2

R
I N
I Z

a
I a 2 Z, n 2 N
10n
p
I p2Z q 2 Z⇤
q
Q
I p
2 x2 2=0
I ⇡ e
I
p
p2Z q 2 Z⇤
q p p
2, 3...

? E E⇥E
E (x, y) 2 E ⇥ E E x?y

?: E⇥E ! E
(x, y) 7 ! x ? y

(E, ?) E ?

+ N, Z, Q, R C
⇥ N, Z, Q, R C
Z N
3 5= 2

R (+)
(⇥)
• 8x, y 2 R, x + y = y + x
• 8x, y, z 2 R, (x + y) + z = x + (y + z)
• 0 R x R

0 + x = x + 0 = x.

• x R ( x) R

x + ( x) = ( x) + x = 0.

• 8x, y 2 R, x ⇥ y = y ⇥ x
• 8x, y, z 2 R, (x ⇥ y) ⇥ z = x ⇥ (y ⇥ z)
•

8x, y, z 2 R, x ⇥ (y + z) = (x ⇥ y) + (x ⇥ z).

• 1 R x2R

1 ⇥ x = x ⇥ 1 = x.

• x R⇤ x 1
x 1
⇥x=x⇥x 1
=1
(R, +, ⇥)

R 

• 8x 2 R, x  x
• 8x, y, z 2 R, x  y y  z =) x  z
• 8x, y 2 R, x  y y  x =) x = y
• 8x, y 2 R, x  y yx
x, y, z, t 2 R
. xy z t)x+z y+t
. xy z 0)x⇥z y⇥z
. xy z 0)x⇥z y⇥z

8x 2 R, 9n 2 N, n > x.

R
 A⇢R R
I ↵ A A

↵2A 8x 2 A, x  ↵.

↵ = max A.
I A A

2A 8x 2 A, x .

= min A.

N, Z, Q R
⇣ ⌘
N 02N min N = 0 8x 2 N, x 0 .
A = [2, 6] min A = 2 max A = 6
B =]1, 7[
C =] 2, 3] max C = 3 min C

m, M A⇢R R
I M A A M

8x 2 A, x  M.

I m A A m

8x 2 A, x m.

I A A

• A A A
A
• A A A
A A
•

A = [2, 6]
A [6, +1[ A ] 1, 2]
max A = 6 min A = 2
B =]1, 7[
B [7, +1[ B ] 1, 1]
7 B B max B

1 B B min B
C =] 1, 5] C [5, +1[
 A⇢R R
I A sup A
A
I A inf A A

A = [2, 6] A [6, +1[ sup A = 6

A ] 1, 2] inf A = 2
B =]1, 7[ B [7, +1[ sup B = 7
A ] 1, 1] inf B = 1
C =] 1, 5] C [5, +1[ sup C = 5
C inf C

I R
I R

A B R
n o
• sup(A [ B) = max sup A, sup B
n o
• inf(A [ B) = min inf A, inf B

⇢
1
A= 3 |n2N , sup A, inf A, min A max A
2n + 1

n 2 N,
n 0 ) 2n + 1
1
1
)0< 1
2n + 1
1
)23 <3
2n + 1
A 2 2 A( n = 0) ✓ min A ◆= inf A = 2
1
A 32
/A lim 3 = 3, sup A = 3
n!+1 2n + 1
max A (car 3 2
/ A)

(un )n2N

lim Un = sup{un , n 2 N}.

n!+1

(un )n2N

lim Un = inf{un , n 2 N}.

n!+1
 (Un )n n 2 N,

1
Un = 3 .
2n + 1
A
• (Un )n2N
n 2 N,
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
1 1 2
Un+1 Un = 3 3 = >0
2n + 3 2n + 1 (2n + 1)(2n + 3)

(Un )n
• A
(Un )n U0 < U1 < U2 · · · < Un , 8n 2 N
min A = inf A = U0 = 2. ⇣ ⌘
1
(Un )n 3 3 < 3, 8n 2 N
2n + 1
(Un )n l = sup A
✓ ◆
1
l = lim Un = lim 3 = 3.
n!+1 n!+1 2n + 1

32
/ A, max A

x |x|
⇢
x, x 0
|x| =
x, x0
⇢
A(x), A(x) 0
A |A(x)| =
A(x), A(x)  0

8x 2 R, | x| = |x|
8x 2 R, |x| = 0 , x = 0
p
8x 2 R, x2 = |x|
8(x, y) 2 R2 , |x ⇥ y| = |x| ⇥ |y|
x |x|
8x 2 R, 8y 2 R⇤ , =
y |y|
8x 2 R, 8n 2 N |x | = |x|n
n

8(x, y) 2 R2 , |x + y|  |x| + |y|

8x 2 R, 8a 0, |x|  a , axa
8x 2 R, 8a 2 R, |x| a,x a x a
8(x, y) 2 R , |x| = |y| , x = y
2
x= y
 a b a<b R
]a, b[= {x 2 R, a < x < b}
[a, b] = {x 2 R, a  x  b}
[a, b[= {x 2 R, a  x < b}
]a, b] = {x 2 R, a < x  b}
[a, +1[= {x 2 R, x a}
] 1, b] = {x 2 R, x  b}
R =] 1, +1[
R R [ { 1, +1}

p 1
I x 2 R+ n 2 N⇤ n x n
x = xn
y 2 R+ yn = x
p 1
I x2R n 2 N⇤ n x n
x = xn
y2R yn = x
p3
p p 1 p
8 = 2 4 81 = 3 5
3 = 35 3
1= 1

p p p
8x, y 2 R+ , n x y = n x n y
⇢
p |x|, n
8x 2 R, n xn =
x, n

x E(x) bxc [x]

x
x E(x) 2 Z

E(x)  x < E(x) + 1.

 x
x 1 < E(x)  x
E(x) = x () x 2 Z.
8k 2 Z, E(x + k) = E(x) + k.
⇣7⌘
E(3) = 3 E( 5) = 5 E(2.8) = 2 E( 3.1) = 4 E =0
11

R
n2N a, b 2 R
n
X
n n!
(a + b) = Ckn ak bn k , Ckn =
k=0
k! (n k)!

Ckn
C25 = 10

H
HH
HH ···
H

C34 = 4 C36 = 20 C26 = 15 C13 = 3 · · ·

n N

Cnn = 1, C0n = 1, Cnn 1

=n
 ⇣ ⌘3 ⇣ ⌘3
x+2 x 1

⇣ ⌘3 3
X
x+2 = Ck3 xk 23 k
= C03 x0 23 + C13 x1 22 + C23 x2 21 + C33 x3 20 = 8 + 12x + 6x2 + x3 .
k=0

⇣ ⌘3 3
X
x 1 = Ck3 xk ( 1)3 k
= C03 x0 ( 1)3 + C13 x1 ( 1)2 + C23 x2 ( 1)1 + C33 x3 ( 1)0
k=0
= 1 + 3x 3x2 + x3 .
n
X n(n + 1)
n 8n 2 N, 1 + 2 + 3 + ··· + n = k=
k=1
2
n x2R {1}
n
X 1 xn+1
xk = 1 + x + x2 + · · · + xn = .
k=0
1 x

n
X ⇣1 xn ⌘ x xn+1
xk = x + x2 + · · · + xn = x = .
k=1
1 x 1 x