepaml i on
wi th
a

o
n e eae
li ve m linseed
i r
'
r no o fi i ci al

oi l ,
prepara tions
yi eld a yell owish -
red
The flowering tops,
prod uc t , term “
m mppos ed to he incc mpeten t to heal a cu t c r cure a con tu eio m 8t
, .

J oh
‘
n s wo r t w as very highly es tee med , an d, it may be add ed, it i s still

i
sc entific medi cin e h o wever i t ho ld s n o place havin g beco me o bsol ete
, , ,

long ago .
“
O n e au tho r only o f co mpar ati v ely recent date co nsid ers the
”
saturated tin ctu re n ear ly as val uable as that o f arni ca for br uis es etc , .

h tincture o f arni ca ho wever apart from the alco ho l whi ch i t co ntains

is of doubtfu l em
, , ,

cacy i n th ese cas es the abo ve s tatem ent d oes n ot ten d to ,

’
inspire faith i n S t Jo hn s w ort . .

C A R YO P HY L L A C E E .

Ch f
aracter o the m s s wo ll—
On ion Her bs wi th
en at th e j oi n ts cp ,
s te ,

p os ite en ti re l ea
,
ves a nd r eg u lar fl o w er s S ep
, a ls 4 o r 5 dis tin c t o r co h er .
,

ing pers is ten t

, Petals 4 o r 5 w i th narro w claws so meti mes wan ti n g , , .

Stam ens dis tin ct n o t more than tw ice the n u mb er o f the sepal s hy o
, p gy ,

nous or per i gyn ous Ovary soli tary o ften su pported on a s talk co mmo nly
l o elled occasion ally 3 to 5 cell ed wi th a fr ee cen tr al pl ac en m; styles 2
, ,

- - -
. ,

to fi som eti mes u ni ted in to on e

, Fr ui t a l c ell ed many seeded capsul e .
-
,
-
,

open mg hy 2 to 5 val ves or b y teeth at the apex .

Few str ictly North Ameri can speci es o f thi s lar ge or d er are kno wn to
pau ses medi ci nal vi rtu es . In deed plan ts o f this o rd er are ever ywhere
,

M d by blan dn ess an d an absen ce of acti ve or i rri tati ng properti es .

BAPO NAM A —S o ar wo n r '

.

as po nar ia offi c mal is IAn né —S oap wor t, B ounci ng Bet

—
. .

Descri pti on Calyx : sepals un itedfor mi ng a cyli n dr ical tu be divided , ,

at the apex in to fi ve po inted teeth Camila : petals 5 limb so mewhat .

,

M al aw l on g and an gul ar wi th an appen dage at the top S tamens

mlonger than the calyx S tyles 2 Caps u le short stalked l celled 4
.

- -
. . .
, ,

A peren ni al her b , stro ngl y roo ted wi th erect stem 1 to 2 feet hi gh , .

la vas m L enti re pc inted, 3 ri bbed, con nate Flo wer s in ax illary and r
.

u n iml clu ster a pal e rose col ored or n early whi te, often dou b l e, appear -

i i g lromJ ul y to Septei n ber .

1 04 M AL v ac m
Habitat —A nati ve of Eu rope soapwor t has escaped from gardens and ,

i s often met wi th fully e stabli sh ed i n waste places an d along roadsi d es

—
.

Pa Used
r t — The roo t n ot o ffi cial .

—
Con stitu ei da S o apwor t has a s weetis h glu tin ous and somewhat bitter , ,

taste followed by a cer tai n degree of acr i mony

, Its only i mportant co n .

s ti tu en t i s cap oma whi ch causes d ecocti on s o f the roo t u po n agi tati on to

’

, , ,

prod u ce a sapo naceou s fro th .

Prep ratio
a n s — Th ere ar e no ne It may be empl oyed in decoc ti on .

—
.

Media l Proper ties and U es s A h undr ed years o r more ago so apw o rt

was beh aved to b e a val uabl e al terativ e an d was emplo yed i n syphilis , ,

go u t rheu mati s m etc wi th effects si mi lar to those attribu ted to sarsa

, , ,

par illa Li ttle has been added to ou r kn o wl edge o f the plan t si n ce then
. .

As i t i n co mmo n wi th q ui llaia (soap bark ) co ntain s sapomn i t mi gh t rea

'

-
, , ,

sonab l y b e empl oyed for the same pur poses as the latter That mpon i n .
,

the ac ti ve pr in ci ple o f these plan ts i s physi ol o gicall y ac ti ve i s beyon d ,

qu esti on b u t i ts therapeu tic c hec ta require fur ther investi gati on

,
‘

SILE NE —C ar cri. Far .

S il ene Vi rg in ic a L i nn —
é Fi re Pi nk , Catch Fl y
—C
. .

Descr ipti on p l u n ited for min g an oblo ng cylindrical

lyx
a se a s ,
-

tu be 5 too thed at the apex visci d p u bescent

,
-
Co rolla : petals 5 o blong ,
-
. , .

limb 2 cleft 1 in ch long S tamens 10 lon ger than the calyx S tyl m 8
-
, .
, .
,

rarely 4 Capsul e l celled 3 or 6 to o thed at the apex many s eeded

.
-
,
-
,
-
.

A vi scid p u bes cen t perenni al h erb l to 2 feet hi gh

-
L oaves thi n the , .
,

lower spatu late u pper o hl ong lan ceo late Flo wers few lar ge deep cri m
,
-
.
, ,

son ped u n cl ed i n l oos e cymea appear in g fr o m J un e to Au gus t

, , , .

—
Habitat In rich o pen woo ds fr om Canada to Geor gia and westwar d to
,

the M issi ss ippi Rare in N ew Yor k an d New E ngland

. .

m
Pre — Th er e are n on e It
r ati o nah
'

as been u s ed i n decocti o n

—
. .

Medical Pr pe tie and U es Fr o m Ba t n we learn that thi s

o r s s r o plant
was d in V i rgin i a as an
use
O
h min ti c b u t he seems
ant el ,
to have had no

per so nal experien ce wi th i t ; an d si n ce his time w e have no recor d o l e:

erim& ts to test i ts effi cacy

p .

M A LV AO EE .

Character of the Order —Her bs o r sh rubs wi th alternate pu late pal.

, , sti ,

mately vei ned leaves and regular fl o wers Sepals 5 un i ted at the base .
, ,

valvate in the b ud persistent often bearing an in volu cre o f brac ts o u ts ide

, , ,

fo rming a kind o f external calyx Petals 5 co nvolute i n the bud often large .
, ,

and s h o wy S tamens i nd efi ni te hypo gyn ous

. fi laments co her en t fo r mi ng , ,
1 06 MAL V AM

the coas t o f New England, N ew Yor k, Jersey and New

Par t Used —The root—
.

United S tates Phar macopmia The root o f the .

c ulti vated plant is commonly employed and as o ccurring in commer ce is , , ,

depri ved of i ts bark .

Constituents —The dr ied root co ntains as i ts most important consti tu ~

ente abo u t tw ent fi ve per en t each o f s tarch an d mu cilage Th ere ar e

y c
-
. .

d er ed roo t is o ften us ed to impar t a pro per con sis ten ce to so ft pi l l mas ses ,

l
and a so in the prepar ati o n o f emo lli en t po u lti ces .

Medical Proper ties and U ses —T he co n sti tu en ts

marsh mallow ind i cate of -

cl ear ly enou gh i ts th erapeu ti c appli catio n It is emoll ient an d d emulcent .

,

an d may b e u sed fr eely i n i nfl ammatory aflecti on s either i nternally or

'

topi cally as occas i on requ i res B ei ng n u tr i ti ou s als o i t is i n cer tain cas es

.
, ,

su peri or to m any demulcen ts in co mmon u se As a topi cal appli mti on i t .

has a wi de range of us efuln ess .

M al va rot u nd ifo
l ia Li an e— Common Mal low
Descn ptio m—Calyx wi th a 23 1v
.

i n volu cr e other wi se as in al thms

'
-

Corolla stamens o vary styles and fr ui t simi lar in stru ctu re to thos e of
, , , ,

al thm a

A small bien ni al her b wi th a l ong taper in g roo t an d pro cu mben t

—
, ,

s tems Leaves rou nd heart s haped somewhat plai ted menate smo o th '
.
, , , , ,

blui sh green on lon g peti ol es Flo wers small whi ti s h appearin g throu gh
-
, , ,

o u t the su mmer .

Habitat O ne of the co mmonest weed s in doo r yards and waste places

- -

abou t dwellin gs A n ati ve of Eu ro pe i t follo ws ci vi lized man mos t per m

. et ,

en tly an d tak es ro o t wh er ever he es tablis h es hi mself

Par t Used —The h erb i ncl u di ng the roo t —

.

n ot ofi oial
,
.

st —
Con ituents It pomesses mu ci lagin ous pro per ties simi lar to those of

Preparatio ns —The d eco cti on is mployed

e in domesti c practi ce fl ie

fresh h er b br uised , , is e mplo yed topi cally .

 oo ss r r mM —oor r o rr . 1 07

(S m —C on an .

Goss ypi u m herbac eu m Linn é .

—C tton Plant
o .

shorter than the picalyx o f 3 large co r date deepl y i n ci sed an d to o th ed

e , ,

leaves Cor olla : petals large con vo lu te in the b u d spreadi ng when ex

. , ,

and ed i eg la ly o bo v ate tr un cate wed ged s haped at th e ba e ye ll w

p rr
,
u r -
s , o , ,

witha pu rpl e s pot chan gi ng to r ed dm h b mwn S tamens n umero us uni

’
-
.
,

ted and fo rmi ng a long tu be conn at the bas e wi th the claws of the
,

p etals . O va r y co s i ml 3 to a ed ,
ma n y o vu l ed S tyl e sim ple
, l o n ger -
.
,

than the s tamens sti fl e slightly 3 to 5 lobed M t a 3 to 5 -

.

mi ddle of the cells and

thro u gh the
m eant,
a nu mer ous covered wi th the whi te fi lamen ts so well kno wn
ns co tto n .

é
sift
-

cu lti vated as an annual 1m m large

but .

3 to 6 inches lon g 3 t o5 lobed wi th a sin gle gland belo w stro ngly veined
,

. -
, , , ,

the l obes an d mucro nate ; peti o les abou t as lo n g as the blad e

sa t
,

M and an gul ar In l eaves often 2 or 3 lobed Fl o wers l ar ge 3 - -

,

opw si te the l eaves ; pedi cels si milar to the

p e tioles b u t ehm
Habitat — The l .
plant has been cul ti vated for so great a length o f
Oi

ti n e that i ts habi tat is u n cer tain It flo uri shes wi th in the l i mits .

of 36 north and sou th o f th e equato r

°
Th ough scarcely natur alized the
m
.
,

exte nt to whi ch i i s l tivuted i n the Sou thern Stews en ti tles it to a place

t
l 0d hark Gossypium—cotto n U nited S tates Phar macopmia
—Of
. .

Gl ad ituenta o n i t is on ly c
ne es sar y to s tate that the arti cle

LANE LIBRARY Sha i h

k .
“
.
1 08 L macn sa .

d ir ec ted by the Pharmacopmia is the ao call ed absorbent -

cotta g p p
r e ared
by fr eeing the fi lamen ts fro m i mpur i ti es an d fatty matter .

Co tto n roo t bar k co ntains

-
ch gl u cose and other
, in ad di ti o n to s tar , ,

co mmon vegetabl e co ns ti tu ents a resi nou s body wh ose exact character is

.

as yet n o t fu lly established b u t to whi ch the medi cinal vi rtu es of the dr ug

,

Preparations .
—
Of co tto n r oot bark :
~ Ik tr ac tum goss ypn ci s du idam radi

—fl uid extrac t o f co tton ro o t Of co tto n : . Py o y

r x li n u m—pyro xyli n (gun
—
cotto n ) U nited States Phar macopcma
.
’

si o nal n o ti p cifi c u te rin e to n ic after havi n g lo ng been used among

ce as a s e

the n egro es o f the So u th ern S tates as an aborti facien t Its acti o n u pon .

W
the u ter us is si mil ar to that o f er go t an d i t i s u sed i ns tead o f the letter in
,

cases o f u terine i nerti a d urin g partu ri ti o n an d i n amenor rhcna dys men , ,

~

o rrh cea an d scan ty men s tr uati on

, heth er i ts acti on u po n the s ys tem
.

at l arge b e al so si mil ar to that o f ergo t is u nkn o wn bu t wor th y of i n ves

ti gati o n .

The fac t that the ba rk o f cotto n ro ot sho ul d

ch acti ve be poss ess ed o f su
’
pr oper ti es is an i n ter es ti ng and su gges ti ve o ne for i t afi ords the on ly ia ,

stan ce of speci fi c virtu es attr ib u ted to a pl an t of the or d er m al vacecs It .

will b e noted that i t is onl y the bark o f the roo t tl mt po ssesses thes e prop
er ti es all o ther parts o f the pl ant par taki n g o f the bland char acter o f the

the seeds espec ially—whi ch n o t u nfreq uen tly possess the most
,

o r d er
,

ac tive pr in ci pl es o f plan ts — i n this i n stan ce yi eldi g a bland oi l which

is largely used as an ad ulterant o f o liv e o il
n
N o w i n an o rd er of plants .

o f su ch stro ngly mar ked char acter i sti cs as the mal vacew the di s co ver y of ,

striki ng pro perti es i n any i nd i vid ual sh o uld sti mu late i nves ti gati on 04

gati o n which starts wi th a rati onal cl u e wi ll b e more frui tfu l in r es ul ts

than if cond u cted en ti rely in a haphazar d mann er .

L IN AO E E .

—
Character of the On ion Herbs wi th en tir e alter nate apposite or ver ti~
, , ,

cill ato exsti pu late l eaves

, an d reg ular sy mmetr i cal hypo m o us flo wers
, , , .

Sepals 3 to 5 i mbri cate , Petals 3 to 5 co n vol ute i n the b ud

. S hann a , .

3 to 5 u su ally wi th in ter mediate abo rti v e o nes u ni ted in to a short tu be at

the b ase Pod havin g twi ce as many cel l s as there ar e styl ea each Im s d
, ,

. .

A small o rd er r eprw en ted i n N orth Amer ica by the genu s Li n um com

, ,

prising n o i ndi genou s speci es of med ici nal or eco nomic i mpor ta nce The .

s peci es d es c ri bed belo w th o ugh introdu ced has been un der cu l fi vafi on s o
, ,

long that i t requires bri ef noti ce .

l 10 (i m m
a

Li nseed oil hns al so b een recommen ded as a snb sti tnte for cod liver ~

o i1, b u t as sn ch has n o t b or ne the test o f cl in i cal ex peri en ce in a man n er

to inspir e fai th in i ta efi cacy S o far as tbe mere el emcnh o f nutr i tio n

.

con cer ned th ere appears to b e n o great di fleren ce

'

are , betw een the two ,

bu t there are o ther factora w b e cons idemd
-
in the cas e of co d -
Em ai l
.

ent to make i t
n o t, as so me have M ed, a mere

G eraniu m

pu ti la adheren t to the ai is M tb £10 at and

'

m m in ward Fmi t
.

wd c s a!) unity 1
‘
.
f
,
fa
,

n hn8 at the bas e wh en m atur e and cu r vi ng u pward

'

An b er b m on s per ennial . Bhiz ome cyli nd rica l fi w 3 incbu hm

g, Q
 G E RAN IUM .

o ne -
more or l aw branched pal e reddi sh brown wi th numer
half inc h thi ck , ,
-
,

o u s fibrous rootl ets S tem erect 1 to 2 feet hi gh somewhat bran ched

.
, ,

di cho tomously hairy Radi cal leaves lar ge o n l ong hairy peti ol es deeply
,
.
, ,

c u t i nto 5 or 7 segm
. en ts whi ch are c un eate o r oblo ng and lo bed and cu t
, ,

a t th e and ; stem leaves si mi lar i n shape b u t mu ch smaller o ppo s i te

-

, ,

p la c ed at t he fo r k s o f the s tem sessi le o r on sh or t peti ol es All the l eaves ,

ar e at fi rst green b u t as th ey gro w o l d beco me mor e or less blotc hed wi th

,

w hi ti sh spots T he flowen s talks ar ise fr om the forks of the stem each

.
,

b e aring two flo wers on e i n ch m diameter on sh or t pedi cels

, The fl ower s , .

ar e
prod u ced f r o m M ay till J u ly

W
.

o o s d fr om Canada to Flo rida , and d ur ing i ts per iod of bloomi ng is con

Pmt Used —
'
The rhi zome U nited States Phamwcop wia
—G
mroot has a si mple as tri ngen t m
.

Consti tuents eran i u ate du e to a co n ,

d d erabl c per cen tage o f tanni c and galli c aci da whi ch appear to be i ts onl y
important con sti tu en ts thou gh th ere are also presen t gum starch pecti n
, , , ,

red s colo ri n g matter etc .

—
, ,

—
Prq m cl tona Extr actu m ger ann dui dam fl ui d extract of gerani um
'
'

bothwater lcoh ol i t may b e admi ni ster ed in decocti on or ti n cture

and a , .

Em my cases to whi ch the dr ug is appli cable the d ecocti o n is by far the

moot eligi bl c preparati on
—
.

M ica!Pmper l tes and Uses G erani um is j us tly co nsidered o ne o f

’

M d by the pr o fessi on at lar ge Tho u gh activ e and efi ci en t i t 18 still .

,

mild and u nir ritatin g an d devoi d o f all u n pleasant or ofi ensi ve properti es .

hu thereforc articu l ml y s ui ted tc the l ater atages of diarrhma and d sen

“ p y
'

l b es eci all in chil dr en

p y In s u ch cas es a deco ction i n m ilk ha s b e
.s n

found very ser viceabl e It has also been employed in ter nally m a vari ety
.

o” s xxorrh ages wi th as ser ted ben efi t As a to pi cal astri n gen t i t has a still
,

' ider fi eld of u sef ulness an d ma b e em l o ed in an ca se tc whi ch th is

y p y y ,

ch : of remedies i s appli cable su ch as catarr hal inflammati on s an d hemor ,

th n fro m muco us s ur faces

a As an inj ec ti o n in gon or rb ma gl eet and .
, ,

ser vi ceabl e than a si mple sol u ti o n

th er e is pmsen t mu cilagi nou s ma

In fi ne po wder the dr u g may be
the nose an d fr o m the gums after

th ou gh possessin g no pro perties of a s peci fi c char

1 14 sw m
a

is appl i cabl e are so nu merous the plant ever ywhere w

and co mmou one

is l ed to wonder that i t is not mcr e gener all y empl oyed .

Charcwter
f o the Gen us
d i s tin ct or—Sepals
u ni wd a t the b as e5,
i m ,

br icete persis tent Petals 5 so metimes united at the base wi ther in g

, .
, ,
»

S tamen s 1 0 more or l ea uni ted at the base those opposi te the petals
, ,

l onger than thc other s ; anthers versatil e Ovary of 5 u ni ted car pels n ot .
,

beaked ; styles d isti n ct Fr ui t a

by as many valves , eac h ce ll 2

see e d d .

Herbs , h
ei t er ann ua l or wi th a

W O x al is Ac eto s ell a
o d S or r el .
o -
Li an e .

al s o bcvate, u n ui ul ate,
g c on ehalf
i nch long , whi te wi th r eddi sh

petio les ; leaflets br oadly c hoom

n o tut
.
—
c u n M
l flc wered,
-
a ppear ing in Jun e
—
.

Habitat In cold woods

O x al is st ricta Linu s —Yell ow

B a ha m ian —Fl o wers milar m str u ctu re to
pr ecedi n g b u t small a
si the ,
'

and home u po n 2 to 6 fl o wered axi llar y pedu ncles yello w

-
Capsules elem
, , .

gated Ann ual o r b ymeans of su bter ranean shoota per ennial Stem erect,
.
, .

leafy Flowers appear thro ugh ou t the s u mmer

—
. .

Habi tat Commo n in waste an d cul ti vated groun ds .

m am a —A11 plants o f this genus have , to a gm ter or less exten t ,

thei r on ly impor tan t cons ti tuen t . Thi s sa lt was former ly extracted from
cer tain species of o x ali s an d was so l d u nder the n ame c f aal t qf som l b u t ,

i t is now pr epared fro m o xali c aci d and potash

M ri am
y — Th ere are none save the co mmer cial bi no xalate of
, po t
mh , and, as ab ove stawd this i s no l onger prepared fr cm the pl ant
,
1 16 R e new

i n 3 to 5 pair s and an odd ter mi nal one, ovate lanceolate, m ate s err a - -

late, obliqu e, shi n ing abo ve Flo wers i n a ter minal oyme, appeari ng i n
.

J un e a te r f the leav es ar e e xpan ded .

Habitat —In dry so i l near the coast fr om Fl orida to North Caroli na

and wes tward
—U
.

Part Used —The bark

b h spec ies of
n i ted States ot Phar macop ceia .

The fr u i t is also u s ed to so me exten t b u t i s n o t ofli c ial

—
.
,

Constituents Pr ickly as h has a tas te whi ch is at fi r s t aro mati c th en ,

mo st i mpor tan t con stitu ent .

— r ac tum mn tho x yli fl u idum—

M or ation s E xt . fl u id e xtr ac t o f x an thox

l u m U n ited S tates Ph am w oo m ia I t yi eld i t v i t e ea d i ly t b il

y p s s r u s r o o
-
. .

ing water an d to alco ho l and may th erefo re be ad min is tered in deco ction
,

or ti n c ture The fr ui t i s used in li ke mann er

—
. .

Med ical Properties and Uses Pr ickly ash is sti mulan t and di apho
r eti c an d has lo ng enj oyed a certai n d egr ee o f po pu lari ty as a r emedy for
,

chroni c rheu matism It po wer fuuy stimulates secr eti on fro m mu cou s sur
.

faces causes a sensati on o f warmth i n the sto mach an d u ndo u btedly exerts
, ,

an elimi nan t i n fl uen ce Hence i t has been u sed with benefi t in con s ti tu
.

ti onal syphi lis As a to nic i t is man i fes tly i nf er ior to i ts alkal oi d b er

.
,

bet i n e b u t as an al terati ve an d eli minant mu ch su per ior It is employed

, .

to pically i n d o mes ti c practi ce as a remedy for toothach e and as a co unter

irritant and has been reco mmen ded as a lo cal applicati on in chron ic
,

pharyngi tis characteris ed by dryness of the mu co us membrane .

Pt el ea t rifol iata U nn é —Sh r ubby M ai l , Hop Tree

—C
.

Descr ipti on lyx : sepals 3 to 5 small Co rolla : petals 3 to 5 im

a , .
,

bri cated in the b u d much l onger than the aepal s

, S tamen s S to 5 alter .
,

nate wi th the petals ; fi l amen ts d ens ely villo u s belo w the middle lo n ger ,

than the s tyle in the steril e flo wers sh or ter in the fer tile on es O var y , .

2 cell ed each cell 2 ov ul ed ; styles sh or t or absen t ; s ti gma 2 lo bed Fr ui t

~
,
- -
.

an or bi cu lar samara 2 cell ed 2 seed ed n early o ne i n ch i n diamd er

,
-
,
-
, .

An u narmed shr ub 8 to 1 2 feet h igh Leaves tr ifoliate on petiol es

, . ,

abo u t 2 i nch es l o ng ; leafl ets 2 to 4 i nch es l on g o val o r o blo n g mo s tl y , ,

W
acu te obscu r ely cr en ate serrate the lateral on es so mewhat o bliqu e pu bes
,
~
, ,

cen t when you ng Fl ow er s polygamous s mall greenis h hamin co m

.
, ,
-

pou n d ter m i nal cymes a ppe ari n g i n May d u

,
n a an d havin g a di s sg ree

Habitat —In ro cky places from Pennsylvania to Florida and west

 an us —su m o . 11 7

Prepar ati ons —No ne are ofli cial . The flui d extr act an d ti n ctur e o ccu r

M edi al Prop ies

c e r t a n d U ses — Ptel ea o wes what li ttl e impo rtan ce i t
.

p o m es s es to i ts bi tte r to n i c p ro per ti es an d th es e are dou b tl ess o win g i n a

,

g r eat m e as ur e to th s b erb e r i ne present M or eo ver as th i s al kal oid ex is ts

. ,

i n the bark o f the root in b u t small per cen tage the dr ug cannot ba con ,

s ider ed ver y active The o th er co n sti tu en ts o f the plan t tho ugh somewhat ,

Like nearly all bi tters p telea has been empl oyed wi th

, ccess in i nter su

mi tten te bu t no one at the present day w ould thi n k of r elyi ng u pon it in

,

mch cases In con val escen ce and in ato ni c dys pepsia i t may do the same
.

ser vi ce as many o th er feeble toni cs by in creasin g the appeti te and s timu

,

W
AN AO AR D IA O E E .

f th O d Tr ees or shmb a wi th resino us or mil ky o ften

o e r er P
a ,

hundred species mostly , in d i gen ou s to the tropi cs . Repr esen ted i n N orth

q tl w Genus
M i c mac m
, d ing en , ins er ted un der the margin of a flattened or bicu
ll r diak at the b otto m of the calyx S tamens 5 inserted in , or under the
M S tylu s, di sti nct or u ni te d ; sti g mas mall dry dr upe
3 . Fr uit a s .

Shr ubs or mall trees

s , wi th alter nate u n eq ual ly pi nnate leaves and small
, ,

The gen u s may be di vi ded into two secti ons , well q mar ks d both as to

£ Non poi sono us Specia

1 . - —Flo wers polygamou s , in a termi n al thyr
O d panicl e . Fru it cl o thed wi th a dens e coatin g ot cri mson hairs ; sto ne

Rhea gl ab ra Linn é S mooth S umac

—
-
. .

Dm ipttmm A smoo th shru b 2 to 1 2 feet hi gh the s tem h aving a

-
, ,

U p pi th s nd a thm, whi te, woody l ayer 1e aflets in 5 to l 5 pair a wi th

l 18 m as s anraos w .

an odd ter minal c l

one, l
an eo ate o bl ong poi nted serrate smooth and glau
-
, , ,

co us abo ve , whi ti sh beneath . The flo wers appear in June ; the fr ui t ri pens

—
Habitat In dry rocky , , an d r at er h barren pl aces thro u ghou t the U ni ted

R hu s typhi na Li nn é — S taghor n S umac . .

Descri pti on —A lar ge shr u b or small tree hi gh the you n g , 1 0 to 30 feet ,

branches as well as the leaf and fl ower s talks densely coated wi th soft vel -

vety h ai rs Leafl ets in 5 to 1 5 pai ra wi th an odd termi nal o ne obl ong

.
,

lanceo late poin ted ser rate The flo wers appear in Jun e the fr ui t r ipens
, , .

i n September M u ch more rob us t than the pr eced ing s peci es

. The pi th .
,

th o ugh lar ge in the yo un g branch es i s su rro unded in later years by a thi ck ,

layer o f rath er dense yell o w woo d .

—
Habitat In r ich u plands U n i ted S tates an d Canada , .

R hus c o pall i na Linn é — D warf S u mac . .

Descri tio n — A s mall shr u b l to 7 feet hi gh with str aggling b r anc hes
p , ,

an d r un nin g roo ts B ranch es and s talks do wny

. Petio les wing mar .
-

g i n s d ; l eafl ets i n 4 t0 10 pai r s, wi th an o dd ter mi nal o n e, o bl o n g or o vate

lan ceolate, o bli qu e, smooth and shi nin g abo ve, pu bescen t beneath
Habitat —In bar ren and rocky
.

si tuati o ns , U ni ted S tates and Canada

Parts Used — frui t—U
. .

Of Rh us glabr a , the n ited States t '

macopaaa;
T he fr u i t b o th R typhi na and R copall ma is possess ed oi proper ti es
of .

i denti cal wi th th ose o f the o flici al plan t, an d may b e su bsti tu ted as o cca
si on req uir es. The l eaves and bark o f all tb e speci es have been ernpl oyed

b u t are n ot o fli cial
Constituen ts —Su mac berries
.

call ed have a pl easant acid , as th ey ar e , ,

astr in gen t tas te du e to the pres en ce o f mali c aci d in the den se cri mson
,

p ubescence whi ch co vers them This acid i s pr esen t both i n a free s tate .

an d i n co mb i n atio n as malate o f calci um an d is associated wi th tann i c an d ,

gallic aci ds co lo ring matter etc

, ,
.

S umac leaves are co mparati vely ri ch i n tanni c and gal li c acids so mu ch ,

so i n deed as to b e o f eco no m
, ,
i c h por tan ce in the tan ni ng of l eather .

Excr es cences or gall s ar e pro d uced u po n themwhi ch are mi d to b e hardly

, ,

inferior to the galls of co mmer ce T he bark is also pomessed of astr in gen t .

pro perti es b u t to a mo re li mi ted extent than the leaves

, .

R w yati am- — Fk tr actu m r hoi s gl abr se fl i d

u u m— flnid extr act o f r h us
glabra —U ml ed Sla tee Phar rmcormio Of the oth er species ther s are no
’
-

om
.

cial preparati o ns The berr i es o f all the speci es ar e fr equ ently em

.

W
ployed in i n fu si o n and wh en th ey can b e obtain ed in good condi ti on this
,

for m is u nd o ubtedly the mos t eli gible one to use ei ther to pi cally or i nter ,
»

nally T he leaves may b e empl oy ed in infu si o n or d eco c ti o n

—
. .

Medic al e: a d U
n ses S u mac berries ar e astri ngen t and refr i g
.

eran t An in fus io n has lo ng been used i n d omes ti c practi ce in ter nally ,

for refri gerant eflec t in feb ril e an d in flammato ry aflecti ona and to pically ,
1 20 s n ac aan u c m
This co mmon and by many peopl e mu ch dr ead ed plan t occur s i n two
, ,
-

r ath er dis tin ct for ms whi ch w er e for mer ly co nsid er ed separ ate s peci es
, ,

b u t are n o w r ecognized as speci fi cally i den ti cal th ei r di ffer en ces bei ng d ue ,

en ti rely to the cir cumstances o f thei r gro wth A pl an t grow i ng in an o pen .

sp ace wi th n o co n ven i en t su ppor t near has the habi t of a l o w shr u b ; whil e

o n e rooted at the bas e of a tree o r b esid s a ro ck pu ts for th i nnumer able

adven titi o u s roo tlets an d by mean s o f these cli mbs u pwar d vi goro u s ly
, ,

never sto ppi ng u nd er favor abl e circu mstan cea u n ti l it has r each ed the
,

high es t poi n t attai nable Ano th er cur i ous featu re in the gro wth of the
.

plan t as a cli mber is that the i ucr ease in the thick n es s of the stem tak es
place almos t en tirely u pon the sid e nex t the s u pport whether thi s b e a ,

r ock tr es or any oth

, , er obj ect so that the pith is eccen tri c ,
As the root ,

lets bri ng n o no urish men t to the s tem and as th ey are pu t forth in quan ti ty ,

o nly when ther e is so methi n g near to fi x themselves to i t appears pro bable , ,

as the au tho r en d eavo red to sh o w some years ago th at they ar e prod u ced ,

by the mere sti mulati o n o f con tact ; and also that the increased gro wth
o n th e side o f the stem n ex t the s uppor t is in du ced i n the same m anner .

larger greenish yello w

,
-
or greenis h white -
.

an d w es tward
—Umted
.

Por t U sed —The fresh leaves of R h u s T on

’

codendr o n
’

S tates
Phar macop cma The leaves of R poem si mi lar properties
'

. . vcnenata .

r ey and Gray of the Pacifi c Coast an d R pu mila . Mi chau x of the Sou thern
S tates , mpri se the pois o no u s member s o f the genu s in digeno us to North
co

Amer ica Their po iso nous properti es th o ugh difi eri ng in d egr ee are es , ,

s en tial l y i d en tical in qual ity R p u mil a is sai d to be the mos t po iso no u s

. .

o f th e gro up whil e B venenala o ccu pi es a second place being i ts elf con

, .
,

the two last named-

ch o th er very mu ch both i n habi t of
r ese mblin g ea

gro wth and i n thei r mots The po iso no us cons ti tu en t o f thes e pl an ts

.
,

th o u gh co nsid er ably i n ves ti gated has n o t been as yet thor ou ghly char ac ,

ter ized That i t is volatile is well kn own an d th at it is an aci d prin ci ple

.
.

has als o been d emon s tr ated b u t beyo nd th is nothing is defini tely kn own .

’
Tho ugh vo l atil e and capable o f produ cin g its pecu liar efl ec ts u po n ver y
s u s cepti ble i nd i vi duals even at so me d istan ce fro m the gro wi ng plan ts i t
, ,
an us—sc u m
. 1 21

tin cture of R .

remedy , and the

In en da vor ing to sca e l

y hing l ike an i a
an t i b ls

d o ubt the pecifi c

s afi ect o f e en v
1 22 u ra n i u m

R HA M N AO EK.

C alyx wi th 4 or 5 short deci duous teeth or sepal a val vate in the bu d . Petals
4 01
°
5, , very small folded
i nw ard i n the b u d ; so m eti m es w an ti n g S ta men s .

as many as the sepal s an d al te rnati ng with them, i nserted wi th the petal s

o n a dis k whi ch liues the tu bs of the cal yx O vary 2~ t0 5

ce ll ed , eac h cell .
-

1 -
ovul ed ; styl e ver y shor t ; sti g mas 2 t0 5 . M t a small berry or dr upe
en closi ng 2 to 5 o ne s eeded n uts -
.

A wid ely di stri bu ted order o f mor e than for ty gen er a ab ou t a dozen
of whi ch are represen ted in North Ameri ca—tw o R ham
,

n us and Cean othus , ,

m am a —s om “
e .

M or o/ t
'

he Ga m a —C lyx a 4
-
or 5 cl eft,
o
cu p s -
haped li ned , w i th a
thi n di s k . many as the teeth of the cal yg small s ho rt
C oro lla : petal s as ,

clawed no tc hed at the en d fo lded abo ut the stamens ; so meti mes wanti ng
, , .

Ovary fr ee 2 to 4 celled Dru pe or berry con taini ng 2 to 4 nu tlets

,
-
. .

S hr u bs or small trees Leaves s moo th feath er mined Flowers small

. ,
-
.
,

greenis h in axi llary cl usters Fr u i t black

, . .

R hamn u s c athartic a Linne Co mmon B uckthom

M i en — Calyx 4 cl eft Co ro lla : petals ver y narro w n o t lo nger
-
.
,

than the teeth o f the cal yx . Fr u i t ab ou t the si ae o f a pea.

feet hi gh wi th spread in g branches the smaller

A smooth shr u b. 6 to 1 5 , ,

o nes o ften en di ng i n a sto u t th or n Leaves 1 } to 2 in ches lo ng two thirds .

,
-

as wi de o vate ac u minate ser rate wi th a few promi nent o bli qu ely di ver
, . , g , ,

i ng veins Flo wers d ie ci ous thickl y cl ustered i n the ax il s of the l eaves

.
, ,

Habitat —A nati ve o f E urope an d Asia , but s par in gly n atu rali zed in the
N orther n Atlan ti c S tates
—
.

R hamn u s Pu rs hian a D e C andone Chl g m /mm,

‘

/ ia o B eebe S acr ed
B ark .

Descr ipti o n —Calyx 5 -

cleft . Coro lla : petals 5, lo bed
two S tyles
-
.

r at er sh ho rt , u n i te d to the su mmi t ; sti gmas 3 . Frui t tur binate 3 s eeded ,

-
,

the size o f a larg e pea .

A shr ub o r small tr ee 1 0 to 20 feet hi gh wi th a tr unk sometimes B or

, ,

9 inches in di ameter Leaves 3 to 5 inches l ong I} te 2 inches in diam~

.
,

eter so m eti mes sligh tl y co r date at the base rarely ac u te o r wi th a s li gh t

. ,

acumi nati on the l o wer sur face s tro ngly pu bes cen t the lateral vei ns pro m ,
o

i n c ut Fl owers u mbell ate in cl u ste rs o f 1 0 to 20

. .

Habitat —On the Paci fi c C oas t from Cali fornia northward

,

.
 CEL ASTR ACEE .

o b tu se or sligh tly ac umin ate 3 r ibbed s errate pubes cen t ben eath ; some
,
-
, ,

ti mes sl i gh tly co rdate at the base Flow er s i n axi llary cl us ters appmr ing
. ,

i n J uly
—
.

Habitat Co mmon in dry woodlan ds fr om Canada to Flo ri da and wes t

} hr ts U s ed —The l eaves an d ro o t—n ot o fi cial

—B
.

C h the l eaves and root ar e astri ngen t and contain a

ons tituents . ot

cons iderable percen tage of tanni n

—
.

Hepar ati ona Non e are ofi cial Th ere are co mmer cial flu i d extr acts .

W
fai rly repres en ti n g the plant the decocti on rs most co mmonly u sed .

M edical Pr oper ties and Uses —T he leaves w ere used d ur in g the R evol u
tion and al so to so me exte nt d u rin g the late Ci vil ar as a su bsti tu te for

tea and bo th l eaves and ro o t have been empl oyed i nter nally and topi cal ly
,

as astr in gen ts .

O E LAS T R AC EE .

Character of the M en —
mall trees wi th al ter nate rarely
S hr u bs or s , ,

o ppo s ite si mple l eaves , Flo wers in small axi llary cymes small gr een
.
, , ,

whi te or pur ple sepals and petals 4 o r 5 i mbr icate i n the b u d stamens
, ,

4 or 5 al ternate wi th the petals in ser ted on a large dis k whi ch su rro u n ds

, ,

and enclos es the o vary Fr ui t 2 to 5 celled capsu lar or drupm o u s seeds

.
-
,

ari ll ed .

An ord er compris i ng thir ty fi ve genera Repr esented in North Amer

—
-
.

i ce by sev en two only Celas tr us an d Eu onymus comprisi ng medi ci nal

, ,

C el est ru s s c and en s Li an e — W oody B itter sweet.

l ong ,
sessi e l . S tamens ins erted into the
fleshy dis k Ovar y margin of the .

su rro un ded by th e di s k 3c ell ed ; s tyles 3 u ni ted Fr ui t a globu lar cap

—
.
, ,

s ul e o ran ge co lored 3 c ell ed 3 valved the valv es at matu r i ty o peni n g an d

,
-
, ,
-
,

foldi ng backward exposing the seeds en closed i n a fles hy cri ms o n ar il

, , .

A twi n ing shr ub o ften cli mbi n g trees to the hei gh t o f twen ty o r thi r ty
,

di mciou s, in cons picuo us , ppear ing

a in June . Frui t ver y orna men ts] , an d

Canad a to Caroli na and wes tward

—
.

Par t U ed
s ar —
T he b k n o t offi ci al .
 w o s m us—sr mn w TR EE . 1 25

sai d to be dia
and so mewhat nar o ti c c, bu t i ts p
r e u tati on is
where the efl ects o f large draugh ts of warm
'

so me really i n er t s u bstance whi ch has been

if thi s pl an t really possesses valuabl e medi c

to be d emo nstrated .

( S aanu m D ul camam), l
a so kn o wn as bi tters weet , or

s at ro pu rpu reu s
—Calyx :
Jacqui n — . W ahoo,

p l co mmon ly 4 u ni ted at the base Cor olla

se a s ,
B ur ni ng B ush
.
.

as the sepals ro un di s h o bo vate

,
-
S tamen s as many as the
.

1 to 2 in ch es lo ng , 5 to 7 fl o wered,
-
appearin g

an d water , and may b e employed i n ti ncture or

pr o bably some ch olagogue acti on Th ough .

cal pr ac ti ce i t is w ell th ou gh t o f by m
,
any reg u

efl or ts n o w being mad e to

to the actual val ue of the drug .

1 26 sa m ac m

W a f fl e
S APIN DAO E E

Oni on —Trees or s hrubs

.

, wi th l
a ternate or o
ppos ite,

r ies l ; sepal s 4 or 5 ; petals -l or 5, so meti mes wanti n g ; stamen s 5 to l o,

mchcell 1 or 2 -
o vu l ed .

109 8 l d
M i d s en er . o te n f un e uaq l . 0 sw elled,

r m. Il l —
M M w

fi s c u l us Hi ppo c am nu m mna
Ls —Hm
1 28 s en s u ou s .

third of the str ength of opi um . In the Sou ther n S tates the seeds o f thi s
s
peci es cr us hed to a mpl oyed to stupefy fi sh and thus ren der
l
p p
u , are e

thei r captur e easy in th

, e same man n er as the seeds oi Coc cu l us Indi eu s are

PO LYO A LAO E E .

G ram ma
of r the w
Gr ah i th a—
am Plan ts
l ter nate or Op po si te ex s ti pu late ,

l eaves Fl ovmrs very irregular ; sepals u sually 5 ; petals 3 ; s tamen s 4

.

to 8 monad elpho us o r diad elphou s an thers l celled o pen in g by a pore

,
-

at the to p ; o vary 2 cell ed each cell l o vu l ed

-
, Fr u it 2 cell ed M
-
. ed -
, .

An or der o f few gen er a b u t many species Represented i n Nor th .

Amer ica by thr ee genera on ly one of wh ich co mpr is es medi cinal speci es
, .

OLYG ALA —m w onr

P .

Char acter of the Genus —Calyx : sepals 5 pers i stent , , q l the

u n e ua ,

three outer s maller , the two inn er ( lat er al ) lar ger an d petal oi d Co rolla .

petals 3 unequal the mi ddle ( anter i

, ,

or ) o ne lar ger and u su all y m ted at

,

the apex ; all of th em more o r l ea

l -
o vu l ed ; st yle l
e on gate ,
car ved .

Small herbs . in temperate cl i

leaves . Many of the Na th Amer i '

 e su A— mmx w om ‘
. 1 29

N orth

or blo ng 1 inch long Fl owm in

o , .

pu r plish Th ere are also pro du ced

.

fer tile fl o wers whi ch are prostrate ,

ofi ci al u n d er the name o f sen ega

an d h er b o f P p ol ygama .

( P.rubel l a) wer e for mer ly ofi ci al , bu t have been dis card ed .

M m
a -
S enega has a pecu liar o d or , an d a taste whi chia at fi rst,
h b ut after war d pung en t and acr id Its most important constitu
mm
sweetis

W
.

cut ie a pecu liar acr id p rin cipl e ter med o r p ol ygal ic acid whi ch is ,

believed to b e closely analogo us to sapo ni n a princi ple existi ng i n Sapon ,

aria nal i s and Q ui l l aia bar k From P polygama ( P r ubella) has been
. . .

obtained a cr ystalli ne co mpou n d termed l l m wh i ch h v y

’

a
p yg a a an n as a er ,

hitter taste and foams con si derably wh en ag tated with water i n thi s r e
, ,

tn ctumsen egmfl u id u m —fluid extract of senegze y pus sen ega syr up

s ru —
atsene a g a consti tuent o f syr upus scill ss composi tae—co mpou nd syru p o f

preparati o n s B oth speci es yiel d their vi r tu es to water an d to dil u ted

M eal p fl o er
v fi cs and Uses —Seney
m edi u m din
o m i s mall
di
s a or

p hom tie di u r em an d ex pecto

, r an t ; i n l ar ge d os ea em eti c an d cath a r ti c .

In practi ce i t is chi efly u sed as a s ti mulati n g expectorant in the later

l ugs: of bro nchi al and pu l mo nary afl ec ti o n s after acti ve i n flammator
'

y
-

sym ptoms have been su bdu ed Its emeti c and purgati ve action has been
.

found us efu l in rheu matismand dro ps y b u t other a en ts are mor e eli gible
g , .

It hmals o so me r epu tati on as an emmen agogu e .

“ Species of the gen us ar e more or l ess bi tter, an d pnob ab l yposses s, if

1 30 mo nu mosm .

L EO U M HCO S E .

late gen er ally co mpo un d leav es Fl o wers papili on aceous so metimes regu
, .
’

l ar ; calyx 5 parted the odd segmeu t infer ior ; petals 5 the odd on e s u pe
-
, ,

r io r ; s tamen s 1 0 rarely 5 o r i nd efi n i te monadelpho u s or di ad elph o u s

, , ,

someti mes di sti n ct co m monly perigyn o us ; o vary si mpl e l cel led l to

—
-
, , ,

man o vul ed Fr ui t a 1 to many seed ed legume

y .
-
.

A ver y lar ge or der o f plan ts o cc u r r in g in all par ts o f the glo be b u t mo st

, ,

abu n dan tly i n the tro p i cs It has been di vided i n to three s ub o rd ers
.
-
,

namely f hpil ionaoece Cws al p i n iece and M i m

, , osae To the flr st n amed s u b
, .
-

or d er bel on g near ly al l impo r tan t legu mi n ou s plan ts of te mper ate r egio n s

—
,

an d wi th
, the s i ngl e excep ti o n o f Cas i a belon ging to the su b o r der
s -

PAPI I L ONACEE .

—
Character ( ythe S ub Order Fl o w ers papi lionaceo u s ; sepals 5 mor e or
'
-
.
,

less u n iwd o ften u nequally so ; petals 5 irregu lar imbricate the u pper
, , , ,

on e lar ger than the o th ers and u su ally en clo si n g th em i n the b ud ; stamen s

1 0 r arely 5 in ser ted with the petal s mo na

, ,
°

del phou s diad elpho u s or someti mes dis , ,

ti nc t ; wh en d iad elph ous u su ally with ni n e ,

in o ne set an d one i n the o ther Ovary n or .

mally l celled someti mes becomi ng 2 celled -

,
-
,

o r tr an s versely man y celled by d evel o pmen t -

o f par ti ti o n s after fl ow er in g Flo wers per .

CImr acter of the Gon na

’
—Calyx 5 to o thed -
.

Co ro lla : petals men tu be tree fr om the sta -

,

deci du ous the keel bl unt Stamens dia

, . ~

del phou s the u pper on e free , Po ds sh or t .

,

strai gh t thi ck 1 o r few s eeded in dehi s cen t

, ,
-

, .

W
Ann ual or bi enni al her bs wi th tri tol i ate ,

leav es an d flow ers in spiked

,

M el il otu s offic inal is illd eno w .

li nes l on g , brigh t yellow , in lon g axi llary ra

cemes Pod ovat fl l in es l on g ob tu s e or pci nted
.
, .

An er ect ann ual or b i enni al 2 to 4 feet hi gh br an ched

, , glabr o u s . L eaves
1 32 i n s u ra n c es .

Constituents —Res in and volatile oi l .

R eparati o ns —Non e ar e ofi cial Al co hol extracts . the most i mpor tant

consti tu en ts of the plants .

h
o t er in digeno us s gen u s have been u sed to a limi ted ex ten t
peci es of the ,

as remedial agents b u t n o t sufi ci en tl y to es tabli s h th ei r ch ar acter Al l o f

m
.
,

them have a pungen t bitter and so mewhat aro mati c tea

d doub
t
, , an are

less en ntl cd to a place among the feebler ammati c bi a

form root of P.esc ul enta 18 somewhat u s and was in v o

,

by the In dians ; when roasted Po i sh mys they am w -

z

m
, ,

emly Canad ian voyageur s gave the pl mt the m e m m de or

R O B INIA —Loo usr . T ans .

—
R o b i nia Ps eudac ac ia Lian e Co mmon Locu d
—
.

p
Descr i tio n Calyx s hort 5 toothed ,
-
,

dard large ro mded se

s tan , ,

flex ed ; wing and k nw ly

'

as lo ng S ta mens .pho ua
Pod abo u t 3 i nch es lo n g flat , ,

5 to 6 seeded -
.

tree, 7o to 80 feet hi gh an d 3
to 4 feet i n di ameter farther
n or t h it seld om hall

pinnate ; l mfl em9 to 1 3 aw ,

ml e oval thi n m oo th md
'

, , ,

sh in in g Flo wers numer ou s

.
,

in loose pendulo us m mes ,

w ard It is . c ul fi md for
orn amen t md for in valu
ab l e ti mb er in al l parts of the
coun try in
—
,

Par is U sed —The leaves flowers bar k and roo t not ofi ci al .

C mm
, , ,

o -
The bark has yi eld ed to ana lysis aspa mgi n and a pecu lia
glucosi d e termed r obin i n.

P repar e: io ns .
—T he ba k ha r been employed
s in dm cfi on, the l ea »
in
powder , an d the flo wers in the for m o f a syr up
 —
B APTIS I A F ALS E mmo c . 1 33

bark is said to be ton ic, meti c

cathar ti c ; the leaves emeti c ; and the
e , and

flowers mi ldly narcoti c Poi sono us efl ects have been prod uced in childr en
'

fromeati ng the roo t the sympto ms resemblin g th ose of belladonna The

, .

floweu . to the au thor s o wn kn o wledge are o ften eaten wi th i mp uni ty

’
, .

Tophro s ia V i rg i n iana Persoon —Goat s R ue .

’

, Turkey Pea, Catgut .

roun e dd , ; refl ex ed
k ee l pe tals bro ad S tamens monadel pho u s or di adel .

ph one .P o ds abo u t 2 i n che s l o ng fla t s ever al seed ed An h er bac eo u s peren , ,

-
.

nial S tems nu mer ou s erec t si mple leafy at the to p si lky pubescen t

—
.
, , , .
,

Leaves un eq ually pinn ate ; l eafl ets 1 7 to 29 1i near o blon g muc ro nate , , .

Flowers lar ge and numerou s in den se o blo ng racemes yellowish whi te , ,

-

marked wi th pu r pl e appeari ng in J un e or Ju ly .

—
,

Habitat Dry sandy soil Canad a to Flori da and w estward

Hm Used The root—not om
—
. .
, ,

W
ci al .

HM rfi a as d r —The
roo t o f this plant i s sai d to have
U ea
bemus ed by the In dian s as a v ermi fu ge before the settl emen t of the
countr
y hy th e wh i tes an d i t is n ow us ed i n som e pa
,r ts o f the U ni ted

Sutes fcr the same pu rpose Its acti o n is said to r esemb le that of spi gelia
.

md to be qui te as efi ci en t.

M
Bapti s ia t i nct o ria Ro bert Br own
ien —Calyx 4 dard not longer th u
to 5 too thed .
—W ild Indi go
Co ro lla . s tan
.

the win gs r efl ex ed ; wi n gs an d heel petals straight

,
S tamens di stin ct .

Pods oval globos e on a stalk longer than the calyx sever al seed ed
-
,
An ,
.

herbaceou s peren ni al S tems s moo th and sl ender fr eely br anched 2 to 3

.
, ,

feet high h aves palmately tri fo liate ; l eaflets ro unded c han ts wedge
.
,
-

d uped three q uarters o f an in ch l ong

,
-
Flo wers yello w in short termin al .
,

M ines appeari ng fr o m Jun e to Au gu st

—
,

M as t Dry sandy so il Canad a to Flo rida and wes tward

—The
.
, ,

R m Used . ro o t —not ofi cial .

M w The most recent analysis of thi s plan t d emonstr ates the

aca -

M oe of a pecu liar alkal oid as yet u nn amed T he ao call ed baptisi n o f ,

.
-

M ons —N o ne are o mi l c a . A ti n ctu re an d a fl u id ar ti act o

-
ccur
n eommer cial preparati ons and are said to be efli ci en t , The author has
em lo ed a ti ncture mad e f m the fm h b a k o f the roo t
p y ro s r
1 34 a m m m

rece mmended an i n fusi on or decocti on of this pl an t as an anti septi c appl i

cati on condi ti o ned ul cer s an d as a
to il l , gargle i n mali gnant an d scarl a~
ti nal sore throat Other physi ci an s consider ed i ts i nternal us e effi cacio us
.

in typh u s (typh o id ?) and mali gnant scar let fev ers In mor e recen t ti mes .

i t has gai ned a great repu tati on amon g hommopathic and ecl ec ti c pr ac ti ti on
er s especi al ly i n typh oi d fever
,
S o me years ago the au th or exper imen ted
.

wi th i t in this dis ease wi th what he ,

S “ T M d S S t t f N w Y k F th "

( ee r an s e o
. c a e o . e or
. u r s ,

have n ot alto gether j u s tifi ed the con clusi ons then arrived at
d oes in some ins tances appear to exer t a favorable in fl uence ,

W
C ASSIA J . a mes .

r —
C as s ia M a il and ic a m e A an Sen na .

—
Dew r iptiom Calyx : sepals 5 scar cely uni ted at the base co lor ed de , , ,

ci d uo u s Co ro lla : petals 5 nearly equal spread ing S tamens 1 0 rarely 5

.
, , .
, ,

di stin ct the th ree u pper common ly abor tiv e ; an ther s openi ng by two pores
,

at the to p Po d 2 to 4 in ch es l o n g lin ear co mpr ess ed sli gh tly cu r ved

.
, , , ,

h erbac eo us per ennial S tema erect b ranchi ng 3 to 4 feet hi gh

An .
, .

Leaves al ter nate equally pinnate ; leaflets in 6 to 9 pai rs o vate o blon g

, ,
-
,

mu cronate 1 to 2 i n ch es lo ng o ne half in ch wid e Flo wers br igh t o r an ge

, ,
-
.

yel lo w in sh or t axi llary r acemes on the u pper part o f the stem ; they ar e
, ,

prod uced durin g July an d Au gus t

Habitat —Co mmon in all u vial so il fr om N ew England and New York

Por t Used —The l eaflets —f

mer ly ofi cial ; dr opped from the 1156
or

edi ti on o f the U ni ted S tates Pharmacopoeia .

Con t — A satis facto ry an alysi s of hi s t is yet to b e made

s i tuewua
t .

O ne an al ys t has fo un d i n i t i n addi tion to the o rdi nary vegetable pri n

,

ci pl es a co mpl ex su bstance r esemblin g the ao called auth o rti n of i mported

-
-
,

Preparati ons —Non e are o ffici al . It yields i ts virtu es to water , an d is

commonly ad mi nistered i n in fu sio n .

that o f the Afr i can dr u g, tho ugh i t is much l eu efi ci en t a dom on e third

accou nt the impor ted arti cle is gen erally prefer red
Oth er speci es of cas ein in di genous or in tr od uced are
, ,

medici nal acti vity b ut are not sufi ci entl y employed to

,
1 36 R O S ACM

Pru n us V i rgi nians Linn é ( Pr unus Canadamin Mars hal]. E

-
mma

Desc ri pti on —Petal s

di sh Fru it abou t the size of a pen dar k red
r ou n .
,

wh en fu lly ripe an d of an extr emely astr in gen t tas te

, .

A sh r ub small tr ee wi th a grayis h bark

, Leaves thin and mem .

branou s 2 to 3 i nch es lo ng br oadl y o val obl ong or o vate ab ru ptly

, , , ,

po in ted very sharply and o ften do u bly

,

serrate Flo wers in loose s hor t ra

.
,

pearing in May after the l a va ar e

co nsi der ably developed
Habitat —Fr om Canada to the Gu lf
.

of M exi co an d w es twar d ; everywhm

common
—
.

Par t use d Th e bu k of Pr un us

other speci es is es i d to b e ful l y as ef

fi cien t
. As wil l b e seen b y r eferen ce
to the syn onom y o f the two s peci es ,

there has b een great confu si o n a mon g

hen ce the wild cher ry of the Phar ma

capm i a b ears as i ts o cial name the m
proper an d at present gen er al l y ac
,

cepted , ti tl e belongi ng to ch o ke
ch er ry.

star ch an d o th er common vegeh ble

,

pr in ci ples an d by dis ti llati o n yi elds

,

a pecu li ar vo latil e oi l res emblin g the

0M “) vo latile oil of bi tter almc nd s co n ,

tai nin g hydro cyani c acid . The aci d d oes n o t pi e exi st i n the b ark b u t
-
,

su bj ected to the cti o n o f col d water A

a .

present in wi ld ch erry to whi ch certain of the medicinal

b ark are d u e .
 sr m a— ms w ow s ws nr -
. 1 37

pru

se
ni vi rgini anre

Medical Pi pp a ties m
—y
p o f wi ld cherry Un ited S tates HimvnacOpmia
i d
s ru

Us s
-
e — ild cherry is to ni c astri n gen t and
dative Its toni c vi rtu es d ou b tl ess res id e in the bi tter prin cipl e men
W .

,
.

honed above and i ts as tr i ngen t p ro perti es are d ue to the tan n ic and gal
,

lic acids whi ch it co ntai n s w hi le i ts sed ative in fl uence d epen ds en tirely

,

upon th e h ydrocyani c aci d gener ated by i ts i nf u sio n in water It is em .

p loy ed ch i efly i n p u l m on ary co ns u mpti o n and n ot u n fr eq u en tly wi th very ,

beneficial eflbc ts U n der i ts u se the appeti te i mpro v es and bo th the co ugh

. ,

and er pec tor ation ar e d imini shed As the percen tage o f hydrocyanic aci d.

p r esent in the in f us i o n i s v er y small th e d os e to p ro d u ce a deci d ed s ed a , ,

tive cfi ect must necess ar ily b e qui te lar ge b u t as i ts bi tter ness is also of a
, ,

mild character large d oses are gener ally bo rne wi thou t incon v enience It
, .

insom eti mes employed in con di ti on s o f si mpl e debili ty and i n co n val es

cm cs bu t here chi efly fo r i ts to ni c effec t

, T he i nfu si on mad e wi th col d ,

water is by far the best form o f admi nis tr ation

, .

Ch
aracter of O nder — C
the S ub
alyx en ti r ely fr ee from the ova
. ri es tho u gh ,

tom eti mes en cl osin g them in i ts tu be co mmonly p er si s ten t S tamens few .

,

or m any Pis ti ls few or many di s ti n ct rarely so li tary

. , , .

This sec ti on the lar ges t o f the ord er co mp rises many of the small
, ,

hits in common cu l ti vation as wel l as numerou s plan ts cu l ti vated for,

ornam ent Many plan ts o f the su b order possess as tr in gen t proper ti es -

.

SF M —M s a no w-s w r .

Spi rsea to mentosa mme Ha m

— Steepl ebush i r

—C al yx 5 left h t pe i te t C lla
.
,

De c ipt i
s r on -
c
'

, s or , rs s n o ro : petals 5, ob o

M imbr icate in the b ud . S tamens 1 0 to 5 0 . Pis ti ls 5 , dis tinc t Pods

A s mal l hr u b 2 to 3 feet h i gh somewhat branched brittle clo thed

s

with a woo ll y pu bescen ce wh ich easily r u bs o m Leaves 1 to 2 in ch es lon g

, , , ,

ovate unequ ally serr ate d eep green abo ve thi ckly co ated wi th a r usty pu
, , ,

bescenee beneath Flowers small n umero us ros e c olored rarely whi te

.
, ,
-
, ,

in a b eau tif ul elo n gated pani cle appear in g i n Julyand Au gus t

c rtaL—In l ow gro unds and s wampy pl aces fro m Canada to Georgia
,
’
z

—The l eaves and bark of —

W
M UM b oth the wem and the roo t n ot

N W are ofi ci al . A decocti on is u mally empl owd .

1 38 nos ac m

both i ndigen ou s and e o ti x c have been

, us e d

t m that of other
o si mpl e vegetab le astringen ts .

GE M —IND IA N Pur src.

—
G ill enia t rifo l iata Moench Ind ian Physic .

Descr iption — Calyx tubular campanu late 5 to othed the teeth some
-
,
-
,

what refl ex ed Corolla : petals 5 un equal lin ear lan ceolate the two u pper
.
, ,
-
,

so mewhat separated fr om the thr ee

lo wer i nser ted in the thr oat o f the
,

calyx S tamens 1 0 to 20 in cl uded

Pods 5 i ncl u ded 2 to 4—
. .
,

, seed ed , .

An herbaceou s p e r e n n i a l .

Stems several fr om one ro o t 1 to ,

2 feet hi gh erec t sl en der fl ex uo us , , , ,

smoo th co mmo nly tin ged wi th r ed

, ,

an d con si der ably bran ched Leaves .

alter nate tr i fo li ate leaflets ov ate

, ,

rate. The u pper leaf is o ften s i n

gl e Flo wers few noddin g ro se

.
, ,

co lored or white formi ng a l oose ,

W
pan icu late co ry mb appearin g in ,

Habi tat —Canada an d es ter n

New York to Geor gia

Par t Used —The roo t —n o t o f»

fl ci al .

C onsti tu ents. —In addi ti on to

Pro l n
.
—
G lllcnh tr lfol lnh
6 te , 9 113111 3 8 1

the form of a whi tis h po wder so lu ble i n water al co hol ether an d d ilu te
, , , ,

aci ds .It has a ver y b itter tas te an d is an acti ve emeti c .

—
R eparati mm Non e are o fli ci al The roo t i s co mmo nly M M
.

i n po wd er A fl u id extract occu rs as a commer cial arti cle

. .

domesti c practice meti c It is said to act lik e ipecs euanha tho u gh

, as an e .
,

l ess efi ci en tl y In ver y small doses i t is sai d to ex er t a ton ic infln encs

.

u pon the stomach si m il ar to that of ipecacuanha when us ed in like manner .

 1 40 s es a me .

to o th ed . Flower s in sl mder , spi l red mcemea sppe mi n g fr om J u ly to

September .

Commo n in Euro pe also .

Part Used — —
The whole plas t no t cfi cial .

i —
Const tuents The o nly con sti tuen t th us far disco vered
. g mo ny o f
in a ri

th erapeu ti c impo rtan ce i s tann i n, whi ch e xis ts i n the pr opor tion of les s
than fi ve per cen t

G eu m rival s
D ces ti o n .
—Calyx
Linu s — W ater

d eeply 5 clef t the segmen ts erect or spreadin g

-
A cme
,
.

pur pli sh Co rolla : petals 5 broadl y obo vate emar ginate abr uptly n ar
, , ,

r owed i n to a claw abo u t as l o n g as the calyx li gh t pu r plis h or ange S ta ,

-
.
.

mens n u merous Ach eni a n umero us gather ed in a head u pon a d ry con i

.
, ,

cal receptacl e ; styles ar ti cu late d and bent i n the m i ddle the u pper part ,

An herbaceo us per ennial . S tems n ear ly si mple , 1 to 3 feet hi gh , re

of the stem tr ifo liate or tri lobed . Flo wers few , lar ge , no ddi ng ,
ppear in g
a

in May and Ju n e .

Habi tat —Bogs and wet meado ws from Pennsylvania no r t hwar d and

Cond iments —Th is plan t has no t been anal yu d b ut it is

, beli eved to
possess con s ti tu en ts si milar to th os e of Geu m u rbanum a , clo sely all i ed

W
Eu ro pean plan t, whi ch co ntai n s volatil e oil tanni n and a bi tter pd nd pl e
—
, ,

I t sparati ona N on e ar e o fli cial

'
Bo ili ng water extr acts i ts vir tu es
. .

M edical Properties and Uses ater avens i s to nic and astr in gen t
-
It .

has been used chi efly in relaxati on of the mu co us membranes .

POT ENT E LL —C mQ Us Fom

W
-

Pot ent ill a C anadens is Li nn é — —

Common Ci nque I bi l M
—
. , .

M ic a C alyx flat d eeply 5 cleft wi th 5 br ac tl ets alter n ati n g

wi th the segments th us appearing 1 0—
-
, ,

, cleft Cor o lla : petals 5 lon ger than . ,

Achen ia n umer ou s gather ed i n a h ead o n a dry receptacl e

, .

A small ann ual or bi enn ial wi th decu mben t prostrate or

, , , creepi ng stems ,
 —
B UBUS BR AM BL E . 1 41

Hatim - In dry sofl fi '

o m Canada to Geor gia and westward ; ever y

HmUsed .
-
The whole plant — t mi l no o c a .

M i me —N on e are ofli cial or commerci al . U sually admi nis ter ed

MedicalHeparhes and Um —Ci n qu e— foil an d sever al other speci es of

’

the genus po u es s mild as tri n gent pro per ti es an d have been u sed chi efly , ,

in domesti c practi ce i n di arrhma dys en tery l eu corrh oea etc, , , . .

BUBUS .
—B nu mm .

deciduou s . S tamens
mer ous i nser ted into the bor der of the d is k
nu , .

Achenia numerous pulpy an d dru paceou s aggregated u pon a coni cal or

, ,

cylindrical spongy or s u ccu lent r eceptacle pers i sten t or dec i d u o us , .

Perenni al shr ubby or su fl r u ti cos e pl an ts wi th erect or pro cu mbent

'

, .

p und, o r si
o mple .

Rub us vi ll os us A i to n —Common HighB lackber ry

ca —
. .

C : teeth li n ear ac uminate C

M i al yx o ro lla : petals ob o vate -
. o

oblong spreadin g much lo n g er than the calyx whi te

, , Fr u it composed , .
,

of a regate d d ra es n o t separati n g fro m the su ccul en t el on gated recep

gg p , ,

tacle one half to 1 inch lo ng o ne four th to one half i n ch in di ameter black

,
-
,
- -
, ,

Ashr ub b y per en nial S tems numero us 1 to 6 feet pr ight or

.
, high , u

R efinin
g fu r ro we
,
d ar m ed w i th str on g r ecu r v ed,p Leaves 3 foli ate
r i ckl es .
-

01
'

p eda tely 5 foliate ; leaflets o v

-
ate or o bl o ng o vate mos tly ac u mi nate -

, ,

doubly or um ual l y serrate the ter mi n al one somewhat co rd ate peti o

q , ,

Na Fl ow ers racemose n u mer o us appeari ng in May and J une ; the , ,

fruit ripens i n Au gust and S ep tember .

Habi tat —Common ever ywh ere alon g the bo rd ers of woods ol d fen ces
.
, ,

l in cl eari ngs The bush es vary greatly i n siz e an d gen er al appearance

i nc .
,

M ing to the circ u mstan ces o f thei r growth T he fr u it al so i s variabl e .

in respect of size succul ence an d flav or

—
.
, ,

Rub us C anad ens is Lian a L ow B lackber ry, R un ni ng t tber ry,

Descr iption —C
mucronate Co rolla : petals twi ce the
m
a lyx : teeth .

a the ml yx whi te M t si mil ar to the precedi ng b u t shor ter and .

icker the in dividual dr apes bei ng mu ch less nu mero us b u t larger

th .

Alo w trail in g shr ub b y pl an t S tems at flr st as cen di ng bu t ul timately

,
.

M ag and rootin g when long i n con tac t wi th the ear th les s prickly
, ,
1 42 aos aol m .

than th e pr ecedi ng . Leaves 3—

f li at o e, or pedatel y B -
to 7 -
fo liate ; leaflets

an d

b u t much
Au
g
us t

B aum—Ro cky hil ls

less co mmon than
, an d ol d, glected
the pr ecedi n g
ne fi el ds . W i dely distri bu ted ,

—L
.

R u b us t rivial is Michaux o w - B ush B lac kberr y .

more than twi ce the l en gth o f the cal yx , whi te . Fr ui t l arge .

lets o vate oblong o r lan ceolate s har ply ser rate Ped un cles 1 to
-
, . 3 fl ow
-

er ed ; fl o w er s l ar ge appear ing i n M arch ; the fr u i t r ipens i n M ay

, .

Habitat —In sandy so il fr o m V irgini a to Flo rida an d westward

R u b us st rigo s u s M ic hau a —R d R spb e a erry .

Dew r ipti o m -
C alyx s preadingc t abo ut as lon g as . Co ro lla p etals er e ,

the calyx whi te Fru it an w

, ti o n o f dr apes which falls fro m the
. ,

s pon gy co n ical recep tacl e at matu r i ty

, ligh t red s weet an d j u icy , .

S tems bienn i al u pri ght ar med wi th s ti fl bris tl es Leaves 3 to 5 fo liate

'
-
.
, ,

leaflets oblon g o vate acu min ate c u t ser rate wh itish downy u n der n eath
-
, ,
-
,
-
.

Ped un cles axillary an d ter mi n al ; the flo wers appear fro m Ju ne for w ard ,

an d the fr ui t r ip en s throu gho u t the s u mmer .

Habi tat Co mmo n ever ywh ere alo n g the bor ders o f woo d s an d i n o ld
.
-

fi elds .

R u b us oc c idental is Ia n n é — Blad c R asp ber r y Thi mbl cberr y

'

—
. .
,

Des cri ption Calyx : teeth refl ex s d Cor olla : petals shor ter than the .

sepals whi te , Fru i t si milar to the precedin g b u t co mposed o f small er

.
,

dr upes pur ple black sw eet and j u icy

,
-
, .

S tems b ien n ial r ec urv ed ar med wi th h oo k ed pr i ckl es

, Leaves 3 foli , . -

ate rarely 5 foli ate

,
leaflets o vate ac u minate do u bly serrate whi tis h
-
, , ,

do wn y u nder neath Flo wer s in axillary and ter minal cl uster s appearin g
.
,

i n May ; the fr u i t r ipens i n Ju ne and J uly .

Habi tat —Co mmo n alo n g ol d fences an d i n clearin gs from Canad a to

“
Geor gi a an d w estward
Parts Used —The bar k o f the r oo t o f R m
.

ucous R Camden an d R
tri ad i c—o m en ] name R ubi es —
. .
, , .

U ni ted S tates Hi mmam as The fr ui t o f

'
-
.

R str igos us an d R occi dental is i s p er mi tted by the Pharmacopcs ia to b e u s ed

. .

i nstead of that of the o fi ci al species B Idam s Li nn é

Constituents —Blackberry roo t co ntai ns tan n in as i ts ch ief an d mos t

. .
,

i mpor tan t consti tu ent .

R as pber r ies and blackber ri es are among the most impo rtan t o f in di gem

for mer ar e u sed in the pr eparation of a syr up whichis e mpl oyed as a pl eas
1 44 sa m e n es s .

R eparati ons —None are omcial . A flui d ex trac t w curs as a commer

Medical H epmti es cnd Uses —Hyd rangea is said to exer t a s pecifi c

ac

ti o n u po n the bladd er in cal cu lo us afl ec tion s i n their earli er stages efl ect

' '

i n g the removal of the deposi ts an d mo d er ati n g the pai n in ci den t to their

passage all of whi ch may b e tr ue b u t furth er evidence is desi rable
-
, .

SAXIFR AGEE .

Chor acter of the S ub order wi th alternate or rarely opposi te

-
.
—He bs r , , ,

exsti pulate leav es Calyx 4 to 5 tooth ed Petals imbricated o r r ar el y

.
-
.
,

co n voluted i n the b ud decid uou s or wi therin g persisten t Stamen s as

,
o
.

many or twi cs as many as the l ob es o f the calyx O vary more or l em ad .

—
Heu c hera Americana Idnn e Al um Rool -
.

Descr iptio n —Calyx bell shaped the tube adherent at the bass , to the
o vary 5 cleft,
Coro lla : petals 5 spatulate as long as the l ob es
-
.
, . of ths
calyx pur plish
,
or whi te . S tamen s 5 . S ty l es 2, l
s en d er . Po d l -
cel led ,

with 2 pari eta l pl ac en tze, many -

seed e d , 2 -
beaked , o penin g between the

An hs rb aceo u s peren nial . Leaves n ear ly all ra di cal ,

Panicle loose many fl o wered the fl o wers appear i n g in May and J un e

—
an d sou thwar d
.
,
-

Habitat In wood s and ro cky plac es fro m Co nn ecti cu t to

,

is consi n W .

T he ro o t n o t o m
.

Ib ri U ed
s — — ci al .

—
Constitu ents Alum roo t contains from eighteen to twen ty per cen t of
-
.

I l epar otiona
’‘ —N on e ar e o fi ci al —It is generally employed i n d ecoc

seldo m empl oyed except as a domes ti c remedy It is chi efly u s ed in .

,

decoc ti o n as a to pical astr in gent in so re thr oat l eucor rhma menor r hagia
, , , ,

etc .Oth er speci es o f heuch era possess simi lar properti es .

HAM A M E LAO EE .

Character qf the Order —Sh . ru bs or wi th alter nate simpl e leaves

trees,
and d ecid uo us p l
sti u es . Flowers in heads or spi kes often polygamou s or ,
 HAMAM ELIS — ITCH H AZEL W -
. 1 45

bu d, i nserted metimes wan t

u pon the calyx ; so

any as the etal a the al ter nate ones steril e m me

p o

2 celled each cell l o v uled

-
, Fr uit a 2 celled 2
-
'

.
-
,

Liquidambar consi st of nu merous coh erent 2

el is V i rgi nic a Hazel

Lin né W
—Calyx 4 parted wi th 2 or 3 bractlets at the base 00
-
,
. M .

and n arro w s tr ap s haped spirally

, the
-
,

co ntorted when expand ed yell ow S tamen s 8 the , . ,

h e I’
. m—M “wit h .

i mper fec t c l lik e Ovary of 2 pistils u nited at

an d s a e -
.

o penin g l o c u lic idally fr o m the to p the o u ter ,

r wh ich en cl os es the si ngle large bo ny seed

, ,

woods fi o m Canada to Fl orida and westward ; ver y

1 46 w a s.

M UM —Tha l e s vea and the bark the young branchea

of fl ie
'

U ni ted States Pharmacopmia di r ec ts that the leaves collected i n autu mn

al on e b e u sed In the opi ni on of the. autbor tlfi s is a mi stak e for fmm
per s on al ex pel i en ce he b elieves the bark of the young bran ches to b e mor e
efi cien t .

Consti tuents . Chemi cal an al ys is has as yet thro wn l i ttl e l ight u

pon the
ther apeu ti c acti vi tyof wi tc h -
hazel . The o nly co ns ti tu ent thu s far di s co ver ed
of known efi mcy is tanni mwhich was fou n d i n the b ark in the pr o porti o n
of 8 1 0 per
. cen t .

mid by distillation is l argel y u sed as a popul ar remed y A

to b e prepar ed , .

satur ated tin cture of the bark has yi el ded the au tho r mor e satis fac to ry re

sul ts than any o th er preparati on he has employed

—
.

Med ical P ro
per ti es and D M Ham am eli s u n ti l r ecen tly has been li ttl e

employed except by ho me o pathi c practi ti o ners an d by the lai ty Th at it .

p oss em es th er apeu ti c acti vi ty will be do u bted by few who hav e emplo y ed

it careful l y an d in tel ligen tl y ; an d that i ts acti vi ty is greater than oan b e

reasonably attr i bu ted to the per cen tage of tannin i t con tain s will b e co n

ceded b y most un pr ej udi oed o bs er v ers As stated by Dr Pifi ard : The "
. .

spher e of ac ti on of hamamel is is mai nl ycon fi ned to the vascul ar sys teman d

to the ven o us rather than the ar ter ial ; in tact i ts in fluence on the for mer ,

is as decid ed as that o f aconi te on the l atter Ther e is n o evi den ce ho w .

,

ever to sh ow that it i n any way i n fl u ences ves sels of the vi s cer a b u t so

, , ,

tar as yet kn o wn l imi ts i ts efi ects to vess els di s tr ibu ted to the s ki n and
,

mu co us membranes It covers a po r tio n only o f the gro und o ccu pi ed by

.

ergo t i n this res pec t b u t wi thi n i ts own pro per fl eld i t does not yi el d to

It i s e mploy ed i nte rnally m h emorrha e from the lungs bo wels u ter u s

g , , ,

etc , and topi cally m h emorrhoi ds and varicose v eins br ui ses sprains etc , , , .

Liq u idamb ar m Tree

S tyrac ifl ua L inn —
é S weet G
. u .

Descr iption — Flo wers usually monmci o us ; steril e wi thou t calyx or co

rolla arranged i n a con ical cl uster stamens n umerou s ; ferti le als o nak ed
, , , ,

con sis tin g of numerou s 2 cell ed o varies co llected in a globu lar h ead Fr ui t
-
. .

a sph er ical woo dy head made u p o f the coh erin g o var ies each of wh os e
, , ,

cell s open s at m atur i ty b etw een i ts tw o beak s Ovu les in each cell nu .

mero us b u t only one or two of them per fecti n g

, .

A lar ge beau ti fu l tree ; stem straigh t M ely bran ch ed abo v e wi th a

, , ,

gray corru gate d bark that of the youn g br an ch es especially i n yo un g

, , ,

Materta Medi cs -
The apeuti
an d r cs, p
. 212 . By Charles D . h p
F. P i l li a, ed i ted by
H . G . Pifl ard . N ew Y k 1879 or , .
1 48 o s ao naos zn.

membr anes as chro ni c br on chi tis cys ti ti s pyeli tis gonor rhea and gleet
, , , , ,

E xter nally i n the form o f an o in tmen t i t has been empl oyed su cceed u ll y
, ,

O NAO R A C E E .

hara O r e —
C cter of the d r Her bs wi th simple leaves and common ly 4 . ,

mero u s flo wer s Calyx tu bu lar co her in g with the 2 to 4 cell ed o vary the
. ,
-
,

limb u su ally 4 cleft i ts l o bes val vate in the b u d Petals con vol u te in
-
, .

the bu d o ccasi on ally wanting

, S tamens as many or twi ce as many as .
, ,

the l o bes o f the cal yx an d inser ted u pon the calyx tu be

, S tyle si ngle -
. .

An o rd er r e r es en te p d in N or th Amer ica by fi fteen gen er a and on e hun

—a
W
EPILO B IU n ow Haas .

Epil o b iu m ang u st ito li u m Lia n e

’
—G eat r il l ow Herb
—
.

Descr ipti o be not pr olon ged beyond the o vary the limb 4
m C alyx t -
u ,

cleft deci d uous Cor olla : petals 4 o bo vate u n gui culate pi nk purple
valved many—
-

Stamens 8 Capsu le linear 4—

.

s ided 4 cell ed 4 —
.
, , , ,

. seeded th
, e ,
-
, , ,

seeds wi th a tu ft of l on g hairs at the end .

An h erbaceo us perenni al S te m erect 4 to 7 feet high si mpl e mos tly , , ,

late margi ns Flowers large and showy in a long spi cate raceme appear
.
, ,

in g from Ju ly till Sep tember .

Hab i tat —Fro m the mo un tains o f No rth Caro lina n orthwar d an d west
war d Very co mmon from Pennsylvani a an d N ew Yor k nor thwar d
. .

—The e are n
W
Prcpamtio na r on e. The pl ant is said to yiel d i ts virtues

to water or a c o o l h l
—
.

Medical Pip pa ( mgand Uses -

illo w h erb is sai d to b e toni c, astr in

gent demulcent and emolli en t An infusi on o f the l eaves will b e found

, , .

ben efi cial in chron ic diar rhma dysen tery l eucorrhma menor r hagia and , , , ,

u ter in e h emorr hage a n d fo r ms an excellen t lo cal appli catio n for o phth

,
al

pou lti ce are a valuable remedy for foul an d i ndo lent

the plan t b e really so val u abl e as the abo ve state men t
rath er rem ark abl e that i ts virtu es are no t better kn o w n

S ev er al o th er i ndi geno u s s peci es o f ep il obi u m have been

inal l y b u t wi tho u t acq ui ring any r epu tati on
,
.
 ( s acr um —EV ENI NG ra mnosn . 1 49

( E not hera b iennis Lian —

e E vening Bi mroae .

li mb 4— cleft the lobes refl ex ed Coro lla : petals 4 obco rdate li ght yellow
,
.
, , .

S tamens 8 Capsules oblo ng 4 valved many seeded

. ,
-
,
-
.

An ann ual or biennial herb S tem erec t co mmonly hairy l to 5

.
, ,

feet hi gh Leaves o vate lanceolate acu te o bs cur ely to oth ed Flo wers in
-
, ,

a ter m i nal s pi ke ; they expan d late i n the after noo n or in the evening and

s pect to size of flo wers etc .

—
,

Habitat In fi el ds waste places , , l

a on g fences an d roa si d des common

Huts Used —The bark leaves , , and the y o un g br anches —t

no afi ci al .

Prepar ations —A dec o c mmended

ction has been re o .

M dical
e P roper ies a d Uses
t n — Dr Gri fi th reco mmen ds the decoc tion
“
.

a l ocsl appli cati on i n infantil e eru pti ons of what character ho wever
"
as ,

m
, ,

he does no t Its vir tues , if i t have any, are yet t

o b e ascer tained .

U M B E L LIFE R E .

and flo wers in u mbels Calyx who lly adh erent to the o vary limb obso
lete o r mi nu tely 5 toothed Petal s 5 small i mbricate in the b ud or val
-
. , , ,

ment are closel y adheren t to each other b u t at matur i ty separate and are ,

u sual l
y s n spen ded f ro m the s u mm i t o f a pr o l o ng a ti on o f th e ax i s Ea ch .

car pel commonly th ough erro neous ly den o minated a seed is marked l on
, ,

g i tu di n ally by 5 prim ar y an d 5 al te r n a te se co n d ar y r i dg es betw e e n wh i ch ,

ar e mi n u te tubes called vittw co ntaini n g essen tial o il

, , S eed pro per sus .

pended fro m the su mmi t of the cell wi th a mi nu te embryo i n hard alb u ,

men S tems u sually ho llo w Leaves wi th d il ated o r claspi ng peti oles

. . .

of medi cinal o r eco nomic i mpo rtance Many o f them pos sess agreeable .

amm afi c pro per ties ; m any oth ers o n the other hand are acti vely po iso n
, ,

ous .In gem mal the poisonous memb er s of the or der gro w i n wet pl aces ,

s o that an umbellate plan t f ou n d i n su ch a si tuati o n shou ld b e vi ewed

wi th mspicio n un ti l i ts character has b een as cer tain ed The flo wers of al l .

plants o f the or der bear a close si milari ty to each other and are therefore ,
1 50

of li ttl e use in determining the gener a whi ch must b e stu di ed by the

fr ui ts leaves etc
, , .

The ord er i s represen ted in N orth Amer ica by forty dve gen er a co m -

pr is ing one h un dred and si x ty ei gh t speci es few of whi ch are o f medi cinal
-
,

i mpo rtance .

8 ANIOU LA .
—m 8a cnn.

S an ic u l a Maril andic a man e sum

— ac Black S nak e cot -

—
.
,

Desa ipti om Calyx teeth persi sten t Petals obo vate erect conni ven t
' -
.
, , ,

with a poi n t greeni sh or yello wish S tyles el omgated an d

l on g inflex ed , .

con s picuo u s recur ved Frui t gl o bu lar the carpels n ot separati n g at ma

, .
,

tur ity wi tho u t ri bs thickly set wi th h ook ed pri ckles and havi n g each 5
, , ,

A per ennial h erb 2 to 3 feet hi gh Leaves di gi tately 5 to 7 par ted the

,
.
-
,

s egmen ts in ci s ely an d mu cron ately serrate the radi cal o nes lon g peti o led ,
-
.

U mbels i rreg ular or co mpo u n d the fl ow er s capi tate i n the u mbell ate mos t , .

W
o f th em perfec t b u t wi th man y stami nate o nes in termi n gled the latter o n ,

slen der pedi oel s Fruits several i n each u mbell et

. .

Habitat — oo ds and co pses Canada to Carolina and westward ever y ,

—
B eparationa It is admi n ister ed in pow der or d ecoction .

the medi cal properties of sanicle if it have any are like i ts con sti tu en ts , , , ,

u nkn own thou gh vario u s and con tr adi cto r y pro per ti es have been as c ri bed
,

to i t as for i nstance that i t is n er vin e anodyne an d astr in gent an d that

, , , , ,

i t has been us ed wi th advantage in i ntermi ttent fever sor e thro at cyn an che , ,

trachealis er ysi pelas some skin diseases chores gon orrhe a dysen tery
, , , , , ,

passi ve h emor rhages and leu corrh oea U nti l fu rth er evi den ce b e ad d u ced
, .

i n i ts favor one may reasonably remain skep ti cal regardi n g its vi r tues
, .

Eryng i u m yu c c aefo li u m Mi chaux —R ul a esnab es

’
M a ter, B utton

emargi nate with a v er y lon g indexed poi nt Styles fi li for m Car pels
, . .

sem i ter ete wi tho ut ri bs or oil tu bes

- -
.

A perennial herb 1 to 6 feet high Leaves b rofi l y lin ear wi th

, .
,

str ai ght si mple parallel v ei ns remo tely ci liate wi th so ft spi nes

, Flo wers
, .

sessi l e in den se glo bos e or c lind r i cal heads appear i ng in J uly or Au gus t
y
Habi tat —Dry er damp pi n e b arrens or prairies fr om New J ers ey to
, .
,
152 U M B E L LIFE RxE.

A b ien ni al h erb wi th a fu si form roo t L eaves 2 to 3 pi nn ate, or pi n

,
.
~ ~

h ately di vi d ed U mbels con cav e wi th an i n vo l u cr e o f sever al tr ifl d or

.
,

i n natifi d l eafl ets Fl o wers whi te o r cr eam co lo red the centr al o n e o f

p
-
.
,

the su mmer .

—
Habitat A nati ve o f the Easter n conti nen t bu t natur alis ed throu gho u t
the U ni ted S tates , many places has become a ver y tr o u bleso me
an d in
w eed . T he cul ti vated varieti es prod u ce large fl es hy roots of gr eat eco

Par t U sed — —
The fr ui t n o t o ffi ci al .

Constituents —Car rot fr uit co ntai ns a s mall per c mtage of aromati c vol

s til e oil , to wes i ts medi ci n al acti vi ty

wh ich it o .

Prq m mit o na l It i s c o mmo nly ad mi nis tered in po w der

-

—
-
.

M ed ical Pr oper ti es and Uses Carro t fr ui t is stimulan t diu reti c an d , ,

s omewhat aro mati c Like many other remedi es o f simi lar pr operti es i t
.
,

ha s b een u sed to s ti mu l ate m ens tr uati w and for the r el i ef o f s tran gur y .

T he roo t o f the cul ti vated plant boil ed and redu ced to a pu lp for ms an ad

Herac l eu m Ianatu m M chauL —M asta w ofl

, ( h o-Pen n y
} .

date wi th an infl ex ed po int th os e of the o uter flowers o ften lar ger and,

rad iant appearin g d eeply 2 cl eft

, Fruit compressed o n the back with a
-
.
,

b r oad flat margi n ; ribs 3 dor sal and eqti i dis tan t 2 l ateral nem the di
,
-

l ated margin ; oil tu b es ahor ter than the fr ui t l i n each i nter val and nsu
-
,

all y 2 i n the co mmis su re .

A large perennial her b Stem 4 t0 8 feet hi gh I eaves lu ga ter nately

. . l

divi ded the segmen ts 4 to 1 0 in ch es i n di ameter un equally lo bed the

, , ,

lobes acumi nate nearly glabro us above pu bes cen t beneath

, U mbels , .

widel y spreadin g 6 t0 1 0 i nches or mor e i n diameter ; i n vo l ucre of 6 t0 10

,

—
Habitat In rich wet grou nd fro m Labrador to Penn sylvania and west

d— —

W
Par t Use Th e roo t n o t o fi cial .

Prepara tio ns
Medi cal
—U se d
ise and
con tact wi th the ski n cau se i rri tati o n an d i nflam
in

mati on
i n fusi on
placed m
ES6 8 .

The root 18 sai d

-
W
.

hen fresh , the leaves

.
or root

to b e sti mulant antis pasmo dic an d carminati ve Thou gh recommend ed in

, , .

epil epcy and a vari ety o f o th er n er vo us diaorders httl e is kno wn of i ts ufi

e mmshed be its
,

cacy .That i is acti a

t v ev e n p o i s o n o us seems we ll s i ‘ , .

therapeu tic us es are yet to be ascer tained.

 OI C U T A— W A TE R HE M LOCK
-
. l 53

Arc han g el ica s t repu rpu rea B adman —G e t A r a ngel ica.

D a cr ip ti om—C al yx o
teeth sho rt. Cor o lla petals el lipti cal , enti re, wi th
po int Fru it so mewhat dorsally co mpressed smoo th carpels
inflex ed . ,

with 3 rather thi ck car inated do rs al r i bs and wi th later al ri bs dilated in to ,

marginal wi ngs ; seed beco ming l oose i n the per icarp and having numsr ,
»

Alarge perennial herb S tem 4 to 6 feet hi gh smooth str iate s u lcate

.
, ,
-
,

dark pur ple Leaves us ually with large in flated petiol es 3 parted the
.
,
-
,

divisions bi pinnately di vided ; segments o f the seco n dary di vi s io ns 5 to

7 sharply cu t ser rate acu te
,
-
U mbels so mewhat globose after flo wer in g
, .
,

W
6 t0 8 inc hes in diameter ; flo wers gr eeni sh whi te appearing in M ay and -

Habitat -
Lo w r i er
v banks Pen n sylvani a to isconsin and no rt hward
—
.
,

—
.

Its t
-
Used The root no t o flicial .

goli mnamel y , a vol atil e o il , a so mew hat ac1i d resi n termed as geli ci n, and

R eputation —None are ofi ci al . The dr ug is a dmi ni ster ed in powd er

mtiq and in l arge doses emeti c . It has been e mpl oyed wi th benefi t in

l ike many
h remedi es of similar propertiea
ot er i t is use d i n domesti o
M ea to pro mo te the mens tmal di schar ge .

mac ulata Linn é —Anw i a r o n W ater - Heml ock , Sp otted Cow

petals obovate wi th i a
co ntracted ; carpel s w ith

Stem 4 to S feet high,

close obser vati on h owever shows that th ey are co n

, ,

to the poi n ts of the teeth U mbels wi thou t an invo.

ar 2 l eaflets The fl owers are pr od uced in Ju ly and

.
1 54 ma r ans
c ata .

h ere mer ely that i t may be di sti nguished fro m Ces i um

It i s in trod u ced
maculatu m descri bed below for the two are not inh quently confou n ded
, ,

b y the superficial obs er ver .

COM M —Po son i fi na n ces .

C o ni u m mac u l at u m Linn é — Poi son Hemlock . .

—
D escr ipti om Calyx teeth obso lete
-
Cor olla : petals obcor date wi th
.
, a

wi th 5 pr omin ent wavy ribs the inter vals wi th ou t oil tu bes ; seed gr oo ved
, ,
-

o n i ts face .

A bi en ni al h erb wi th a fu si for m r oot S tem 2 to 5 feet hi gh ro u n d

,
.
, ,

br an ch ed glabr ou s o ften spo tted wi th pur ple

, , Leaves decompo un d ;

d eeply c u t U mbels ter

cec l ate, .

minal n ot large for the size of

,

the plan t ; i n vo lu cr e an d i n vol u

cels 3 to 5 leav ed the latter u n i
-
,
~

later al The flo wers appear in

.

Ju ly .

Habitat —C on i um i s in di ge
.

n ous to Eur o pe and As i a b u t h as ,

beco me natur alized h er e an d is

co mmo n i n waste places in the
No rthern an d M iddle S tates .

ere d whi l e yet —

green U nited
States Phan nacopma The j ui ce
'

o f the fr es hplant —S am oan

was fo r merly ofi cial b u t has ,

been d ro pped becaus e o f i ts

reli abi li ty T he l eaves are also
.

efli ci en t thou gh n o lon ger of

,

fi cial
—
.

Constituents The mos t im

portant co nsti tu en t of co nium is
the alk aloid co n ic This is a vo .

li qui d speci fi c gravi ty

,
havin g a strong alkalin e reacti on an d a di s
g b b cc
a reea l e to a o l i e o o
,
k
- d r r es e m bli n g,
th a t o f th e fr es h pla n t T he

h p
t era eu ti c vi r tu es of oni u m re
c s i de i n con i a, i ts o th er c on s ti tu en ts bein g
156 a na macs m .

Arctic —Fl owers monoeci o usly polygamou s or per fect Styles and

cel ls o f the 5 Fru i t b l ack dark pu rpl e

—
o vary . or .

A ral ia s pi no sa Lian e Angel ica Tree, Hm ul cs Cl ub

’
.

compou nd leafl ets o vate ser rate ac uminate gl abrou s abo ve

b ipii i n atel y , , , ,

glau cous beneath U mbels in a ver y lar ge much br anched pani cl e

.
,
-
.

Flower s whi te appearing i n Ju ly and Au gus t

Habitat —In damp woo ds o n r i ver ban ks fr o m Pennsylvan ia to Fl orida
.
,

an d w es twar d

Aral ia rac emo s a m m m

.

a ne—
Descr ipti on —An h er baceous per enn ial S tem 3 to 5 feet high di vari . ,
h

date o vate do u bly serrate ac umi nate sligh tly pu bes cen t U mbels s mal
-
, , ,
.

an d n u mero u s in lar ge do u bly co mpou n d rac emose pani cles

, Flo wer s .

“
small gr eenis h whi te appearin g in J u ly
,
-
The roo ts are large an d fl eshy
, .
z a

and have as w ell as the who l e plan t an aro mati c b u t no t

, my ths ,

Habi tat —In r ich woods from Can ada to Geo r gia and wes tward
Aral ia n udic au l is L m
.

né — d Sarsq m i ll a '
.

—
trate creeping j u st ben eath the sur face of the gro un d S tem ver y choc t -P ‘

bearin g a sin gle l ong stalked leaf and a shor ter scape Petio le S o lem n
. .
,

—
.

each d ivi si o n pi nn ately 5 fo liate ; leaflets o blo ng o vate or oval com b

-
e -
, , .

ac u mi n ate Scape wi th 2 to 7 umbels o f greeni sh whi te flo wers Fi n

. fit -
.

purplish black The flow er s appear in May and Jun e

m
-
. .

Habitat —In r ich mo is t woods from Canada to th e mountai ns of e

Gi nsen g ( Pa nar —
Han ey Flo wers di mci o usl y po l ygamous . S tyl es an d
cell s o f the o var 2 3 Fr u i t red o r r ed di sh
y 0r

—( Pana —m
. .

A ral ia q u i nq u efo l ia Decais ne and Planch on r

q u‘fl
q ue f bwli D fl

—
Dew r vptio n —An h erbaceou s peren nial Bo o tl arge and spin dl e shape
.
- d

—
.

Stem 1 foot hi gh bearing at i ts s u mmit a whor l of three palmately 3 to

,
7
fol iate leaves and a sin gle u mbel ; leaflets obo vate o blong acumi na -
,
‘ fe
Ped uncl s naked slen der abou t as lo ng as the peti o les ; flowers yell owi
, ,
b

Habitat —In ri ch upland woo ds fr o m C anada to the mou n ta ins of t he

P m Uced . - md
A q uinqu efolia the root No ne of the plan ts are ofi cial
Constituents —In the barli of A spin osa have b een tound
. . .
,

. two acri d m
ina a vol atil e oi L and what is thought to b e an uni nys tal li
'
mbl s al h l o fi
 AB ALI A . 157

The con sti tu ents of the other s e

p

of thes e pl ants po ssess are yi el d ed

o r thr ee o f them occu r as co mmer

ts possesa to a gr eater o r

been attr ibuted to th em A spi nosa . .

n u di cau li s as i ts common name wild

, (
was fon ner l y s upposed to partake of the vir tues of

fl ue n t super
-
ma b the l atter pl an t is at preoen t li ttle esteemed, ths
u t as

repu ted vir tues of the for mer are not wor thy of much attenti on A quin .

quefol h q i ( m ng) is at pmsen t onl y esteemed by the 0hi nm , who w nsider

i t a pan acea .

As re marked ab ove all thes e pl ants are aromatic and stimul ant .

are capabl e of ind uci ng diaphor ed a and in

the manner in which the dr ug is

of the dr ug itself . Hence the al terati ve pr operti ss

to these plan ts have li ttl e fo undatio n i n fact .
1 58 ces i u m

O O R NAC EE .

o f an e pigyno us dis k Style sin gle o var y l celled .

-
,

su s pen ded o vu le Fr ui t a 1 to 2 seed ed dr u pe

.
-
.

A small or d er r epresen ted i n Nor th Amer i ca by

,

Cor nus Garrya and Nyssa the fi rs t n amed alone

, .
, ,
-

Character qf the Gen us Par ts o f the fl ower as i n the

—
-

or d er. Fr ui t a smal l dr upe, wi th a 2 cell ed, 2 s eeded -

pomte except in a sin gle spec ies Flowers . . in

or in cl os e heads su rrou nded by a co rollali keinwo -
ucr e.

C o rn us fl o rid a R u n e—Floweri ng Dogwood .

cluster whi ch
, is su rr ou n de d by a s ho wy 4 4d in
brigh t red .

A tr ee, 1 0 to 30feet hi gh Leaves opposi te .

, v
o ate,

the bas e Leaves of the in vol ucre 1 to

.

cordate or wi th a callo us no tch at the

,

and Ju n e befo re the leaves are fu lly d evelo ped

, , an d wi th
vol ucr es render the tree s ve r y str iki n g o bj ect -
.

C o rn u s c i rc i nata L Her R ound l eaved Dogwood

'
- -
. .

Des cr iption — Fl o wer s whi te ,

i n o pen , spreadi n g cymes wi th ou t an in

A sh rub, 6 to 1 0 feet hi gh Leaves opposi te bro adly o val or o r bi cul ar,

.
,

abr u ptly acu mi nate, 4 to 5 i n ches l o ng 2 to 5 i nches bro ad to men to s e , ,

beneath The cymes are rather small b u t nu mer ous

. , the flo wer s appear
i n J une after the leaves are pretty well d evel oped
—
.
,

Habitafi Shady banks of str eams from Canada to the mou n tain s of

C amu s —
s eric ea Li an e S wamp Dogwood, Sil k y Comet
mD
.

Dat a t
ai on —Fl o wers whi te , in open, spr eadi ng cymes wi thou t , an in
.

vol u cre. ligh t bl ue

T r u es
p .

A shru b 6 to 1 0 feet h igh the bark greenish pur ple or brownis h

, ,
-

pur ple Leaves ovate or elli pti cal co nspi cuous ly po in ted the lo wer surface
. , , ,

as w el l as the peti ol es an d small er br an ches si lky p ubes cen t Cymes clos e ,

-
.

the flo wers appear in M ay an d Ju n e .

 —c o rn u o fl o rl d a
P l a te V .
°

FIG
. 1 —Fl w i g b
. o h t l
er n r an c , n a ur a size.

FIG 2
. .
—S i ngl e fl ower, en l arged .
1 62 oar s momacnm .

Di ervill a t rifida a chau sm —B ud i -

Honeymckic .

the lo bes lin ear haped peas istent C ll f

or awl s l for med the li mb
-
, . o ro a u nn e -
,

5 c left regular or sli gh tly 2 li pped gr eeni sh yell o w abou t three fou r th s
-

, ,
-
,
-
,
-

of an in ch lon g S tamen s 5 Ovary 2 cell ed sti gma peltate capi tate Po d

. .
- -
.

o v oi d obl on g poi nted 2 cell ed 2 valved sep ti ci dal many seeded

-
, ,
-
,
-
, ,
-
.

An u prigh t shr u b 2 to 4 feet hi gh Leaves 2 to 4 in ches long o blon g

, .
,

o vate acu m , i nate ser rate on sh or t petioles,

Ped u ncles axi llar y or ter , .

min al 1 to 3 flowered The flo wers appear fro m Jun e to Augu st

o
. .

—
,

Habitat Ro cky woods fr om Canada to the moun tains of Nor th Caro

Pur ls Used —The roo t leaves , , an d twi gs —not o mci al .

Prepar ati o ns —It is co mmonly employed i n in fusi on .

Medi al c Pr operti a and gen t and alter a Uses —S aid to b e diur eti c , astr in ,

ti ve and to have been u s ed s u cces s fu lly in n ephri tis and cal cu lo us afl ec

'

ti on s i n gonorrhma and in flammati on of the bladd er wi th gravel ly d epo s i t

, , .

If i t were not also said to be cur ati ve in syph ili s one mi ght possibly have ,

so me fai th in i ts med ic inal vi rtu e As h owev er the latter statemen t is j us t .

, , .

as au thor i tati v e as the for mer the wh o l e su bj ect is l eft i n d ou b t ,

.

T riost eu m perfo l iat u m Idnn e —F everwor t, Horse Ga mbi t -

, W il d

Dm n pl i om —C a lyx -
tu be o vo id, i ts limb 5 -
par ted the segments li near
,

S tamens 5 Ov y c mmonly 3 celled wi th a si n gl e sus pended o vu le in

. ar o -

each cell s tyl e sl en d er Fr ui t a r ather dry dr upe 3 angled 3 seeded .

,
-
,
-
.

An her bac eo us perennial wi th a thi ck fles hy root Stem 2 to 4 feet

hi gh stou t, si mpl e so ftly hai ry Leaves O ppom
, , .

, , w cu n eate at the base 4 .

, ,

to 7 in ch es long 2 to 4 in ch es wi de o val o r o vate acu mi nate ab ru ptly

, , , ,

sess il e or n ear ly so, solitary or clu ster ed appearing i n Jun e

—In
.
,

H abi tat ri ch w oo dlands fr om Canada to th e mountains of North

Port Used —The root—not ofi ci al .

Wb e ad mi ni stered i n i nfusion or tincture .

 —
m o s s es as s ow w oon -
. 163

Media ! Pro p er ties and U —

m The roo t has a disagr eeable od or and a

W
S AMBUCUS —ELDEB . .

Samb uc u s C anad ens is Linn é -

Common Elder
—Calyx
. .

minu tely 5 tooth ed the teeth at length obso lete

ane -
, .

Coroll a u r n shaped the lo bes obtuse wi d ely spreading S tamens 5

-
, ,
. .

S tigmas 3 Frui t a j ui cy berry like d r u pe contai nin g 3 small seed lik e

.
,
-
,
-

n u tl ets .

A s hru bby plan t wi th n umero us ste ms 5 to 1 0 feet hi gh wi th a com

, , ,

pa m ti ve l y lar ge p i th Lea v es u n eq ually

. p in n ate l eafl ets 7 to 1 1 o bl ong ,

o r o val acu mi nate ser rate

, Flowers n umer o us whi te i n compo und
, .
, ,

cymes appear in g in J un e Fr ui t small dark pur ple or black edi ble

, .
, , ,

thou gh havi ng a taste whi ch is to mos t peo pl e r ath er di sagreeable , , .

H a bi t at — In thi ck ets and alo n g n eglec ted fences from Canada to Flo r
ids an d westward ev erywhere commo n .

Par t Used — Th e fl wer s

o — U nited S tates Phammcopma T he berries
’

. ,

the i nner bar k of the s tem and the bar k of the root are al so empl oyed b u t
, ,

ar e no t ofi ci al
—Of th
.

Consti tuents e flo wers : they h ave a peculiar sw eetish od or , an d

tile oil bu tyraceou s co nsi s ten ce Of the berri es : saccharine matter

of a .

an d mali c ac i d Of the bark : an ac id identi cal w ith val er iamc acid b e

'

.
,

si des co mmo n vegetabl e p rin ci pl es .

Pm p ara ti o na — N o ne
’

are o fi
f ci a l An aro ma ti c w a ter p re p. ar ed by di s ,

till atio n from the flo wer s o f a Eu ro pean speci es is ofi ci al wi th the B r i ti sh , .

fl ie M d jui ce of the berri es has been empl oyed medi ci nally and a
'
,

wine made by fer men ti n g the fr es h j u ice is co nsi der ably used in so me
p art s o f th e co un tr y T he ba r k i s co mm o nly em pl o y ed i n i n f us i on

Medi cal Proper ti es and Um —Elden flowers are said to b e sli gh tly su dor
. .

ifi c ; i n the for m of the di still ed water their o nl y u s e is as a fr agran t v ehi ,

cle . The b erries are so metimes u sed in preparin g coo lin g dr in ks ; they
a pear to hav e no speci al medi ci nal ac ti vi ty Th b k d t
p e a r a n roo a r e .

Acti vely catharti c and wer e for mer ly u sed as hydrago gues .

V IB UR N UM —Aa a w w . o -
oo n.

Character of us the Gen — Calyx 5 toothed Co

ro lla ro ta te, deeply 5 -
.

lohed S hmens B Ovary l tO B celled ; one of the cells con tainin g an

. .
- -

ovals, the o thers abo rti ve ; sti gmas 8 Fru it a l celled, l seed ed drupe. .
- -

witha thi n pulp and a cr ustaceous , somewhat flatten ed stone .

Shr ubs or small trees wi th simple , ,

un di vi ded lobed l eaves Flo wers
, or .

wh
ite, in flat, ter minal, compound cymes ; the marginal fl owers sometimes
1 64 car ats ou nces
-
.

V i b u rnum pru n ifo l i u m Lin n é —B lack Haw

—Fl
. .

Descri pti mL o wer s all alike fer ti le , . Fr ui t oblong ovoi d -

, co mpi w ed,

A shr u b or s mall tree, 8 to 20 feet high . Le ves ro un

a
'

o vi , v
o ate

or o bo vate obtuse o r abr uptly p i ted fi n ely and sharply ser rate
, , , br igh t
gr ee n, gla bro u s C ym e s n u mero u s s
.es s i l e appear i n g i n M ay , ,
.

—
Habitat In dry woods and thi ck ets f ro m h
f h cut to I lli noi s and

so u thward .

V ib u rn u m O pu l u s B l and —Cranberr y T e M gh Cranber r y Gru mp , ,

Descr ip ti om—M mg i nal flowers o f the cymes wi tho u t s tamen s or pis tils ,

b u t wi th co rollas mu ch larger than those o f the fertile flo wer s Fr ui t .

n ear ly sph er ical half an i nch l o n g brigh t red o f a pleasan t acid tas te r e
, , , ,

sembli n g that of cr anberries for whi ch i t is so meti mes s u bs ti tu ted

, .

A shr ub 3 to 1 0 feet h igh wi th spr eadi ng b ranches

, Leaves 3 lo bed
, .
-
,

3 r i b bed the lob es ac u mi nate too thed

-
, Cymes 3 to 4 in ch es i n diameter . .

T he fl o wers appear in M ay an d J un e A cul ti vated variety of thi s moi es .

,

the common garden sn o w ball b us h has all i ts flo wers sterile -

.

Habitat —In s wamps an d alo n g s tr eams fro m Pen nsyl vs

,

. thm d ; i ‘

l ess co mmon than the preceding

Par t Used —The bark o f V p ru ni fo li u m—U ni ted States
.

The b ark of V O pu l us has al s o been empl oyed and is sai d

.
,

O f the ofi ci al species .

—
Constituents Analysis o f V pr unifoli um has shown the pr esen ce of a .

br own resinous body o f a ver y bitter tas te a greeni sh yeIl ow r esi n or n eu tral ,
-
,

prin ci ple al so bi tter ter med vibur mn valeriani c ac i d tann in an d o ther

’

, , , , ,

u nimpor tan t vegetabl e cor V Op ul us pro babl y possess es simi lar

'

u en ts . .

U nited S tates Phar macopoeia . There are co m

madi l r a fl uid extracts of V .

Opu lus .

to b e anti s pas modi c, vin e astri ngen t and to ni c an d to act specifi cally
n er , , ,

u pon the u ter us V pr un ifol i u mi s es pec iallypr aised as a u terin e sedati ve

and i s cons id ered by many very em
. .
,

ci ent i n threaten ed abor ti o n an d in

dysmen orr hoea T he au tho r has erperimen thd with i t to a co nsi d er abl e
.

ex ten t b u t with very u ns atis fac to ry res ul ts

, He has eni pl oyed i t i n many .

cases o f threaten ed abor ti on enj o ini ng at the same ti me absol u te rest in

,

the r ecu mbent pos i ti on bu t n ev er wi th any goo d efi ect whi ch co uld b e

‘

fai rly attr ib uted to the dr ug He has n ever been abl e to d isco ver that it
.

r es tr ai n s h emorrhage o r abates an f th e d in ar y ymp to m of thr eat

y o or s s

en ed abo r ti o n He has o bser ved h o wever that to many pati en ts i t i s i a

.
, ,

ten sely d isagreeabl e no t u nfrequ en tly exci ti ng n ausea an d vomi ti n g an d

, ,

th us di rectly co ntri b uti ng to br in g abou t the r esul t whi ch it was in tend ed

P l a te V l . —V l b u rn u m p r u n l fo l l u m
.

FIG 1
. .
—
Fl w io er ng b ran c h .

FIG 2
. .
—C al yx an d pisti l
Pro 8
.
—C oroll a an d sta mens—all n atural al so.
1 68 R UBI ACE E .

Par t Used —The herb —n o t c mi

c al . T he r oots of se era v l s pecies of

gal il a nnic or
p c i d
ra
c t a
o geth er wi th o th er or gani c aci d s a b itter
a , ,

princi pl e and commo n v egetable pr inciples G triflorum con tains also co u

'

. .
,

mar in to which i ts fr agran t odor is due

—
.
,

Preparatio s
n Th er e are co mmercial flu i d extracts of some of the
s pecies b u t when us ed at all the plan ts are co mmo nly ad m
, i ni ster ed i n
d eco ction or i n the for m o f the recently ex pr essed j ui ce
M edical Properti es and (fem—
.

Gali um Aparine is di ureti c an d r efr ig

eran t .It has been used i n many dis eas es o f the u r inary or gan a i n scal y
afi ections of the ski mand i n can cer wi th asserted ben efi t G tr iflor u m ,
. .

as ta i n a simil ar mann er b u t as it con tain s co umari n i t mi ght al s o b e ex

, ,

pooted to ex er t some infl uence u pon the ner vo us system .

C ephal ant hu s oc c id ental is m e—B an auon- B ush.

Corolla tubu lar, l d s en e the lo bes erect, i mbr i cate i n the

er , i ts limb 4 —
cl ft ,

bu d Stamen s 4 s tyle fi l i for m, exserted ; stigma capi tate Fr ui t dry,

—
. .
,

i n versely pyr ami dal, 2 to 4 cel led, separati ng fro mth e base to the summi t
-

i n to 2 to 4 clos ed l seeded por tio ns

,
-
.

A shr ub, 3 t0 1 0 feet high Ie aves oppos ite or temata oval or lanceo
.

late poin ted

, , lo ng Fl o wers densely aggregated m clos e gl o
3 to 5 i n ch es .

b oss heada ax ill sr y or ter mi naL appeari ng in J ul y an d Angu st

B obdol —Margin s of s wamps and in wet pl m
. Canada and the

R epar ati ons —The virtues o f the bark are yi eld ed to water and al o c hol ,

s ew in gbitter ness this has been employed wi th amer ted su ccess i n in ter
mi tten t an d remi ttent fevers It has not h o wever attai ned an ambushed
,

.
, ,

repu tati on an d i ts medi ci nal virtu es are al to geth er pro blemati cal
,

MITCHELLA —Pa nr a mo n B aa n r
-
.

M itc hell a repens Iann é —Ib r tr idgc Ber ry, Sq1 mo Bm y

. -

—Fl
. .

Descr ipti on wers in pairs wi th o vari es un i ted Calyx 4 to othed

—
o -

Coro lla fu nnel for med wi th a sl ender tu be i ts li mb 4 lobed the 10m

. .

-
, , ,

spreadi ng densely beard ed i nsi d e wi th whi te hairs

, Stamens 4 in ser ted .
,
 m ou nt s —em s s s s aar
-
. 1 69

brigh t red co mposed , of the u ni ted v

o ari es o f bo th flo wers , ea ch of whi ch

A mall creepi ng evergreen herb S tems slender b to 12 i nch es lo ng

s , .
, ,

branchi ng and roo ti ng at the j oi nts and becoming matted u pon the ant »

face of ‘ he gro und Leaves on e half in ch long opposi te ro un dis h dar k

.
-
, , ,

green an d shi ni ng generally marked wi th a centr al l ongi tu dinal li n e of a

,

stamens merted and style i ncluded the o ther wi th style ex ser wd and
e ,

stamen s in clu d ed ; these difl eren t kin ds o f fl ower s o ccu r i n difl eren t plan ts
‘ ’

T he flo wers ar e whi te abo u t one half in ch l ong an d tho u gh gener ally wi th

,
-
,

thei r par ts i n fours n o t unfrequently have them i n fi ves or even i n si x es ;

, ,

they are p ro d u ced i n J un e The wh ole plan t tu r ns black m dr yin g

. .

Habdat In mo i s t woo ds abou t the roo ts of tr ees o ften for ming a

.
-

, ,

vi vid green matting variegated in au tu mn by the br ight red berr ies the
, ,

W
latter o ften pers i s ti ng till spr ing E ver ywh ere common
R i f t Used —T he her b—n ot o flici al
. .

—
.

C sti t ent U nkno wn

o n u s

m It rs administer ed m in fu sion or decoctio n

. .

n
.

a to ether
l g p ro blematical It is said to b e astri ngen t di ureti c and parta
. , ,

rient Squaws are said to us e a decoctio n o f i t for so me weeks previ ous

.

to thei r partur i ti on in o rd er to rend er th ei r deli very safe and easy ; whi te

,

women so meti mes use slippery el m for the same pur pose and pro bably ,

wi th abou t the same amoun t of ben efi t .

C O M PO S I E T .

Chara cter of the Order .

—
Fl ow ers , re ati el v ly small coll ected
, in a den se

corn ou n d.
p The separate
flo wer s : calyx tube co h eren t wi th the o var y its -
,

limb termed m us co mpos ed of bris tl es pl u mos e hairs scales or even

, , , ,

m inu te leaflets tho ugh so metimes absen t en tirely or red u ced to a mer e
m
,

margi n Coro lla us ually of 5 un ited petals ei th er l i gul ate or ,

tubular S tamen s 5 rarely fewer th ei r anth er s li near and u ni ted in to a

.
, ,

tube somefi mes wi th an appendage at the top or at the b as e Ovary l .

cslled l o vu l ed ; style i n the fer ti le fl o wers 2 cl eft the l o bes o ften fur
,
- -
,

nish ed with hai r s for col l ecti ng pol l en the stigmati c sur faces in the fo r m o f ,

elevated lin es al on
g the in n er m ar g in s Fru i t an ac heu iu m cro wn ed wi th .

W
A ver y l ar ge or der o f her ba rarel y shr ubs or treea mpr ising abou t
co

one tenth of
-
the flower ing plants of the w or ld The flower s occur i n many
M e ant i m e hen all of them are per fect the head is mi d to be
1 70 con c ern s .

homogunw us ; when the marginal on es are pi sti ll ate or neu ter and the
o thm are perfect or stami nata the head i s ter med heterogc mo us T he .

eru and when these are pr es en h ead

t the head is ter med mdiate . A
c o mpow d en tir ely o f tu bul ar fl o wers i s termed di scoid an d tu bu lar ,

fl o wers occupyi ng the centre o f a radiate fl ower mak e what is cal l ed the
In so me cases the stami nate and pistil late flo wers are u pon di fl er en t
'

dis k
—
.

d
in i vi d u als then the plan t is diwci o us T he r ecep tacle i s pal eaceou s or .

of them .

To indi cate, e env in the most

gen er al way the medi cinal character of ,

s u ch an immense o rder o f plan ts is w ell ni gh i mpos si bl e It wil l sufi ce to -

.

say that v er y many of them poss ess to n i c pro per ti es few are aro mati c , ,

most are disagreeabl e and n one ar e po isono u s ,

.

LIATR IS —B or ro n . Sx m n oor .

Character of the Genus —Head s few ormany fl ower ed ; flo wer s -

all

tu bular , per fect S cales of the i nv ol u cre few or many i mbr i cate , , ap

B ran ches of mu ch m u d ro un di sh or so mewhat flatten ed oh

the style , ,

tus e .Ach eni a ro und slender ta peri ng to the base l O ribbed

, , Pappu s ,
-

o f 10 to 40 pl umose or bar bellate br is tles .

Perennial her bs wi th si mple stems an d tu bero us roo ts

, Leaves al ter .

n ate u s ually lan ceo late o r lin ear en ti re wi th a r igid margi n often r es i n
, , , ,

W
ou s d o tted
-
Heads in an elo ngated s pike or raceme so meti mes pan i c u
.
,

late rar ely cymose ; fl o wers showy ro se purple rarely pale or wh ite .

—
, , ,

Liat ris s pic ata Butto n S uck er cot Devil s B it Col ic B oot
’
ill d en o w .
-
, , .

Descr ip ti on — Heads 8 to 1 2 flo wered o ne fo urth to on e half in ch l o ng

.
,
- -
,

s en i le i n an elon gated spi ke

, i n vol u cre cyli nd rical campan u late o btu s e
,
-

at the base the nu mer ous scal es appres sed o btu se pun c tate an d wi th
, , , ,

narro w s car iou s pu rplis h margi ns the i nn er o n es obl ong the ou ter o vate
, , , ,

or o val Pappu s d en sel y barbellate ; ach enia hair y

. .

S tem er ec t, 3 to 5 feet h igh smoo th leafy proceedin g fr om a ro un di s h , , ,

com or tu ber Leaves very numero us hairy o n the veins ben eath pn u c
.
, ,

W
tate th os e o f the s tem li near di mi nis hi ng in len gth fro m belo w u pward
, , ,

the radical on es also linear b ut v ery lon g .

Habitat —In mo ist gro un d from S ou th ern New York to is co n sin and
,

sou thwar d

De scr ip ti on — H
.

Liat ris ad o rat iu ima

ea d s sm all
illd
4
e no w

to 1 0
—
fl
W
Vamll a Pl ant Deer s I bngue
o w ered i n a pani cle o r cor ymb
, ;
.
’

,
,
’
.

s cal es o f the i n v ol u cr e few sli gh tly i mbri cated s patu late o bl o ng

, Coro lla ,
-
.

l ob ea shor t o vate Pappus minu tely barbellate no t pl u mos e

, .
, .

S tem simple or bran ched abo ve 2 to 4 feet high from a sh o rt r hi zo me , , ,

n o t tuberou s Leaves thick somewhat glauco us the radi cal on es o bo vate

.
, ,
1 72 con c ern s .

Charac ter of the Genus —Heads few .

or many flowered ; flowers al l tu
-

bu lar per fec t

, . Involucre cylindri cal or campanulate the scal es i mbr i ,

cated more series or someti mes nearly eq ual in ( sing e series

i n two or , .

R eceptacl e flat or s lightly con vex naked Corolla 6 to othed An them , .

-
.

i ncl uded Branch es of the styl e mostl y exser ted

. Ach enia Ba ngled . .

Pappu s a si ngle series of capi llary bris tles scab o u s or min u tely ser r ulate , .

Eu pato ri u m perfo l iatu m L mn é —Th oroughwor t, Emmet

—Head
. .

Dew n p tifon s 1 0 to 1 5 fl ow er ed, w hi te, i n

-
large co mpound a

cor ymb . S cal es of the i nv ol u cr e 1 2 to 1 5 , very pu bes cent glan d ular i m , ,

b r icated ; the inn er o nes li near lan ceolate

-
, wi th scar ious tips Achen ia .

ste m so as to appear perfoliate taperi n g to a slen d er point o btusely ser

, ,

r ate vei n y wr i nkled the lo wer sur face to men to se pu bes cen t and res i n ou s
, , ,
-

dotted It flo wers late i n su mmer

.

Habi tat —In l ow groun ds U ni ted S tates an d Canada ev er ywh er e

.

W W
,

common
—
.

Eu pato ri u m pu rpu reu m L inn é J oe Pyc ea i Tr u mp et eed .

-
,
-
,

Des cr ip ti o m—Head s cylin dri cal, 5 to 1 5 flo wered,

-
pu r ple i n a d ense ,

compou nd cor ymb . S cales of the in volu cr e numerou s pur plis h o b tus e
, , ,

glabr ous an d more or l ess glan d ular

Ach eni a .

S tem s to u t 3 to 7 o r more feet hi gh si mple pu bes cent o r glabr o us

, . , .

Leaves 3 to 6 in a whorl oblo ng o vate o r lan ceolate poi nted veiny

,
-
, , ,

c ue dotted It flowers from July for ward

-
. .

a —
Habit t In l ow gro un ds U ni ted States , and Canada ; v
e eryw er e h

Thes e two species fair ly represent the medi cinal acti vity of the gen us
many oth er speci es possess simil ar proper ties
— —
.

Par ts Used Of E perf li atu m the l eaves U nited S tates Phar maco
o

—
.
,

p o i
e a o f E p ur pu r eu m th e ro o t n o t ofi ci al
Constituents —T he om
. .
,

ci al speci es co n tains a lar ge per centage o f a pec u

li ar bi tter extr ac ti ve to whi ch i ts therapeu ti c efl ects are attri bu ted but

‘

, ,

when chemic al chars cter i s as yet un determi ned The cons tituen ts of E . .

pur pureum have not been ascer tain ed .

 —
mssrnas o oomss oor . 1 73

and are mos t commo nly employed .

better
is to ni c diapho reti c emeti c
, , ,

the

in mo derate doses , is to nic, and

been emplo yed in ur i nary afl ec~

tions . b u t i t has no t attain ed an

is

T us s i l ag o Parfara Linn é .

many fl owered
-
r ay fl owers
-
nu mer ou s ,

in a si n gl e ro w. R ecep tacle flat, k d S tyle abor ti ve in the di sk flo w

na e .
-

e
rs , 2 c left i n the ray flower s, the
- -
branches nearly rou nd Ach enia of the
.

ca -
m
pillary, copion s i n the my flowe in a si ngl e ser i es in the di sk .

A per enn ial hsr b , wi th a rather thick r hmome S tems si mple, . often

g wi i n tu fts, erect, abou t 6 i nchee high, woo l l y an d scal y, l flo wered

r o gn -
.

Leaves al l ra di cal, appearin g after the flo wers, co d , g l

r ate an u ar- to o t e
h d.
1 74 con cern s .

quarter s of an i nch in diameter appearin g i n Mar ch and April , .

—
Habitat In wet places an d al ong brooks New En gland , , New York,
and Pen nsylvani a Intro duced fr om Eu rope
plan t b ut chiefly the leaves—not ofi cial
. .

Part d .
-
The en ti re , .

Cons ti tuents —Bitter and mu ci lagino us principles

—
.

Pvepamfi o e It 18 common ly emplo yed m decoction

n

Med ical H operties and Uses —Co lts foo t 18 demulcent and sl ightl yton i c
.

EB IG ER O N .
—Fnaanam
Chow d er of the Or d e r — Heads radiate many do wered mostly hemi .
,
-

,
.

sph eri cal r ay dowers v ery n umer o us us u ally i n mor e than one ser i es i
p s
-
, ,

till ate ; dis k fl o w ers tubu lar per fec t the o u ter o nes someti mes fi l ifo rm and
-
, ,

tr un c ate pi s ti ll ate
,
S cales o f the in vo lu cre narro w n early equal slig h tly
.
, ,

i mbr icated in a si n gle o r do u bl e s er i es

, R ecep tacle flat naked Ach en i a .
, .

flatten ed us ually p u bes cent an d wi th 2 lateral n er ves Pappus a s ingle

, , .

seri es o f capi ll ary br i s tl es o ften wi th s maller o nes i nter mi n gl ed or wi th

, ,

an outer s eri es o f min u te bristl es o r chafl y s cales

'

Her bs wi th enti re too thed or lobed leaves Heads soli tary cor ymbose
, , .
,

pani culate Dis k do wers yell o w ; r ays whi te bl u e or pur ple

-

—
.
.
, ,

Erigero n Phil ad el phic u m Li nn e ( E m m A i

'

p p u e
r u ton ) Pki lad el . .

p h ia F l mba ne Commo n F l esbane

, .

v ery n arro w pale redd ish pur pl e o r

,
-
fl es h colo r , -
mor e than twi ce the len gth

S tem hairyl 1 to 3 feet hi gh

, Leaves n umerous thin the
s end er , .
, ,

l o wer spatul ate cr en ate dentate the u pper o bl ong claspi ng an d mos tly
,
-
, , ,

W
cordate at the bas e en ti re or sli ghtly serrate It bloo ms in summmz A
, .

q ui te var iable speci es .

Habitat — oodlands and fi elds ; co mmon ever ywher e .

Erig ero n an n u u m Persoo n ( E heter ophyl l u m M u hl en ber g E atr i .

, .

g o s am B i gel o w ) — D ai s y Fl eabane S weet S cabi o us

.
, .

in gle ro w narro w whi te or ti n ged wi th pu r ple not twi ce the len gth
a si n

Pappu s d ou ble the ou ter a series o f chefi y scal es m

, , ,

of the i n vo l ucr e e ,

inner of scan ty capillary b ri stl es which ar e deci d uo us or so meti mes wan t ,

An ann ual or b i ennial her b cor ymbosely S tem stou t, 3 to S fes t hi gh

branched above hair y Leaves coarsely and shar ply serr ate m
. ,

, . e lo wer ,

ovate o btu se taper in g i n to a m

, , ar gi n ed peti ole the u pper o vate l anes ol ate ,
-
,

acu te an d en tn e at both en d s It blo o ms in s ummer

'

—
. .

Habitat Fi el ds and waste places ; everywhere common .

I 76 oo m srr m .

CmM il u —
mMa A fragran t vo latile oi l .

Prq mml iu us l nfu sio n d ecoc ti on an d volatile oil

-

,
.

Med i cal Pr oper ties and Uses —Gold en rod i s gently stimu lant di apho
.
,

r etie and carmi nati v e

, T he d eco cti on and warm in fus i on are us ed i n do
.

w es tie prac ti ce to pro d u ce di aph ores is to reli ev e coli c and to pr o mo te , ,

me ns tr uati on The o il is used fo r si mi lar pur poses

. .

them are as agreeab l e as tbi s .

si ngle series ; d isk flo wers tu bu lar perfec t Involu cr e hemispher i cal or ,

.

su b gl obose the n u mero u s scales i mb ri cated i n seve

-
,
r al ser i es R eceptacle .

flat mi nu tely pi tted

,
Cor olla o f the ray elongated o f the disk tu b ular
.
,

i nfun dibu lifor m 5 to o th ed Ach enia o bovate or o val so mew h at an gled

,
-
. , ,

glabro us Papp us o f 2 to 8 rigi d bris tl es o r awns whi ch are early do

. ,
»

m) wi th branchi ng stems
herbs ( rarely su fl r u ti co
‘

Per enni al or bi ennial , .

Leaves entir e or serrate so mewhat pellu ci d o r r eti c ulate pun ctate ; the
,
-

radi cal o nes us ually spatu late cau l in e ses si le o r par tly clas pin g Heads , ,
.

sol itary at the s u mmi t o f the branch es fl o wers yel l o w T he h ead s in .

,
c

cl uding the in vo l ucres are co mmon ly thi ckl y coated wi th a glu tin o us o r
,

G ri nd el ia ro b usta Nu ttall .

Descri pti o n —Head s large man y flower ed ,

-
. In volucr e leafy at the base ,

the scal espr od u ced i n to recu r v ed sq uar ro se

su bu late lin ear append ages ; -
,
-

pappu s o f 2 to 5 bristl es .

S tem sto u t 1 4 foo t hi gh b ran chi ng

, Leav es oblo ng o btus e co arsely , .
, ,

serrate cor d ate claspi n g I } to 2 i n ch es lo ng

,
-
The en ti re plan t glabr o u s
, . .

Habitat .
—Co mmon al ng the Pacifi c coast o .

G ri ndel ia s q uarros a D unal

—
.

Descr i pti on Head s s mall er than the pr ecedi ng ; the invol u cme abou t
on e half i n ch in di ameter
-
Scales wi th r ecu r ved sq uarrose or mos tly cm.
-

ci nate, s u bulate ti ps pappus , of 2 to 4 bris tl es .

S tem rath er slend er 10 , to 20 i n ches high cor ymbosely b ran ched

, .

somewhat clas pi ng
Habitat —Co mmon o n the dry plains west of the Ro cky M ountai ns
.

S everal o th er speci es o f gri nd elia resemble those above des c ri bed in

gener al appearance and pro bably i n con sti tu ents als o
The leav es and fl o weri ng to ps of G r obu s ta—
.

Par ts Used -
o fi cial .
 m
W
be nearl y i f not q ui t
s s s e cacio us as the ofi ci al species, an d the
o ften fou nd mixed commer ce
in .

a nts —As remarked abo ve the flower head s of plan ts o f thi s

,
-

genus ar e commonly coated wi th a glu ti nous or resino us varni sh The .

l am e s ub stance ia mo t e o r l ess difi u sed in th e atems and l eaves an d co n

W
,

tsi ns the acfi ve pri nci pl es namely a pecu liar volati le oi l of a terebin thi
, ,

s ate o d or res in an d a cr y stalli n e bo dy havi n g an alkali n e reacti on

,

—
,

—
.

ic a
n E x c
tr a tu m g ri n d el imfl u id u m fl ui d ex tr ac t o f grin delia '
.

Medical Prq i er ties an d Uses —T he th er apeu ti c eflects

grind eli a ap
'

of

pa r i n man y res pects to b ear s s tr iki n g r es emblan ce to th ose of tur pen

m In moder ate doses i t sti mulates the mu co us membranes and has

, ,

bow fo nnd ver y benefi cial i n chr oni c catarrh al infl ecti ons es pec ially th ose ,

ot th e m pi ratory tr act an d u r inary o rgans V ery l arge doses have occa

.

dos ed mn al irri tati on It al so acts to s o me ex ten t as an anti spas modi c

.
,

h er e mer ely as a pro tec ti ve coati ng to the

that i t possesses n o dir ectly cu r ati ve pro p
om cial speci es i s qui te as em caci o ua as is ,

flat , or mewh at co nvex naked Achenia

so , 4
Pappus si mple o f capi llary sl igh tly s cabro u s bristles
, , .
1 78 oo x r osn us .

A sto nt p e r enn iah 3 t0 5 feet h i gh l e aves hrg e ve l vety te m en to s s .

-

beneath ,
den ti cu late, the radi cal on es o vate, tapering to a peti o l e, the can

Habitat —A . nati e of v the Fa s ter n Conti nen t , b ut natu r a i elz d hers ,

gro wi n g al o ng ro ad sid es and in was te pl aces .

—
Constituents A little volati le o il , an d resin a bitter princi ple
acri , ,

waxy matter , and in ul in , the last n amed

-
bein g a s u bs tan ce somewhat re

ars co mmercial extr acts etc

Medical and U

,
s
W
es —
,

El ecampan e was for mer ly con si d er ed

diaph or eti c diur eti c ex pec te r ant, and emmenago gue b u t at presen t i t is
,

li ttle es teemed except amo ng the lai ty It is pro babl y stimulan t and to nic
.

.
,

an d gi ven in ho t deco cti o n capable o f pr o d uci n g so me of the efi ec ts attr i b

’

u tod to i t .

m m —B a m w c .

Character of the Genus —S te r i e an d

l fertile fl o wers in difl er en t
'

h eads
u p o n th e s am e plan t the f or mer i n s pi k es or r acemes an d the latte r in the
,

axi ls o f the l eaves o r at the bas e o f the s teril e racemes o r sp ik es S te r il e .

heads o f 5 to 20 funn el form stami nate flo wers i nvohi cr e flattis h or to p

,
-
,

s haped of 7 to 1 2 scal es u ni t
,
e d in to a cup Ferti le flo wer s i n vo l u cr e . .

globose o void oblong o r tu r bi nate closed po i nted u sual ly armed w ith 4

-
, , , ,

to 8 tubercles o r hor ns m a sin gl e seri es l flowered Achenia o vo i d ; p p ,

-
.

p u s a bs en t

W
Herba or rarely shr ubby plan ts wi th oppos ite or al ter nate lobed or , ,

di ssected leaves and i n conspicuo u s greenis h or yello wi s h flo wers

—
, .

Amb ros ia t rifida Linn é Gr eat Rag eed

—S te ile head
.

Descr ip tio n .gle o r pan icled racemes or spik es the

r s in s in ,

i nvol ucre regul ar 3 ri bbed Fr u i t wi th a coni cal po in ted apex 6 r i bbed

,
-
.
-

,
-

the r ibs te r min ati ng in cr is tate tu berc les .

S tem sto u t and hai ry 4 to 1 2 feet h igh Leaves rou gh and hairy
. .
,

deeply 3 lo bed the lobes o val lan ceo late serrate acu minate An ann ual
-
, , , .
,

bl oo mi ng i n Au gus t or September
Habitat —In l ow r ich grounds an d al ong streams from Canada to Goor
.

D scr ipti on
e —
—
Amhro s ia artemis iaefo l ia Liana Rag Hog eed
S ter il e h eads lik e the precedin g b u t wi th the in vol u cr e
WW eed,

,
-
.

not r ibbed Fer til e flo wers so litary or cl ustered to ward the bas e of the ster ile
.

spi k es or rscemes or i n the axi ls of th e u pper leaves

. Fr ui t gl ob o ss or
obo void n ear ly glabrous po in ted arm
, ed wi th 6 s hor t acu te s pin es or
, ,

teeth .
l 80 co mposrre .

Part Used —The seed —not offi ci al

Co nstit uw ta —A large per centage o f bland fixed oil
—The
.

Pr q x xr atiom oil

—Su nfl
. .

M ed ical Properties and Uses o wer see s are d said to b e ( hu retio

and e xpecto ran t , b u t there i s li ttle r eason for believing them w tivel y

He eni u m aut u mnal s

l
Descr ipti o n —
Li an e— S neew eed

Heads many flo wered r adiate the rays s everal in a -

,
-
W .

l e e i es 3 to 5 cl eft at the s u mmi t ferti le yel lo w r eflex ed soon

g s r -
, , , ,

afte r expans i o n In volu cre s mall refi ex ed the scales lin ear or awl s haped
.
, ,
-
.

i n 2 series Rec eptacle co nvex gl o bo se o r o blo ng naked

. Achenia tep , , , .

s haped r ibbed
,
Pappu s o f 5 to 8 memb ran o u s l n er ved s cales
.
,
-
.

An er ect n early s moo th perenni al h erb S te m 1 to 3 feet hi gh angled

, .
, ,

br an chi n g Leaves lanceo late too th ed d ecu rrent o n the stems and
.
, ,

branches Heads co r ymbed s ho wy appear in g i n September

.

—
.
, ,

Habitat In mo is t places alo n g streams common ever ywher e

Parts Used —The leav es and fl o wers—no t o fi ci al
. .

—
.

Cons ituents U nkn o wn

t .

Pr eparati o ns — U sed i n po wd er o r deco cti o n .

the popu lar estimati o n o f i t The po wd er ed flo wers par ti cu larly have been
.

u s ed as an err hi n e an d a deco cti o n i s sai d to b e to n ic an d di aph or etic

W
, .

W WW
M AB U T A —M . av -
m .

Ma ruta C otul a De Cand o —

lle May eed , il d Chamomil e .

o n —Heads many fl ower ed . y l whi te soon -

, ra di ate ; r a s n eu tr a , ,

refi ex ed di sk flo wers tub ular per fec t In volu cre hemi spher i cal the
-
, ,

scales i mbri cated shor ter than the dis k wi th whi ti s h mar gin s
, R ecepta . .

cl e co ni cal ch ady thr ou ghou t o r o nly at the su mmi t Acheni a o bo vo id

'
.
, , ,

r i bbed gl abro u s
,
Papp us n o ne . .

An ann ual o ne half to o ne foot o r mo re i n h ei gh t Leaves tr ipi a

,
-

natel y di vi ded the u l ti mate segments v er y narro wly li near

, Heads soli tary .
,

ter mi nati ng the b ranches It flo wers from mids u mmer till late i n au tu mn
.

Habitat —Co mmo n everywhere in waste places

.

Par t Used —The her b —fo rmerly o m

.

cial i t was dr opped fr om the

Phar macopceis i n 1 88 0 .

C onsti tuents —V olatil e oil , tan ni c, val eriani c , and o a i x l c aci ds bi tter, ex

trac ti ve, etc

—C
.

Pr eparati ons mmonly employed in infusi on o

Medical Properti es and Uses —May weed has a ver y di sagreeabl e o d or

.

-
,

an d wh en fres h a bi tter acr id tas te

, Th er apeuti cally i t acts li ke cham0
, , .
'

mile b u t is mu ch less agreeabl e It is sel dom used except by the laity . .

 s ow s —r an s o m 181

A nt hemis no b il is R une —Ch m mile a o

—H
s .

Descr ipti on eads an d fi ower s as in maru ta except that the rays

, are

A per ennial so mewhat d o wn y h erb

pinn ately di vid ed Leaves 1 to 2 -

the ul m w seg men ts as i n maru ta b u t fewer an d more co mpact

, .
,

Habitat —Chamomil e a n ati ve o f E u ro pe has been lon g cu lti vated in

gard en s here and has beco m
, ,

e n atu ralized to a very limi ted exten t in N ew

,

Por t U sed — h —
T e do wers o fi ci al n a me An th emi s
, U n ited S tates Phar

Constil uenta —V l
o ati e l o il , a bi tter pri n ci ple , an d commo n vegetable

Pre ar atio ns
p
—Non e are ofi cial . It is most commonly employed in
i nfus i on or d ecocti on . The vo lati le oi l and

an e xtrac t are ofi cial in B ri tai n .

51c Properties and U ses —Chamomil e

is a mild mu lan t and to nic an d o ne par
sti ,

fi cu l arl y su i ted to d eb ihty o f the di ges ti ve

o rg an s T he warm infusi on is fr equ ently
.

used as a di aph oreti c an d in large d oses , , ,

as an emeti c Fomentati ons o f chamomile

.

are emplo yed as a soo thin g appli cation in

Ac hill es M ill efol i u m Linn é .

—Y ar

row,
l otl .
‘

Descr iption —Head

man y flow ered ra s -
,

diate ; the rays 4 or 5 fer ti le whi te rarely , , ,

rose c olor ed
-
Invol ucre obl ong the scales
. ,

A per enni al her b,

Leaves o blong or linear in
1 t0 3 feet hi gb
o u tlin e bi pin ,
.

m ““WW
mtsly par ted the ul ti mate di vi si on s clef t cro wded Heads 3 to 5 - -
, . in a
compoun d flat topped corymb appearing throu gh o u t the summer
-
.

—
, ,

Habitat Fields and was te places ; everywher e common .

Por t Used —T he herb—n ot ofii ci al .

1 82 con r os r mz .

—
Constituents A volatile oil
. , a b itter pr incipl e termed cchittein, and
common v egetable con sti tu en ts .

has been e mployed in di gesti ve di sord ers , in mens tr ual irr egular i ti es , in

T anac et u m vul gare Lian —

e M .

—
c p tion Head s many do w ered n early dis co id all fer ti l e ; the mar
Des r i .
-

, ,

in al fl o w ers i n a si ngle ser i es 3 to 4 to o thed S ca les of the i n v ol ucr e

g
-
.
,

i mbri cated dry Receptacle co n vex nak ed

, . Achen ia angl ed or ri bbed
, .

wi th a lar ge epi gyno us di sk .

Papp us min u te or n o ne .

An h erbaceo us peren n ial 2 .

glabro us bipin n ately parted, ,

the segmen ts cu t to o th ed .

Heads yello w i n a dens e cor ,

ym b app ea ri
, n g i n summer .

Habitat Indigen ou s to .

b
a ou t d w ellings an d in waste
places .

I b rts Used . The leav es

macopasia '

—A
.

C ons ti tu ents
l l vo ati e o il ,

a b i tter p r i nci ple ter med tan

aceti n and co mmon vegetable

,

peculiar strong fr agrant odor an d a

a
warm b itter so mewhat acr id and aro mati c tas te It is commonly empl oy ed
, , .

i n domes ti c prac ti ce to sti mulate men str u ati on The oil appears to b e .

lar gely used as an abo rti f aci ent and ther e are u pon record numero us cases
,

i n whi ch i t has been u sed for th is pur pos e with fatal efi ect T he br uis ed .

l eaves are o ften appli ed locally fo r the reli ef o f coli c pai ns br ui ses s pr ains , , ,

etc. A spir ituo us infusi on is sometimes empl oyed in domesti c practi ce in

.
1 84 CO M POSI E T .

beneath Heads clus ter ed at the su mmi t of the pani cul ate co rymbose
.
o

branc hes ovate coni cal before ex pans ion th en obo vate coro lla whi ti s h or
,
-
,

ell o wi s h I t fl w e i n Au gu s t an d S epte mber the matu re h eads r emain

y . o r s ,

i ng a l ong ti ms on the stem The wh ole pl an t is fragr ant

Habitat —In woo ds an d ol d fi elds ; everywh ere co mmon
. .

Par ts U sed —The fl o wers and to ps —

.

. no t o ffi cial .

on —
C s ituents A bi tter pri nci pl e and a li ttle volati le oil
t . .

M edical Pr operties and U ses —S ai d to be to ni c . U sed i n catar r hal af

S ever al h
o t er i n digen o us an d e o ti x c speci es posses s si mil ar pr o per ties .

W
W
m m -
Fl RE -
E ED .

Erec hthit es —
hierac ifol ia Bafi nesq u e Hre -
eed.

D escr iption —Head s many flo wered flowers all

-
tu bu lar an d fer ti le, the

l ucr e in a si n gle s er i es, linear , c

a u te, wi th a few br acteo les at the bas e .

copious , capi llary bri stl es

of fi ne .

An erec t, coarse and o fte n hairy annual 1 to 5 feet high I eaves sl ter
, , .
b

n ate lan ceo late o blong acu te u nequall y an d shar ply c u t to o th ed s ess i le ;
,
-
, ,
-
,

the u pper o ften aur icled at the b ase Heads cor y mbose flo wers whi tis h .
,

appeari ng fro m J uly to S epte mber

Habitat —Common in recent clearings o ften co ver ing grou nd whi ch

.

has been b ur ned o ver almost to the excl usi on o f o th er plan ts .

Por t U sed — —
The fl o wer in g to ps n ot o fli cial .

g
a reea ble odor and a pu n gent bi tteris h taste It yields a vo latil e oil
, ,
. of

si milar odor and taste u on whi ch i ts medi ci nal vi rtu es are b el i eved to
p ,

H eporati om —V olatil e oil . and in fus i o n .

M ica!Pr operties and U ses —

d to be to ni c astr i n gen t
Fi re wood is sai , ,

and alter ati v e an d to ex er t a special i n fl uen ce u po n the mu co us su r fac es

,
.

I t has been hi ghly prai sed as a remedy for dysentery .

—
W
N
S E ECIO . Gn o us nsan

S enec io au reus —
Lin n é Gotden Ragwort Sq uaw- eed
—
.
.
,

c
Des r ip i on
t Head s many flo wered rad iate ; r ays 8 to 1 2 pisti llate
-
, , ,

go l d en y ello w ; di sk flo w ers per fect S-

cal es o f the i n vo l u cr e i n a s i n gle.

seri es wi th a few bracteo l es at the base

,
Recep tacl e flat n ak ed Acheni a . , .

glabr ou s Pappus of numerous so ft and slender capi ll ary br istles

. .
 —
L ams s um o ’
“ . 1 85

A per en nial her b 1 to M feet high Radi cal l eaves

, . orbi cul ar or roun d

isho vate,
- mostly co rdate cr enatc serrate peti olate ;
,
-

, the lower caul ine

Heads in an u mbel like cory mb

-
, ppearin g
a in May and J un e. A very va

r
and a ao -
mll ed M n .

Medic t Properties and Uses —S aid to be diaphoreti c, di ar ene, to ni c,

’
an d
o
.

Consi ders bl y m d an d —
prais ed by ecl w ucs
'

l appa ofl i c i ns l is N o ni —E M
the flo wers all tu bu lar, perfw t,

hu m an ely . Pappu s o f nu mer

ous h
s or t s bri stles , n ot
1 86 cou rosrrn

M ed ical E oper ties and Uses —Burdock

chi efly us ed by the . tho ugh
l ai ty is highly esteemed by so me of the prof essio n as a di ureti c and al ter a
,

ti ve. It is per hs pa more fr equen tl y used in rh eumatism than i n an y

,

o th er d is eas e b u t is also reco m

, mended in chro ni c cu taneous di seases os ,

huimen t i t is
o

used as an apphcatio n to bu rna ul cer a etc.

C ic ho ri um Intyb us U nne —CM '

cor y, S uccor y
—Head
.

Descn pti om
’

v
s se er a l -
fl o wered the flo wer s all li gulate per fect, .

I n volu cr e dou ble , the inn er of 8 to 1 0 scales, the ou ter o f 5 h alf as lo ng

, ,

A branch ing per enni al h er b , 2

to 3 feet high, wi th a l ar ge deep ro o t

ci uate ; thos e of the ‘

ri gid fl o wer i n g
branches mi n u te Heads sen i le 2 .
,

or 3 to geth er ax illary an d ter mi n al

, .

Flo wers br igh t blu e or pur ple appear ,

Habi tat —Indi geno us

. to the East
er n Conti nen t , b ut natur a i e l z d here ,

places
— —
.

Por t U ed T he ro t n
s o ot o ffi cial .

ci pl e, and or dinary vegetable co n s ti t

u ents .

n o. 1 m m
in fu si on .

Medical Proper ties and Uses —C hi cory is sai d to in creas e the ppetite
a

W
no w mer ely d l terant o f co fl ee For thi s pu r pose the roo t is roas ted
'

as an a u .

an d grou nd in the same m ann er as cofl ee wi th whi ch i t is after ward mi xed

'

i n large prepo rti on h en thus treated chi cory in i nfusio n has a bi tter
.
188 w a m am

T arax ac u m Dene Ic o nic M -

ai ntain e d —M ien
—
.

D m i pti o m Hend s many -

flow ered ; flo wer s all ligulate per fect
, . In
vol ucre d on bl e ; the o uter of s mall short soal ea reflex ed ; the i nner of

pm d j ni ce and deco cti o n l

are a s o e mfl oyed .

LO B ELIAG EE .

Chowd er of the Order —Herbs, with mi lky inn s and

. .

ul ate leaves Calyx adheren t to the o vary m an ly 5 l m a

— me “
. .

irregularly lo bed often deeply cl eft M

5 , ens 5 k m . ,
o

and u n i ted i nto a tu be co mmonly by their fi lamen ts M

. always by .
A .

an thers . Style 1 sti gma o ften fr i nged Fruit mpml ar 1 or w i

.
,
t £
1;

openi ng at the top ; seeds numer ous .

 mam a. 1 89

many plants pomesaed of acri d and n arco ti c

p p
ro

in NorthAmer ica by the genus

LO BELI A .

M y
”
the Genus cl e—Calyx
f t w i th a sh or t
, v5
ar io
-
usly s ha pe
, d
tu be . Coro lla tube sli t along the u pper si de ; the li mb divi ded i nto 2
-

2 er ec t lobes the low er spr eadin g 3 clei t

, Two of ,
-
.

at the to
p P o d 2 cell
. e d man y se ed ed Ann
-
u al or ,
-
.

Lo b el ia i nfl ate m —
a Ind ian Tobacco
Er
—
.

Dm i fl i ao Calyx wi thou t anricl es at the si nus es Cor olla small pale ,

blue Pod in flated

.

An annual or bienn ial herb S tem or . striate, pani culately

o blon g , the

to au tu mn .

sid es an d i n ol d fields , gen er all y in

dry aoil .

Lo b el ia s yphi l itic a Li nné .

anr ion l ate, i ts tu be h emisph eri cal .

Cor ol l a much l arger than in the pr e

A perennial h er b S tem si mple,

.

1 to 8 feet high, so mewhat hair y,

l eafy to the top Leaves thi n, acu te
.

at both en da ir regularly serrate .

Fl o wer s cro wded in a dense spi k e or

m —
i ce
M M

to the pr ecedi ng b u t of

pn b e m t, si mple , 2 to
were h wy
s o , in an e o n l
ia su mmer .
1 90 m omma .

Of the three speci es described above the flr st named is the onl y one -

whi ch 18 medi cinally i mpor tant T he o th er s though str ikin gl beau ti ful
.
y , ,

L cardi nalis espec ially so are o f li ttle inter es t

— —
. .
,

Pa t (fw d Th e l eav es an d to of L i n flata U nited State: Phar m

r s
ps a .

sembli n g that of to bacco, an d a sli gh tl y ir ri tatin g o dor when br ui s ed or

ter med label i ne, l obel ic a cid , and common v egetabl e prin ci ples ,

fl d
ni u m—fluid extrac t of lobelia ; tinctur e —
l obeli a ti ncture of l o belia .

Medical Proper ties and Uses —In fu ll do ses lo beli a pr odu ces severe n au
sea, bstinate vomi ti n g and great pros tratio n In o ver doses the pros
o ,
.

tr ati on beco mes extr eme th er e is fail u re o f vol un tary mo tio n fo llo wed by
, ,

stu por co ma and no t u n fr eq nentl y con vulsi o ns an d death Thou gh for

m
.
, ,

merly mu ch u sed for emeti c efi ect by em r ics dangerous efl ec ts w ere so ,

o ften pro du ced that i t is no w sel do m employed in thi s manner It is .

l aryn gi tis and spas modi c ast hma . In the l atter di sease i t often pro d ums

E R IC A C E E .

or

c lyx 4—
a t 5 l o -
o bed, fr ee or adh er en t to the o vary ; coroll a 4 t0 5
- -
lo bed ,

rare wi th d isti nc t petal s ; stamen s as many or twi ce as many as the l ob es

ly
o f the coroll a, fr ee fro m b u t i nser ted with i t ; an thers 2 c ell ed, co mmon ly -

appendaged or open i ng by termi nal chi n ks or por es ; styl e 1 ; o vary 3 -

to

A large or der , co mprising many plants o f medi cinal and eco no mi c i m

por tance Of the medi cinal speci es so me possess valuable di ur eti c pro p
.
,

ar e no t defi n i tely kn o wn so that i n the presen t s tate o f s ci en ce i t is

yet , , ,

no t possi ble to fior mnl ate i n gen er al ter ms the medi cinal pro per ti es o f the
, ,

o rder as a wh ole .

As r emsen ted in N orth Amer ica the ord er compr is es four well mar ked
,
-
192 E R I C A CEE .

o f u r in e. It has al s o b een ns ed ad van h geo ns l y i n l eucor rhmg di arrhma.

Epigma r epen s U ni t —
e Tr il i a ng Arbutus , Ground Lev el , Hay

b ase ; the l o bes o vate, acn te, s mooth . Cor o l la tub nl ar, sal ver- for m , r ose

v
o ate, o btu s e v ery hai ry
, i nsi d e toward the base . Stamens 1 0, s hor ter

the groun d , and often r oo ti ng at the j oi n ts clo thed

, , as ar e the petio l es al s o,

cordate o vate
-
, en ti re, o btu se or wi th a s h or t mn cronate poin t spr in kl ed , or

gions
—
.

Par t U ed —sT he leaves n o t ofi cial .

C nstituents —Si milar to if no t i dentical wi th th ose of

o , uva nrs i,
-
w hi ch

Med ical Pmper ties and U ses —Thi s plant has been u se d b
as a su s ti tu te

for u va ur si, and,

-
i t is claimed wi th sati s a f cto ry r es u l ts

W
.
,

W W
G AU LTHERIA —Aao x ar rc m s neam .

G au lt heria proc u mb ens Li nn é . mtergm u , ye -

Ber r y, I bo »

Descri pti on —C lyx 5 1 b

a .
0 ed, beco min g fles hy and baccate , and then cov
 ammo niu m . 1 93

m ed at the su mmi t . S tyle fllifor m ; sti

gma un di vid ed, obtu se . Cap

creepi ng ex tensi vely j u s t ben eath the s u rface of the gro rmd and sen ding ,

up er ect br an ch es 3 to 5 i nches h i gh l e aves al ternate evergreen .

, ,

coriaceous 1 inch l on g o bo vate cnneate at the bas e remotely and sets

, , , ,

ceo usl y denti cu late 3 to Gpl aced near the s ummi t o f each br anch Flo wers
,

axi llar y o n pedi cels n ea

,
rly half an i nch lon g wi th 2 brac teo l es n ear the ,

flower mostl y so li tary noddi ng appearing in shmmer Fr ui t edi ble b ut

, , , .
,

rather dry

Habitat —In wood s and rather dr y sandy s wamps ; co mmo n

.

—
.
,

’
I h t U sed The l eav es
-
U nited S tates Phar macopmia .

—
Consti tuents Thei r most i mpo rtan t co n sti tu en t is a h ighly aro mati c
volati le oil ; they also con tai n tan ni n and the cr ys ta lline pri nci ple fo un d ,

on
Medical Pr operties
ly as an aro mati c sti mulan t
and U ses
o r as
—U ntil recen tly
a flavo ri ng agen t
in ter green was used,

Si nce the intr od uc

W
.
,

tergreen, which hrge pew entage of thi s aci d has b een

con tai ns a use d
medici nal ly in the same di sease In so me cases the res ul ts have been
.grat
flying bu t in general the aci d i ts elf or some o f i ts salts are mu ch mo re
, , , , ,

effi ci en t From a somewhat li mited experien ce the au thor fin ds that fro
.
,

and hen ce he has fo u nd i t difli cnl t to pms is t i n the use of the remedyl o ng '

enough to s ec ure per manen t cu rati ve efl ec ta

’

AN R OM EDA D .

And ro meda M ariana Idnné —S tagge r - Btwh

—
.

M i ca Calyx deeply 5 par ted , the se gments c

a u te. Corolla

c eft.
l S tamens 10 ; filaments lin ear lan ceolate do ubly , , c v d hair y
re u r e ,

WW
W
flea . h Stylethan the coro lla taper i ng ; s ti gma o bs cu rely lo bed
s o rter ,
.

“
Capsu le con i cal somewhat con ne cted at the base 5 cell ed 5 an gled
“
- -
, , , ,

man y s eed ed ; the su tures very pro mi nent at len gth

-
19 ,

A shr ub fl to s feet high wi th a few erect b ranches ; bark gray spr in ,

Hed with black dots Leaves ? to 3 i nches l o n g o val or o bl on g often

. , ,
1 94 s er mons .

fr om ax i l l ary ly bu ds o ften for ming el ongated racemes ; the fasci cles

sca ,

4 to l o flowered ; they appear in J une and J uly

-
.

Habitat —In l o w sandy soil from R hod e Island sou thward alon g the , ,

coast .

This and some o ther indi gen o u s speci es of andromeda are sai d to be
, ,

poiso nous to lambs and calves produ cin g sympto ms ter med staggers The , .

plan ts are in terestin g fromthis fact, and fr omthei r bein g apparen tly an al
ogou s to K atmia whi ch see , .

O x yd end ro n arb o reu m De Candolle ( Andromeda arborea Linn é) .

valvate in the b ud Co rolla o vate 5 to o th ed pu berulen t S tamens 1 0 an

.
,
~
.

th er s lin ear awnles s ; the cells taper i ng u pwar d and open i ng by a lon g
, ,

A tree 1 5 to 5 0 feet h igh Leaves alte rnate oblong lan ceolate ac umi
.
,
-
,

nate serr u late at fi r st d o wny then smoo th o n slen der petio les deci d uo u s
, , , , , .

Flowers in lon g one sid ed racemes cl us tered i n an open pani cl e termi nat
-

, ,

in g the branch es o f the seaso n th ey appear i n June and July

Habitat —In rich wood s fro m Pen ns ylvania to Geor gia and wes tward
.

Tho ugh co mmonl y a small tree M i chau x states that in the fer til e val l eys at
,

the foo t o f the lo fty mou n tain s of N orth Carol ina he meas ur ed s peci mens
which were 50 feet hi gh and 12 or 1 5 in ches i n diameter .

E m o ti ons —In fusion and d eco cti on .

Medical Proper ti es and ( Tm —T he leaves of thi s tree have a pleas an t

acid ulou s taste, and ar e mid to b e to ni c, f gerant,
r e ri an d di ur eti c They .

are u sed in domesti c prac ti ce, i n the for m of infusi on or as a

refr i gerant dr in k in fev ers .

Kal mia l atifol ia Linné

Dm i pti om Calyx small
.

,
-
Cal ico B ush, M ou ntai n Laurel , Spoon
' o

5 par ted, persi s ten t, wi th oval, acu te

-
W
ood.

seg

men ts . cyli ndr i cal the limb spreadin g an d termi nati ng

Cor ol la~tu be sh ort , , ,

in an er ec t 5 parted margin
,
-
S tamens 1 0 ; an ther s l odged in d epres si ons
.

i n the cor o lla i n s uch a mann er that as the fl o wer expan ds the fi lamen ts
are bent str ongly ou tward wh en the fl o wer i s full y expand ed the anth ers
ar e r el eas ed an d the fi lamen ts rec oi l elas ti cally thr o wi n g the an th ers o ver
, ,
1 96 e m cee .

treatmen t dur ing that period T he pati ent at the time l fi r st saw hi m, .

had s everal chancr es the su rface of the body and head was cover ed wi th
small r ed pimples, elevated abo ve a j aun di ced skin , an d he was i n a ver
y
debi li ta ted co n di ti o n I admi nis ter ed a saturated ti nctu r e o f the l eaves of
.

kalmi a and tou ched the chan cr es wi th a ti nctu re o f mur iate of i ron and
, ,

efi ec ted a cu r e in fo u r w eeks remo vin g the j au n di ce at the same ti me

”
.
,

The br uis ed leaves and a decocti o n have been us ed to picall y in so me

,

has b een wri tten o f kal mia from the ti me o f Kal m to tb e pr esen t day , and

that the plan t requi res fu rther in vesti gafi on .

Led u m Iat ifo l i u m Ai s —Labrador Tea m .

Dcsw ipti on —Calyx 5 too thed, very small

'
. . Co rolla petals
. 5, o bovate ,

p
s readi n g dis tin ct S tamens 5 occasi onall y fi or 7 ; anthers opening b y
, .
,

ter mi nal pores Pod o bl ong 5 celled many seeded spli ttin g fro m below
.
,
-

,
-
,

A shr ub 2 to 5 feet hi gh . Leaves al ter nate ellipti cal or oblon g , , en tir e,

W
whi te smal l in ter minal u mb el li ke cl usters fro m large scaly bu ds ap
, ,
o

, ,

pearing i n J une .

—
Habitat Ia cold hogs and mo un tain woo ds from Pennsylvania to i s
con si n an d nor thward
—
.

Ledu m pal u st rs l an c e Har sh Tea .

Deeor ipti o n —Lik e the precedin g b ut wi th u ni formly 1 0 stamen s oval

.
, ,

Habitat —In s wamps and wet places in Br iti s h North Amer ica , and al so

W
in n o rther n E uro pe and Asia .

Constituents —The leaves have a e odor an d an of marsh te a

cam hm eo us bi tter tas te ; th ey contai n a pecu liar m
,

aro mati c p, , a n i a ,

ter med l ed ita naic acid and a p u n gen t aromati c volati le oil bes id es co m
, ,

mo n consti tu en ts of pl ants The con sti tu en ts of Labrador tea are sup

W
.

posed to b e simi lar

Preparatio ns —
.

Commo nly u sed in decocti on .

Med ical is e and Uses —Marsh tea is sai d to b e acre nar co ti c -

,

producing in lar ge d oses headach e res tl essn em dil atati on o f the p u p il

, , , , ,

an d a sor t of i n to xi catio n acco mpanied wi th in cr eas ed secr eti o n o f u r i ne

, ,

sali va an d per s pi r atio n

, Its spher e of ther apeu ti c appli cati on is no t
.

defin itely settled tho ugh i t has been used i n spas mo dic cr ou p who opi n g
, ,

cou gh go u t rh eumati sm and variou s ski n di seases A str o ng deco ction

, , , .

the fresh l eaves are l a ed i w ll en l th t r otect them again st moths

p c n oo c o s o p
 C hi maphil a u mb ell ate Nu ttall —B '
i nces
’
Has Hps iasewa
—
.
,

Descr ipti on Calyx 5 pa ted -

r , fr ee fr o m the o vary persistent , . Cor olla

aments enl ar ged and hairy in the mid dl e ; an thers more or less 2 -
barned
at the b ase, wlxich, by in ver si on, b ecomes the apparent apex Styl s s vsry .

shor t invers el y con icaL n earl y immm d in th e depressed su mmi t of the

glo bu lar celled 5 valved spli tti ng fro m the apex d ownward
, 5 -
,
-
, .

A l o w nearly her baceo us ever green plant wi th long ru nning u nd er

, , ,

grou n d s tems an d sho rt as cend ing leafy branch es 4 to 1 0 inches hi gh

, , , , .

Leaves evergreen thi ck and shini ng cun eate l anceohte acu te at the bu s
, ,
-

, ,

h
s ar ply t
ser r a e who e
r l d or s attemd
,
c Fl o w ers whi t
e or p u rpli s h fra~ . ,

W
Habitat —In dry woods ; co mmon
C hi maphil a mac u l ata Perch Spotted
on —
i ntergr een —
Readi ly disti n guis hed fr om the pr ecedi ng by i ts leaves
.

W .

alone w h i ch are ovate lanceolate, ob tu se at the bas s , remo tely to othed, and
-

have the u pper su rface vari egated with whi te .

—
Habitat Dry woods ; l ess common than the preceding .

Cond i l u —
ml s Chemi cal ly sis as
ana , et
y , has thro wn little l igh t u onp
the therapeu tic ecti vi ty o f chimaphi la Besides the common cons ti tuents
of l an ts there havs b een toun d in i t a pec u l iar crystalli ne su b stancs
p ,

tem ed chfi napw ug which ho wever , does not appear to be the active prin

m
“
b l es m mi for l ike pu c eu
and is us ed Ita to ni c propsrtiu . are u id
t o n eder it espccially us efu l i n scroful ou- afl ectiona ll a m . ast i
-
n ts
e fi cial in chroni c afi ectio ns of the urinu y organc (3 t -

mfi menh aml
. .

to m bl e i t both in cc in then peufi c w tivity .

AQU IFOL IAO EE

’
.

many u thc lob u of thc

1 98 su m m ons .

for ming, i n fr ui t , a 4 t0 8 w eded dmpe ;

- -
sti g mas 4 to 8, or uni ted into

A mall and co mparati vely u ni mpo rtan t

s or der . In general , pl anb as
this o rder ar e possessed of emeti c p roper ti es .

Character f
Q
'

the Gen us —Calyx 4 to 6 toothed

~
. Cor ol la : petals 4 to 6,
separate or uni ted at the base . S tamens 4 to 6 wi th the petals
, al ter nate .

Ovary 4 to 6 celled ; s ti gmas sessil e

- -
. Fr ui t a b er ry like dr upe wi th 4 to 6 o

s eed lik e n u tlets

-
Shr u bs or trees wi th
. si mple mos tly al ter nate
, l eaves .

Il ex o pac a Aito n —Amen can Hol l y '

—P
. .

Descr i pti on ar ts o f flo wer commonl y in fours . Fr ui t red , i ts l

n u t ets

A tree 20 to 40 feet high . Leaves ever green, oval , flat, the wavy
margi ns wi th s cattered spiny teeth Flo wers in l oos e cl uster s along the .

base of the youn g bran ch es and i n the axi ls appeari ng in Ju ne , .

—
,

W
Hab tat In woo dlan ds and o pen places fro m Main e to w
i ho
westwar d mo re co mmo n and o f lar ge size sou thward .

Il ex C as s i u s al ter — Cosimo Yaupo n , .

Descripti o n —Flo wers and fr ui t li ke the precedi n g A s hr ah 8 to 1 2 .

feet hi gh slender the sh ort spr eadi n g bran ch es often spine lik e Leaves
, ,
o
.
,

ever gr een to 1 i n ch lo ng o val o r o blo ng o btus e or enate

, Flo wer , , , .

cluste rs very n u mero us sessil e or n early so appeari ng in Apr il

, , .

Habitat —In ligh t sandy soi l alo ng the coast fro m North Caro lina to
Flor ida

BM
.

— WW —
ll ex Daho o n alter Dahoon Holl y
Fl o w er s an d fr ui t as i n th e pr ecedin g
.

A shru b o r small
.

tr ee . l e aves ever gr een 2 to 3 i nch es long varyi ng fr om o bo vate to o h

, ,

mi ddl e h ort peti oles ; th ei r un der sur face as w ell as the youn ger
, on s ,

br anch es and flower clusters pubes cent Sterile ped un cles many flo wer ed
-
, ,

the fertil e on es s hor ter mostly l flo wer ed ; the flo wers appear i n Apr il
,
-

i n ch long lin ear o blong enti re o r on yo un g branches sharply 2 to 4

,
-
, , ,

tooth ed to ward the apex

Habi tat —Mar gins o f s wamps N orth Caro lina to Flor i da and westward
.

Parts Used —The leav es and fr u i t—not ofi cial

, .

—
.

Cons l il ucnl s The leaves of Eu ro pean h olly ( Ilex Aq ol i u m Li an e)

.

have been more carefully examin ed than th os e o f any Nor th Amer i can
speci es They co ntain a bitter prin ciple il ici n a yell ow colorin g su b
.
, ,

stan ce called ilemnl h i n an d s pec ul i st aci d il ici c acid So me of the

, , .

Ameri can species co ntain agf eim .

 PLU M B AG IN AOE E .

tr ingen t b itter Tanni n appear s to be their only constituen t o f thera

an d .

peu ti e impo rtan ce Li k e o ther d ru gs containi ng tanni n pers i mmo n has

. ,

been employed in chroni c and s u bac ute catarr hal afi ecti on s and in hem
'

P L U M B AO IN AO EE .

cluster ed at the roo t Flo wers regular 5 mero us .

,
-
.

persi stent Petals u ni ted at the bu s or disti n ct , .

petal s or lobes of the co ro lla Ovar y l celled free fro m the calyx .
-
, , 1
o vul ed.

An or d er in habiti n g the sea sho re -

lt marshes mostly or sa , i n temperate
re gions . Represen ted in N orth Amer ica by three genera , on ly one at

STATICE —Mansn .
-
R osam r .

S tatics Li mo n i u mLim e —Mars h Rosemar y -

Sea Lavender
—C
.
,

Descripti on lyx f
a l form dry membr auaceo us persi s ten t Cc
u nn e -

, , , .

ro lla : petal s 5 , d i sti nct , o r u ni ted belo w wi th l on g claws S tamen s 5 , .

,

e d to the bases o f
u ni t the petal s Styl es 5 m ely 3 di sti nct
. Fr ui t mem , , .

b r anaceo us in dehi scen t,

A peren nial h er b wi th a thick reddi sh woody root l eaves all r adi

, , , .

cal ,thi cki s h oblo ng spatu late or o bo vate lanceo late taper in g i n to a
, , ,
-
,

r ather l on g peti o le S capes l to 2 feet hi gh l oos ely pani cu l ate the do w

.
, ,

er s i n one si ded spi k es on the b ran chea 2 to 3 b rac ted appear in g late i n
- - o
,

su mmer .

Habitat —In sal t marshes al on g the coast and in vari o us for ms , . ,

fou nd on the Paci fi c coast is car . Cal ifor nia Gr ay .

b
en t, a ou t t w elve per cen t . of tan n i n .

M a rti ans —M o n an d i n fu sion

m
.

—
’

Medical a y and Us es Co n taini ng , as it does , large paw

a t
8 3 0 o f tanni n this plan t is powerful ly as tr ingen t
. . In the ear i of

ki no no w At pres en t its decoctio n i s chi efly us ed as

.

often as a ar l s in scre thmat and as an ash in em t to

-

g g g
 C ATAL PA . 2 01

B IO NO N IAO EE .

Character of the Orri n —T eer climbing or twining shrubs rarely

s, ,

herbs, with opposi te, rarely al ter nate si mple or co mpo un d leaves and
,

Coro lla lly

u s ua lo bed d ecid uo us S tamens 5 u n eq ual
ir regular, 4 te 5 -
, .
, ,

o ne o r two o f them o fte n abo r tiv e i nser ted u po n the cor olla Ovary fr ee , .

styl e lo ng ; s ti gma 2 li pped Fr uit a 2 valved o ften pod li ke capsu le di

-
.
-

,
-
,

vided by an expansi on o f the pl acen taa S eeds gen er ally n umerous and .

An or d er of chi efl y tro pi cal plan ts , cornpr isi ng few medici nal s e p cies ,

and these pom d of n o ver y s u iki ng

'

p p
r o er ti ea

B ig no nia c aprec l ata Li n u s —Bignon ia .

r udi m W
m ugs color two i n ch es
ry and ster il e
,

.
l on g
Po d 2
.

-
Stamen s
celled flattened parall el
ro ws and pr o vided wi th
,
,
u ne u a ,q l 2 l o ng , 2 s hort
wi th the val ves
a membrano us
, and 1

or ovate leaflets and a b ranchi ng tendriL O ften wi th a pair of accessory

l eaves i n the exi le remmb li ng sti pul es
, Fl owers cluster ed the ped un cles .
,

l flo wered appear in g i n Apr il

-
, .

Hebrew In ri ch soil fro m

-

decoc ti on
—
.

Um Bi gnonia i s said to hav e been us ed as a

su bstitu te for “ pari-
lls I f i t
. h av e ac ti ve medi ci nal p roper ti es th ey ,

C atal pa b ig no nio id es
M i en —Calyx -
W ,
l
a ter .

co roll a bell s haped in flated the bor der

2 lipped
—Caailpa , M m8 m
o

, ,

M ng, 4 to 5
- -
lobed irregular so mewhat 2 li pped whi te tin ged wi th
, ,
-
. ,

2 or 4; s teri e an d ru di
l mentary , 1 or 3. Pod one foot lon g , s end er,
l
newly cyfi nd r icak 2e ened .
202 oao s au c s ac m
A tr ee twen ty to fif ty feet hi gh . Leav es mos tly opposi te lar ge , , cor

d ate , poin ted , pu bes cent, at leas t b en eat h long petioled

,
-
. Fl o wers in large ,

—
Habitat N ati ve of the So u th er n S tates, b ut common i n culti vati on in

Parts Used — —
The bark and seeds no t ofli cial
m
.

Comm -
In the b mk have b een fou nd tann an a morphous

l
c ata pa ther e i s li ttl e to b e sai d, for l i ttl e o f a defi ni te character is kn m
I t is sai d ver mifu ge and to have been u sed i n br on chi ti s
to b e emeti c and ,

an d asthma wi th b en efi ci al eflec t Po rch er s tates that the h oney col

'

l ected fr o m the fl owers is somewhat poi s on ous .

O R O B A N O HAO E E .

—
( Mar ad er qf the Ordm L ow , fleshy her bs parasi ti c , u pon the roo ts of

Calyx par ted Co ro lla monopetal ous tu bular 5 lo bed

4 to 5 to othed
-
or .
, ,
-
,

mor e o r less 2 li pped wi therin g persis tent S tamen s 4 i ns er ted in pair s

- -

Ovary m style l ong cur ved at the apex

, ,

u po n the tu be o f the co ro lla .

,

Epi pheg us V i rgi n ians B arto n —B eech D rops P m er Root

—
, .

c
D es r ipti on Calyx 5 to o thed Co ro lla o f the pper flo wers l on g
-
. u ,

tu bular c ur v ed 4 to o th ed whi ti sh and p ur pl e ; of the lo wer flo wers

, ,
-
, ,

s ho rt sel do m expan din g b u t bei n g f or ced fr o m i ts bas e by the gro wth o f

, ,

the pod Pod 2 val ved at the apex b u t wi th 2 partial par ti tion s i n each
.
-
,

valve .

A sl en der mu ch br an ched her b 6 to 1 2 in ches high p ur plis h o r yel

-
, ,

lo wis h br o wn wi th small scattered scales F lo wer s r acemos e or spi ked

-
, .
,

the upper ster il e the lo wer fer tile appear in g late i n su mmer
, , .

—
Habitat Paras i ti c u pon the roo ts of beech trees very common -

Part Used —The enti r e plant—not ofi cial

.

Co nstituents —U n kn o wn
—
.

M oti o ns Admi n ister ed i n d eco cti on or po wd er .

wh ich is mu ch more pro uo mi ced i n the recent than

and as tr i n en t taste ,
g
in the dr ied speci men It has been empl oyed bo th topi cal ly an d in ternally
.
204 SO R O PHU L ARI AC M

some of them acr id and oth ers possess narcotic proper ti es

, , so that it is
difi cul t to charac terize them in g eneral ter ms .

V ERB AS CUM .

V erb aac u m T haps us Lian a C mm n mam

— o o

S tamen s 5 thr ee of them with wooll y

,

fi laments , the
glabr ous ot er s h .

S tyl e flattened at the apex Pod .

gl obular many seeded

,
-
.

A sto u t er ect bienn ial si mple

, ,

or branched abo v e 2 to 4 feet ,

rowed at the base in to tw o wl ngs

whi ch r un do wn the stem ; th e
lower ften petiolate and 6
on es o ,

to 1 0 in ch es lon g Flo wer s yel . p

l o w i n a d ense woo lly termi nal

, , ,

spi k e appear ing thr o ufl out the

,

Eu ro pe ; co mmon ev er ywhere
—
.

Parts Used The l eaves and

Consti tuents .
-
Bo th leaves and

an i n fusi on th ey are a so el mployed i n the pr eparati o n of po u lti ces Of .

the fl o wers : an i nfu si o n in o il is a o

p pu l ar preparati on in some par te d
Con tinental E uro pe .

M edical Pr oper ties and Uses —The chi ef ly medi ci nal con
, if no t the on

sti tu en t o f mullei n i s i ts muc ilage This bein g admi tted the i ndi cations
. ,

fo r the th erapeu tic use o f the plan t are plain It may b e emplo yed m all .

cases requir in g demulcen ts and if no t as agreeable as so me o ther agents

, ,

o f th i s cl as a i t will prob ab l y b e o f equ al efi cacy The i nfu sed oil of the .

fl owers is probabl y n o more acti ve than oil i n whi ch flowers have not b een
 —
m emos sens o w m 205

8 c ro phu | aria nodos a Linn é — Fi gwort .

—
.

Dem pt o i n Calyx deeply 5 parted the lobes rou nded , Cor olla-tu be .

s o mew hat glo bular twi ce th e len gth o f the calyx

, , the margi n 5 lo bed, the -

2 u pper lo bes l onger th an the 2 late ral the lo wer spreading S tamens 4 , .
,

tu r ned d o wn ward a fi f th ru dimentary stamen is si tu ated at the summi t

o f the co ro lla tu be Capsu le 2 celled 2 v alved many seeded
-
.
-
,
~
,
-
.

A com e erect peren n ial h er b 2 to 3 feet high

, S tem qu adran gular , . .

Leaves O pposi te large broadly ovate o r cordate po inted d ou bly cr enate

, , , , ,

or s errate Flower s green is h pur ple i n loo se cymes forming a ter mi nal
.
-
, ,

Peru Us ed —T he l eav es
. an d r oo t —n o t o fi i ci al .

and the co mmon con

and U es
s —Thi plan t d erives i ts gen eric name fro m
s

in scro fu l a a su ppo s i ti o n lo ng si nce p ro v ed to b e

,

If i t have any ac ti v e medi cin al vi r tu e the fact is yet ,

ra Linn é —1 h tIe Head

. r -
, Bal mony .

the u pper l ip

and a fi fth small er, l Capsu le ovate many seeded

ster i e .
,
-
.

A smoo th perenn i al S tem u pri gh t, branching

. l e aves o pposi te .
,

lanceolate ser rate ac umi nate narro wed at the b ase in to a very shor t
, , ,

p etio l e . Fl o w e r s wh i t e o r ti n ge d w i th
, r os e c o lor i n s ess i le spi ke s or -
,

clusters appearing fr o m July till au tu mn

Habi tat —In w et places common
.
,

—
. .

Phr t Used —
The h er b n ot o fi cial .

s n —
Con titue ts A b itter princi ple whic h has not been isolated
E m o tions —
.

A deco cti on .

—
M i mi Proper ti es and Uses Balmo ny is laxati ve or pur gati ve accor d ,

M to th e d o s e a d mi n is ter ed Its th er a peu ti c li m i

. tat i on s ar e as y et i a , ,

VER O IC A N —Sew n.

M (f the Genus lla ro tate or—C alyx 4 parted C

salv er for m -
. o ro ,

Hal ted
-
the later
,al l o bes or the l o w er o n e n arro w er th an th e u pp er .

31m m 2 one each si de of the upper lobe of the corolla exserted Style
, , .
206 s onor a on a maom

tary , a xi llary or in ra e c mes blue fl esh colo red,

whi te or

—0 d
-
.
, , ,

Vero n ic a V i rg i nic a Linn é ( Leptandm Vir gi mca N uttall)

‘
’
. i ver eb

Descri p ti on —Tube o f the coro lla lo nger than its limb , and mu ch lon ger
than the cal yx c lyx and c ll. meti mes 5 parted Po d o blo n g
Bo th a or o a so -
.

o vate n o t n otch ed opening by 4 teeth at the s ummi t many s eed ed

, , ,
-
.

A per ennial h er b Stem mmpl e erec t smooth 2 to 5 feet high Leaves

’

.
, , ,

W
in whorl s o f 4 to 7 lan ceo late po inted fi n ely ser rate Flo wers whi te in
, , , .
,

d en se termin al spi cate pani cled racemes appear in g i n July an d Au gust

Habitat—In rich open woo ds fr om Vermont to isco nsin and sou th
,

, ,

Par t U sed .
—The rhi zo me and ro ot ets l Ofi cial na me Leptan dra
U nited S tates Pha rmacOpceia
—
.

V ero n ic a offic i nal is Li n é Comm n Speedwell n o

Dcsmi pli o m —Co rolla wi th a ver y short tu be the li mb rotate the lo wer , ,

segment narro west Capsu le obo vate or obcordate many seeded

.
,
-
.

A l ow perennial base mu ch branch ed cr eepi ng

S tem perenn ial at the
Leav es Opposi te short petioled o bovate—
.
, ,

an d roo ti n g at the n od es . elli p ti cal , ,

o r wed ge o blo ng serrate hair y

-
Flowers in axi llar y racemes n early ses
, , .
,

si le rath er s mall pal e bl u e rarely fl es h col ored appeari n g in m

, , i ds ummer
,
-
, .

Habitat —O n dr y hil l s an d in o pen w oods ; co mmon both in this co un

.

tr y and in Eu ro pe an d Asi a
—
.

Pa t U sed
r — T he h er b n o t ofi cial .

These two speci es of veroni ca di fi erin g very wid ely in habit repr es en t , ,

the medi ci nal character s o f the gen us V vir gini ca s tands as i t w er e . .

, ,

al one al l o th er s peci es r esemblin g each o ther to a greater or less exten t

, .

—
Constituents Leptan dr a co ntains in additi on to the ordin ary consti tu
.
,
.

cu ts o f plan ts a pecul i ar c rys talli n e pr in ci pl e Ieptand r i n havi n g the bi tter

, , ,

and n auseo us tas te of the cru d e dr u g S peedwell als o co n tai n s a b i tter .

W
prin ci ple b u t whether si milar to or identi cal with that o f leptandra has
, ,

n o t been deter mi ned

—Of l eptandra Ex tr ac tu m l eptandra —extract of l ep
.

Preparat .

tandr a t e u —
ex r actu m l ptan dr te flu i d m fi u i d extrac t o f l n

U nited States Phar macopma There is also a co mmercial preparati o n er

’

.
,

W
ro n eo u sly call ed lep tandri n p repared by pr eci pi tati on from the alco h o li c
,

W
fi n c tur e Speedwell is co mmon ly admi nis tered in in fu si o n or d eco ctio n
m
. .

Medical m and U ses — h en fresh leptan dra acts as a vi olen t ,

etc cath ar ti c too vi olen t i ndeed to b e u sed wi th safety

-
, h en dri ed
, . .
,

its d rastic pro per ties are mu ch modifi ed an d i n thi s co nd i ti on i t is said to ,

b e lax ati ve an d chol agogue It is u sed i n d is or ders of the di ges ti ve s s

y
.
208 La mi n a .

Perennial her b s wi th flo wer s in d ens e whorls arranged in mnfi nal or ,

ax illary h eads or spi k es Corolla pale p ur ple or whi tish

. .

M ent ha p pe i rita M i m —
e Peppermi nt
—
.

Des cr i ptio n S moo th Stemer ect 1 to 2 feet high

. Leaves ovate o h
, .
-

lon g an d lan ceo late ser rate

, , ,

i n terrupted heads or spi kes .

h e. 16 ,
—
w
.

“
Habitat —Naturalized from Europe ; growi ng in l o w grou nds and

W
.

plac es It is extensi vely cu l ti vate d in so me sections o f the coun tr y no b

.
,

bly i n ayn e Co un ty New York fo r the sake of i ts vol afi l e oil It

, ,
.

plies rapidly by mean s of u nder grou nd shoo ts .

—
M ent ha vi rid is Lian e Spear mi nt .

Des cri ption —Near ly smoo th S tem erect 1 to 2 feet high

. 1m m , .

ter mi nal, i n m u i n ter r upted spi k es

Habi wt —Natu ralized fro m E uro pe ; growin g in damp
.
,

. soi
l alon g roa d
si des an d in w as te places

Parts U sed —T he l eav es an d tops of bo th speci es

.

United

Constituenb .
—The onl y important consti tu en t of mint is in
 —
mac r os w ar ns no m o mvn . 209

Aq use menthes v iridis —spear mi nt wate r ;

s pear mi n t ; spir i tus men thse vi rid is — spi r it

Phar macopm ia B o th s peci es ar e als o fr e

.

proper ti es of pepper mi nt and spear min t r ender th em u sefu l in a great va

r iety o f gastr i c and in tes ti nal di sor d ers charac ter ized by col i c pai ns The .

only d ifl eren ce between them is on e o f degree spear mi n t acti ng much

’
,

more mildly than pepper min t and i ts flavor bei ng to some people more
,

W
agreeabl e

L YOO PU 8 .
— ar nn Ho n s n o os n .

Character of the Genus —

Calyx 4 to 5 too thed Co ro lla nearly equally
—
-
.

4 l o bed, abo u t the len gth of the cal yx S tamens 2, wi th r u di ments o f 2

.

o btu se , wi thout a s pine , s h or ter

both ends short peti oled En ti re

, .

very small i n small capi tate clus

,

Lyc o pu s Eu ro pa ns Linné . W
ater Hm hou nd .

lon ger than the achenia . S tem 1 to 2 feet h igh sharply , 4

-
an gled Leaves
.

W
mor e or less petiolate . Flo wers small and very nu mero us , i n den se axi l

itat —In wet pl aces ; co mmon b o th her e and in Europe .

—
.

Fml a U ed
'
Th s o herb of —
bo th speci es not ofi cial .

of labiata tho u gh ther e i s evid en tly mu ch less v olatile

the ,
oil than in
many plants of the ord er an d mo e b itter n ss
r e .
,

mine .

the mt o y
h r it f
W
ater hor ehou nd 18 sai d to b e remedial m i n term

or the statem en t i s d o u b tf ul By vi rt u e of
i ttent fever bu t
t h ei r b i tter n
.on
-
,
 C u nil a Mariana Lian e —Dia nn a

Descripti on —Calyx equal ly 5 too th ed, the throat

-
d ens ely hai ry . Co
rolla twi ce as lo ng as the calyx 2 li pped ; the u pper l ip m ot fl at emar i
g
-

—
, , ,

n ate ; the lo wer 3 cleft s pr eadi ng S tamens 2 er ect exser ted di stant
, .
, , , .

A perennial h erb S tems tu fted l to 2 feet hi gh mu ch bran ched pu r

.
, , ,

—
Habitat In dr y open woo ds fro m New York to Illin ois and so u thwmd '

— T he h er b —n ot o m
.
, .
,

Parts U sed ci al

Constituents —A very fragrant v olatile oil and ordi nary cons ti tu ents of ,

Prepara ti ons —C o mmonly u sed i n in fu si on .

lik e the min ts , an d is uw d fo r the mme purposes .

Chowd er f o the Genus —C alyx tu bu lar 1 0L to 15 -

v d equally 5
ner e ,

toothed or wi ththe 3 u pper teeth more or l ess uni ted. Coro lla 2 li pped ; »

of th emo vate,btu s e S tamen s 4 di stant, the l ow er pair lon ger

o .
, .

Er ec t rigi d perennial h er bs co rymbosely br an ch ed abov e Fl ower s

, , , .

n umero us in dense wh orls us ually fo rmi ng ter mi nal h ead s or cl ose cymes
, ,

—
.

Pyc nant hemu m i nc anu m Mi ch au x M ountai n Mi nt

—
.

De cr ption
s i Calyx 2 li pped the teeth to gether with the bracts awl
-

, , ,

shaped an d bearded wi th spn

, hairs .

to o th ed, do wn y abo ve an d h oary to mento se beneath the flor al o nes whi t -

,

ened bo th si des Flo wers pale red dotted wi th p ur ple i n den se flatten ed
. , , , ,

Habi tat —Ro cky woo ds and bar rens fr o m New England to Mi chi gan

Pyc nanthemu m Ii n ifo l iu m Pur sh Vi r gi nia Thyme

—
. .

Descripti on C alyx equally 5 to o th ed the teeth poin ted -

, . Corolla very
short .

S tem er ect 2 feet high

l to .

crowd ed an d cl u stered i n the ex il e Flo wers wh itish co llected in dense

md h
.
, ,

globu lar , o ften fasci ea s,d cro wded in termi nal cymes appearin g in ,

Au gu st .
21 2 “ Bu ms .

A perenni al herb mewhat bran chin g above

. S tem 2 to 3 feet high , so .

L eaves 3 t0 8 in ches l o ng an d 3 to 4 inches br oad ovate ser rate acumi , ,

nate the l o wer o n l ong petio les the u pper almost or q ui te ses si le
, , Flo wers .

racemose the racemes dis po sed in a large pani cle

,
th ey appear i n su mmer

—
Habi tat In rich moi st woods co mmon ,
.

Par ts U sed —The r oo t and her b —not ofli cial .

g
a reea ble odor fai ntly sugges ti ve o f a lemo n or li me Li ke o ther labiates
,
.

i ts chi ef impo rtan t con s ti tuen t is a v olati le oi l The co nsti tu en ts of the .

root have n o t been ascer tain ed

me impli es u sefu l i n calcu lous afi ec tions

'

to ni c, an d, as i ts na ,
It cer .

tainl y pm ses s ti mu lan t pro per ties si mi lar to th ose o f many o th er lab iate

plan ts b u t wheth er anythi ng beyon d thi s is as yet a matter o f co nj ectu r e

The leaves dou btl ess o we all thei r em
, , , .

cacy to th ei r volati le oil .

M o nard a p u nctata IAnn é -

Horse Mint -
.

li p er e ct, linear the lo wer spr eadi n g 3 lo bed the lateral lobes o vate oh
, , ,
-
, ,

tus e, the middl e on e narrower Stamens 2 i nser ted in the throat o f the
.
,

A per en ni al herb . S te m 2 to 3 feet high, br anchin g, whi ten ed by a fi ne

pu bes cence . Leaves lanceo late, tapering to a poi nt, peti olate Flo wers .

heads , surrou n ded wi th brac ts th ey ppear late in

a su mmer .

Par t U sed —The h erb no t c m

— ci al

Constit uents —A p u ngen t volati le o il

.

MedicalH operti es and U ses —sti mu

Horse min t is like o ther labiates
-
, ,

lati ng and aro mati c Lik e th em also i t is employed to reli eve co lic pains
.
,

i on to in duce diaphoresi s an d to stimulate the mens tr ual

and i n ho t infum ,

th pper teeth us ually longes t Corolla dilated in the throat 2 li pped

e u ,
.

the upper lip er ect, sli gh tl y concave n otc hed or 2 lobed the lower spr ead
,
-
,
 S CUTELLARIA—S KU LLOAP . 213

ing, 8 -
lo bed . Stamens 4, in pair s un d er the u pper li p, the u pper pair

N epeta C atar ia Linn é —0atmp

’

Catmint
—
. .
,

Dm i pti aa A pe enni al he b 1 t r r o 2 feet high . Leaves ovate cordate -

,

p l e, i n co mpw t n ee, fo rm
in g s ho rt 0 i i 01 ,
f .
t spi . s
at

the d s o f the br anches ;

en

they appear in
au tu mn .

b
a o ut d w l li n gs ; natur a iz e l d
from Eur o pe .

Ns peta G l ec ho me

In hair y perenn ial herb ,

bu s l e aves or bi c ular or

both si des . Fl o wm

and Um —C t i p i
an s chi efly use d fo r i h mm l u ant

fi
t

m for
“

an d

ther e is
in
Grou nd i vy for mer ly had some repu u fi
pu lmonary con su mpti on , b u t withou t
no evidence to s uppo r t
WW
W
m

the idm that i t possm u pro p

in mm
r e

founda

ac utel larls Iaterifl o ra Linn é —Sk ul lmp

—0 l y
. .

bell haped a x ppu -

s , 2 lipped, the
-
lips enfi re, the u '

one wi th a h elm et li k e appen d age o n the back M d clou d after flo werin g

m
-
, .

5p the u pper li p vaulted the lo wer d ilated spreadi ng con

2 , , ,

at the apex
i S tamens 4 as cen ding u nder the u pper lip
i .
,
 H abitat —Ia h dy places co mmon
wet, s a

Par t Used —T he her b—Lmted Sl ates Phar mamp csia

.
,
’

msl ituenta—S kull cap has less volatil e oil and more bitterness than
.

most other l abiate plants b u t possesses no consti tuen ts ess en ti ally di fi er

,
’

tel laria — U nited States P har macopceia . Commonly u se d i n i nfus i o n .

s kullcap hav e at var iou s ti mes been es tee med of medici nal val ue , b ut on

d esti tu te o f aro mati c pr oper ti es so commo n in labiates and hen ce on e

, , ,

would su ppose , less efii ci en t than man y o th er plan ts of the ord er whos e

hydr ophobia add n o t a li ttle to c p ti cism Hys ter ia we kn o w is

'

, on e s s e .

q u i te as o ften amen abl e to mor al treatmen t as to dr u gs an d mu ch of the

i maginary character . If, then, thes e pl an ts do r eall y po msss any val ua bl e

medi cinal pr operti es , the fact is yet to b e demo nstrawd .

—
M arru bi u m vu l gare Lin u s B orehound .

Descriptio n —Calyx tubular 5 to I O n er ved 5 to ,

-
, IO to oth ed,
-
the
teeth spi ny the al ter nate on es sho rter Co ro lla 2 li pped
, .
-
u pper l ip ere ct ,

l o be broad es t S tamens 4, i ncl uded in the tu be of the cor olla .

A per en ni al her b S tem as cen di ng hoary pu bes cen t b anchi n g at the

r
-
.
, ,

Par ts U sed—The leaves and ta ps U nited S tates Phar nwcopwia .

Consti tuents —V olatil e il a pecu liar bi tter prin ci ple mm biin

. o , , , and

co mmo n v egetable pr i nc iples .

Preparati ons —Co mmo nly ad mi ni stered in i n fusi on or syrup , .

Medic al Proper ties and Uses — Horeho un d is stimulan t to ni c and , ,

sli gh tl y laxati v e In w ar m i n fusi o n i t pro d u ces diaph or es is an d is o ften ,

u s ed in th is man ner i n the early stages o f co ld s ; whil e i ts to ni c infl uence ,

when taken cold has been foun d ser vi ceable i n chro ni c pul monary di s
,
21 6 sons n s cs e .

mcea J ala a) , possesses si mi lar pro per ti es, bu t of a m ctive

(p
I o p u ch less a

character It has been used to a limi ted extent only, for i t i s

. mu ch less

S O LA NAO EE .

C hara ter
c of the 0rder .
—H
er bs r arely shr u bs wi th co lor , j u i ce and ,

alternate leaves Flower s generally regular 5 merc u s on ped icels wi thou t

. ,
-
,

bracts Ca lyx
.
ru per sis ten t Coro ll a mo no petalo us val vate or con
n . ,

volu te in the b ud o f ten plai ted S tamen s ins erted in the tu be of the
, .

corolla equal i n n umber to an d alte rnate wi th i ts lo bes

, , Ovary tr ee .
,

M ed ; style an d sti gma s in gle Frui t a berry o r pod

. .

A o f chi efly tro pi cal pl ants In general th ey co ntain

narco ti c prin ci pl es ; a few of

them as the po tato to mato , , ,

and egg pl mt afi or d i mpor

'
-
,

tant ar ticles of food V ery .

few of the shi ctl y N o rth

menti on those des cr i bed b e

an dmost of them so i mpor

tant that they may m ll be
,

tu be black anthem yel lo w Berry small .

,

o void o r gl obu lar md several seed ed

, ,
-
.

A so mewhat shr ubby perennial S te ms der nou s or cli mb i n g

. , ,

o ften sev er al feet i n l ength Leaves peti olate o vate or ovate l anm l ate
. ,
-
,

2 to 3 inches lo ng the lo wer entir e the u pper often wi th a smal l l obe or

, ,

segment on each si de glabro us or d o wny

, Flo wers rath er small i n l am .
,

cymes on later al ped uncles shor ter thm the l w ves g in m dsum
i
,

mer ; they have a heavy narcoti c odor .

 PHYS ALIS —G R O UND car eer . 217

ptio n of the er u

wi th benefi t m
muscular r heu matis m an d in chron ic
,

S. ni gr u m Linn é ( Black Ni ghtshade) , l

a so

4 the Genus —Calyx 5 cleft pe si tent enl a ging afte

-
, r fl ow es
r , r r .

length enclosi ng the ber ry Co rol la wheel shaped or ball

.
-

shaped w i th a v er y sh ort tu be the margi n 5 lobed

. , S tamens 5 en closed
-
.
,

i n the tu be of the coroll a Fr ui t a succul ent 2 celled ber ry

. An nual or
,
-
.

perenni al her bs
—
.

Phys al is Al k ek eng i IAnn é S hawben y Tomato P'

t er Chew y
'
, .

m en ial her b . S tem l to 1 } foot hi gh spar ingly branched more or

, ,

M i l ab —
I t
n ro d m d fromE uro pe cul ti vated , and n atura i e lz d in waste

Phys al is Penns yl vanic a Lin n é .

l O taoo thed ; tbe tub e mark ed wi th fi ve con cave spot B er r red.

s y
-
.
218 so m ac m

axillary greenish yell o w dark er

,
-
, in the cen tre appeari n g late i n
,
su mmer .

Par ts Used — —
The h er b and fr ui t of O Al k ekengi no t ofi cial . .

Cons tit ents —The herb co ntains a peculiar bi tter pr inci ple
u ter med
h
p ysal i s the berries M d ci tric ci d
a .

h
as ot er s mall fr uits of the garden .

mmil ar pro perties

’

. S e v e r al

mi ght elm b e included i n the

Hyo s c s o u ig er L i nu s.

Descr ipt m a
cal yx b el l -J

a lmost pr ickly . Co rolla funns L

b der lobed and more or l ow plaited

or 5 -
,

glo bu l ar en closed
, in th e pe r si sten t an d e

m ded o pening by a li d at the to p

, .

An ann u al o r b ienni al h erb er ect l to 2 feet hi gh more or l ess hairy

, , ,

si ded leafy sp ik es co ro lla pal e din gy yello w wi th

,
-
, p p
u r l mh vi nes
Habim t — In tmduw d fro m Eu rope
. 4 .J »
 A co arse gl ab r ou s annu al . S tem erec t, 1 to 3 feet high, wi th l pr ead
i ng, fo rk ed bra n ches green , . Leaves rather lar ge ovate with ir regular. , ,

angu lar or po inted teeth or lo bes

,
Fl o wer s soli tary on s hor t ped u n cl ea .
, ,

i n the for ks o r at the en ds of the bran ches ; they have a si ck eni ng odor .

A pl ant di fleri ng from this o n ly i n bei n g rather mo r e ro bu s t an d in

'

having s pur pli s h stem and pal e violet pur ple dow er a ia recognized by -

some au thors as a di sti n ct speci es u n der tb e name Datur a I h l ula Lin n é .

Parts U ed —Thl v an d seed s o f D —

S tr amoni um U mted
’

s e ea es S tates .

Pham acopma D Tatula is j ust as efi cien t

’

. . .

M i l ena — The mos t impor tan t consti tu ent o f str amo ni um is the al o

haloi d dal un h whi ch is fou n d in all parts o f the plan t Datu r ia pr o du ces
, .

effects si mil ar to thos e of atropia an d is sai d b y some chemi sts to ha s ,

mi xtur e of atropia and hyoscyami a

Prepara tio ns —Of the leaves — no o m
.

ci al pr epar ation s Of the seeds

extractu m str amo nii— extract of str amoni um extr actumstr amouii fl ui d um
— u i —
fl d ex tr act of stramo ni u m ; ti n c tu r e stramonii ti n ctu ne of sti amo -

a state o f h eal th str amoni u m closely r esembl es bellad on na ; therapeu ti

,

c ally h o w ev er each o f the two seems to hav e a sphere of i ts o wn

, , S tr a .

moni u m i s emplo yed chi efly i n spas modi c di seases par ti cu larly tho se afl ect ,
'

i ng the res pi r ato r y o rgans It is pr obabl y more u sed i n spmmodi c asthma

.

than i n al l o th er di seases taken together Here i t is n ot only employed .

the happi es t enact It has also some reputati on in whoopi n g cou gh dys
’
.
-

men orrhoea renal coli c etc Exter nally the fr eshly br ui sed leaves an d
, , .

o i ntm ent are o ften employed in r h eumati sm and o ther painfu l infl ectio ns .

G E NT IA N AO E E .

Char a f
cter o the w i thOd
o ppo s i t
e e
es
n ti—He b
r e si mpl e u r
su ally s , , ,

r ib bed l eav es wi th ou t sti p ules

, Calyx di vi ded persistent Corolla wi ther
.
,

i n g per si s ten t co nv ol ute rarely i mbri cate o r v alvate in the b u d

-
, , S tamens .

o f the same n u mber as the l o bes o f the cor olla al ternate wi th th em and , ,

i ns erted on i ts tu be Ovary 1 cell ed wi th 2 parietal placenta o r wi th

.
, ,

n early the whole inn er face o f the o vary bearin g o vules ; s tyle 1 sti gmas ,

2. Fr u i t commonly a 2 celled many seed ed pod -

,
-
.

A large or der of plants gener ally possessi ng bitter to ni c pro perti es

, .
 r s ass ak —w emean co mano . 22 1

S ab bath angul aris Purs h —Amenban Centa u ry .

lo bes twi ce the len gth of the calyx S tamen8 5 i nser ted o n the sh ort .
,

co ro lla tu be ; -
anth er s o blong soon rec ur v ed S tyle lon ger than the sta
, .

wi n ged ; b ran ches axi llar y Opp os i te Leav es o vate en ti r e so m

,ew hat .
, ,

date and clas pi n g at the base Flo wers n umerous large and sho wy rose .
, ,

pi n k fo r ming a large co ry mb ; th ey appear lute m s ummer

—
.
,

Habitat In rich dry so il from New Yor k to Illi nois and sou th
Part Us d e — T he h er b— no t o m ci al .

Co ns ti tu ents — This and pro bably all oth er speci es of sabbatia contains
.
, ,

a bi tter princi ple whi ch has n o t as yet been isol awd to whi ch th ei r medi ci , , ,

nal vir tu e is du e .

Medical Proper ties and U — Amer ican cen taury is a simple b itter ses

ton i c It was in ear ly days used i n i n ter mi tten t and remi tten t fev ers
. , , ,

md pro bably like other agents of the same class so meti mes wi th curati ve
, ,

cfi ect At presen t i t is seld o m empl oyed thou gh i t mi gh t do ub tless be

.
,

cea sio nall y benefi cial as a pr o mo ter o f the appeti te an d an aid to d iges ,

tion i n cases o f d ebi li ty and in conval es cence S ever al oth er indigen o us .

m am m d to p os s ess si mil ar or iden ti cal m

p p er ti es .

Fras era C aro l i nens ia al ter

Du cr ipfi m Calyx 4 parted persis tent — -
W ,
—Amma C l n o u

Co roll a rotats , 4 par b d, the

mbo .

lobes o blon g mu cronate each , , wi th a depressed tri nged gland on the u pper
lacs S tamen s 4 alternate wi th the lobes of the corolla S tyle persi sten t
.
, .

ctigmas s preadi ng Caps ule o val co mpr essed l celled 2 valved seeds
.
, ,
-
,
-

few lar ge bor ne o n the mar gi ns of the valves

, , .

A smooth peren ni al h erb wi th a large spin dl e shaped roo t S te mcylin ,

-

dr ical erec t 3 to 8 feet h igh wi th leaves and bran ches mostly i n who rls
, , ,

gr een i s h yel l o w d otted wi th pu rple

-
, , in cymes dispos ed in l g
a ar e pyr am
2 22 G EN TIA N AOEE .

l in gentian the l atter bei n g s hi tter pri nciple and apparen tl yths mos t
a so , ,

impor tant medici nal co ns ti tu en t of the pl ants

—
.

Prq mmtiom Co mmo nly admi ni stered m in fusi on

. .

Med ical Pi p pa ties and Uses -

In the recen t state American col u mbo
.
-
,

is sai d to b e emc an d cathar ti c b u t wh en dr i ed i t appears to possess

,

o nly bi tter to ni c pro perti es simi lar to th os e o f gen tian In the recen t .

sta te i t h
, as been employ ed as a su bs ti tu te fo r r h u bar b b ut i t is at best , , ,

a poo r o n e ; whi le as a toni c the dried dr ug is much infer ior to gen ti an

, ,

G ENTIANA —Gam aa .

C chara ter of the G en us Ca lyx 4 to 5— cl eft Cor oll a 4 —

tlo bed
o 5 - -
,

usually wi th in ter mediate smaller segmen ts S tamens 4 to 5 Ovary .

l cel l ed ; s tyl e sh o rt o r abs en t ; s ti gmas 2 persi s ten t

o
Fr ui t a l c s l l ed , .
-
,

2 valved many seeded capsu le

-
,
-
.

Per ennial herbs wi th o pposi te ri bbed leaves Flo wer s s oli tary or
, .

cymo se co mmo nly bl ue tho u gh so meti mes whi te yell o w or even red
, , , , ,

appear in g late i n su mmer o r in au tumn .

Al l gen ti ans are mor e or less bitte r and all poss ess medi cinal acti vity , ,

thou gh few in di geno us speci es have been s ubj ec ted to experiment Those
des cri bed belo w are selected more as co mmon representati ves of the gen us a 3
as fo un d in d ifi er en t secti o n s of the co u n tr y than becaus e o f th ei r rep u h
'
-

N
ti on as th er apeu ti c agen ts
G s nt iana o r i n its Fw d —Fri nged Gord ian
“
.

Desc r iptio n —Calyx 4 cleft

lo bes u n eq ual ovate and lan ceolate on
the
“
.
, , , .

lon g as the tu be o f the corolla Co rolla fun nel form deeply 4 parted th;
“
- -
, ,

lo bes o bovate wedge s haped the s u mmi t fi nely an d beau ti fu lly 1 M

,
-
,

S tamen s 4 ; fi laments as lo n g as the co ro lla tu be Po d sh or t stalk ed -

.
-
.

what co rd ate or ro u nded at the base Flowers so li tary on long peduncle .

;

W
ter minatin g the stem or si mpl e bran ches Cor olla 2 inch es l o ng sky bl i . ,
-
a,

Habi tat —Ia l o w groun ds fro m N ew England to i sco nsin and sout h .

wu d .A co mmo n and very beau ti fu l s peci es .

G ent iana o c hro l euc a Fro cl —Yellowis h whitc Gentixm

m ac e —
-
. .

Calyx 5 parted the lo bes li near unequal er ect Coro l la

-
, , , .

bell s haped with plai ted appen dages between the lo bes one thi rd or o n e
-
, ,
-

half lon ger than the calyx Anthers er ect separate .

,
.

S te m as cen di n g Qto 1 foo t hi gh mostly s mooth l eav es o bl ong or

o bo vate—
, .

o blo n g narro wed at the b ase the u pper o nes narro wer an d acute
, ,
.

Flowers in a d en se terminal cl uste r an d in axi llary cl us ter s Corolh , .

op en l,t o l § inc h lon g greeni s h w hi te s tr

,
i ped wi th g ree n an d -
p p
nr la
2 24 Los a macms .

—
Habitat In bogs from New England to Pennsyl vani a, W iscon s in , and

Par ts U sed —The rhis ome and l eaves—not ofi ci al .

—
Consti tuents A bi tter pri nci ple , termed menyantbi a , ppears
a to be

ti to the gen tianacees, and al so has s ome catharti c

mmon power
'

p p
r o er es co ,

hen ce i t may be us ed in cases req ui ring a ton ic s nd lax ati ve efl ect

‘

LO G A NIA O E E .

—
Char acter of the Ga l en Herbs shr ubs or trees with opposite entire
, , ,

Calyx 4—to B ps rwd Corolla 4 t0 5 cl eft o r partei co n

, ,

s ti pulate leav es .
-
.
- o

volute valvate or imbri cate in the b u d S tamens 4 to 5 not always of

, , .
,

the same n u mber ss the l o bes of the coroll a O vary fr ee from calyx Fr ui t .

8 capsul e or berry
. .

An ord er o f plan ts i n habi ti n g the tropi cs chi efly gen erally pom ssin g ,

G el s emiu m s empervi rens Ai to n —Y ll c o e cssa mim .

funn e lf
-
or m2 ,
to 1 ; in ch lon g , the mar gi n 5 -
lo bed , the lo bes i mbr iw ted

i nser ted ; anther s o bl ong sagittate S tyle l onger than the stamen s ; sti g
, .

mas 2 each 2 par ted Pod ell iptical flattened cc ntr ary to the par ti ti on,
,
-
.

s howy and fragrant in sh ort , .

The fl owers appear i n Mar ch and Apr il .

Habitat —In lo w grou nds fro m Vir gin ia to Flori da ; o ften cul ti vated for
ornament

Parts U sed —Ths rh izome and roo tl ets m

.

U nited S tates Phat " mo -

—
.

W
t In ad di ti on to co mmo n vegetable pr i ncipl es ther e exis t
’

t ,

i n gelsemium a pecu l iar alkal oi d gelscmi nia and gelacmi nic acid the latter
,
r
,

bei n g identi cal wi th i n a p rin ci ple fo u n d in the h or se ch estn ut -

Prepamtio na—Extractumgel semii fl uid um—fluid extrac t o f gel semi u m;

.
,
 smo r m — rm oor . 22 7

Medical M ed i cs an d Le —Gel emi

'

s a s u m is a very powerfu l dr ug

ter ed—i t prod bo th mo ti on and sensati on w i thou t ho w

u esc paralysi s of , ,

ever greatly afl ecting the mi nd except i n rare in stances

, In fatal cases ,
.
,

after mo ti on is en ti rely d es tro yed the respi rati o n becomes pro gr essi v el y ,

mor e an d mo re labored an d finally ceas es fr om para lysi s of the respiratory

,

muscl es Occasio nally death is preced ed by con vu lsions and coma b u t

.
,

usu ally the mi nd i s olent nearl y to the last Thes e severe effects o f the
dr ug moreo ver have not always home a d efi n ite relati on to the size of
, ,

the d os e admi ni stered In o ther wor d s th ere s eems to be an amoun t of

.
,

u n cer tai n ty abo u t the acti on of the dr ug whi ch o n th e on e han d ad ds to ,

i ts dan ger and on the o ther detracts from i ts val u e as a th er apeu ti c agen t
, ,

In so me cases q ui te un expec tedly poi s on ous efl ects have foll ow ed dos es

'

, ,

s u ppos ed to be far wi thi n the limi ts o f safety i n o th ers mu ch larger d os es ,

’

have fai led to prod uce the th erapeu tic eflects d esired and expec ted R e .

i ts cl ai mspecifi c cflect i n certain di seases there seems to remai n no

to s ,

other j ust place for it except i n febr il e and i nflammato ry afl ecti on s o f a

'

dec ided stheni c type Th at i n such cases i t may mod er ate or su bdu e
.

febr il e actio n th ro ugh i ts po werfu lly d epressan t effects is very eviden t ;

, ,

b u t that the des ir ed resu l ts can b e obtain ed mor e readily and mor e safely
by th is dr ug than by several oth er better kno wn and more certain agen ts -

certainly req uires demons tr ati o n Meanwhil e the j udi ci ous physi cian will .

sus pen d j u dgmen t or at l eas t exper i men t wi th great cau ti on

, , , .

S pigel ia Mari landic a Idnné Pi nl moot

Descri ption —
-
.

Calyx d eeply 5 parted the l obes ver y slen der pointed -

, , ,

persisten t Corolla fi ve ti mes as long as the calyx tu bu lar funn el form

. ,
-
,

so mewhat in flated to ward the su mmi t the border wi th 5 acu te sp read in g , ,

segmen ts Stamens 5 very sho rt in ser ted i n the mo u th o f the corolla

, ,

and al ter nate wi th the segmen ts Ovary s mall o vate free ; styl e longer . , ,

than the corolla slender j oin ted near the middle hairy abo v e
, Capsule
, , .

dou ble consisti ng of 2 coh eri n g l cell ed few seeded car pels whi ch sepa
, , ,
-
,
-

rate at maturi ty an d Open lo cu li ci dally, .

An h er baceou s peren nial wi th a sh ort r hi zo me beset wi th n u mer ou s , .

fibr ous roo tlets S tems several fro m the same rh izome erect l to 1 4 foo t
.
, ,

Mgh s impl e Leaves opposi te ses sile o vate ac u mi nate en tir e smooth
, .
, , , , , ,

wi th the mar gins and vein s so mewhat p ubes cen t Flowers sp iked in one . ,

sid ed cymes ; the s ikes si mpl e o r for k ed sh or t appeari ng i n J u ne and

p , ,

J ul y T he corolla is 1 } in ch long s carlet or cr imso n wi thou t yello w

.
, ,

wi thi n, and ver y sho wy.

 W
228 m or n ac s s .

Habitat —In ri ch wo ods fro m Pennsylvania to isconsin and sou t h

Parts Used —Th e r hizome and roo t ets l United States Phar macopmia .

ter pr i nci ple volati l e , o il , res in,

a d mi nistered in f
i n usi o n o r de

—3Pi8 °fil “j y o ? hi gh p
re ub

fi on a mong the lai ty as a remed

for lumbri coid y fl

sa me there , is a m m
o pinio n as to whic h of the
10 .
—mm ”
89 . M en.
is the o .

e
acti ve agent i n th

eva thi s may be spigelia is certai nl y enti tl ed to a share o f the credit . It is

drows in em, mus cu lar tr emor strabismus and co n vulsion s h

, , ,
.”

fi es o f admi nister ing i t i n lar ge and often repeawd a

sho n gl y con e d mned .

APO QYN AO EE .

Ohm terf O rd er P la n
o ts wi th
the
o pp os i te r am ly a
-
l ter nah -
,

Late leaves and generally an acr id milky j ui ce Calyx 5 parm

.
,

, d Corolla
, .
-
.

5 parted the lobes co n volu te in the b u d

-
,
Su mene 5 inserted o n the cc .
,

ro lla fi lamen ts distin c t Ovar i es 2 distin ct, b u t wi th styl m uni hd

.
, .

a pod .

A large ord er of chiefly tropi cal pl ants , re re sen te

p d in North Ameri ca

Chara c ter of the Gen us —Calyx parted small the

5 -

, , low c
a u te . O»
rol la 5 -
cleft bearin g
,
5 tr ian gul ar scales i n the thro at 0 0 °
the lo bes
 W ef fi c aa —
m wy w x m ml
e ob es m fl,

fi l k ; wi thin tb s petal s are 5 hoo ded proccn es, eacb v i th an incu r ved

S tamen s i m
s erted i n the bas e of the coml l a ; fi l amen ta u ni tsd in to a bs m
which encl oscs the pifi i h antbers adheren t to tb e s tigma each wi th 2
vertical c ell a each cell containi ng a flattened
, p ea r s haped m ass of po ll en -
.

O varies 2; styl es u ni ted ; stig ma L fles hy, 6 en

-
glod . Follicl es i o ne of

Asc l epias c o rn uti Decais ne ( A . r é

S y iaca Ii nn ) —Mmweed . r , S i n weed
-
.

—
As c l epias i nc a n ate Li é Sw mp M
r nn a icweed
-

—Hoods
. .

Descr iption of the cro wn y s car cel as l ong as the al ender ,

poi n ted ho rn . Pods co mmonly smoo th and glabrou s . S temerec t b ran ch

acu te or poi n ted, o b tus e or o b s cu rel y c or date at the bu a with sho r t peti
l
o es. U mbels nu memna er ect mos tl y ter mi nahoften in oppos i te pai r s

—
B obitaL In wet, ;s cowampy places
m mon

— Hs aw m
.

Asc epias t u erosa

l b Ij nn e— B u a fiy
a M
v —
Descn fl io L Hoods of the cro wn narr owly o bl ong s carcel yl onger than ,

greenish o range
-
. Pods lanceolate hoar y , . Stems nu merous from a lar ge

some o f them opposi te oblong lan ceolate or li near sessi le or shor t petio l ed
- -

U mb el s corymb ose at the s ummi t o f the stem and brancm ; flowers ver y
.
, ,

Habitat —In dry fi elds, an d a on g roadsi d es ; common sou thward

l
—The A tu berosa—U mted Sl ates Phan nacopmio
.

Par t Used of
’

roo t

A cornu ti wer e for mer l y om

. .

Q he rw ts of A incar nata an d . cial bu t were ,

 n a m es—ass . 23 1

vegetable prin ciples , two res i ns , and a pecu liar princi ple possessin g the
tas te of the root . The h
o t er peci es
s have been analysed wi th somewhat

Preparati ons —N on e are o ffi ci al . Th ey are commonly admi nistered in

been employed wi th di ureti c diapho reti c expec to ran t emeti c an d even , , , ,

pu rgati ve efl ect They have al so been cred i ted tho u gh on i nsu fi cien t
'

. ,

grou n ds wi th speci fi c action i n certai n di seases

,
Th eir diaph oreti c .

efl ec ts have b een fou nd u sefu l in acu te pul monary an d bron chial afl ec ti om

’ '

O L E AO E E .

Okm u cter O f t e r der . —T ees

o r shr u bs wi th o posi te si mpl e or co m
h
poun d leaves and per fect or un is exu al flo wers Calyx 4—
r
o p ,

, cl eft so metimes .
,

o bsol ete Co ro lla 4 clef t o r o f 4 separate petals so meti mes wantin g

.
-
, , .

S tamens 2 rarely 3 or 4
, Ovary fr ee 2 csll ed co mmo nl y 2 ovul sd .
,
-
,
-
.

Ei ui t dr u pw eo u s baccate capsular o r samaroid

-

, , .

An o rd er taki n g i ts name fr o m the oli ve ( Ol en E uropcm) whi ch com

, ,

pr is es abou t 20 gen era and 1 50 speci es mos tly nati ves of temperate regions , .

Its most impor tant representati ves in North Amer i ca are fo und in the

Frax i n us Americ ana Liane— W hite Ash .

S tamens 2, rarely 3 or 4
. S tyle single sti gma 2 ,
-
cleft Fr ui t a m
. are, nat
tened wi nged at d dthe apex , 1 to 2
- -
see e .

A l arge tr ee so meo feet high wi th gr ay furro wed bark smooth gray

,
'

, , ,

b ranchl ete and r usty co lo red bu d s

, Leav es 1 2 to 1 4 inches long
-
.
,

equally pi nnate leaflets 7 to 9 o vate or lance o bl ong poi n ted entir e ,

-
, , ,

rarel y den ti oul ate li ght green abo v e pal e and ei th er smooth o r p u bes cen t
,
-
,

undern eath Flo wers diceciou s i n cro wd ed panicl es or racemes from the
. , ,

ex il e of the preceding year s l eaves Fr ui t ter ete bel ow expanded abo ve

’
.
,

—Ri ve bank and margin wamps fro m Canada to Florida

W
Habitat r s s of s

—
.

Por t U ed
s —
The i e ba k n t nn r r o o fli cial .

ane —It has been use d in infusi on an d vinous tinctu re .

2 32 m
a o noc macms .

wi th asser ted ben efi t i n dys men orr hiea, bu t as so many ot er h dr u gs have

puts when bj ected to more exten ded experi men ts this o ne may be ex
su ,

e t ed to foll o w th em S ti l l i t appear s desir ab le that the Amer i can ashes

p c .

be in ves ti gated si n ce at l east two E uropean speci es are posses sed o f valu
,

able med i ci nal pr o per ti es o ne o i th em F or nus Innn é fu r nishi n g the

'

.
, , ,

manna of co mmerce S everal of ou r speci es have been u sed to some ex

.

ten t, both in domesfi c and mgul ar pmcfi ce b u t the resul ts are as yet ih
defi nite .

Cor olla wantin g , the calyx bein g the on ly flor al v

en el o e ; so p meti mes
even thi s i s b
a s en t, an d then the flo wer is n aked .

A R IS T O L O C HIAC E E .

s —
( ham ter of the On ion L ow h er bs or twi nin g plants wi th apetalous ,

more or lem uni ted with the style Fr ui t a fi

S tamens 6 to l 2 , .

celled many seeded pod or ber ry

,
-
.

A s mall or d er of chi efly tro p ical plants repr esen ted in North Ameri ca ,

W
nal s e i es.
p c

W
AS AB U l L —I LD 0mm

Asaru m C anadens e Lian e— il d Ginger .

s pr eading du ll p urple insi de at each sinu s is u suall y a small awl s haped

,
-

appendage S tamen s 1 2 ; fi laments slend er uni ted wi th the bas e o f the

m
.
,

s tyl es the latter u ni ted i nto o n e 6 lo bed at the su

, mi t with 6 radi atin g
,
-
,

s ti gm as Fr ui t a fles hy globular pod bur s tin g ir regularl y

. , ,
.

A l o w stemless perenni al h er b wi th a creepi ng rhi zome

, , l e aves a .

s i ngle pair radi cal membranaceo u s r eni for m more or les s poi n ted 4 to
, , , , ,

5 i nch es wi d e when full gro wn on lo ng peti oles Flower so li tary on a

-
, . ,

Habi tat —Inch upland woo ds ; common northward

ri

Ihr ts Used —T he rh izo me and ro o tlets For merly o m

.

cial . b u t d ro pped
from the Pharms copcs i a in 1 88 0 .
2 34 m u ocac m
an d manner of admi nistration It was i ormerl y empl oyed in tom at o .

typh oi d charac ter b u t is no w li ttl e uaed ex cept i n bronchial and pu lmo

,

nary afi ections ot an adynami c character .

P HYT O LAO O AO E E .

Chara cter of the 0rder —Herb d ers hr ubs mu ch resembli ng the

s or u n
— —bu t having a many celled many o vul ed
.

f ollo win g or der Chenopodiacei e -

,
-

the genus

Phytol ac ca decand ra U n —
a M m e Scobeweed , , Garget, Pigeon

—
Dc cnptiom C alyx
s p l 5 roun ded whi te petaloi d Co ro lla ab
: se a s , , , .

s en t . Stamens 1 0 rather shorter than th e sepals Ovary o f 1 0 car pel s

, .

u ni ted in e rin g ; styl es 1 0 short recur ved Fr ui t a depm d glo bose , , .

-

berry dark pur ple l O s eeded

, ,
-
.

A s moo th sto u t perennial herb wi th hollow stems and lar ge fl eshy

,

r oo ts S te m mu ch bran ch ed 3 to 8 feet hi gh at fi rst green b u t beco ming

. , ,

p ur plis h with age Leaves scattered o vate oblo ng enti re acu te smooth
. ,
-
, , ,

bo th si des petiolate Flo wers i n lon g racemes o pposi te the l eaves, ap

,
.

pearing i n su mmer The berries r ipen in au tu mn and are fi ll ed wi th

.
,

cr i ms on j ui ce .

Par ts Used —Phytol acci e b cc

u a—phyto lacca berry h
p ytol accmr adi x

Consl itu enta —T he ac ti ve princi ple o f po k e has n ot yet been is ol ate d

—
.

R epar ati o n on e are o fi c ial

s Bo th the ber ri es and roo t have been
N .

employed i n d ecocti o n and i n tin cture, and the roo t has been used als o in

the for m o f an oi n t ment

—
.

Medical B op evfi es and Um All p the plant possess acr id and

arts of

so mewhat narco ti c proper ti es . The j ui ce o f the fres h plan t, or a stro ng

d ecocti o n o f the root applied locally may strongly i rri tate the s ki n espw
, , ,

i al ly if ten der or abr ad ed Taken i n ter nally i t prod u ces nau sea vo mi ti ng
.
, ,

and pu r gi ng an d i n o v er d os es acro nar co ti c po is o ni ng

, ,
It has been em , .

pl oyed wi th more o r less sati sfacto ry resu l ts i n a great variety o f cu taneo us

afi c ti o ns and n r h eumati s m es pecially wh en chr oni c or of a s yphi li tic
e ,
i ,
.
 on s n or o mun — c oosnr o or , n ew nan. 2 35

O Hé NO PO DIAO EE .

a lter nate exsti pu late l eaves Calyx deeply di vided so meti mes tub ular at
,
.
,

the bas e persisten t co mmon ly en cl od n g the fr u i t

, , Stamens generally of .

the same n umber as the lobes o f the calyx and in ser ted o pposi te them ,

o n th ei r base Ovary free l celled w i th a singl e o vul e attach ed to i ts

. ,
-

base ; styles or sti gmas 2 ram l y 3 to fi Fruit a thin u ti i cl a rarel y an

, .

the b es t, s pinac h , and chenopod iu m of eco nomic impor tance .

NOPO DIUM —Gooss ro or Pro m o

CHE , .

Character c the Gen s Calyx 5 cleft rarely 2 to 4—

f u — cl eft or par ted -
, ,

more or l em en velopi ng the fr ui t Stamens co mmonly 5 S tyl es 2 rarely . .

,

meali ness or vis ci d glandular Flo wers small greenis h n u merous sessi le
, .
, , , ,

i n cl us ters coll ected i n terminal spik es

W
.

C hen o po d i u m amb ro s io id es Lin n é ( V ar A nt hel mi nt ic u m .

—
hom Fl ow ers mostly i n l eafl ess spik es Stem erect angu lar .
, ,

sparin gly bran ch ed 1 to 8 feet hi gh Leaves o vate o blon g acu te nar

, .
-
, ,

ro we d at the hm
peti olate deeply si n u ate serrate the lower sometimes
, ,
-

almos t laci n iate pi n natifi d th i n s moo thi s h d es ti tu te o f mealin ess gland u

, , , . ,

l ar ben eath br ight green, T he who le plan t has a stro ngly aro mati c
.

o dor
—
.

Habi a In trodu ced from Tropical Ameri ca ; co mmon sou thwar d in

t t ,

C heno po di u m al b u m Linn e —n eed, Lamb s

'

Q uar ters.

D escr ip ti o n —Fl wers

dens e or loose nearly l eafless
o in , c mes
ra e .

S tem er ect su lcate s tr iate loosely bran ched 1 to 5 feet h i gh

,
-
, , . Leaves
varying fro m rho mbic o vate to lan ceo late or li near above all or
-
, only the

lo wer mor e or l ess sin uate to othed mos tly wi th a pale mealin ess
-
, . A very

—
Habitat A very common weed in culti vated gr ou nd s an d a ou t ar
b f m

Of th ese two speci es the fi r st is in tro d u ced on acco un t o f i ts medi cin al

i mpo r tan ce and the seco nd because i t typ ifi es a nu mber of clos ely related
s peci es o f common w eeds di fi ering fro m the o fli cial plant in bei ng mealy
,

Ihr t Used —The fr ui t of C amb rod oi des Linn é

.
,
var . ant eh lmin ti cum
2 36 Ponr c o n acs m .

Co nstituents —Its
ly i mportan t consti tuent is a volati le oil
on
— —
.

Preparations 01mm chenopo di i o il o f ch eno podiu m — U mted States

'

I Iw r macopa ia
’
The br uised seed s are so meti mes ad minis ter ed in su b
'
.

stance o r deco cti o n .

P O LYG O N AO EE .

r —
Cha acter of the G een He bs wi th alter nate co mmonly entire leaves
‘

r r , ,

an d sti pu les i n the for m o f memb ranaceo u s s heaths above the s wo llen
j oi nts o f the s tem Flo wers commonl y perteet Calyx 3 to 6 cl eft more
. .
-
,

o r l ess persi ste nt S tamen s 4 to 1 2 inser ted on the bas e of the calyx
.
, .

Ovary free l celled ; styles or stigmas 2 or 3 Fr ui t a seed li ke n u tlet

,
-
.
-

commo nly tri angul ar .

An o rd er co mprisi ng few North Ameri can genera and these are lar gely ,

r epres ented by co mmon weeds m any o f th em posses si ng more or less ,

acr i d pr o per ti es T he most i mportant pl ants o f the order are bu ck wheat

. .

Chara ter
c o f the Gen us par te d the l ob —Calyx commonl y
es often 5 -
,

petaloid wi thering or pers isten t Stamens 4 to 9 S tyles or s ti gmas 2 or

,
.

W
3 Fr u i t a len ti c ul ar or trian gu lar ach en i u m surrounded by the erect lo bes
.
,

o f the calyx .

—
Po l yg o nu m Hyd ro pi per Lian a S martweed ater Pepp e r ,
-
.

or i n ter ru pted . S tam

par ted Ach eni um dull mi n u tely
ens 6 . S tyle 2 to 3 -
.
.

str iate fl at or ob tu sely tr iangular

,
A smoo th annual 1 to 2 feet high .
, .

W
Leaves lanceolate taper ing to both ends min u tely pell u ci d punctate -

—
, , .

Habi a
t t l n dw p places ; ver y co mmon
. .

Po l ygo n u m ac re H B K ( P p u nc tatu m Elli ott) ater S mar twoed

—
. . . . .

Des cr ipti on Fl o wers whitis h or fl esh co lo red i n er ect spikes S ta ,

men s 8 Style mos tly 3 par ted Ach eni um smo oth shi ni ng s harply tr i
.
-
.
, ,

angular A near ly smoo th per en ni al

. S tem ascendi n g mati n g at the de .
,

cu mben t bas e 2 to 5 feet high Leaves larger and longer than i n the
, .

—
Habitat In wet places ; commo n es pecial ly sou thwmd ,
.

Po l ygo n u m B ist o rta Lia n a—Bi stort

Descr ipti on .
—Fl
wer s pink or wh ite in a d ense obl ong or cyli n dr ical
o

spike 1 to. 2 in ch es l ong S tyles 3 A per enn ial wi th a thi ck cyli nchical
,
.
,
'

s omewhat flatten ed roo ts to ck S tem er ect si mple 1 to 2 feet high ter

.
, , .
2 38 n o ns ens e

w eeds in cu l tivated fields wi th smal l homely mostly greeni sh flowers

, ,
-
in

—
R u mex c ris pus Liane Car la Doc/c, Yel l ow Dock .

—
Descr iptiom Flow ers i n whor ls cro wd ed in l on g wan d li ke leafl ess , ,
-
,

racemes Inner sepd s cor d ate o bscurely d en ticul ate or entire and com
. , ,

mouly bearin g a grain li k e tu bercl e on the back -

.

A s moo th perenn ial wi th a deep sp indle shaped yello w root

, S tem ,
-
, .

erec t 2 to 4 feet hi gh wi th few co mmonly erect b ran ches

, ,
Leaves cur led
and wavy o n the margin s lan ceo late acu te the lower trun cate o r o bs cur el y
, , ,

mer e bracts .

Habi tat —Naturali zed from Eu rope ; co mmo n

W
in cul ti vated an d waste
gro un ds
—
.

R u mex o rb ic u at u s G
l ray ( R eq uatio ns Pu r s h ?) Gr eat ater D o ck . .

M M —Flowers i n whorl s cr o wded m u pright almost l eafless ra ,

cemes wh ich are arranged m a lar ge co mpoun d pani cle pedi cel s capi llary
, , ,

noddi n g abou t twi c e the len gth o f the fr ui tin g calyx ; i nner sepals or bi cu
,

l ar or r ou nd o vate o btuse o bs c ur ely cordate at the base membranaceo us

-
, , , ,

A s mooth perenn ial, wi th a deep yell o w root S tem stou t erect 5 to , . , ,

6 feet hi gh . Leaves smo o th not wavy o n the margins oblon g l anc eol ate
, ,
-
,

r ath er acu te at bo th ends the l o w es t i ncl u di n g the peti o le 1 to 2 feet

, , ,

—
Habitat In common especi ally northward
wet places , .

Par t Used —The roo t o f r umex cris pu s an d o f other speci es o f r umex

. .

—United S tates Phan nacopana S everal o ther species may b e employed ’

.
,

b u t those abo ve descr ibed sufli ci entl y r epr esen t the medi cinal pro perti es
of the gen u s .

—
B epamtiom Extractu m r u mi ci s fl ui du m ; fl ui d extract of r u mors
'

Umtcd S tates Phar macopwia It i s also employed in the fo rm of d eco cti on

’

W
and syr up .

Consti tuents —Yello w dock clos ely resembles rh u bar b in chemi cal com
posi ti o n b u t 18 more astr i ngen t
—
.
,

Medi i d U Yell o w do ck i s to nic a tr in gent a d

a
s n
an ses .
, ,

. c

LAU R AC EE .

Character qf tt rdcr .

u l s te, mos tl y pell uci d d o tted l eav es -

Fl ow ers o fte n di ceci ou s . Calyx of

4 mG as pal s
a in two rows. S tamens S to 1 2, in two or mor e rows , the
 sassar s as. 2 39

B or 4 i nn ermost usuall y abor tive ; an ther s open ing by 2 or 4 u plifted

or dr upe .

A large or der of aro mati c plants chiefly , tro pical, p

r e r esen te d in N orth
Amer i ca by only abou t half a donen speci es. Of the tropical speci es the

1 1;
s pecies of Germ ai n, fr om which am deri ved
w
; Of co mmerw

ofi ic i ri al s N os e —M me .

Sterile
with 9 sta men s in 3 ro ws ,
the in ner row wi th a m ir of

Pro l a w
.
-
m M b .

m
. en tar y M v d
ans an d an o o i o ar v y Fr ui t a blu e ovoi d dr upe
thi ckw ed and cu ps haped at im
.
, ,

u po n a redd ish pedi cel whi ch , is

Nor thward mmo nly a tall shr ub or small tree 10 to 20 feet high;
co ,

math md es peci ally in rich soil i t o ften attains a hei gh t o f 40

, ,

wi th a diameter of 2 to 3 feet Leaves 4 to 5 inches long ovate .

,

f
or various ly lobed ; som e of them regularly 3 lobed o thm -
,
24 0 n ur u o as rac s m .

corymbose racemes at the en ds o f the last year s branches u n fo ldi n g with ’

the l eaves i n April an d May The twi gs and y o u n g b ran ches have a
.

smoo th yello wi sh g reen bark -

whi le that o f the tr un k is grayi sh and
,

deeply fu rro wed .

—
Habitat Fro m Canada to Flor ida ; co mmon
h roo t o m
—
.

Phr ts Used T he b rk
a f t e cial name Sassafr as ; the pi th

—
o

o fi cial n ame S assafras med ulla —

-
.
,

of the y o u n g b r an ch es United S tates ,

—
Co nstituents Of the bar k o f the root an aromatic v olati le o il an d the o ,

common consti tu ents o f plan ts Of the pith g ummy matter whi ch is .

, ,

r eadily i mpar ted water fo rmi ng a li mpi d mu cilage

to , .

Prepar ations — —
Of the bark of the roo t Oleum sassafr as o il of m
fr as O f th pi h
. e t : M u cil ago sassafras m ed u lla —mu c i lage of sm fr as

M
Med ical i cr tics and Uses m ati c s—S
ti mu lan t It
ass a r as
s f is an aro .

chi ef us e is however in the form o f the oi l as a flavori ng agen t M u ci

, , , .

l age of sas safras pi th is used as a demul cen t i n ac ute febril e an d in fl am

Li ndera Benz o i n M ei s ne —Spi ce B

r -
us h, W ld
a Al lsptce, Fever B ush
'

-
.

i ng. Sterileflow ers wi th 9 s tamen s i n 3 ro ws the inn er ro w bearing ,

glan ds at the base anthers 2 celled 2 valved Ferti l e flo wer s wi th 1 5 to

-
,
-
.

1 8 r udi mentary s tamen s ; o vary gl obu lar Fr ui t a red obo vo i d dr upe .

, .

A shrub 6 to 1 5 feet hi gh Leaves oblo ng o bo vate en tir e smooth

.
-
, , .

Flo wers yello w i n nearly sessil e cl us ters each of 4 to 6 flower s appearing

, , ,

in Mar ch or April before the leaves .

—
Habitat In damp wood s and co pses ; common
—
.

Par ts U sed — The bark an d fr i

u t no t o ffi ci al .

Consti tuents —A volatile oil an d co mmon v egetable pr in cip les

, .

Pn p ar ati ona — The oil possess es all the medi ci nal virtues of the plant .

A decocti on of the bark or fr ui t is most co mmo nly employed

Med ical P op
r erti e
s — The bar k o f the spice bus h has s warm s p icy taste -

and i n su fi ci en t d oses acts as a v ascul ar s timu lan t It has been employed .

to pr od u ce di aph or esis in acu te in flammato ry and febr il e affecti ons T he .

fr ui t has been empl oyed as a s ubstitu te fo r allspi ce and medi cin ally for , , ,

the same pu r poses as the bark T he aroma of the plant is l ess pleasant
.

E U P R O R B IAO EE .

Chmuctcr of the 0rder wi th opposite or al ter nate o ften sti pu

.
-
Plants ,

late l eaves commonly an acrid milky j u ice an d mon mci ous or dimci o us
, , ,

apetalous so meti mes nak ed flo wers

,
Per ian th when pr esen t lo bed and . , , ,
24 2 E U PHO R B IA CE E .

from the Phar macopcei a in 1 880 .

—
Co nstituents A perfectly sati sfactory analysis of these plants is yet to
b e mad e That they con tain an emeti c pri ncipl e i s ver y evi den t, b u t it
.

has no t yet been i solated .

M o m m as — C o m m o nly adm i n is tered in po w der .

M edical Pr opemes and Uses —Bo th speci es possess simi lm if n ot qu i te '

id enti cal pr o perti es bein g acti vely emeto catharti c in small dmes di apho
,
-
,

r eti c. M ore pl easant to the tas te than ipecacu an ha ; ei ther o f th em may

b e su bsti tu ted fo r i t i n cases wher e emesi s is desired and catharti c acti on ,

is no t o bj ec ti onabl e .

S till ingia s yl vat ic a Linn é 4 mm Q ueen 3

’
Root
—Fl
. .

Desw ipti ora wer s monmci ou s co llected i n a ter minal sp ik e Calyx

o , .

2 to 3 cl ei t o r parted
-
Corolla absen t Stamens 2 to 3 ; anth ers sd nate
. .
, ,

Style sin gle ; sti gmas 3 di v er gin g

'
extrorse . Pod 3 l o bed 3 celled 3 , .
-
,
-
,

seed ed S eed car u n cu late

. .

An her b aceous perenni al Stems l to B feet hi gh er ect smooth fr om

.
, , ,

a very lar ge taper i n g root Leaves alternate oblo ng lan ceolate ser rulate
.
,
-
, ,

st the base of a pi ke The flowers are produ ced in summer

dense ster il e s . .

a —
H bitat In sandy soil fr om Vir ginia so u thward .

Part Used — The roo t U nited S tates Pharm acopoei a .

Constituents S ti llingia has a s tro ng d isagreeabl e odor which i s l es

.
-

sened by dr yi n g and a b i tter aci d an d pu n gen t taste whi ch persi sts even
, , , ,

wh en the dried roo t has b een ex po sed to the ai r for a l ong ti me It has .

yi elded to an alysis a v olati le oil poss essi ng the odor an d taste of the cr ude
dr ug an d a resi no u s bo dy which also appears to possess medi cinal acti vity
, .

T he so call ed oil of still i ngia o cc urr ing as a commer cial arti cle is sai d to
, ,

b e an eth ereal extrac t no t wi th ou t medi ci n al pro perti es b u t i n n o way

, ,

res embli ng the tr u e v olati l e o il

Preparatio ns —Ex tmc tum s till in gize fl uidu m—fl u id extrac t of still i n
.

g i a — U n ited S tates l r maw p w ia It is also adm i n i stere d i n d eco ct

.i o n

an d syru p .

M a l ice! Properties and Um —S tilli n gi a in lar ge d oses is an acti ve , ,

emeto catharti c
-
in small dos es al ter ati ve By th at cl ass o f practi ti o n er s
, .

who r ej ect mer c u ry i n the treatmen t o f s yph ilis s ti lli ngia is very lar gely ,

employed as a su bs ti tu te In s cro fula chr on ic cu tan eo us an d h epatic di s

.
,

o rd ers i t i s also sai d to act benefi ci ally

, In gen eral ter ms i t may b e sai d .
,

W
to h ave ear ned i ts presen t repu tati on an d s tan di ng as a remedy in thos e
cases whi ch i n former ti mes were co nsider ed mos t amen able to m m
. ,

r illa heth er i ts r epu tati on res ts u po n a mor e secu re fou nd atio n than
d id that of sarsaparilla is a questi on n ot easy to deci de
, One thi n g how .
,
 —
mu s s amt . 243

whi le it i s not cl ai med to act specifi call y i n syphi lia the fact seems wel l es

ex er ts a very b en efi cial me may be said of i ts action in

influ en ce . The sa

scr o fu l o us and cu taneo us afl ections It un do ubtedly des er ves mor e care

'

ful m mi nati on than i t has hi th erto had i n ord er that i ts sph ere of u se ,

tui nen may be mo re accurately d efi ned .

U R T IO A O EE .

Chamcter f o the p—
Oa tes Plants wi th al ternate
ulate or o pposi te , sti

leaves an d mon oeci ous dioeci ou s or rarely per fect flo wers Calyx regu
, , , , .

l ar mon osepalou s or wi th 2 to 5 or more di vi si ons

, , S tamens as many .

as the segmen ts o f the calyx an d opposi te th em Ovar y fr ee l celled l , .

,
-

o vul ed rarely 2 cell ed

, s tyl e o r sti gma si mple
-
Fr ui t l seed ed .
-
.

A ver y large o rd er of chiefly tr opi cal plants co mpr isin g several well ,

character ized su b or ders Not very well repr esen ted i n N or th Amer i ca
-
. .

U mu s fu va
l l M oh au L —Sl ippery El m Bed El m
Dw i pfi o u —Flo wers polygamous
, .

Calyx bell shaped 7 to 9 lo bed .

,
-
.

S tamen s 7 to 9 wrthl ong slen der filamen ts , Ovary 2 cell ed each cell l , .
o
,

ovul ed ; s tyles 2 di ver ging Fr ui t a l cell ed l seeded membr anaceo us

, .
-

,
-
,

A med iu m sized tr ee 20 to 60 feet hi gh 1 to 2 feet in diameter with

-
, , ,

a rou gh li gh t gray bark and re ddi sh woo d

,
-
Leaves alter nate 4 to 8 .
,

i nch es lon g o vate o bl o ng taper po i nted dou bl y ser rate rough above soft
,
-
,
-

,
°
, ,

do wn y ben eath Flo wer s reddish pu bes cen t in later al clus ters preced , , ,

i ng the l eaves in March an d Apr il .

S uperi or an d sou t hward

—The inner ba k—fli
.

Par t U sed r o ci al na me , U l mus United S la m Pha r

—
Consti tuenta The o nly i mpor tan t cons ti tu en t of sli pper y el m bark is
an a u n dan e of
b c mu ci lage .

macopmia Thi s is mer ely an i nfusio n o f the sli ced bark in boili ng water
Med ical Properties and (J am—S l ipper y el m is demulcen t an d s ligh tl y
. .

It is u sed lar gely i n acu te i nfl ammato ry an d febr il e afl ecti o ns

‘

nu tr iti o u s ,

either alo ne or sli gh tly ac idu l ated wi th l emo n j ui ce and is o n e o f the mos t -
,

valuable agen ts o f its class seldo m or n ever deran ging the sto mach Ex ,
.

ter nall y i t is o ften employed i n the for m o f a pou l ti ce being fi rst gro un d ,

or tor n i n to sh red s an d mad e i n to a mass of pro per co ns istence wi th boi l

,

ing water It has al so been emplo yed in the for m o f ten ts to dil ate the
.
, ,

neck of the uter us and fi s tu l o us tr ac ts .

2 44 n m oaos m
MO BUS .
—Mmnm . r.

Mo rus ru b ra Lian e—Red M ulberr y .

c
Des r ipti on —Flowers mo ncs ci o us or di ceci ous Stami nate fl ower s in
droopi ng ax illary spik es ; calyx 4—
.

parted ; stamens 4 Pis tillate flo wers .

W
i n den se o vate erec t spik es ; calyx o f 4 s epsl s ; o vary 2e el l ed o ne of the
, , ,

cells d isappearin g d ur ing the dev elopment of the fr ui t styles 2 fi l ifor m , .

hen ri pe each ovary is an achen iu m co vered by the s uccu len t calyx the ,

wh ole fer tile spi ke beco min g a dark pu rple j ui cy frui t resemblin g a black
-

berry .

A small tree 20 to 30 feet hi gh Leaves alter nate o vate cordate .

, , ,

poi nted ser rate ro u gh abo ve do wny beneath ; those o f the young shoots
, , ,

so meti mes 2 to 3 l obed The flo wers appear i n May the berr i es ar e r i pe

-
.

i n July they are abou t an i nch l o ng and bare an agreeabl e sweeti sh and ,

aci d ul ou s tas te .

Habitat —In rich w oods from New England to Illinoi s an d sou thward .

—
n o t o flic ial .

Comtituents . Gl u co se ,

matter .

ns ed in the form of a syr up

Med ical H opemes an d

'

ar e chi efly e mpl oyed i n the

Character of the Genus .

Flowers monmci ou s o r di ceci

ou s in axil lary cl us ter s or
,

s pi kes S taminate flo wer s ;

.

4, i n serwd aroun d the o f a pistil Pis tillate flo wers ;

.

p l
se a s pair s the ou ter pair small er
4, in , , spread ing the i nn er i n fr ui t en
, , ,

closi ng the achen iu m .

Annual or peren ni al her bs, wi th stinging hairs . Leaves opposi te , sti p

ul ate . Flower s greenish .
2 46 n ar row es t .

Constituents —The consti tuents of Amer ican cannabis do not didst

fro m th ose of Indian cannabis save per haps in d egree ; au thors pretty , ,

generall y consid er the latter mo re active than the fo rmer T he acti ve .

p ro perti es o f cannabis appear to r eside chi efly in a resi n whi ch has re

cei ved the name can nabi n ; b u t th er e is als o fo u nd a small pro por ti on of

volati le oil pos sessi ng the charac ter isti c odor and taste of the plant and ,

pr odu cin g narco tic efl ects Its remaining consti tu en ts are medi ci nally
'

It may b e employed in the same manner as In di an cannabis namely in , ,

extr act fl ui d ex tr ac t o r ti n c tur e

Medical Properties and U ses —C an n abis wh en fr es h has a peculiar

.
, ,

, ,

narcoti c od o r wh ich i s sai d to b e capable of pr o du ci n g h eadach e an d

,

d ryin g an d l ong keep ing hence the d ru g sh ou ld b e u sed as fresh as pos

,

s ibl e .In deed th ere is li ttle do ub t that mu ch o f the u n cer tainty of can
,

n abi s i s d epen den t u po n a w an t o f care in th is res pect Can nabis is a

po werfu l n arco ti c causi n g fi rst exh ilarati on an d d el ir io u s hall u ci nati ons
, , , ,

gen er ally of a pleasur able ch ar ac ter an d afterward dro wsin ess and stu ,

p or. T ho u gh m u ch l ess certai n th an opi u m i t has n on e o f the u n pl eas an t ,

’
after efl ects o f the latte r and i s o ften u sed instead to reli eve pain allay
-
, ,

s pasm an d prod u c sleep

,
e .

Hu mul u s Lu pul u s Linn é .

—H p o .

Descv ip hv ' —Flo wers di ceci ou s . S tamin ate fl ow er s wi th 5 sepals an d,

mens wi th a sin gle sepal whi ch embr aces

°

5 ere ct sta . Pistillate flo wer s ,

 m u m
s—n or . 24 7

the ovary, gr o ws wi th i t after flowsring , and covers the acheni u m at m

A per ennial plant wi th annual angular rou gh twini ng stems whi ch , , , , ,

climb to the hei ght o f many feet Leav es mostly o pposi te on long wind .
, ,

ing peti oles, the small er o nes cordate the larger 3 or 5 lo bed serrate
.
,
-
, ,

vei ny and v er y rough Stipu les 2 or 4 betw een the petiol es ovate t e
,
.
, , ,

flexed persisten t S tami mte fl ower s i n loose axi llary pani cles pis tillate
,
. ,

i n catki ns of numerou s fol iaceous ,

imbr i cated concave bracts each 2

, ,

frui ti ng calyx co vered wi th , etc , ar e

yefl o w r es i n o us grai ns call ed l upu l in , .

—
Habitat The co mmo n hop is
widely distr ibuted over most tem

wi tho u t c ulti vati on It is in digen .

ous to N or th Ameri ca being es pe ,

ci all y co mmo n i n the n or th er n an d

western por ti ons o f the U ni ted S tates .

In so me sec ti on s of the co un tr y i t is
exten si vely cu l ti vated for u se i n brew

ing al e beer etc

— The s tro biles —b f
.
, ,

M Used .

flcial n ame H u m u lu s —
,Hops The .

glandular po wd er separ ated fromthe

liar ar omati c somewhat narcoti c od or, ,

““ W
and an aro mati c bi tter astri n gen t taste These p ro per ti es are more stron gly
, , .

marked in l u pu li n that in the stro biles after th is has been separated fro m
them Lu pulin consti tu tes fro m o ne ten th to o ne si xth the w eigh t o f hope
.
- -
,

an d con tai ns as i ts most impo r tan t co ns ti tu en ts v o lati le o il a pecu l iar

, , ,

hitter pr in ci ple an d an alkalo id havi ng an od or so mewhat r es emblin g th at

,

of coni c The scal es o f h ops f ro m whi ch the l upul i n has been separated
.

possess the same ac ti ve pri nc iples b u t in s maller pro por tion s .

M im e — Of hO ps : Ti n ctu ra h uman — ti n c tu re o f hope Of l n

pu lin : Extrac tum l upu l ini fl ui dum—fl uid extr act o f lu pulin ; oleoresin a
.

of haps is ften employed

l
a s o effi ci ent and is o

—
.

Med i a P oper ies a d U

c l r t n ses Ho ps are to n ic an d sligh tl y narco ti c .

Thei r toni c i nflu en ce has been fo und u sefu l i n d ebili ty of the digesti ve
 24 8 J uo m nacs s .

g
or an s, while their narcoti c and sedati ve effects seem most pr ono un ced in
irr itable co ndi tion s o f the geni to ur inary trac t A pill o w o f ho pe is o n e
-
.

o f th e s ta n dard r emedi es amon g the lai ty for sleeplessn ess an d is often ,

to r el i evs the pai n o f a s esses and

bc inflammations, and for m an e xcellen t

J U QLA N DA O E A .

l eaves Flowers mo nmci ous the s ta minate in catkins wi th an i r reg ular

.
, ,

calyx adnate to the bract ; the fertil e soli tary or in small cl us ter s o r
spi kes wi th a negxfl ar fl to 54 0bed calyx adher ent to the i nco mpl etely 2

to 4—
-
,

celled l o vu l ed o vary Fr ui t a dry bony s helled dr upe con tai nin g

a lar ge 4—
- -
.
, , ,

lo bed oily seed , .

A small ord er o f trees of great eco no mi c i mpo rtance Amon g its most .

J ug l ans c i nerea man e—B utte nut r .

the wood of the pr eced ing year ; cal yx un equally 3 to 6 c left . S tamsms l 2

to 40 fll amen t ree, ver y sh ort Pis ti llate flowers soli tary or

cluster ed o n
V
a ped uncle at the en d o f the bran ches
.

calyx 4 to othed wi th 4 min u te -

,

petals at the sinuses S tyles 2 very short ; stigmas fl cl ub shaped sli ghtly
.
, ,
-
,

fr in ged Fr ui t oblong with a clammy fi bro us fleshy epi carp and a very
. , ,
-
,

A tr ee 20 to 5 0 feet hi gh , wi th gray bar k an d widely spreadin g bran ches .

Leaves l ong u n equally pinnate leaflets 1 5 to 17 the later al sessi le the

, , ,

fin ely serrate downy especi ally beneath the peti oles and br an chlets
, , ,

d o wny wi th clammy hairs

Habitat —In rich wood s an d in fi el ds ever ywh er e common
.

Par t Used —T he inn er bark o f the roo t U mted Sauce e

. .

.
nc
p wia .

Con stit uents —T he mos t i mpo rtan t co ns ti tu en t th us far iso lated fro m
bu tternut bark i s a volatil e aci d called by i ts di scover er j ugland ic acid b ut
. ,

believed by o ther ch emists to b e id en tical wi th n uci n previo u sly fou nd in ,

the peri carp and leaves of J aglaus regza Linn é To thi s su bs tan ce is
’

d oubtl ess du e the greater part o f the acti vi ty o f the bark

Preparati ons —Extrac tu m j ugl an dis extr act o f j u glan s —U n ited States
.

-
25 0 n r arca cr m .

—
C as tanea ves c a Li ane Che tn s ut
.

ki ns ; calyx co m m on ly 6 pa r t
e d ; sta m e n s 8-
to 20 Pi s ti llate flo wers few .
,

u su ally thr ee to geth er i n a scaly pr i ckly i n v ol u cr e whi ch en closes th em

, , ,

an d at matur i ty o pen s by 4 valv es ; calyx wi th a 6 lobed bo rder whi ch

—
-

cro wns the 3 to 7 c ll d

e-
e 6 to l 4 ov ul ed o vary ; sti gm
-
, as as many as the
-

cells o f the o vary and s urro unded by 5 to 1 2 r udimen tary s tamens N u ts

, .

coriaceo us o void flattened 1 to 3 in n u mber sweetis h edible

'

, , , , , .

A large tree 30 to BO feet i n height wi th a diameter of 3 t0 6 feet

, , .

Leaves 6 to 7 inch es long 1 § to 2 inches wid e oblong lan ceolate acumi

, ,
-
,

i ts fr u i t after fro st wh en , the burrs open an d the n u ts fall .

wi dely di stri bu ted , an d o ften aw ociated wi th oak an d pi ne .

Cond iments —N othi ng v co mmon vegetabl e prin ci ples have

sa e as yet
been detected in ch estn u t leaves .

M edic al R op er ties -
mu ch dou bt regardi ng the medi
and Uses —The e i r s

cinal acti vity of ches tn u t leaves I ntrodu ced as a remedy for whoopi ng .

cou gh the dr ug was con si derably lauded for a ti me b ut i ts s li gh t popu

, ,

men ts to pro ve i ts acti vi ty , the mere s tatement that i t exerts a con tro lli ng

M YR IO AO EE .

res i n ou s -
d otted ,
ften fr agr an t
an d o .

A small ord er havi n g few represen tati v es in Nor th Amer ica . In gen eral
they po ssess to a greater or l ess degree aromati c astri n gent
, , , , an d stimu

—
M yric a c erifera Li an e Bayberr y
MYR IOA —B am
, W an r .

ax -
M yr tl e .

c
s attere d pisti llate ovoid fromscaly axillary bu ds , , . B o th kin ds des titute
 co u rr o mA—s Wm EET -
a. 251

br act wi th a pair of b ractlets . S tamen s 2 t0 8 . Ovary with 2 to 4 scal es

bas e ; mas 2 Fmi t an ovoid nu t or dr upe, co ver ed wi th whi tis h

°

at i ts shg .

bass enti re or somewhat toothed to ward the apex shinin g an d resi nous
, ,

dotted both si des fr agran t appearin g late in Apri l befor e the flower s
, , .

Nu ts scattered or clustered alon g the last year s branches someti mes per ’
,

sistin g for tw o or thr ee y ears .

—
Habitat In sandy o r ro cky pl aoes on or al on g the coast
—
.

Par ts U ml — The bark and wax

. n o t o fli cial .

—
Oomtil u enw B emdes commo n vegetable p rinci ples th er e are in b ay
'

fr uit , is green ish gray in co lor wi th a con si sten ce in termediate betw een
-
,

that o f bees wax and tall o w It bu rns wi th a whi te flame and a fr agrant
.

odor .

M ons —There are n o o fi cial preparati ons . The bark has been

M edi cal Properties an d U ses —Bayber ry bar k is an a ric d sti mulant

and as tri n en t.g In moder ate d oses
prod u ces a sen sati o n o f heat in the it
stomach ; i n lar ge d oses n au sea and vo mi ti n g
, The po wder is very irr i .

tati n g to the nasal mu co u s membran es an d prod u ces vi ol en t sn eezi n g It , .

has been empl oyed to some exten t i n a great variety of dis eased con di ti ons
mgel ow stated sixty years ago
,

b u t wi tho u t acqui r i ng reputati on in any . , ,

as the res ul t of hi s in vestigati o ns that it is

“ more i n M sti ng in s ch emi
,

cal than a m an d hi s statement i n the present state

”
edi cal poi n t of vi ew ; ,

C o mpt o nia as p en ifo ia

l l Ai to n —S weet Fsm -

Descr iption —Flo wer s mo nceci ous and dioecio u s

.

. S tami nate flowers in .

cylin dr i cal catki ns with imbri cated co n cave r eni form acu mi nate l flowered
, , , ,
-

scales ; s tamens 3 to 6 Pi s tillate flo wers in egg shaped bur r li k e catki ns ;

.
~
,

ovary sur ro u n ded by 8 lon g li n ear aw l shs ped scales which are persisten t
, ,
o

A lo w h rub
1 3 f h i gh l d b ch d m wh hmr y
'

s , to eet s en er r an e , so e a t
, , .

Leaves al ter nate l i n ear l l an ceo l ate, 3 to 4 i nches lo ng by half an i n ch broad

, ,

deeply pi nn ati fld wi th many roun ded lobes r esemb li ng tho s e o f a fern , .

W
This r esemblan ce togeth er wi th the fr agran ce of the leaves has gi ven the
, ,

M —In dry steril e or sandy soil from Vir ginia to isconmn

'

and
25 2 s m acs s .

o s —
C n ti tu ents The most i mp or tan t con sti tu en ts are volatile o il an d tan

Pr epaml rons
’

—Commonly u
decoction se d in .

Medical Propert ies and U es

s — S weet fern i s stimulan t an d astri n gent -

It is occasionally employ ed as a do mesti c remedy i n diarrhma co li c etc , , .

B E T U LA O E E .

Character f
o the Order —Tree s or h b
s ru s wi th si mple al ter nate
, , sti pu

catki na 2 or 3 un der e mh bmct an d withou t a per ian th . Ovary 2

-
celled ;
s ti gmas 2 . Fr ui t a dry , l -
cel l ed , l -
s ee ed d , o ften wi n ged nu t .

—
B at u l a l enta Lian e S wed B la st, or Cher ry B imh .

—
,

Descri pti on S tami nate flowers 3 , u n der each scal e of the catki n, ea ch
wi th 4 sh or t s tamens Pisti llate flowers 2 or 3 u nder
. ea chc l the
s a e of

catki n each con si sting of a naked ovary which in tr ai t

, , , b eco mes a win ged
n u tlet o r samara .

o vate or obl o n g o vate co r date

-

, , a u c mi n ate , s h arply ser rate, smoo th and

minal l l for med in su mmer and expand ing the follo wi n g spr ing
an d ater a , , .

W
Fer ti le catki ns obl on g c yl indric al in fr u i t u sually terminal o n s hor t later al
v
,

bran ch es of the season Bark o f the youn ger branch es es pecially aro
.
, ,

mati c havin g the od or and tas te o f gau ltheria

,
h en woun ded the stem .

yi elds a saccharin e j ui ce .

Habitat —In moist woods fro m New England to Il lin ois no r thward and ,

alo ng the All eghanies so u thw ard

—
.

Par ts U sed . n —
The bar k leaves an d sacchari e j ui ce n o t o fi cial ,

—
.
,

Consti t u evd s The bark an d leaves by dis ti llatio n yi eld a vo lati le oil , ,

i den ti cal i n compo si ti on wi th that obtain ed fro m gau l ther ia an d i t rs s aid , , ,

frequ ently sol d for the latter .

Prepaml i ons —Common ly u sed i n d eco ctio n The o il evid en tly pas .

sesses all the vi r tu es o f the dr u g an d rs th erefo re the mo s t efli ci en t prepa , y

Linn é ) and d American speci es B etula alba var Pop ul ifol ia Spach
the l
re ate , , .
,

an d Betul a lenta L have been co n sidered purifi ers of the bloo d an d have
.,
,

been employed as domestic remedi es in r heu mati sm go ut cu taneous aflec '

, ,
25 4 sarc o mas .

A very l ar h b ge genu s of
trees gro wi ng chiefl y al cn g water»
s r u s and ,

co urses in the n orth ern temperate z one b ut some i nhabi t h igh mo un tains , ,

an d o ne is fo und n earer the no rth pol e than any o ther s hr u bby plan t Al l .

kn own speci es ar e bi tter an d co n tai n sal icmin a greater or les s propor tio n
, .

WW
The o ne i n whi ch this pri nc iple is most abun dan t and which has therefor e ,

been chiefly employed medi cinally is :

—
,

S al ix al ba Lian e hite il l ow
Descri p tion —Cum
.

i n l ong loo s e ped un c u late bo rn e o n the su mmi t o f

, , ,

the lateral leafy branch es of the seaso n S cales en ti re greeni sh yello w .

,
-
,

more or less hairy fallin g before the pod s ar e ripe S tamens mos tly 2 ;
, .

filamen ts hai ry belo w Ovary sh ort stalk ed or n early sess ile glabr ou s ;
.
-
,

A tr ee 5 0 to 80 , feet high Leaves lanceolate or elli pti c lan ceolate

.
-
,

po inted so mewhat , too thed cl othed more or less wi th whi te sil ky hai rs
, , ,

es pecially ben eath .

—
Habitat In tr od u ced fr o m M o ps b ut natu r alized an d ver y commo n ,

i n mo is t si tu ati o ns .

T he in digenou s speci es o f will o w are very nu merou s and man y o f them ,

are v ery co mmo n b u t as few o f th em hav e ever been employ ed medi c i nally
, , ,

they n eed n o t occ upy o ur atte n ti o n h ere

Part Cred —The bark o f sali x alba an d o f o th er speci es of sali x
.

W
.

Consti l uenl s bark con tain s as i ts most i mpo rta t con sti tu en t
ill o w
n
-
.
,

sal ic m This as remar ked above has been fo un d rn all speci es whi ch have
.
, ,

been exami ned On this accoun t the Pharmacopcs ia reco gnizes n o t on ly

.

”
sali x alb a b u t o ther s peci es
, The bar k also co ntain s consi der able tan
.

ni n and co m
, mon vegetable prin ciples .

Preparatio ns —N on e are ofli ci al It has b een employed i n po wder de ,

W
cocti on an d i nfu si on The acti ve princi ple sali cin is the mo st eli gi bl e
, .
, ,

an d efli cien t form i n wh ich to empl o y i t

Medical Proper ties and Cam— illo w bar k is to nic and an tiperi odi c It
.

has been used i n in ter mi ttents and as a to ni c in dys pepsia debi lity and , , ,

co n vales cence Recently salicin has been employed wi th as ser ted ben efi t in
.

—
Character of the Genus S cales o f the catki ns j agged or ir regul ar ly cut
l o bed at the a e p x p shaped d isk ; the stami nate wi th 4 to
. Flo wer s in s ou -

30 s tamen s ; the pistill ate o f a si n gle pis til Trees wi th broad mo re or ,

l ess cor date leaves the peti ol es o ften co mpr es sed later ally th us o ccasion
, ,

i n g a tr emulo u s moti on wh en the least agi tated Catkin s l ong and droo p .

Po pu l us tr emu l o ides M i chau x —Am er i m A m

Descr ipti oa —Scal es of the catkins in 3 or 4 l inear di visions, fri n ged
 PO PU L U S —PO PLAR . 25 5

w ith l onghairs A tree 20 to 50 feet high with smooth gmenishwvhr

.
, , ,

b ark Leaves ro un dish cor date acu mi nate serrate smoo th bo th si des
.
-

, , , ,

do wny o n the mar gin s ; peti oles lo ng slender laterally co mpress ed so , , ,

—
Habitat In woo ds an d copses co mmo n
. .

Po pu l u s bal s amifs ra Li nn é — Balsam Poplar Thomahac

—
. .
,

Descr p
i ti on S cales o f the catki n s di lated sli ghtly hair y A tr ee
.
,
.
, 40 to

s pr ing the bu ds are co ver ed with an aromati c resi n

Habi tat —In moist so il No rth ern New En gland to ,
.

W is consin and . n or t h

A var iety of thi s s pecies (P . oand ioans Ai to n —Bal m of Gilead ) di ffers in

havi n g the leaves broader an d so mewhat cor date i t is co mmon in c ul ti va
ti on as a s a e h d tree
—O f P
.

Par ts Used . tr emu loides , the bar k ; of P . bals ami fer a the r esi n

o u s exu dati o n o f the bu ds —nei th er is o fii cial .

Constituents —T he bark o f all speci es o f popl ar con tain s a crys tallin e

pr inci ple termed pop uli n closely r es emblin g sali ci n The resi n o f the
, ,
.

balsam popl ar does n ot difi er materially in co mposi ti on fr om oth er aro

Prepomtim ‘ —Poplar bark is common ly admi nistered in decocti on or

i nfu si on . The r esi n o f the ba
lsam po plar is r eadil y separated fro m the
bu sd by bo ili n g them i n water ; i t may th en b e disso lved in alcoh ol and ,

admi ni s ter ed in this for m or a ti notu re of the entir e b u d s may b e em

,

pl oyed
Medi cal Properties and Us e — Po plar bar k is a bi tter to ni c actin g li k e ,

willow bark and possessin g feeble an ti periodi c pro per ti es It is li ttle

-
,

Poplar balsam i s repu ted toni c and s ti mulant It was former ly us ed

to a li mi ted exten t in phar macy to prevent o intments beco mi ng ran ci d
,
.

O O N IF E R E .

d ia meter of the —ly di mciou s tr ees or shr ubs

Ordm M on mci ou s , r are ,

fl o wer s in oatki n s d es ti tu te o f calyx an d cor olla stamens i nserted on the

,

axi s o f the catkin u n der the s cales or the anther cells are sessil e on the ,
-

s cales themselves o vu les an d seed s n ak ed Leav es mostly awl shaped or .

-

needl e s haped
-
Jui ce co mmo nly resi nou s
.

A lar ge ord er disper sed o v er al l parts o f the glo be most abun dan t
, ,

i n temper ate r egi o ns b u t exten di n g also to the tro pi cs an d fr igid zon es

.
.

I t oomm i aes three well mark ed su b o rders namely : A biet i n em , Pi ns

- -

Cymes m ay;
,

M y ; C u press i neae, T ax i neae, Yew M y

.
25 6 co mmas .

Char acter qf Order Ov the S ub

ules 2 i n ver ted-
i n the ax il .
— , , of a ecs l e or

br act ; brac ts imbri cated in fr ui t for ming s woody con e , .

PIN ( 18 .
—PIN E .

C f
haracter o the Genus —S te il e oatki n cl ustered about the bas e o f the
r s

you n g cu rrent y ear shoo ts -

the fer ti le at the apex and matur i ng the fo l ,

l o win g year Leaves 2 t0 5

. i n a clu ster sheathed at the base by thi n chafi
, ,
'
.

like persis ten t scales .

Trees o f a gr egar io us habi t o ften formin g lar ge for ests ; fo u nd only ,

in the Norther n h emi s ph ere

—
.

Pi n us au st ral is Mi chau x ( p
P al us tr is L nné ) Lo ng leow d or Yell o w
i . .
-

Descr ip tio n .
—C o nes 6 to 1 0 i n ches
lo ng cyl indr ical or co ni cal o blon g ,
-
,

the thi ck scal es ar med wi th a sh or t recu r v ed spin e Leaves in cl us ter s of 3 .

,

1 0 to 1 5 in ch es l ong wi th lon g sh eaths crowd ed at the summi t of thi ck

, ,

and very scaly bran ch es A tree 60 to 80 feet high wi th thin scal ed bar k
.
,
-

and v er y resi no us woo d di vi d ing near the su mmi t i n to a n umber o f am

, end

in g branch es .

Habitat —Fro m So u th ern V ir gi ni a so u thward growing i n sandy soil , ,

and o ften for mi n g fo rests many mi les i n ex h nt .

Pi n u s d a Li nn é Lobl oll y or 01d Pine

—
-
. .

D e s c r ip i
t o n Co nes 3 to 5 inches lo ng elongated o blon g taperin g the ,
-
, ,

s cal es ti pped wi th a s to u t i n c u r v e d s pin e Leaves in cluste rs o f 2 or 8 6 to .

,

1 0 inches lo n g wi th lo ng sh eaths ,
A tree 50 to 1 00 feet hi gh wi th very
.
.
,

th i ck f urro wed bar k an d spar in gly res i nous wood when gro wi ng in fi elds
, .

i t is l o w wi th spreadi ng bran ch es
,
.

—
Habitat In ligh t soil fr o m Delaware so uthward ; often establishing
,

i ts elf in fi elds exhau s ted by c ul ti vati on hence call ed ol d fi eld pi n e , .

The abov e d esc ri bed spec ies may b e taken as fairly r epres en ti n g the
-

medi cin al trees o f the genu s th ough many o th ers pom si mi lar or i den ti ,

cal pro per ti es R eco gni zi ng this fact and that the medi c in al d eri vati ves
.
,

of p ine are proc ured fr o m a var i ety o f speci es the U ni ted S tates Phar ma ,
»

co pceia men tio ns by n ame on ly the mos t i mpor tant Pi nus aus tmhs but
’

, ,

adds o th er spec ies of p in u s

"

Parts U sed —The medi ci nal vi r tu es of pine r es id e i n i ts al s o r esin

.

-
.

Thi s exu des in greater or less quanti ty fro m all speci es wh en wounded ,

mos t abu ndantly h owever fr o m P austr ali s and is ofi i cial un d er the

,

name tereb in thi na—tur pen ti n e

.
, ,

Fro m it are procured oil o f tu r pentine .

and resi n whil e fr om the wood i ts elf tar is ob tained b the e f d

, y pr o o s s o c

str ucti v e di sti llati on .

Om i sta ue n ts — Tur pentine as i t exu des fr om the tree is a yello wish

.
, , ,
f ab l M of 2 to 3 w ; mM c m
.

U ni ted S te mm c
a e it do a no t flour m as s

M LM —Th e r mi nmrs
 —
L AR IX L A BOH . 25 9

Canad a pitc h i s in opaq ue di sh br o wn masses hard an d brittle

re
d at
-
, ,
.

Medical Pr operties and U ses —Canada tu r pentin e

diner mate does no t
’

rial l y in acti o n from co mmo n tu r penti ne and is sel do m employ ed medi ci ,

n ally . Canada pitc h appli ed exter nally in the fo rm of a plas ter pro du ces
, ,

mi ld r ubetaction by vir tu e of i ts volatile oil It i s employed to so me extent

, .

as a su bsti tute for B ur gun dy pi tch the pro du ct of A er od es of E ur o pe

, . .

T he bark of A Can ad en si s is very as tri ngent an d is larg ely used in

.

tann in g An ex trac t pr epared fr o m i t o ccu r s as a co mmer cial ar ti cle and

.

has been empl oyed to so me exten t as a to pical astri n gent It appears to

have no advantages over o th er commo n vegetable astr i ngents .

Lari x Americ ana l di chau —Amer icc n Law h, Yhmomck .

ing year the sterile fr om leafless b uds the ferti l e mostly wi th leaves below ;
, ,

cones ovo id 1 to i in ch lon g ; scales few ro u nded not thickened Leaves

, , , .

needle shaped so ft fas ci cu late d eci d uo us

-
, , A tal l slen d er tree wi th hor i
, .
, ,

W
zon tal bran ches an d thin scaly bar k fr o m whi ch exu d es an aromati c resin
, ,

Habitat —In am ps an d marshy bo rd ers o f small lakes and pon ds from

.

New Englan d to Penn sylvan ia and is co nsi n mos t co mmon no rthwar d .

It attain s i ts greates t per fectio n i n peat swamps i nd eed an ab u ndan t ,

grow th o f thi s tr ee i n a swamp i s a l mo s t ce r tai n evid en ce of a d epos i t o f

peat .

—
Consti t ents It u ppear that an analysis of the bar k of the
does not a

Amer ican larch has yet b een made The bark o f an all i ed Eur opean .

speci es L Eu r optea contai ns tann in of a pecu liar charac ter an d ano ther
.
,

aci d pr i nci ple alli ed to pyr o galli c aci d an d pyr ocatechu The resi nous .

exu dati on co ntai ns resin and a small q uan tity of vo lati le oil
—
.

Pr eparat o s
i n The bar k is co mmo nly employed i n d eco ctio n The .

r esin ou s ex u dation is an ar ti cle o f co mmer ce u n d er the name o f tamar ack

, ,

Medical Properti es and U ses —Li me is kn o wn o f

prop the ther apeu ti c
mti es of tamarack bar k though i t is sai d to be laxati ve to n i c di ureti c
'
, , , ,

and alter ati v e Tamarack gum has n o i nher en t medi ci nal pro perti es
. .

Being chewed it stimd ates the sali vary mcr etion and to so me dyspep
fi msfl or ds s cer m
, ,

in amoun t o f reli ef ; bu t whether this is becs uae of the

2 60 co m ers .

incr eased fi ow of sa liva , or that the act of chewin g keeps their mi nds ofi
'

qu es ti o ns n o t easi ly an s wer ed . That so me dys pepti cs are reli eved by the

pr ac ti ce is cer tain. And yet, i t may b e wefl w ad d tamarack gum i s

CU PB ES S INEAB .

CM mcter -
f
o the S ub - —
Order Fe ti le fl
. r o wers consisti n g
, of a few car pel

face for ming

, a clos ed s tro bile , or a sor t o f dr o ps in frui t .

THUJ A —Annoa
W
V ru s

W
.

T huj a o c c id enta l is —
Ism s A Ar bor Vi m , Yell ow Cedar ,

hite Cedar
—Fl
.

Des cr iption wers mo stl y mo nosci ous on difi eren t br an ches in

o

small termi nal o voi d catki n s

,
Stamens wi th 4 anther cells
, Fer tile . .

catk ins wi th a few i mbri cated s cales each beari ng two o vules Co nes
, , .

smal l ; scal es smoo th n o t thi ck en ed ; seed s wi n ged all aro un d

, Leaves .

app res sed cl o sely i mbr i cated i n 4 ro ws on the 2 edged branchl ets per
,
-
,

W
s is ten t ev er green s hi n in g
, , .

A tree 30 to 50 feet hi gh wi th a rapidly tapering tr unk and hor iz on

, , ,

tal or d eclinate br an ches often fr om base to summi t ood l i gh t so me

, .
,

what resi no us very du r able , .

Habilat —In d eep cold s wamps o ften associated wi th tamarack and on

.
, , ,

w et ro cky ban ks ; co mmo n .

Parts Used — The fr esh tops ( small branchl ets wi th their cover ing of
.

i mbri cated l eav es) U nited S tates Pha r macoyx cia .

Cbns ta
tuenl s —’

Th uj a has a bals amic so mewhat ter ebi nthi nate odo r and
.
, ,

a p un gently aromati c camph o raceo u s an d bi tter taste , It has yi eld ed to .

analy sis v olatile o il a pec uliar cry s talline pr in ci pl e ter med M a

, f and
i a ,

Preparal i orw —There are no o fli ci al preparati ons Flui d extr acts and
.

tin ctures o ccu r as co mmercial arti cles . These shou ld be made from the

simi lar to th ose of terebi n thin ate dr u gs gen erall y b u t is pro bably more ,

near ly alli ed to savin e i n i ts ac ti on than to any oth er r emedy o f the class

It has been empl o yed i n ameno rr hcea catarr hal afi ecti ons passi ve hemor
'

. ,

r hage etc
, Externally i t is u sefu l i n r epr es si ng fungou s granul ati ons
.
,

remo ving war ts etc , .

26 2 co m

Red cedar has been most co mmonl y empl oyed in infusi on or deooc

an d hav e been empl oyed i n the me mann er

sa .

chi efl y empl oyed as an adj u van t to h

o t er more acti ve medici nes .

TAXUS .

T ax us bac c ata Linné var. C anad ens is —

G ay Ame ca
r ri n Yew,

o ne-hal f to thr ee fourths in ch lon g flat mu cron ate ri gid 2 rauk ed much
-
, , , ,
o
,

res emblin g tho se o f the hemlo ck spr u ce b u t lar ger A l o w di fl usel y

‘ '
.
, ,

—
Habitat In dark shady places often , un der h
o t er ever greens , flo urish
i ng eq uall y well in cedar swamps, plands an d rocky go rges ; very com
u ,

mon ever ywhere In some sec tions

. wro n gly called po iso n hemlock .

This plan t a variety o nly of the E ur om

, an yew canno t b e said to have , ,

as yet a place amo n g medi ci nes

, It is beli eved how ever to possess poi , ,

so no us pro per ti es and is per haps worthy of in ves ti gati on

, Regardi ng the .

poi son o us proper ti es o f the berries the au thor can state that he has eaten
,

th em wi tho u t d el eter io us efl ect b u t wh eth er becau se the qu an ti ty was ia

'

su fi i ci en t or n o t is an o pen questi on
, Cases of fatal pois oni ng fro m eating
.

the b er ri es ofthe European yew are on record, and ther ei ore our variety

is cer tainl y open to su spi ci on .

Ste ms wi th no di sti ncti on of bark wood

cellu lar tissu e bei ng irr egu lar ly co mmingled

do increas e by the deposi ti o n of

no t
, ,

W
an d pith their
h en pem nial su ch stems
.

ann ual layers ouhdde the wood

, fi bro us
,
and

al ready for med, bu t by n ew material depos ited withi n , when ce the ter m

sheathin g at the b ase, an d no t ar ti culated wi th the ste m . Parts of fi e

 AM E LIA —I N D I AN r oam . 263

A R AO E E .

or co mpou nd al ternate ea es , and l v flo w

lopes abs en t , o r of 4 to 6 se al s.p Frui t

A ris ae ma t riphyll u m Torrey .

Flo wers monwd ou s

or by abo rtion d iceci o u s cr owded u pon ,

the base of an elongated cl ub s haped ,

-

spadi x wh ich is su rro un ded an d cc v

,

m d by a flattened in cu rved ho oded , ,

e bo th spathe an d spadi x the fo r ,

.

mer es pec ially o ften var i egated wi th

,

dark pur pl e spo ts and str ipes Flor al .

envelope absent S teril e flo wers abo ve

.

the fer til e m h of a cl us ter of 2 to 4

.
-

anther s ferti le flo wers co nsi st ,

ing of a m n gl e l c elled 5 to 6 o vul ed

’

- -
,

formi n g in fr u i t a scarl et l to 5 ,

ed berry
6 l e aves mos tly two di
.
,

vided into 3 elli p ti cal o vate en ti re poi n ted vei ny l mflets

-
, . , .

A l o w perennial herb wi th a wri nkled turnip ehaped farinaceous m m

, ,
‘
, .

It b s in Apr il an d May
4 .

—In rich wood s everyw here

U M —The cor m no t o fi cial
,

—
. .

Conm Indian tur nip contains an intensely acrid pr in ci ple which

'

h w nl s .

It i s eviden tly very volati le bei ng par tial l ylos t

h

W
e no t yet been is olated .
,

an d entir ely so by lo ng k eepin g

—It has been emplo yed m su hM ce and m syr up
.

and U ses —
.

In the recent state In dian tu rni p appli ed

.
,

; bei ng chewed i t leaves m the mo nth an am id

 26 1 -
as s es s .

do mes ti c practi ce as a sti mulatin g expecto ran t an d to relieve flatul ent

, ,

colic Topi cally i t has been empl oyed in aph th o us sore mo uth as a
.
,

s ti mulant to in dol ent u lcers and in cu tan eo us afi ec ti ons ,

.

S YMPLO OAB PU a —q x x Gammo n .

S ympl o c arpus fce tid us unlc Cabbage Sal is b ury —Sk

—
. .

M ica Fl o w er s per fect thi ckl y cr o wd ed u po n a gl o bu lar

,
hort , s

s talked spadi x whi ch i s s urrou n d ed an d co ver ed by a fl es hy hood ed s pathe ;

, ,

the latter s tr i ped an d spo tted wi th p ur pl e Sepals 4 h oo ded S tamens . ,

4 o ppo si te the s epals

, Ovary L eel l ed i mmersed i n the fl eshy r eceptacle
.
,

S tyle 4 angl ed-

sti gma small Fr u i t a glo b ular mass 2 to 3 i nch es i n
. ,

d iameter co mposed o f the enl arged fleshy spadix en clos i ng the seed s j u s t
,

belo w the sur face .

A per enni al h er b wi th a thi ck des cendi ng roo t sto ck and n u mero us

,
-
,

s tron g fi br ous roo ts Leaves all radi cal 1 to 2 feet lon g when fu lly gro wn , ,

o vate cor date en tir e sho rt peti o led smoo th an d shi ni n g green
, , , It bloo ms , .

v er y early in spr in g so metimes even in win ter when the w eath er is mod
,

erate the fr ui t matures abo u t S eptember

Habitat —In hogs and wet places often associ ated wi th veratr um vi
.

r ide ; commo n
—
.

Par s U
t sed T he r hizo me and ro o ts For merly o fi ci al u n der the n ame .

d mco n ti u m b u t dr opped fro m the Phar macopmia i n 1 880

,
.

Constituents —All parts of thi s pl ant have a s tr o n g odo r li ke that of

the sku nk The roo t has an acr id pu ngent taste and poem s an acr id
.
, .

pr i nci ple o f a v olati le charac ter whi ch has no t been isolated Th is pr in .

cipl e is di ssi pated i n dryi n g or by h eat an d is entir ely lost by l o ng k eep ,

Prq mmfi ona —It has been empl oyed in in fu si on , ti nctur e, an d in sub

p asmodi c afi ecti o ns i ts dis gusti n g odor h avi ng probably fi rst aflor ded
' ‘

s ,

It is sai d to have pr o d u ced h appy eflects i n s pasmodi c

'
the s u ggesti o n .

as th ma an d i n hys ter ia In the latter i t probably ac ts qu i te as stron gly

.

u po n the mi n d as u po n the bo dy o f the pati en t poss ibly mo re so As i ts ,

.

ac ti vi ty i s dimi ni sh ed o r los t by l o n g keepi ng i t i s ess en tial that the dr ug ,

b e used as fr es h as poss i ble or at least that the pr epmati ons employed b e

,

AOO R U S .
—s w a nt FL AG .

l L —
Ac o rns C a amus i ane S weet Hag Cal emus .

Des cr iption —Fl ow ers perfect thi ckly cro wd ed

,

,
u po n a cylin drical
epadi x whi ch em erges fr o m the si d e o f a si mpl e 24 , dged, l eaf -
like scape .
2 66 os c mnAcms .

O R C HIDAO EE .

au t h of 6 di vision s, in 2 sets ; the th ree o u ter

( p l ) comm on
se a sly pe m o id ;
of the thr ee i n ner ( petals ) o ne is co mmonly more or less differen t i n form

for ward In fro nt of the li p is the col u mn, co mposed of a si n gle s tamm,

b or ne u pon the thick fleshy yle or

st ant er
h 2 -
ll
ce ed , m h a ll

ms m
— m
'

C o ml l o rhiza od o nto shiz a s u

ther ter min al ; poll en n . Bod at fi rs t

- c
a u te at

—
Habitat In ri ch woods fro m N ew York to Mi chigan
— t mM
.

Part U se d.
-
The roo t no o
 A m s—sr As o aAss. 26 9

wi th the ferti le stamen h orc hi ds and co ver in g the su mmi t of the

of ot er ,

styl e ; stigma ter minal broad o bs our ely 3 l obed moi s t no t vi s cid
, ,
-
, , .

A peren n ial 1 to 2 feet hi gh wi th a h or izo ntal rhizo me tu fted

, , ,

fibro us roo tl ets and strongly ribbed sl ightly pubescen t leaves stem also
, ,

Ano ther s peci es C pc r viflo r u m Salisbu ry is very si milar if

, .
, , , n ot id en
ticl d wi th this ; at leas t i t is extr emely di fi cu l t to disti n guis h o ne fro m

woo ds .
—
W
HabuaL In bogs swamps , woo ds ; someti mes in moun tain
idely distr ibu ted and in some regi ons co mmo n ,
, and

The vary ,
lo w
, .

W
i ng co ndi ti ons u n der whi ch i t will flo u r is h ar e rath er r emarkable The
author while seeki ng plan ts to i ll us trate thi s wor k found i t i n a dry si tu
, ,

atio n o n the Oran ge Mo un tai ns N J and agai n in ester n New Yor k

, . .
, ,

i n a deep and almo st impas si ble swamp wher e i t grew u pon moss co ver ed
, ,
-

logs surrou nded by water

, .

Parts Used — T he r hizome and roo tlets of O pubescens an d 0 pur vi . .

Constituenta —A min ute qu anti ty of volatile oil , v olatil e acid , r esi n,

md co mmon vegetabl e pr inci ples .

Ma tias! Properties and Um —Cypri pedi um is a mild n er ou s v sti mu

l an t an d anti pasmodi c actin g so mewhat lik e valerian b ut less em
-
s , ci en tly , .

Its us e is almost en tir ely restricted to hyster ical afi ec ti ons th ou gh i t is ,

sai d to hav e been emplo yed success fu lly i n epilepsy neu r algia and o th er , ,

u n n o no mi é s n .

(a m Order of the .
—
her bs wi th fi brous roots ensi form
Perennial , ,

equi tan t leav es an d beari ng w ooll y hairs o r scu r f o n thei r stems and flow
,

era. Pesi anth 6 c l eft at the su mmi t co her in g with the whol e surface or
-
, ,

wi th the b ase onl y o f the ovary S tamens 3 to 6 inserted at the b ase of .

,

the lo bes o f the per ian th Ovary S cel l ed style si ngle often 3 cl eft
.
o

,
-
.

Pod cro wn ed or en cl oeed by the persisten t per ianth 3 oel l ed 3 to many ,

-
,
-

needed .

Al et ris far i no sa Ii nn é .
—Star Gm -
, C c Root
ol i -
.

and rou gh ened cohering wi th the

,
bas e of the o vary, white . S tamens 6 .
2 70 IR ID ACEE .

Style awl -
h p d
s a e , 3 -
cl eft . Pod v
o ate, en closed in the
seeds n u merous .

A perennial her b with a h o rizon tal r h izom

Leaves all radi cal in a clus ter , ,

wandli ke raceme termin ating a naked scape 2 to 3 feet high , .

i n J uly and Au gu st .

Habitat In sandy an d grass y woo ds wi dely di stribu te d

.
-
.

—
Consti tuents S tar gras s co ntains a b itter pr inci ple n o t et i s ol ated,
y
-

s tarch and o th er co m
, mo n vegetable con sti tu en ts .

Preparati o ns — Common ly us ed i n i nfusi on or decoction . The bi tter

pr in ci ple howev er seems to be more sol uble i n alco hol
, ,

h ence a tin cture woul d u n doubtedl y b e mor e efii ci ent .

employed i n po wd er .

di ci nal pro perties o th er than th ose of si mple bitte rs gener all y tho ugh ,

other s have been as cr i bed to i t ; an d as remedi es o f thi s cl ass pr odu ce

difi er en t efi ec ts d epen di n g lar gely u po n the man ner o f admi nistrahon s o

' '

, ,

this may b e employed as a toni c d iaphoreti c emeti c etc , , , .

IR IDAO E E .

Character of the Gra

tes —Herbs wi th cor ms r hizomes , , or fibr ous roo m
,

equ i tant, 2 ranked leaves and flo wers fro m a sheath o f 2 o r more l eaves or
-

br acts Perianth 6 parted in 2 ro ws so metimes irregular the tube cohe

.
-
, , ,

r en t wi th the 3 cell ed o vary and 3 di sti nc t or m

-
on ad elph ou s s tamens alter , ,

n ate wi th the i nner di vi si o ns of the per ianth and opposi te th e sfi gm as .

Pod 3 celled man y seed ed

-
, .

A lar ge o rd er i n tropi cal region s b u t repr esen ted i n No rth America ,

—
Iris vers ic o l o r Lian e B l ue F lag .

r —
Ik sc ip tiom Perianth deeply 6 parted the 3 ou ter di visions
-

the 3 inner maller er ect ; the s , tu be pr olon ged

sh orter th an the lo bes Stamens sti gm.as disti nct cover ed bythe petaloid
,

Ovary and pod obtusely tri an gular .

An h er baceou s perenn ial wi th a to r tu ous thickened roo t sto ck Stem ,

-
.

s to ut 1 to 3 feet hi gh angled o n one sid e branchi n g l eafy

, Leaves end , , ,
.

for m three fou rths i n ch wi de 6 to 8 inch es lo ng

,
-
Flowers lar ge and , .

sho wy 2} to 3 in ch es lo n g vio l et bl ue var iegated wi th greeni sh yell o w

, ,
-
, ,

an d wh i te wi th pur ple vein s appear ing in May and Jun e

, , .

Habi tat —Ia marsh es and wet places ; one of the commonest and most
beau ti fu l of wild flo wers .
2 72 mu s eu m .

ti ti oner s, and is hi ghl y esteemed b y them as a hydrs go gue catharti cu m

a terati e,
l v sialagogu e, v er mi fuge, and di u reti c .

L ILIAO E E .

Character of the Galen —Herbs ly woody plan ts wi th b ul bs corms , r are , , ,

r hizomes or , fi brou s roo ts si mple s h eathin g or claspin g leaves and regu

, , ,

l ar flo wers . Per ianth co l ored of 6 di vi sio ns or 6 c left ; stamens 6 ovary

,
-

A very large ord er i n temperate and tr opical re gion s . M any of them

are ac ti vely emeti c catharti c eta while o ther s
, , , , as the on ion and garlic ,

Character of the Gen us —Di visi ons

per ianth i n 2 seri es the of the ,

o u ter 3 (sepals ) lanceolate s pr ead i ng o ften fo li aceo us per sisten t ; the

, , ,

i nn er 3 (petals ) lar ger co lored wi therin g Anth ers on short fi lamen ts ad

, , .
,

nate S tyles or sessi le s ti gmas 3 separate do wn to the o vary per sistent

.
, , .

Ovary 3 t0 6 an gled~ Fr ui t an ovate 3 celled many seed ed berry

-
.
,
-
.
-
.

W
Perennial h er bs wi th a simple stem r ising fr om a short thi ck rhi zome ,

an d bear i ng a whor l o f 3 leaves and a sin gle termi nal flo wer

T rill i u m erec t u m m 3m m
.

u s — Bi r thmot ake Robs; -

—
,

De i
scr p ti o n Pl o wm an a slend er erect or in cl ined ped un cle 1 to 3 , ,

mches long Petals o vate ac utis h dar k pur pl e spr eadi ng wi ther in g a , , , , ,

aslong It bl ooms in May

—
. .

A variety o f th speci ( var

i s es a lb u m Pur sh T pend ul um Aito n) has . .

the petals greenis h whi te or y ell o wi s h -

Habitat —In ri ch woods ; common T he vari ety is found in similar

.

WW
.

T rill iu m g randifl o ru m Salis bu r y

—L arge hite ake -
Robin
—
. .

Descr ipti o wer on a slend er er ect or inclined ped un cle 2 to 3

n Fl o ,

i n ches long Petal s o bo vate spreadi ng 2 to 2} i nches lon g much longer

.
, , ,

W
than the sepals whi te changi n g to rose co l o r and finally wi th er in g
, ,
-
.

Leav es rho mboi d obovate lo nger than br oad It blooms in Jun e

' .

—
.
,

Habitat In rich woods fr o m V er mont to K entu cky is cons in and ,

The abo ve d es c ribed p ci es of tr ill iu m will ser ve to ill ustr ate the ge
-
s e

nus Th.ars i s pr o bably li ttl e d i f

f er en c e i n the a cti vi ty o f any i n dig eno u s

species and al l ar e co llec ted in di scr i mi n ately

— not o m
.
,

Parts U sed — The r h i zo m e an d ro o tl et s cial

COM M —In addi ti on to common v egetabl e co nstitu ents as starch , ,

 vs aar aun — mns n n au s eo us . 2 73

E p i
a orat on
v —U sed in powder an d i n in fusi on
—T illium is
.

W
Medical fl '
op erties and Uses r sai d to b e
gen t, to ni c astrin ,

“WW
and al ter ati ve. Fr om i ts su ppos ed ac tion u pon the u terus i t d erived the
name b ir th root It has been employed to check hemor rhages as epi s
“
- .
. ,

5 M d menorr hagia an d as an astr iw

: , t an d stim
appl icati on to ul cers etc It i s li ttle m e except by ecl eofi c pm tifi
. .

V erat rum vi rid e Ai ton —Amer ican Hel lcbom .

Dm i pti o —
m Fl o wers moncec iousl y polygamous . Perianth of 6, sepa
 2 74 LILIA CEE .

sho rter than the sepals recur ved Ovary 3 c elled free fr o m the per ianth, .
,

styl es 3 di ver ging Pod S l o bed o f 3 membranaceous carpels u n i te d i n

,
.
o

, ,

the axi s bu t separatin g when matu r e sever al seeded

, ,
-
.

A sto u t h er baceou s per enn i al 2 to 4 feet hi gh S tems si mple fro m a , .

,

thi ck en ed rootstock beset wi th n umerous s tro ng fi bro u s roo tl ets

, Leaves , .

b roadly o val pointed sh eath ing at the bas e str on gly plai te d the lo wer
, , , ,

large the u pper v ery mu ch r ed u ced Flo wers i n dense spik e like r acemes
, .
-

arran ged in a large l eafy pani cl e appearin g in J un e an d Ju ly

, , .

Habitat —In s wamps an d l o w gro u nds everywhere co mmon o ften as ,

Par ts U eds—The r hizo me and roo tl ets o fli ci al n a me V er atr um vi r i de

—Umt d St t
,

P har mac opmia

’

c a es .

C o nsti tuents —The ac ti ve p rinci pl es

veratr u m vir ide appear to b e o f of

a r ath er co mpl ex charac te r In 1 8 65 tw g alkalo ids wer e di sco ver ed in the

.

dr u g wh ich received the names vi r id ia and veratroid ia The fi rst named

,
.
-

was afterward sho wn to b e i mpu r e j er vta whi l e vemtrm

’

d ia u pon
’

, ,

ti gati on yi eld ed a n u mber o f pro xi mate pri nci ples

,
N one o f these pr inci .

ples ho wever have been separated in co mmer ci al quan ti ti es At most

, , .

only a tr ace o f ceratn na ( uem tr i ne) has been dis co vered in ver atr um vi r ide
’

thi s alkaloi d bei n g pro cu red fo r medi ci nal pu rpo ses fr om the seed of
Asagrcea offi ci nal is Lin dl ey ( Ver al r w n sabad il l a S chl ech t) .

— r r i —
H epamtiona Extr actu m verat i vi dis flu idum fl ui d extract o f vera
—
tr um vi r ide ti n ctu ra ver atr i vir idi s ti n ctu re o f veratr um vi ride U nited .

wh eth er mployed
xternally or i n ter nally T he po wd er ed dr ug wh en
e e .
,

snu fi ed u p the n o str i ls ev en i n mi n u te quan ti ti es cau ses vi olen t sn eezin g ;

, ,

mois tened and applied to the cu taneo u s sur face i t prod uces r edness and ,

l
u es , an d, l g l g co n ti nu ed exci tes n ausea vomi ting
if the dose be ar e, or on
J
-
, , ,

and p ur gi n g an d cau ses gr eat pr o s trati on It is us ed chi efl y in in flamma .

tor y afi ecti o n s o f a dec i dedly sth eni c type parti cular ly th os e of the respi ra
’

to ry o rgans Many prac titi oners r ely U pon i t almos t to the en tir e exclusi on
.

o f o ther agen ts in th e early s tage o f pn eumon ia clai min g that by control . ,

ling the h ear t s ac ti o n i t li mi ts the in flammato ry pr o cess Its acti on is

’
.
, ,

ho wever rather difli cul t to gau ge pr oper ly for at the v ery moment o f pro
, ,

d ucin g i ts happi est effec ts u po n the h eart d is tress in g n ausea and vomi ti ng ,

may occ ur an d red uce the patien t to a dangero u s degree I t is plainly con .

trs in d i cated in cardi ac debil ity and i n all asth enic con di tions of whatever
-

natur e .

CHAN E L IB IU M —Dnv w s . B rr .

C hamael i riu m l uteu m Gray ( 11d [ al so Ai t n)

o —BIa i ng Sl
. z -
ar ,

Devil
’
s B it, Star wor t
p —
Des r i tion Flower s di oec iou s
c . Per ian th of 6, p
se arate, s patu late
276 LIL IAOE E .

Her baceous peren nial s wi th thi ck kn otted roots tock s Stems leafless b e
, , .

l o w leafy above and bearin g small axillary flo wer s whi ch appear i n early
, , ,

Po l ygo nat u m b ifl o ru m ll
E i o tt —S mal ler Sol omo n s S eal
’
.

Des cri pti on —Flo wers greenis h

half i nch long on 1 to 3 co m , on e- ,

moul y 2 flo wer ed peduncl ea noddin g Stem glabrou s 1 to 3 feet hi gh r e

—
-
. .
, ,

cur ved Leaves altern ate ovate o blong o r lance oblong nearly semi s
.
, ,
-
, ,

commonly min u tely pu bes cen t abo ve glau cous ben eath
—
, .

Habi tat In ri ch woo ds ; common .

Po l ygo nat u m g iganteu m Di etr ich — Great S ol omon s Seal .

’
.

Des cri pt on
i —Flo wers like the precedi ng b u t lar ger and on 2 to 8
flower ed ped un cles Enti re plan t gl abro u s Stem stou t 2 to 8 feet hi gh .
, ,

recu rv ed Leaves o vate somewhat claspin g 5 to 8 i nch es long the u pper

.
, , ,

—
Habitat In rich all u vial l
so i

both speci es—

.

Par ts Used —The r hizo me and root et of l n ot oflicial

—U nkn o wn
.

Con st i tuen ts
m
.

ams a — Commo nly used i n d ecoction or in fusion .

M ed ia l P roperties and Em — S o l o mon s seal has a sw eetis h mu cil agi

'
’

n ou s taste foll o wed by a fai n t sense o f bi tterness and app ars to o we what
,
e
littl e virtu e i t pos sess es to i ts mu cilage In d eco cti on i t is empl oy d
,

. e as a
domes ti c remedy to allay i rri tatio n of mu co us s ur faces and i n rh us poison ,

ing wh ere i t acts bypro teoting the i n flamed parts from the air i n the same
,

mann er as oth er agen ts of li ke ch aracter .

The rhi zo mes o f several i ndi gen o u s speci es o f S milac i na a clos ely alli ed ,

gen us possess si milar pro perti es an d ar e used fo r the same p ur poses

, .

—
ER YTHR ONIUM Doo s .
'
T oo r n o '
m .

Eryt hro n i um America n u m S mi th —Adde ’

r s Tongue, Dog s M
'

Dew ripti on —Pe ianth

d is ti n ct petaloid sepals in 2 ser ies t e
r of 6 , , ,
~

cur ved or spreadi ng above d ec id u o us ; the ou ter series greenis h yell ow

,
-

wi th o ut yello w wi thi n inner seri es all yello w S tamen s 6 awl shaped

—
-
.
, , , .

Style cl u b shaped ; stigmas u n i ted i n to o n e Po d 3 valved many seed ed

-
.
,
-
.

A l ow s teml ess peren nial send i ng u p in earl y sprin g fro m a deeply bur ied
, ,

cor m a pai r of clasp in g ell iptical lan ceolate pale green leaves co mmonly
,
-
, ,

mottl ed wi th purpl ish and a smoo th scape bear in g s si ngle n oddi n g flo wer
Ham
.
,

tat —In damp places i n woo d s ; co mmon

'

. .

Part Used — —
The co rm n o t o fli oial .

—
Cons tit uents U n known
m
.

anna — It has been empl o yed i n powd er and in in fu si on .

M ed ica l Properties and Uses — Do g s too th vi ol et i n f ull d os es acts as

'

an emeti c b u t i ts ir ri tan t p ro per ti es ar e l os t i n d ryin g so that i t becomes

, ,

bland and even edi ble It has n ev er been much used

. .
 mu — w m
a 2 77

W
n ch s

C RYPT O GAMO U S OR FL O ERLES S PLANTS .

Plants whi ch produ ce directly withou t the i nter ven ti on o f fl owers i n ,

»

s tead of seeds mi nu te bodi es o f ho mo gen eo us str uctur e ter med s por es

, , ,

which do not contain an embryo or plan tl et previo us to germinati on .

Cryptc gams are di vi ded into two gr eat classes Tam ar a and Acac ,

ass s the l atter compr isi ng tho se h

, avi ng a disfi not ax ia that i a a stem or

and vessela and co mmonl y with so me sor t o f foliage . To this class be

l ong the few crypto gams descr ib ed i n thi s wor k .

FIL IC E S -
F E R NS .

Cha f
r acter o the —
Order Pl ants with l eavea cel l ed
. fron da al l r adi cal,

on stal ka cahed sfi pea r isi ng fro m a mo t o r moeto oh circi nate in the bu d,

and b earing the fr ui t vari ou s l y ar ranged i n l cell ed spor e cases on their - -

Few of them are medi cinally importan t .

OLY PO DIUM—POL YPODY

P .

Po l ypo d i u m vul gare Lian e .

—O mm o on Pol ypod y .

—
Descr iptioru Frui t d o ts -
d co mparati vely large naked placed
ro un , , ,

half way between the midri b and mar gin co mmonly i n a row b u t some
-
, ,

ti mes scattered Bo o t sto ck cr eep in g branch ed o ften for mi ng s tangled

.
-
, ,

mass co vered wi th bro wnis h ohafly scales Fro nds ever green obl ong or
, . ,

lan ceo late in general outlin e smoo th bo th si des 4 to 10 inches high sim
, , ,

ply and deeply pinnati fi d ; the lo bes lin ear obl on g obtu se en tir e or oh -
, ,

scur el y to o th ed .

Habitat —Ou ro cks and fallen trees common both her e and i n fi l l ope -

—
.

Por ts li mi —The rhi zo me and rootlets no t ofi cial .

Preparati ons —Co mmonly d ecocti on d

u se in
Medical Properties and Cots —Co mmo n po lypody has a sw eetish some
.

what n auseo u s tas te In the r ecent state l ar ge d oses pro d uc e mild pu r

.
,

gatio n H i.ghly e steemed b y t he an ci en ts it has fall en in to enti re di su s e , .

Owi ng to the ease w i th whi ch i t may b e ad min is ter ed i n milk i t has been ,

recently reco mmen d ed as a pur gati ve for yo u ng chil dr en .

Ad iant u m ped at u m IAnn é —M rl er ai r

aa
’

m
—F
.

Descr iptiort margi nal sh o rt sl ightly

ru i t d o ts , ,

by an i nd usi um formed o f the reflected bor der o f the lo be . Fronds ere ct

278 —
m os s m ars .

in g on lower margi n whil e thei r upper border is 1

th ei r ,

bearing The plant as a whol e i s extremely deli cate and

.

—
Hab itat In r ich moi st woods co mmon .

Cons til uents —U nkn own .

taste , and has med demulcen t and pec toral

been es tee .

A Cap ill us Vener is i n di gen ou s to M ops and also fou n d i n

.
, ,

former ly much used i n chr oni c catarrhal afl ecti ons

'

Pt eris aq u il i na Lin n é — Commo n B rake .

'
.

Descr p i
i t on — Fr ui t i n a conti n u o us li ne alon g the margi n of the ferti le
.

fr o nd covered by its refl ex ed border Fro nds er ect on a stou t stipe

,
and .
,

2 to 3 feet hi gh ternate the wi de spreachng br an ches bipi nnate ; pi nnse

, ,
-

ob l ong lanceol ate the u pper u n di vid ed the lo wer o ften deeply pinn atifi d
, , .

—
Habitat In dr y situ ati ons along the bor der of woo ds ; common .

Prepar ati on s —
sed in decoc ti o n or i n fu s i on
U .

M ed ical Pr ep ar ti es and Uses — B rake is rep u ted as tri n gent and au thal
mi nti c, b u t is seldom used Ano ther i ndi gen ous species P aM pur purea
.
, .

As pl en i u mfi l ix fw mi na B er nhard t
-
.

M M —Fmi t—
d o ts sh o rt var i o usl y cur ved
l en gth con fl u,ent ; , at

o ften the ferti l e v ei n bear s two spo ran gia back to back the delic ate i ndu , ,

si u m cr o ssi n g the vein an d co ver i n g bo th Fro nds nu mer o us el il s .

,

fro m an ascendi ng s caly r oo tstock th ey are 1 to 3 feet hi gh ovate o blong ,

-

u pon the seco ndary rachi s by a narro w margin oblon g and do ubly ser ra te ,

or el ongate an d i n ci s ely cu t tooth ed A v ariable and beau ti ful species

-
.

Habitat —In moi st shady places ; common

.

Par t Used —The r h izome—n o t om

. .

oi al .

It is su ppo sed to pos ses s pro per ti es si mil ar to those of m ale f cm ( As ,

p idi m
um fi l m wh i
-
ch see .
2 80 —
m os s mans .

As pid i u m marg i nal e S war m -

Margi nal S hield Flam -
.

Dcscn ptio m—
mi lar to the preceding bu t pl aced cl os e to
Fr ui t d o ts o
si ,

the margi n of the fer til e pinnu les Fro nds evergreen al most cor iac eons .
, ,

o vate o blong 1 to 2 feet high bi pinn ate the penum l anceol ate bro adest
-
, , , ,

at the base pinn u les oblong or oblon g scythes haped obtu s e enti re or -
, ,

to the precedi n g .

Par t Used .
—The r hi z o me of both species . O flicial name Aspi dium
U nited S tates Phar maCOpana
'

—P
.

Constit uents ximate analysi s of mal e fer n has yiel d ed difi er ent re
'

. ro -

s ul ts to difl er en t chemi sts For prac ti cal pur poses i t is su ffi ci en t to kn ow

'

. .

that i ts acti ve prin ci ples r es i de i n an ol eo r esi n and that i ts o ther con sti -
,

tu en ts are u ni mpor tant .

b est known remedi es for tapeworm and al so one of the mos t efi ci ent , .

D ou btless mu ch of the di sappoi ntment ex peri enced wi th it is attr ibu tabl e

to inefi ci en t pr eparati ons .S i nce ho wever i t has been demonstr awd
.
, ,

that A margi nal e is qu ite as efi ci en t and as thi s speci es i s very abun

. , ,

dan t ther e is n ow no goo d reason why reliable pre parati ons shoul d not
,

b e the r ule r ather than as h er eto fore the ex cepti on , , .

OS MUNDA —Fnom mo . Fan s .

O s mu nda regal ia Li an e F loweri ng Fem — .

g g
r e ated al o n g the mar gins the very mu ch
d u pper pinnu les of
of con tracte

the fr on d the who le appear in g to the cas ual obser ver li ke a mass of minute
, ,

tawn y fl o wers Fron d s 2 to 5 feet high cl us ter ed very s moo th pal e green
.
, , , ,

b ipinn ate ; s ter il e pi nnul es 1 3 to 25 oblo ng o val o r lance o bl on g mi

, ,
-

,
-
,

n u tel y ser r u late o ccasi on all y cr enately lo bed at the bas e

,
-
.

Habi tat In swamm an d wet places ; common bo th h ere and in

—
E u ro pe
—
.

Part Used — The r hiz o me n ot offi ci al .

Constit u e n ts — M u cilagin ous and as tr in gent princi ples

.

Preparations —U sed in d ecocti on .

—
.

M edical Pr oper ti es and Uses Flo weri n g fern was at o ne ti me consi d

ered effi caci o u s in hi tis b ut i t is n ow beli eved

r ac ,
to be n ear ly in er t, and

is rare ly if ever employed medi cinally .

 L YC O PO D IUM — CLUB M O SS -
. 28 3

LYO O PO DIAO EE .

Ch of th
aracter e — moss lik e aspect havi ng
Orden Pl ants of a
.
-
spore

cases i n the ax il s o f th ei r s impl e co mmo n ly awl shaped leaves -

, .

A small or der of comparati v ely u ni mportan t pl ants .

LYCO PO DIU M .
—O LU 3 i M 088
-
.

Lyc o pod i u m c lavat u m Linn é — Common . Cl ub M oss -

.

D esmp tion— .S por e cas es r eni form coriac eous 1 cell ed 2 val ved in
-
, ,
-
,
-
,

s pi kes at the su mmi t of the br an ch es .

A l ow per enn ial S tem cr eepin g extensively wi th n u merous s h ort as

.
,

c en di n g branch es ; these ar e thi ckl y b eset wi th li n ear awl shaped leaves - -

ti pped with a b ris tl e The fer til e bran ch es ar e termi nated by a short
.

p e d u n cl e bear i n g 2 o r 3 li n ear cyl i n dr i c al

-
fr u i ti n g sp i k es .

Habi tat —Ih dry woods common both h er e and in Europe .

Part Used — The spor ules O fi ci al n ame Lc podi u m

. U nited S tates .

Consti tuents .
-
Lycopodiu mis a fi n e pale yell owi sh ,
-
,
i n flammabl e powd er,
with ou t o dor or taste . It contain s fi x ed o il an d a mi nu te proporti on of

su gar

—Lyc
.

M edical Propert ies and Uses . opod i u mi s used as a dusti ng powder

for irri tated and e
xcoriated sur faces , and by apo thecari es to pr even t n ewl y
made pil ls from adheri ng together .
2 86 mns x .

Capoell aB ursa pa teria -

,
Bedstraw 16 7 , Cardinal fl ower 1 89 ,
Beech d ro ps 202
-
Carrot , 1 6 1
Cw mm r mm , 1 03
.

B an s s u w acs a , 76
B er ber is , 76 Can cun , 198
A ui fo li u m. 77
q Cassia Mar il andios , 1 34
Canndens is , 77 Ou tl i nes veece, 26 0
v u lg ar i s, 77 p
Catal a b ign ci on idee, 201
Catc hfly 1 04 ,

Betul a l enta 262 ,

B ar u u c s zs , 25 2
B ignon ia cepl eol ate, 201 Catni p 2 13
B i ex o mac s s , 201
,

Cau l opb yll u m thal i ctroi d e, 78

h
B irc 262 , Cennothue Americana 1 s g
h
B irt root, 272
h
B irt wort, 233
Bi tter Pol ygal a, 1 29
Bi ttersweet, 2 16 Centau r] 22 1 .

B l ac k al der , 263 Cepb nl an tb u s occi d entalie

Bl ac kberry, 1411 a m
cna , 1 86

Blac k b irc , 252 h Vtr n iana 1 36

'

co hoeb , 68 h
C annel r iu m l u te um, 274
how , 1 64 h
C amo mil e, 1 8 1
h
C eckerber ry. 1 92
h
C el idon iu m u s , 88

Chi na
Ch i maph il a meon l ete , 197
u mbell ate
197 ,

Ch ok e c err y, 1 36
-
h
Ci cb oai n m l n tyb us 1 86
'
,

Ci cn ta mu cu l nte, 163
Ci mi ci fuga raceme , “
C q
in u e foil , 1 46 -

Bu c keye 1 26 , C m ac s a 99 ,

Buc k thorn 122 , Cl eavers 1 6 7 .

Bugban e 68 .

B u gl e weed 209
-
, V i ct us 68 .

B u rd ock 1 85 , V irgi n ian s , 68

B ur nin g bush 126 -
Cl ub moss , 283
-

Cockta ma Ar m ad a , 93
,
B ueh ho neymok le, 162
‘
o

B u tte rc u , 6 1 p C oli c ~root 1 70, 269 .

Bu tterfly eed, 230 -

w C o l l ins onia C annden s il , 211
B u tter n u t, 248 ( ol ts foot . 1 78
‘

B u tter eed . 1 76
-
w 00 31 9 0 15 17 5 1 69 ,

Bu tton bus 168

-
h C o mp to n i a u plen i folia, 26 1
Oo mr s m , 26 5
,

B u t ton snak e root, 160

,
-

C oni u m mnc ul atu m, 164

Os l amua 264 , C h
o no p o li s Ameri cana 20 3 ,

Calico b s 194 h C on vall nr i e mnj nl w 276

a kh
-

m
. .

Cal i for n bu c t or n, 122 Con vo nv osm, 2 16

Canad a fi es bane 1 76 . Co pti c 64 .

tr if ol ia. 64
Co ral l or b i zs od ontorhin , m
C annab is Americana 246
Co m mas
,
na ti ve 246 , , 1 66
OAPR U O LIAO E E , 1 61 Cornel , 168
 I N DEX . 28 7

Comm 168 . Eupatori m perfol iatu m 172 u ,

ci rci nata, 168 p p eum 1 72 ur ur ,

Fl orid a, 1 68 Eu pho bia 24 1 r ,

aerio ea. 1 68 c orol l ata, 24 1

Govwh i t foomm , so
- -

Co tton lan t, 107 -

p E ur ao unu c m , 240
Co w pars ni p, 1 6 2
-
Eveni ng primroae, 149
p
Cram bad , 1 64 -
Ever l ast ing 183 .

Cran berry tr ee, 1 64 -

Crowfoot 6 1 .

C s uc rr s s m, 92 h
Fal ea el lebore, 274
Fer ns , 277

Cu d-
weed 183 ,

Cu l ver s p hysio 206

’
,

C ul ver s roo t 206’

.

Cu nil a Mariana 210

C ar m
,

en 26 0
Ger ani u m 249
.

C u rl d dock 288
e ,

Cypr iped i u m parv i fl orum ,

Cypri pedi u m pu beaoem 266 ,

Dai y fleabane 1 74
s , .

Dandel io 1 88 n,
Date pl m 199 u , Erasers Carol in enaia, 22 1
Datura Stramoni u m 219 ,
Frax i n us Am r i cana. 23 1
e
Daucu a Carota 16 1 , Fringed gon nan, 222
Deer e tongu e 170
-
Froatr weed , 1 00
m
,

Devil s bit 1 70 274

'
-
, , Fu xac s a , 89
Dewberry 14 1 . a aria ofi ci nali a, 90
Dicen tra Canad ens ia 89 , Fu mi tory, 90
Dicotyl ed o noua Pl an ts, 67
Di ervil l a, 162 Gal i u m 1 67 ,

parin e, 1 67
tn , 16 7

Dog s to oth vi ol et
’ -
, 276 bena, 1 92
Dogwo od 168 ,

Dao eaaac u 1 01 .

Droaera rotu ndi fol ia, 1 01

Dwarf sumac, 1 1 8 Andrewaii , 223

B us in es s 199 ,

Elder 1 63 , cchro l eu ca, 222

El ecampan e 177 , p u ber ul a. 223
El m, 243 Gm umac w , 220
Epim repena, 1 92 G s n m u cas , 1 10
p
E i l obi um angns ti foli n 1 48 Gerani u m macul atum, 1 1 0
ph
Ep i egu s V irgin iana , % Ger m ander, 207
Brechthitea haeraeifol i a, 184 Gen m ri val s , 1 40
EB ICAC RJ , 1 90 G il l en ia trifol i ata, 188
E s toni an , 1 90 Gil l over the ground , 213
- -

Erigemn 1 74 ,

heterophytl u m, 1 74 G l de agw t 18 4
o n r or ,
Phil adel pb i cu m, 1 74 G l de rod 1 76
o n .

m
p p m e um 174 ' ‘
, G l d eal 64
o en s ,

M um 1 74 , G ld th ead 64
o r .

Eryngi u m yuccn fc l i um 1 60 , G ef o t 236

oo e o ,

E ryngo 160 , G on g an 1 6 7
o -
r .

Eryt hron in rn Amer icanu m, 276 G a ypi m b e ba enm 107

o a u r c ,
Bu nn ymns atronu r pu ren a, 1 26 G a l t 1 72
r ve -
roo .

Eu patori u m, 1 72 G i d l ia 176
r n e .
 m ax

“
.

G m .

ru mba-i a l

M 1 37

w e”
B el emn m
, PM
mu m
“m
1 21
1
,

L an u ‘
rl 207
m ”
.

M . 1

R epa i d 61

“
.

uc h 1
Larc h . 25 9
s .

W “
Herc u les 1 56
c lub.
Heu c nera Ameri cana. 1
m van e-m 1 87
a
1

1 ”

L l a m as 272 ,
Lil y o f the vall ey ,
275
LI S AC KE . 1 08

M 61
M 10

“ “ I

“ N u t 1 “

hemp 229 .

phr ia 138
r

to b ac co " 59
tu ml P 26 3
1 131113 Hel en i u m 1 77
m
.

I ha s p
u rge. 24 1
29 0 I N DEX .

Pol yq or m m B into rte. 230 Ro und~1u v0d dogwood , 1 68

Hyd ropoper, 230
'

m. 286 m
m
u u u cta

Pol ypo tul oue Ex ogen ous 67 Omndend e, 1 41

Polypo d iu m v ul gure, 277 od d en tel ie. 142

m
Po l y d y. 277
Pepl nr , 264
POpq a. 26 4

tr emul oid ee, 264

Pote n til l e Ounud eu eie,
k
Pric l M b 1 16
y R unn ing bl ack berry, 141
Prin ce a i n e. 107 p B ur r o w , 1 15
Pr un us , 1 36
Ca nadmd c, 130
eerocin e, 186 St ored b ark , 1 22
V irginia n , 1 30 St J o n s
. h ’ -
wort . 1 02
Peorel eu. 131 S amoac m 268
m
,
esc ul en , 1 31

meli l ocoid ee, 131

Ptel ea cr i folieu , 1 10 Sembu oue Coned emie, 103
Peerie at q ui ii nu. 278 S ungu in eri a Cunad enei e, 80
i
Pym u ei emu m, 210 Bun iol e 160 .

in can um, 2 10 S eniouh Mori l and ioe, 160

li ni fol iu m, 210 S AP IN D AC M 1 20 ,

M o w er, 1 90 Saponari u o fli oin ul ie, 1 03

S ar rac en ia, 84
Q 242 fi n e, 86
'
ueen s root, -

P11 u rea, 84
vu xh rie, 86 x
R ug -
weed 178 , S mu c mvu c w . 84
67 Sumatr an o fli cinele, 239
“
11 413 03500 14 1 c
S m r mo aox a , 148
a
8 01
t eril . S u mmo ner 144
b ul boeu e. 02 S ook ew eed 234 .

repens . 0 2 S oo l open dri u m vu l gure,

S o no m c u mu cs a . 203
p
R as b er ry, 142 Scrapb ul urin nodes , 206
S ou rel l uri e l ater i fl or e, 2 13
1 80 S ee lavend er, 200
B at tl e-nukee mus ter ,
160 Seneca. enuk eroot. 128
B ed beneberry 09 . S en eoi o eureue, 1 84
b uc keye 1 27 , Seneca 1 28 ,

coder 201 . S er penteri n, 233

el m 243 , h p
S ee l aurel , 1 96 -

mul berry, 244

142

R e m nan t, 1 22 S hmb by trefoil 1 10 .

B hemn ue. 122 Sh w

h m“
ru b yel l o r oot. 00 -

ant e . 1 22 S id e s ad dl e o er . 84
-
fl w
Purebienn, 1 22 S il en e V irgini a . 1 04
h
R eumatismroot, 79 -
S il ky oomel , 1 68
B hue, 1 1 7 8 5410370 0160 , 96
mgra, 96
’

copall i na. 1 18
d ivereil obo 1 20 . Sk p
u l l ca . 2 13

g l abr e 1 17 , S ku nk cabbage. 204

u mil s 1 20 S pp
l i ery el m, 243
g
.

ox i oodeudrou, 119 S mu t t eed 230

w -

typhin s , 1 18 S h
moo t s u mac 1 17 ,

venenetu 1 20 . S w
n eez e eed . 1 80
-

Robi niu Poeudnoeoiu, 132 S pw

oa or t 1 0 3 .

Book rose, 100 Sa u n as /e 2 10 .

S ol unu m Dul oemun , 21 0

M es a , 1 36
 IN D EX . 29 1

S ol i ds go 1 76 odors , T ail ing e bu tu

r r s, 1 92
Sol omon s seal , 276
’
T illi m 272
r u ,

S o rrel tr ee, 1 94
-
erec tu m , 272

S pmdl e tree. 1 26 -

S pi ma to men toel 1 37 ,

p
S l eenwo rt, 278
p
S oon wood , 194
-

p
S ot ted co wbu e, 163
g er a i
n u m 1 0 n U l mus tul vu 243
Hu m ou r
, ,

tr u mpet deet, 86 149

wi ntergreen , 197 U mb rel l b l r ee,
S pru ce, 37 U r ti cu, 244
p
S urg e, 24 1 d ioi ou, 246
Squaw berry 1 08 -
u rene, 246
m
.

Sq uaw roo t, 08 . 79. 203 U xos c m , 243

Sq uaw weed 1 84 -
. U ve u rei , 1 9 1
-

Sq u irrel com 89
Su m tree 1 24 V ecoi ni em, 1 90
S u p er bus , 193 -
h V tmill s plunt 1 70 o
.

h
Su g ero s u mac , 118 V eratru m i rid e. 273
78 v
Star g ym , 209
- V er bu ou m Thnpeu s,
S ter wort 2 74 , V ero ni ca. 200
S teti ce Li mon i u m, 200
S h opl ebueh 1 37 . V i rgi n io e, 2 07
S till ingia syl vutiou, V i bu rn um 1 03 .

S tone roo t 2 1 1
-
. Op
ul us , 10 4
Stramoni u m 2 19 . prun il ol iu m, 1 04

98
S un dew 101 , 98
Sun fl ower 179 ,

Swamp dogwood 168 . VM 98

mil weed 230 k V i rgi n ie u mb er cot,
“
-
,

t yme, 21 0h

W
u ntr ue, 72
S weet bay 72 V ir gin v b o wer , 68
'

W
.

S weet fern . 26 1
—
W
-

S weet flag 204 s hoo , 1 26

W
,

S weet gu m tree, 140 k

o e robin, 272

W
- -

S weet S eabioue 174 aln u t 248

W
. .

S ympl ooerpu s ( a thi n ,

204 uto b es , 86
ater evens, 1 40

W
T eo mnbo o 266 . ater orees, o
93

W
ater heml k 1 63

W
-
oc ,

Tennoet u m vu lgs re, 1 82

W
T ans y, 1 82 l il y, 83

W
ater -

T ern aeu m Dens ~l eon is . 1 88 et er -

pepper 230 .

T ur n s b o oeute, vur ( m d eusis, 202 .

'
er myrtl e . 260
T ee b erry, 1 92 h ite b en eberry, 70
Tephr os ie V irgi nia n , 133
T eu cr iu m C uned euse, 207 200
oed er ,
Th i mb leb erry, 142 l ettu ce, 1 87
Til l/ u mB rtr m po awric, 90 mel il ot 13 1
é
.

mus ta rd ”

W
,

26 4
wi l lo w .

i l d ell s prioe 240 .

om bi l l , 1 10
W
29 2 IN D E X.

il d hamomil e 180
c , Xantl wcylum, 11 5
che y 136 rr , Ameri canu m, 1 1 6
i
g g e 23
n2 r, ( J zr ol ini a n um, 1 16
hyd a gea 1 48
r n ,
Clava Hercul is, 116
-

i nd igo, 1 38 f r ax i n eu m ,
1 1 6
i pecac , 1 6 2
potato vin e, 2 16 Yarrow 18 1

W
-
,

Yau pon 1 9 8

W
,

Yell ow cedar 260

W
,

h
i l l o w erb . 148 doc k , 238

W
-

i n d fl o wer , 69 j mi ne 224

W
es sa ,

h
i n ter c erry, 2 1 7 l ady s cl i per , 266
’
p

W
i n tergr een , 192 melil ot, 1 30

W
hh
i tc az el , 1 45 p ari ll a 76

W
-
.

ood sage, 207 p in e, 26 6

W
-

o o d s o rrel , 1 14
-
pu ccoo n , 64
o o dy b i tters weet, 124 Yell ow root 64 , 66
-
.

or mwood . 1 8 3 Yel l o w sareaparill a, 76

w ood sorrel , 1 14-

h p
Xanthor i za a iif ol i a, 66 Yew, 26 2