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SUPER CLASS 2019

GEOGRAPHY SCNZ !!
WAQAS ASHRAF (WA)
CAMBRIDGE CERTIFIED PAKISTAN STUDIES TEACHER
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GEOGRAPHY
PAKISTAN STUDIES
PAKISTAN STUDIES BY
WAQAS ASHRAF APRIL/MAY 2022
Waqas Ashraf

GEOGRAPHY SUPER TOPICS

Basic Maps , cities , Areas , Plains , Deserts

UNIT 3 WATER

Irrigation methods - Dams-Barrages-MJIT- Waterlogging and Salinity-siltation

UNIT 4 FOREST

Map of forest - Deforestation- importance of forest J18 Q2 J10 Q1 J14 Q3 - Afforestation

UNIT 6 FISHING

MAP JGP-OSK

FISH Farms

Marine vs Inland - Importance n Problems

UNIT 7 AGRICULTURE

Livestock Farming N10 Q2 J18 Q3

Minor Crops

Land Reforms

UNIT 9 INDUSTRIES

Full length Question N12 Q4 J18 Q5

Small Scale industries N19 Q3

N10 Q1

UNIT 11 TRANSPORT

ROAD/RAIL J19 Q4 J13 Q3

UNIT 12 POPULATION

Definitions - Life expectancy- Population Pyramid- Demographic Changes J19 Q5 N18 Q5

@waqas100.0 0322 231 8310 /PakistanstudiesbyWA

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THE ENVIRONMENT OF PAKISTAN

LOCATION OF PAKISTAN

***Tropic of Cancer: 23.5N

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• Latitudes = 24 degree north to 37 degrees north

• Longitudes = 61 degree east to 78 degrees East.

Neighboring countries of Pakistan

1.In the extreme North East Pakistan has a border with China (585 km)
2.In the west it has a long border with Afghanistan (2252 km)known as the
Durand line
3.To the Northwest there is a narrow strip of Afghan territory known as Wakhan
Strip which separates Pakistan from Tajikistan
4.To the West Pakistan has a border with Iran
5.To the East Pakistan has a border with India
6.Arabian Sea marks the southern border of Pakistan connecting the world by
sea.

IMPORTANCE OF PAKISTAN'S LOCATION :

• Central position in South Asia eg Jinnah Terminal
• Glaciers melt in summer bring monsoon rainfall
• Northern Mountain attract tourist
• Port facilities for landlocked countries CAS States
• Warm Water deep sea port
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Topography
Chapter 1
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TOPOGRAPHY

.
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Largest Mountain peaks

-Karakoram (K-2/Godwin Austin)
-Hindu Kush (Tirich Mir)
-Himalaya (Nanga parbat)
• Q.Describe the main relief
features of northern
mountains ?
1. snow covered peaks
2. steep sided slopes
3. narrow deep valleys
4. large glaciers
5. bare rocks
6. deep never gorges
7. snowfields
8. parallel ranges mainly in the west
east direction Name the passes of northern mountains
• Babusar pass connecting northern mountains and China
Economic importance of Northern mountain
• Khunjerab pass connecting Northern areas with China
• Permanent reservoir of water • Shandur pass connecting gilgit with chitral
• Karakoram Highway connects Pakistan to • Lawari pass connecting chitral with Dhir
China for that purpose
• source of valuable Income
• Fruits
Mountain Valleys –
• Minerals • Karakoram - Gilgit, Hunza, Baltistan
• Timber • -Hindu Kush - Swat, Dir, Chitral
• Chemicals • -Himalaya - Kaghan, Gullies of murree
• Scenic beauty promotes tourism industry
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IMPORTANCE OF NORTHERN MOUNTAIN

PROBLEMS OF NORTHERN MOUNTAIN

• Life is very difficult in the northern mountains
• Economical activities are limited and some have developed on limited traditional lines
• Infrastructure is less developed because of mountainous terrain and topography of the land
• Communication network (transport) is poor Roads are connected to some towns/ hill stations Muree, kaghan,
Naran, Gilgit, Hunza, skardu, and Suat
• Very few schools hospitals and other facilities available
• There is no supply of water and water is also scares Limited As there is little economic development therefore
unemployment rate is high
• Farming is difficult due to cold climate People are involved in Indoor activities because of severe climatic
conditions
• Soil is thin and stony Lack of development due to inaccessibility
• Roads are blocked due to landsliding
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CLIMATE OF PAKISTAN
CHAPTER 2
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. Q1.What is Climate ?
Climate is the generalisation of the day to day condition for a long period of time e.g. : 20 to 30
years.

Q2. What is Weather ?

Weather refers to the atmospheric conditions for a short period of time e.g. : daily weather
conditions such as rainy, snowy and ,cloudy etc.

Climatic Zones **(LOCATION , TEMPERATURE , RAINFALL , HEIGHT )

Highland zone
• This region includes northern and north-western mountains. The winters are long , cold and
snowy while the summers remain short and mild
• Height of the Northern Mountain range from 2000 to 8000 m while in the Western mountain height
is around 1000 to 4000 m
• Rainfall is highest in the highland zone while Western mountain and rain shadow experience less
rainfall.
• The temperature conditions also vary from north to
south depending on the altitude (height)

Lowland zone (semi-arid)

• This climatic region includes the Upper and Lower Indus Plains. The areas have extreme and arid
climate.
• The amount of rainfall differs from north to south
• The foothills of Northern mountain and Potwar Plateau are wetter than the Indus plain and also
receive rainfall from Western Depression.
• Thunderstorms are common in north and north western part of Indus plain. The southern part
receives less rainfall and spells of dry weather and high temperature.

Coastal zone
• These areas have moderate climate. The difference between the maximum and
minimum temperature is low.
• There is inflow of sea breeze throughout the year and humidity is high
• Coastal climate includes Indus delta , Karachi and whole of Makran coast.
• The climate is dominated by sea breeze throughout the year , annual average temp
is 32 degrees Celsius and rainfall around 180mm .
• May and June are hottest months
• The maritime influence keeps daily range of temperature is low

MARITIME INFLUENCE
is an influence of the sea i.e. areas near the sea have influence of that and
experience moderate climate.
Arid zone(dry)
• This region includes south western Balochistan and south eastern Sindh.
• It is marked by dry and hot weather
• Hot dusty winds prevail from may to September.
• Extreme heat ,dryness and dust storms are main features of arid zone
• Very little rainfall is experienced in balochistan and sindh .
DESERTS OF PAKISTAN
• THAL DESERT =PUNJAB
• KHARAN = WESTERN BALOCHISTAN DESERT
• THAR DESERT = SOUTH EASTERN SINDH (NARA,CHOLISTAN AND THARPARKAR)
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ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE

A) TEMPERATURE

• LATITUDINAL EFFECT (ANGLE OF THE SUN)

The areas which are closer to equator receive relatively direct sunrays resulting in high temperature. The areas which are away from the
equator tend to be less hot than areas which are closer. Pakistan is ranging from 24 degree north to 37 degree north so there is a variation in
climate of southern and northern Pakistan at the same time.

• Altitude (height)
Diversity of land with ranges up to 8610 m in the north to lowland/coastal land in the south. The variation in temp is based on height of the
land The areas at a greater height such as northern and western mountains are colder than the southern part of Pakistan

• Continental effect : The areas which are protected by maritime influence. Maritime influence means influence of the sea . This is why
extreme winter and summer temp are recorded in these areas.

• Cloud cover It affects the temp .In day time it reduces the incoming of solar rays by reflecting into outer space resulting in drop in day
temperature.. At night the cloud cover traps the outgoing heat so temp on a cloudy night does not drop as low as on a clear night.

B) RAINFALL
1. MONSOON RAINFALL 2. Western depression
• Monsoon means a season (season of rainfall)
• Winds originating from the Mediterranean
• There are two types of monsoon in Pakistan
• Southwest monsoon (winds blowing from sea to land) JULY to sea bring rainfall to north western and
SEP western part of Pakistan in winter season.
• Northeast monsoon (winds blowing from land to sea) DEC to
• Duration: December to march
MARCH
• Duration : JULY to SEP • Origin: Mediterranean sea
• Origin : Bay of Bengal and indian ocean • Main striking zone: north west of Pakistan
• Main striking zone : north east of Pakistan (Muree and hazara)
• Secondary zone: north mountain and Quetta
• Secondary zone : central Punjab (Faisalabad and Lahore )
• Least amount : southern Punjab and Sindh • Least amount :Western Balochistan
• Karachi receives monsoon from Arabian sea

3) Convectional currents :
• At the start of summer hot moist air rise to the atmosphere , condensation takes place , this causes rainfall
often as thunderstorms.
• Duration : Oct-Nov and Apr-June
• Main striking zone: Northern areas
• Secondary zone: northern Punjab
• Other areas: Rawalpindi and Peshawar
• Southern part is deprived of rainfall because of temperature inversion layer

Temperature Inversion layer : A temperature inversion layer of the atmosphere where the normal decrease in
temperature with height switches to the temperature increase with height ie it does not allow condensation to take
place and so no rainfall .
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4. Tropical cyclones
• These bring heavy rainfall with destructive winds to the coastal areas.( Sindh and
Makran coast } .
• This source of rainfall is unreliable both in terms of when and where it will occur.
5. Relief rainfall
• This rainfall is related to the height of the land . When chilled , moist air moves up
the mountain or a scarp (hill) .
• This chilling causes condensation and precipitation on the windward side (rainfall
side) ,the remaining leeward side(rain shadow)does not receive rainfall because of
warm sinking air.
• This rainfall mainly occurs in mountainous areas like Muree and Kakul while Gigit
is a rain shadow area.
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(C) PRESSURE AND WINDS

• There is an inverse relation between temperature and pressure ie when temperature

increases pressure decreases and vise versa.
• During the summer season temperature is high so pressure is low , this attracts winds from
sea to the land .
• Land has high temp while oceans remains much cooler .
• This is because water absorbs and discharges heat slowly as compared to land.
FLOODS Excessive water in rivers cause floods.
Reasons for floods
• Melting of snow
• Heavy monsoon rainfall
• Deforestation on foothills of mountain (increase surface
run-off)
• Siltation (deposition of silt and sand) in reservoir
• Failure to strengthen the embankments alongside rivers
• Failure to store extra water in dam due to less capacity.

Effects of floods
• Loss of lives
• Crops and livestock’s (animals) may get destroyed
• Soil erosion (carrying away of fertile soil by the action of
wind and water.
• Land becomes unsuitable for farming.
• Settlements (homes + workplaces) may get destroyed .

Benefits of floods
• Recharge ground water supplies.
• Alluvium (minerals) in rivers
• Water storage for unforeseen circumstances.
• Water available for HEP (Hydro Electric Power)
• Alluvium in rivers and sea increase fish production.

DROUGHTS

Drought is the period or condition of unusually dry weather within a geographical area. Very little or
no rainfall occurs during a drought.
Permanent drought : This is long term
and exists when farming is not possible
without irrigation

Seasonal drought : A type of drought

which occurs only in a particular season

Invisible drought : This is the result

of water shortages resulting in low crop
output but is not a severe drought

Unpredictable drought : This is the

result of abnormally low rainfall and
occurs in humid conditions. These
droughts are difficult to predict.
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Effects of droughts STORMS

1. Desertification (fertile land into desert) • THUNDERSTORMS : occurs in north and north western Pakistan
2. Features such as soil erosion
3. dust storms • DUST STORMS : southern plains and north western balochistan
4. rise in temperature
5. Loss of vegetation
• SNOW STORMS : northern mountains (snowfall) and heavy
6. Extinction of species
winds
7. Drop in water table (ground water)
8. Drying up of lakes, rivers and streams
9. Famine food shortages resulting in diseases
10. Less water available to plants and animals.

Q How can droughts be managed?

• Public information and education
campaigns

• Restrictions on wastage of water resource

• Water rationing programs

• Afforestation programs (planting of trees)

on foothills of the mountain.

• Desalination of sea water (Process of

removing salt)

• lining of canals to reduce water wastage.

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WATER
CHAPTER 3

Importance of Rivers in Pakistan

1. Fishing is practiced in rivers and lake
2. Rivers are also important for the generation of
hydroelectric power in mountainous areas
3. Provide water for domestic and industrial purposes
4. Rivers add to the scenic beauty of the area and can serve
as a good picnic resort. They play an important part in the
tourism of Pakistan , as rivers are source of attraction for
tourists
5. Provide water for irrigation purposes from dams and
barrages
6. Increase the fertility of land by carrying alluvium and
organic matter
7. Rivers of Pakistan help in the growth of forest as well as
control the climate, the rivers keep the temperature low
while helping in rainfall. Also controls the heat during
summers.

Pattern of eastern rivers in Pakistan

• River Indus starts its journey from the northern
mountains. In the Summer Season when the
glaciers melt the volume of water increases
• When the river Indus flows into the upper
Indus plane it is joined by buy all the other
tributaries Jhelum Chenab Ravi and Sutlej
• When all the other tributaries joins River Indus
this place is called Mithankot
• Towards the south in Lower Indus Plain river
Indus flows into the Arabian Sea
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INDUS WATER
TREATY

The headwork of the two eastern rivers Ravi

and Sutlej were in India when Pakistan was
created in 1947

In 1948 India threatened to stop the water

supply that caused water crisis in Pakistan as
was heavily dependent on Agriculture for its
economy.

It was eventually resolved by the assistance

from World Bank.

In September 1960 an agreement was signed

known Indus Water Treaty. Under this treaty
Pakistan received exclusive rights to the water Factors for Developing a dam
of the three western (Indus, Jhelum and
Chenab) and three eastern rivers (Ravi, Sutlej • Presence of deep, wide mountainous valley Fast
and Beas) flowing river (so the reservoir fills quickly)
During this period till 1973 India agreed to • Glaciers (snow melting provides water) Higher
supply water to Pakistan. During this period Precipitation rate than evaporation so less loss
Pakistan was expected to construct: of water
• Hard impermeable rocks at bottom to support
1. Two dams heavy dam wall
2. Five barrages • Presence of Height to help produce HEP
3. Eight link canals

Reasons for less discharge in winter:

X Most precipitation is in snow
X Extremely cold/low temperature so it doesn’t melt
X Pakistan is on the tail end of the Western Depression course So only West and North receive Western Depression
How underground water is tapped:
Traditionally: Karez, Persian Wheel, Charsa, Shaduf, Open Wells Modern Methods: Tube Wells

Importance of underground water

X Household uses
X Industrial Uses (making soft drinks)
X Water for agriculture
X Supports fruit, crop, livestock farming in dry areas
X Supports commercial farming in Indus Plain

How Water is Polluted:

X Toxic Industrial Waste
X Sewage + Industrial Waste from stagnant pools/ponds
X Excessive Fertilizer/Pesticide use can seep into the ground
X Mineral Waste can seep into the ground (if minerals aren’t
X properly dumped)
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Uses of Water in Industries: Traditional Methods

• Persian Wheel (cow plus
• In Cotton Textile Washing, Cleaning, Bleaching, Dying, Printing wheels)
• In Tanning Industry: Washing, Dying • Charsa (Donkey plus bucket on
• In Food Processing Industry: Juices, Squashes, Syrups, Beverages pole)
• In Pharmaceutical Industry: Making Injections, Syrups, I.V Infusions • Shaduf/Dhenkli (Human plus
• In Thermal Power Plants Heated to make steam to turn turbines see saw with bucket on pole)
• Karez (underground Water
Irrigation Methods: tunnel structure
Why Pakistan Needs Irrigation
Advantages/Disadvantages of
• Low annual rainfall (less than 250mm)
• High evo-transpiration rate due to high temperature Traditional Irrigation Method
• High variability in the distribution of rain e.g.: Monsoon is only in Eastern
Pakistan, Western Depression is in the West. +Easy,
• High Variability in the amount of rain (North receives more than the South)
+Cheap construction
• Timing of the rain is invariable
+Zero running cost (No Fuel +
Canal irrigation is easy when there is a presence of: Electricity)
Natural:
+Local Raw Materials used
• Flat open land, Soft thick soil,
• Presence of Indus and Tributaries makes building barrages (to divert and
control water supply) easy, -Slow animal power
• High amount of Monsoon rain fills reservoirs and rivers in summer,
-Interrupted Water Supply
• Natural slope makes movement in canals easy.
Human: -Limited Water Supply
• High demand of water for agriculture in Punjab, Sindh -Small area irrigated
• Many workers available at cheap rates in Punjab and Sindh

N.Mountains have a limited canal irrigation system:

• Steep slopes Low water supply due to cold
• Mostly small scale barani farmers
• Less Water Demand
• Terraced Fields present
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WATER LOGGING: The rise of the water table to the surface is known as Waterlogging and the appearance of salty patches is known as
salinity

Waterlogging :Reaching of underground water close to sub surface soil or

sometimes on a surface, resulting in pools in the surface where crops can’t grow

• Stops availability of oxygen,

• making plant growth/production difficult
• Stops plants absorbing

SALINITY:
Thick layer of salt is left behind by evaporation of water which is reached
on surface due to high water table

• Clogs/Plugs roots.
• Making water extraction difficult
• Excessive amount of chloride and sodium accumulate in leaves

Causes:
• Unlined Canals
• Excessive seepage
• Poor farming techniques (Excessive irrigation where water table is high,
• poor leveling, poor drainage,
• surplus of water, salt in water)

Effects on farmers:
• Land becomes waste land
• Livelihood of farmers is affected
• Poverty, Unemployment increased
• Rural Urban Migration
• Reclamation is costly

Controlling of this Waterlogging

• Canal Lining
• Proper farming techniques (leveling, drainage)
• Installation of Tube wells to lower water table
• Biological Drainage (Plants that lower water table Cactus , Astonia)
• Canal Closure in areas of high water table
• Left Fallow system (Particular portion of land under cultivation should be purposefully unutilized so seepage may reduce)
• SCARP = Salinity control and reclamation project

Siltation
The accumulation of sand and silt in dam reservoir and canals is called siltation .when the rivers leave the foot
hills of mountains they carry a large quantity of silt as result of deep erosion in the mountain areas .This silt is
deposited in the dam reservoirs and canals.
Causes of siltation
• The foot hills of mountains are mostly made up of sedimentary types of rocks specially the sub- Himalayas. Rivers or stream
can easily eroded these areas and deposit sand and silt in the dam reservoir.
• Due to deforestation and overgrazing the land becomes unconsolidated and easily transported by wind and water to the
rivers.
• Most of the rivers come from the mountainous areas due to steep slope and narrow channels which erode the area. This
eroded material is deposited in the dam.
Effect of siltation
• Blockage of canals because of silt accumulation.
• Weakens the foundation of dams and dam’s wall.
• Reduces the capacity of reservoir less flow of water leads to reduction in generation of H.E.P
• It also result in availability of less water of for irrigation.
• Flow of flood water is hampered which may cause heavy damage to the dam because of the heap of sediment which block
the flow of water.
Controlling method
• Encourage reforest and a forestation specially is the foot hills of mountains.
• Lining of canals.
• Installation of silt trap before the water enters the dam and reservoir.
• Structural measures such an operating the reservoir at lower level during floods and allowing free flow during .low flow
season to remove sediments from the reservoir.
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MINERAL
ERAL RESOURCES
RESOURC
CHAPTER 5
 PAGE 30

METHODS OF MINING

1. Open-cast/open pit mining: Some minerals like coal and oil often lie near the surface open cast mining scoops up these
minerals from near the surface. These minerals bearing rocks are stripped off by giant excavator and power shovels which load on
to lorries to be carried away.
2. Adit mining: An Adit is an opening or passage. Adit mining is done in hilly areas where a seam (Layer) is exposed on a Hillside.
The passage maybe horizontal or may slope up or down depending upon the angle of the mineral seam. Horizontal tunnels are dug
into the side of valleys or hill to reach to reach the mineral deposit.
3. Shaft mining: Vertical shafts are dug down to the mineral. Tunnel are dug horizontally to the layer or seam of the mineral. Highly
risk mining because sometimes mines collapse due to thin seam.
4. Drilling of oil and gas: Oil or gas occurs in porous spaces of sedimentary rocks. They are normally trapped deep down in the
ground. Once the drilling site has been selected a derrick and oil rig is set up. The derrick is a large steel structure that holds the
pipes and other . The derrick is dismantled after oil has been found. Rigs replaced by pipe and valves which control the flow of the
oil .the it is transported through the pipelines to the refineries.

5. Hand Panning Method/ Quarryingg : In this methods

rocks and precious stones are broken into simpler substances
by rock blasting and shaking machines .e.g. diamonds and
ruby's etc.,

MINING EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENT

• When mining activities carried out the area is
cleared of vegetation.
• Deforestation
• As a result of this soil erosion occurs when the
fertile soil is being carried by the action of wind and
water
• Air pollution also occurs as a result of dust, smoke
, fumes, that prevail in the surrounding
• Noise Pollution also occurs when rock blasting is
being carried out
• Coal mining also produce carbon and gas mining
produces methane gas which causes global
warming
• Wildlife Habitat is also affected when land pollution
occurs as a result of activity.
PAGE 31
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FISHING
CHAPTER
TER 6
Su
S
Subsistence
• Fishing o
fishing
g
on small scale is known as subsistence Uses of FISH
fishing.
• In this fis
fishermen catch the fish for their own
family.
• The type of fishing is common in n Makran
M n coasta
coastal
c
areas and all the Intercontinental water bodies
like a river ,Ponds, Lakes, canals, reservoirs, etc.
• In subsistence fishing fisherman use traditional
traditiona
methods like small nets, small wooden boat
(Maximum 5 Km)which cannot go in open Sea
and cannot stay even for a day.
• Fisherman leaves the cost in the morning and
come back in the evening.

Co
C
Commercial fishingg:
• This is large scale fishing in which fishermen
catch the fish in the
th domestic market or export to
other countries.
1. Fish provide low cholesterol, white meat.
• This type of fishing is common in Sindh coastal
2. Fish provide cod liver which is used in medicines and good for children
areas. Sindh
Sinndh coast provide 70% fish catch
cat and
Makran nc coast provide 30% fish catch. having cough and cold.
• In this method fisherman use modern methods of 3. Fish scales are used for making lipsticks and other cosmetics
fishing like large nets gillnetters mechanized
ed products.
boats which can go for in open Sea(Max
S 50-
50
0-60 4. Wastage of fish is used for making poultry feed and also used for
km)and stay ever for a month. making artificial fertilizers.
• These boats also have refrigeration facilities.
Importance
1. Pakistan Exports fish to Japan, UAE, SaudiArabia, European countries, America,Canada, Srilanka etc to earn foreign exchange.
2. It contribute 6% in GDP of Pakistan.
3. This industry provides employment facilities for thousands of people.
4. This industries fulfills local demand of food.
5. This Industries supports the poultry industry by providing poultry feed.
6. The fish of Makran coastal areas are specially exported to Japan,Saudi Arabia and UAE.

Problem of Fishing Industry:

MARINE FISHING ( JGP
P-
P-OSK ) • Fishing industry of Pakistan is
facing a numbers of problems
like pollution.
• Political instability.
• High price of diesel.
• Fishing during breeding season.
• Over fishing by large travelers.
)
• Using of small hole nets
Fishing methods in commercial marine fishing
Boats: Big Trawlers, large ships, proper cold storage,
Radio, GPS Powerful engines (can go off coast), Lots of
Fuel,
Nets: Gillnets (nets that set like a fence that fish swim into
FISH FARMS OR AQUACULTURE like Sponge bob) Nylon Nets, Strong nets, Good mesh size
(young fish can escape)
Storage: Cold storage on ports and boats, Salted fish to
• Rectangular man made ponds are constructed preserve, Plastic Baskets that can be cleaned Fishing

• They have concreted base Methods in subsistence

• Trees normally planted nearby to provide oxygen
and keep evaporation rate low
• This farming combined with poultry farming as
gives quick return on low investment
Fishing Boats: Small wooden, can’t go farther than 5km,
cant stay long/go deep No cold storage, no high fuel
capacity, no GPS,
Nets: Tradition nets, small mesh size so very young fish
can escape (Known as Guju, Katra)
Storage: Straw Baskets that make storage unhygienic
(cant be cleaned properly), Salted, Sun dried. Ice is put
into baskets for storage..
 PAGE 33

More workforce in inland fishing: Large

Population in Punjab and Sindh (Abundant
and cheap labour) Govt
Encouragement/Loans Hatcheries are
necessary
Fish Processing processes: Gutting,
Canning, Drying, Salted, Oil extracted….
Value Added/Processed/Packed
products:
Fish Finger, Cod Liver Oil, Gutted Fish,
Frozen Fish, Tin/canned fish Fish
breeding months: June and July.
Inland Fishing Areas: Punjab: Man made
ponds near rivers, canals Sindh: River
Indus (Sukkur, Kotri and Thatta) lakes
(Kairi, Halegi, Manchur) NWFP: Near
Rivers and Canals (Kabul) Dams (warsak)

ADV of Fish Industry: >Earning of foreign exchange by exporting fish >Employment

generated (Fishermen, Fish dealers, Packing, Processing) >Healthy food is available
>Infrastructure developed >Acquiring of new technology/methods (engines, machines,
radar, GPS) >Growth of other industries (Boat making, net making, processing, Packing)
>Fish farms give quick profit in 3-4 months >No pest, disease danger >Cheap Inputs in fish
farming
DisADV of Fish Industry: >Not enough skilled workers >Expensive to lay down roads,
Railway, Electricity, Technology >New technology is expensive (radar System, Satellites,
GPS, Sonar) >Higher chances of overfishing >More Rural to Urban Migration >Water Pollution
(e.g: Dumping of unwanted dead fish species) >New Infrastructure needs capital
>Loadshedding >No Fishing in breeding season >Sustainability is hard
 PAGE 34

AGRICULTURE
CHAPTER 7
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WA photography
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INDUSTRIES
CHAPTER 9
PAGE 45
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Cement Industry:
• There are many favorable factors for the development of cement
industries locally.
• Availability of raw material (lime stone and Gypsum).
• Good domestic market with high demand from the construction
industry.
• Natural gas is used as cheap fuel.
Steel Industry:
• Provides raw material to the engineering and construction Industries.
• Products of the Steel Mills include pig iron, Coke, cast billets,
grainsized products and raw material.
• It is located at Pipri near Karachi. It benefit from the port facility in
Karachi by importing raw material.
• Energy is available through the Pipri thermal power station, Korangi
thermal power station and Karachi nuclear power plant.
• Skilled and unskilled labour is easily available.
• Well connected to all the cities (important) of Pakistan
 PAGE 47
Tourist attractions in Pakistan
In the Northern areas pakistan has Kaghan Valley, Swat Valley ,
Gilgit , Hunza , Chitral Archaeological sites such as Mohenjo Daro,
Harappa and Taxila Modern buildings like Minar-e-Pakistan , shah
Faisal mosque , Quaid-e-Azam's tomb Others include Shalimar
Garden Lahore , Anarkali Bazar , Badshahi mosque , Khyber pass ,
Karachi beach etc
Importance Tourism of Pakistan:
o Pakistan can earn foreign exchange and it may help to correct
Pakistan's balance of payment and lessen the burden of debt.
o It creates domestic employment and increase the standard of living
in those Areas where tourist activities take place.
o It encourages local Cottage craft industries and the production of
souvenirs.
o It helps to increase the production of food supply due to the
creation of local markets. o It helps for the development of
infrastructure facilities in the Tourist concerned areas.
o Also increases domestic tourism and provides recreational facilities
to the domestic people. o It creates economic activities in The Tourist
concern areas like guides, seasonal market etc.
o Profit earned by tourism can be used to improve local housing
School, Hospital, water supply, electricity, etc. o The introduction of
tourist with the local people helps in cultural linkages with foreign
countries. This is also a source of cultural diffusion.
o It helps to reduce rural-urban migration by providing employment to
local people in their areas. o It is a sustainable industry the tourist
attraction will be continue to exist.
Problems of tourism in Pakistan
o Political and son uncertainty and terrorism have badly hampered the
growth of this industry. o It only provides seasonal employment in most
of the tourist places in the Northern areas in Pakistan. The terrorist is
only from May, October and during the rest the people to look for other
jobs.
o Due to lack of budget local government cannot provide proper facilities
accommodation, security, proper food, and hiking and other equipment s
etc.
o The northern mountain of Pakistan (best places) only attract the young
and adventurous generation especially males rather than females, old
aged groups and children due to poor infrastructure facilities especially
road and railway network. o Tourism often destroys local culture and
tradition. New social problems of crimes, tourism, drugs etc. may
emerge. o During the tourist season the price of basic necessities rise
beyond the affordability of locals.
o The natural environment may be badly affected because of
deforestation, land and water pollution. It is also decreasing the scenic
beauty.
How to Increase Tourism in Pakistan:
o Government should provide better infrastructure facilities in the tourist
attraction places. o Government should link all the tourist places with
roads or railway line in order to encourage domestic as well as foreign
tourism.
o Government should provide proper security in the tourist attraction
places for all the tourists.
o Government should reduce the air fare for tourist in
Pakistan in order to increase tourism.
o Government should allocate separate budget for the
development of tourist attraction places.
o Government should provide good accommodation, Food
Supply and hospital and try to save cultural heritages and
natural beauty of these areas.
o There should be strict and Force full implementations to
restrict deforestation and increase of forestation. o In this
era of globalization marketing is very important for the
promotion of tourist industry. PTDC (Pakistan tourist
Development Corporation) should publicize the tourist
attraction places of Pakistan in the world.
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TRADE
CHAPTER 10
PAGE 49
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TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

CHAPTER 11
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Dry Ports
A dry port (sometimes inland port) is an inland intermodal terminal directly connected
by road or rail to a seaport and operating as a centre for the transshipment of sea
cargo to inland destinations.
In addition to their role in cargo transshipment, dry ports may also include facilities for
storage and consolidation of goods, maintenance for road or rail cargo carriers and
customs clearance services. The location of these facilities at a dry port relieves
competition for storage and customs space at the seaport itself.

• A dry inland port can speed the flow of cargo between ships and major land
transportation networks, creating a more central distribution point.
• Inland ports can improve the movement of imports and exports, moving the time-
consuming sorting and processing of containers inland, away from congested
seaports.
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Air transport :

• IMPORTANCE OF AIR TRANSPORT

• Air transport is more effective for low volume and
high value goods that need to be more quickly
transported like Roses and other flowers from
Pakistan to Dubai or to France, perishable items
(fruits) etc.
• It is highly effective for the people who value time
and can afford the high fares. They prefer to travel
by all like high posted officials of multinational
companies etc.
• It is a source of cultural diffusion.
• Foreign delegation especially Ambassador also move
by air from one country to another in order to
improve relation between the countries.
• Improvement in communication has turned the world
into a global village with more passengers from all
walks of life. Example include people using air
transport for going on Hajj meeting relatives abroad.
• Roads and railway network are not found in the
Northern mountains but PIA’s air routes are found in
far flung areas like gilgit, skardu making These areas
more accessible.
• Air transport is also very useful for rescue operation
(air ambulance) especially in the remote areas which
are not connected with cities by road and Railway

SEA TRANSPORT
Q. Explain why sea route is more preferred for trade with other countries?
x Warm water coastline allows trade to take place throughout the year.
x Easy route to Middle Eastern countries e.g. Gulf States.
x Port facilities have developed at Kemari port ( Karachi port ) and Port Qasim
x Air route is not preferred for bulky items, it is only suitable for high value and low volume
items e.g. cellphones, diamonds, flowers etc.
x Land route is not continuous and it requires visa services and high entrance fee.
A program to modernize Kemari port has been initiated to provide the following facilities.
o Liquid products terminal with ancillaries (support facility i.e. unloading, storing etc. of
liquid products)
o Construction of flyover bridges connecting and by basing the port area have been built to
ease traffic congestion in the port area.
o Provision of Radar and navigation areas.
o Improvement and expansions of storage facilities at both East and West wharf
reconstruction/ rehabilitation of berth to handle increasing volumes of cargo.
o Environmental protection equipment to keep port sea water cleans from pollutions and
seepage of oil from ship.
o Container terminals at west wharf to modernized cargo handling.
 PAGE 53

POPULATION
CHAPTER 12
Birth rate: The number of babies born per 1000 people in the population per year.
Death rate: The number of people who die per 1000 people in the populate on per year.
Dependency ratio: The ratio of the number of dependents who are dependent on the working
population.
Infant mortality rate: The number of infants who die within 1 year par 1000 live birth per year.
Life expectancy: The number of years as a person is expected to live.
Natural increase: The difference between birth rate and death rate.
Emigration: The number of people leaving our country and migrating to other countries.
Immigration: The number of people coming into a country.

Over population: A situation where there are too many people for the resources of the country to support.
Net migration: The differences between Emigration and Immigration.
Population growth: The result of natural increase and net migration.
Sex/Gender ratio: The ratio of males to females in a population.
Population distribution: The way in which population is spread over on area.

Under population: A situation where there are too few people totally exploit resources of a country.
Census: A survey of the population are selected group to find size, age, occupation at a given time.
Unemployment: When people are willing and able to work but cannot find a job.
Disguise unemployment: When the number of people employed or more than actively required 10 workers
needed and a form and 15 are being employed, the extra 5 will come under disguise unemployment.

Working people: The people who are port of labour force 16-65 years.
Population density: The number of people living per unit area (per sq km)
 PAGE 54

Reason for high birth rate

1. The practice of early marriages 2. Joint family system 3. Polygamy (adultery)
4. Tradition of large families regarded as a matter of pride 5. Believe that God gives rizq 6. Lack of
awareness of family planning programme .eg: Sab sitara, Chabi ka Nishan, green star clinic
(Bahbood Association) 7. Drop in death rate 8. Illegal immigration in the country eg Afghanistan
refugees 9. General illiteracy that people unaware about problems of over population 10. Desire
for son want security in old age 11. Children works on the farm and bring money.

Reasons for low death rate

1. Education and health matters 2. Increase in literacy rate 3. Increase in women education
delays the marriages Age 4. Availability of more food through Cash crop farming 5. Improve
medical facilities easy more doctors, nurses, hospitals, clinics and medical universities 6.
Better transport facilities to reach medical centers 7. Free treatment in government and
charitable hospitals 8. Mobile clinics 9. Increased availability of medicines and life saving drugs
imported as well and domestic 10. Awareness through media for the safety measure and health
11. Health TV
Reasons for decline in birth rate
• Family planning and welfare programs such as women Bahbood, Green star clinics, Chabi ka
Nishan.
• Education is more widely available in even rural are increase in literacy rate.
• Awareness among young people educated especially female.
• Desire for material possession man having children more youngsters entering higher education
and start later.
Population pyramid: It shows the percentage number males and females is each age group.
Population Pyramid it will focus on:
Birth rate Live expectancy Death rate Working/ dependent population
 PAGE 55

Unemployment: Is where people are willing and able to world can't find a job.
Reasons for Unemployment
1. High population growth 2. Machine labour in agriculture 3. Revelation in
information technology 4. Cultural restrictions 5. Mismatch in demand and
supply of labour 6. Political Uncertainity
PAGE 56
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IT WAS A GREAT TIME WITH U ALL

GOODLUCK FOR THE FUTURE AHEAD !!
TEAM WA.