FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

ENGINEERING LABORATORY II (MATERIALS AND STRUCTURAL)

SUBJECT CODE DAA 2931

ENGINEERING LABORATORY II (MATERIALS AND

SUBJECT
STRUCTURAL)

EXPERIMENT TITLE DESTRUCTIVE TEST

DATE OF
13 JANUARY 2022
EXPERIMENT

GROUP NUMBER 9

SECTION A21LD

GROUP MEMBER ID 1. AMIR LUQMAN BIN ZAWAWI (AB20127)

2. MUHAMMAD AZRAI HAIKAL BIN AFFENDI (AB20065)
NUMBER & NAME
3. NUR FARZANA BINTI MAMAT SOLLEH (AB20148)
4. RAJA NUR NADHIRAH BINTI YUSOF (AB20146)
5. NUR AIN HIDAYATI BINTI YASMI (AB20118)

LECTURER EN. MOHAMMAD AMIRULKHAIRI BIN ZUBIR

PERSON IN CHARGE EN. KAMARUL AZRI BIN HARUN

REMARKS

ENDORSEMENT
 Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology
Civil Engineering Technology Laboratory
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT RECEIPT

Faculty's Copy
This section must be filled by student

Subject & Code : DAA 2931 ENGINEERING LABORATORY II

Section : A21LD
Group No. :9
Group Member & ID : 1) AMIR LUQMAN BIN ZAWAWI (AB20127)
2) MUHAMMAD AZRAI HAIKAL BIN AFFENDI (AB20065)
3) NUR FARZANA BINTI MAMAT SOLLEH (AB20148)
4) RAJA NUR NADHIRAH BINTI YUSOF (AB20146)
5) NUR AIN HIDAYATI BINTI YASMI (AB20118)

Title of the Test : DESTRUCTIVE TEST

Testing Date : 13 JANUARY 2022
Person In-Charged : EN. KAMARUL AZRI BIN HARUN
Submitted By (Group
Name & ID) : NUR FARZANA BINTI MAMAT SOLLEH (AB20148)

This section must be filled by P

Name :
Date Received :
Stamp & Sign :

Note:
Please make sure that PJP in-charged or technical staff representative stamps & signs complete with date
receive at the front cover of the lab report.
Created By: NMN
(Detached At This Line)

Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology

Civil Engineering Technology Laboratory
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT RECEIPT

Student's Copy
This section must be filled by student.

Subject & Code : DAA2931 ENGINEERING LABORATORY II (MATERIAL AND STRUCTURAL)

Section : A21LD
Group No. :9
Group Member & ID : 1) AMIR LUQMAN BIN ZAWAWI (AB20127)
2) MUHAMMAD AZRAI HAIKAL BIN AFFENDI (AB20065)
3) NUR FARZANA BINTI MAMAT SOLLEH (AB20148)
4) RAJA NUR NADHIRAH BINTI YUSOF (AB20146)
5) NUR AIN HIDAYATI BINTI YASMI (AB20118)

Title of the Test : DESTRUCTIVE TEST

Testing Date : 13 JANUARY 2022
Person In-Charged : EN. KAMARUL AZRI BIN HARUN
Submitted By (Group
Name & ID) : NUR FARZANA BINTI MAMAT SOLLEH (AB20148)

This section must be filled by PJP in-charged or technical staff representative.

Name :
Date Received :
Stamp & Sign :

Note:
Please make sure that PJP in-charged or technical staff representative stamps & signs complete with date receive
at the front cover of the lab report.
Created By: NMN
DETAIL EVALUATION FORM FOR ENGINEERING LAB REPORT

SUBJECT/CODE: DAA2931 ENGINEERING LABORATORY II (MATERIAL AND STRUCTURAL)

GROUP NO./SECTION: GROUP 9 / SECTION A21

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT: CONCRETE COMPRESSION TEST

No MAX AVE NCR STU REMARKS/COMMENTS/SUGGESTION

1 Cover Page (1.5M)

Follow the Standard Cover page 1
Not follow the standard Cover page 0.5 0.2
Correct spell of Lecturer name,subject Code etc 0.5
Such as wrong in Lecturer name, Subject Code etc 0.25 0.2
Table of content (1.5M)
Follow Standard Table of Content 1.5
Not follow the standard Table of Content 0.5 0.2
Doesn't have either no., content or page no. 0.25 0.2
2 Introduction/Principles (3M) 3 2 1
Objectives (2M)
Follow as lab manual, lab sheet and extra 2
Too simple and not enough 1
same as lab manual only 1.5
Apparatus/Equipment (2M)
All equipments listed 2
Not enough equipment 1.5 1
3 Procedures (15M)
As experiment method 15
Too simple and not enough 10
Follow as lab manual and lab sheet only 5
4 Results (10M)
Tables 5 2.5 1
Graphs 2.5 1.5 1
Calculations - Example 2.5 1.5 1
5 Discussion / Analysis (20M)
Discuss on experiment result 8 4 2
Is it the result right or wrong 3 2 1
Comparison between theoritical and experimental 3 2 1
Cause and errorr during experimental 3 2 1
Safety measure during experiment 3 2 1
6 Conclusion (20M)
State the final result getting from experiment 4 2 1
Is it the objectives achieve/reach/accomplish 4 2 1
Actual result from other resources 4 2 1
Method to reduce error and improve method 4 2 1
Purpose of testing on industry application 4 2 1
7 References/Appendix (5M)
Photo during experiment 1 0.7 0.5
Website reference/ book 1 0.7 0.5
Result attached 3 2 1

NOTE:
NCR: Non Conformance requirements
STU: Student's marks

SUMMARY MARKS FOR ENGINEERING LABORATORY

% %
NO. ID NO.
PRACTICAL
TOTAL
REPORT

1 AMIR LUQMAN BIN ZAWAWI AB20127

2 MUHAMMAD AZRAI HAIKAL BIN AFFENDI AB20065
3 NUR FARZANA BINTI MAMAT SOLLEH AB20148
4 RAJA NUR NADHIRAH BINTI YUSOF AB20146
5 NUR AIN HIDAYATI BINTI YASMI AB20118

LAB SUPERVISOR'S NAME AND SIGNATURE

CONCRETE COMPRESSION TEST
INTRODUCTION

Concrete strength is one of the most essential criteria in determining the quality of
concrete. Concrete's compressive strength is determined via a compression test on
hardened concrete. It is a crucial component of structural design and is frequently employed
for compliance considerations. Concrete is designed to reach a given strength at a specific
age, which is usually represented by a 28-day period. Also, concrete's compression strength
is a measure of the material's capacity to withstand stresses that compress it. The
water/cement ratio, cement characteristics, aggregate properties, curing situation, and
other elements all have a role in the strength growth of concrete over time.

In addition, compressive strength is tested by breaking cylindrical concrete specimens in a

special machine designed to measure this type of strength. Compressive strength is critical
since it is the primary criterion for determining if a concrete mixture will meet the
requirements of a certain job. As a result, for a structure that will be subjected to certain
loading characteristics at various ages, such as early removal of formwork, lifting of precast
concrete panels, or distribution of complete loading, knowledge on the strength-time
relation is regarded important.

PRINCIPLE

The findings of the compressive strength test are generally used to determine if the
concrete mixture delivered on site matches the specified strength criteria in the job
specification. Three hardened concrete specimens shall be utilised in the measurement of
concrete strength at the intended age, and a compression test of moist-cured specimens is
undertaken immediately after specimens are removed from moist storage or curing tank. In
most cases strength requirements for concrete are at 28 days. The standards used for this
experiment are in accordance with ASTM C-39-03 and The BS 1881: Part116:1983.

A concrete specimen is subjected to a compression load at a set rate in a compression test.

The specimen is put through its paces until it breaks, and the highest load achieved is used
to calculate future strength. Observing the mode of failure during the testing process
demonstrates that the specimen, equipment, and technique were all satisfactory. When
strength test results show that the concrete fails to fulfil the specification's standards, it's
vital to remember that the concrete's failure could also be caused to the testing technique.
This is especially true if the cylinders' manufacture, handling, curing, and testing are not
done according to defined procedures.

1
OBJECTIVES

 To evaluate the type of failure of concrete cubes

 To determine the compressive strength of a hardened concrete specimen

APPARATUS

 Compression testing machine and accessories

 Concrete cube

2
PROCEDURE

Determine the size and

weight of each specimen.

Using a wet cloth, clean the

bearing faces of the upper and
lower bearing plates, as well as the
specimen.

Check for accurate alignment of the

top and lower plain surfaces by
placing the specimen in the centre of
the bearing plate.

Any end surfaces that do not satisfy

the required planeness must be
suitably sealed before the compression
test may continue if a cylindrical
specimen is used.

3
 Continue to apply the load
indefinitely until the specimen
breaks.

Keep track of the highest load applied

to the specimen during the test, the
kind of failure, and the appearance of
the specimen.

Calculate the
specimen's compressive
strength

Steps 1–7 should be

repeated for the other
specimen.

4
 RESULT

Calculate the compressive strength of the specimen by dividing the maximum load carried
by the specimen during test by the average cross-sectional area.

P
fc =
A

where,

fc= compressive strength of concrete specimen (N/mm² or MPa)

P= maximum load carried by the specimen during the test (N)

A= cross-sectional area of the specimen (mm²)

Table below shows the data for compression strength test:

sample weight date of sample age sample sample load length x Compressive Type of
mark (kg) mix (days) length width (kN) width (mm) strength failure
(mm) (mm) (N/mm²) (n/T)
1 7.89 6/1 7 150 150 480.999 22500 21.4 T

2 7.61 6/1 7 150 150 541.258 22500 24.1 T

3 7.79 6/1 7 150 150 594.648 22500 26.4 T

5
DISCUSSION

We calculate the compressive strength by dividing the maximum load by its cross-sectional
area. When we got all the data, we compared the result with our designed characteristic
strength, yet the average compressive strength obtained didn’t comply with the designed
characteristic strength which is 25N/mm 2 at 28 days. It is obvious that we didn’t reach the
targeted design characteristics strength due to the time limitation, we just consider 7 days
only from the date of the concrete mix design to determine its compressive strength.

Therefore, it is important to determine concrete compressive strength after 28 days as

concrete gains strength with time after casting. The rate of gain of concrete compressive
strength in higher during the first 28 days of casting and then it slows down. The table
below shows the compressive strength gained by concrete after 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days with
respect to the grade of concrete we use.

Age (day) Strength

1 16 %
3 40 %
7 65 %
14 90 %
28 99 %

Thus, it is clear that concrete gains its strength rapidly in the initial days after casting. When
its strength have reached 99% in 28 days, still concrete continues to gain strength after that
period, but that rate of gain in compressive strength is very less compared to that in 28
days.

Other than that, our experimental results are also different than the theoretical. We do not
get the accurate readings, but the values are still close to each other. There are some causes
of errors occur during the experiment, where all of the three cubes had to be taken out
early from the cure to ensure that the concrete cube was completely dry from the water
before performing the compression test. Next, before the compression of concrete begin,
we must ensure that the flat surface area of the concrete is facing the right way when
placed into the compression testing machine to evaluate its type of

Therefore, there are some safety measures that need to be followed such as how to use the
compression machine. Before we begin, operations must be thoroughly inspected and
handled in line with the steps. To avoid damage to electrical equipment, we are strictly
prohibited from turning on the motor at high pressure and must be set as the pressure has
been indicated by the lab staff. As a result of this whole test, we were able to learn the
importance of concrete strength after 28 day to avoid any errors and failure occur.

6
CONCLUSION

With reference to the standardized method, our group achieved the desired objectives in
this compressive test for compressive strength of hardened concrete specimen. This is the
most common concrete test. The concrete will harden over time, beginning with the casting
of the concrete cube. It is critical for engineers and technicians to obtain accurate
compressive strength results for concrete. Compressive strength over time also indicates
how well quality control is implemented on-site. The compressive strength of cubes
provides information about the potential strength of the concrete mix from which the
sample was taken. However, based on our results, we didn’t achieve the design
characteristics strength as it is only 65% of the overall percentage of compressive strength
but it is still acceptable.

We can only take readings for concrete that is 7 days old because we have a limited day
limit. However, the results of our experiments did not meet the desired criteria due to
reading errors. As a result, the three cubes we made must be removed early from the cure
to ensure that the concrete cubes are completely dry before performing the compression
test. To avoid such mistakes, the concrete cubes should be removed on day 28 after they
have matured. The sides of the concrete cube should also be checked to ensure that the
cube is compressed in the correct direction. Last but not least, before applying in daily life,
construction engineers should first perform this test. This is done to strengthen the
structure.

7
REFERENCE

 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/compressive-testing
 https://www.instron.com/en/our-company/library/test-types/compression-test
 https://www.testresources.net/applications/test-types/compression-
test/#:~:text=A%20compression%20test%20is%20any,%E2%80%9D%2C%20crushed
%2C%20or%20flattened.&text=A%20compression%20test%20is%20essentially,the%
20more%20common%20tension%20test.

8
DETAIL EVALUATION FORM FOR ENGINEERING LAB REPORT

SUBJECT/CODE: DAA2931 ENGINEERING LABORATORY II (MATERIAL AND STRUCTURAL)

GROUP NO./SECTION: GROUP 9 / SECTION A21

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT: CONCRETE FLEXURAL TEST

No MAX AVE NCR STU REMARKS/COMMENTS/SUGGESTION

1 Cover Page (1.5M)

Follow the Standard Cover page 1
Not follow the standard Cover page 0.5 0.2
Correct spell of Lecturer name,subject Code etc 0.5
Such as wrong in Lecturer name, Subject Code etc 0.25 0.2
Table of content (1.5M)
Follow Standard Table of Content 1.5
Not follow the standard Table of Content 0.5 0.2
Doesn't have either no., content or page no. 0.25 0.2
2 Introduction/Principles (3M) 3 2 1
Objectives (2M)
Follow as lab manual, lab sheet and extra 2
Too simple and not enough 1
same as lab manual only 1.5
Apparatus/Equipment (2M)
All equipments listed 2
Not enough equipment 1.5 1
3 Procedures (15M)
As experiment method 15
Too simple and not enough 10
Follow as lab manual and lab sheet only 5
4 Results (10M)
Tables 5 2.5 1
Graphs 2.5 1.5 1
Calculations - Example 2.5 1.5 1
5 Discussion / Analysis (20M)
Discuss on experiment result 8 4 2
Is it the result right or wrong 3 2 1
Comparison between theoritical and experimental 3 2 1
Cause and errorr during experimental 3 2 1
Safety measure during experiment 3 2 1
6 Conclusion (20M)
State the final result getting from experiment 4 2 1
Is it the objectives achieve/reach/accomplish 4 2 1
Actual result from other resources 4 2 1
Method to reduce error and improve method 4 2 1
Purpose of testing on industry application 4 2 1
7 References/Appendix (5M)
Photo during experiment 1 0.7 0.5
Website reference/ book 1 0.7 0.5
Result attached 3 2 1

NOTE:
NCR: Non Conformance requirements
STU: Student's marks

SUMMARY MARKS FOR ENGINEERING LABORATORY

% %
NO. ID NO.
PRACTICAL
TOTAL
REPORT

1 AMIR LUQMAN BIN ZAWAWI AB20127

2 MUHAMMAD AZRAI HAIKAL BIN AFFENDI AB20065
3 NUR FARZANA BINTI MAMAT SOLLEH AB20148
4 RAJA NUR NADHIRAH BINTI YUSOF AB20146
5 NUR AIN HIDAYATI BINTI YASMI AB20118

LAB SUPERVISOR'S NAME AND SIGNATURE

CONCRETE FLEXURAL TEST
INTRODUCTION

Flexural tests are generally used to determine the flexural modulus or flexural strength of a
material. It also measures the behaviour of materials subjected to simple beam loading and
is called a transverse beam test with some materials. It is used to check the resistance of a
material to breakage by bending stresses. The strength of a material in bending is expressed
as the tensile stress of the outermost fibres of a bent test sample at the instant of failure

In addition, the flexural test evaluates the tensile strength of concrete indirectly. It tests the
ability of unreinforced concrete, beam or slab to withstand failure in bending. It can
determine several important mechanical properties, including the flexural modulus, yield
stress and breaking stress. Meanwhile, flexural properties such as comprising strength,
stiffness, and load or deflection behaviour may be used for specification purposes, quality
control, and design applications.

Therefore, flexural testing is the most common method used to measure the axial tensile
strength of composite materials. Flexure tests are commonly associated with brittle
materials including plastics, polymers, composites, glass and ceramics. That said, bend test
and flexure test terms are used interchangeably in the testing industry.

PRINCIPLE

For flexure tests there is no involvement with end-tabs, or (normally) changes in the
specimen shape, tests being conducted on simply supported beams of constant cross-
sectional area. The two methods most usually used for the determination of flexural
properties are the three-point and four-point tests illustrated schematically in diagram
below. A flat rectangular specimen is simply supported close to its ends and either centrally
loaded in three-point bending or by two loads placed symmetrically between the supports,
giving four-point bending.

9
OBJECTIVES

 To evaluate the sample material's ability to withstand flexural or bending forces.

 To determine the flexural strength of concrete by the use of simple beam with third-
point loading.

APPARATUS

Flexural Testing Machine

 consist of two supports and two

loading points

Plain Concrete Beam

 100 x 100 x 500 (mm)

10
PROCEDURE

The weight and dimension of the beam specimen

were determined

The position of support and loading points on the

beam surface was marked

If a molded specimen was utilized, flip it on its side to its molded position and center it on the
support blocks. Position the sawed specimen such that the tension faced matches to the top or
bottom of the specimen as cut from the source material

On the specimen contact surface, grind, cap, or leather shims have been utilized to remove any
gap more than 0.10mm between the specimen and the load applying or support blocks

The specimen was loaded continuously and without

shock until rupture occurred

The highest force borne by the specimen during testing was documented, and the cross-section
of the specimen at one of the cracked faces was measured

One measurement was taken at each edge and one at the center of the cross-section for each
dimension of the cross-section. Three measurements were taken in each direction to establish
the average width and depth to the closest 1mm (include the cap thickness if the fracture
occurs at capped section)

The process from (i) to (vii) for the other specimen

were repeated

11
 RESULT
Sample Weight Date of Sample age Sample Sample Load Length x width
mark (kg) mix (days) length (mm) width (kN) (mm2)
(mm)
Beam 12.27 6 Jan 2022 7 500 100 13.42 50000

DISCUSSION

The flexural testing machine was used to evaluate a sample concrete that measured 100mm
x 100mm x 500mm and weighed 12.27 kg. The concrete sample is only 7 days old, which is
insufficient in comparison to 28 days. Also, the experimental value differs from the
theoretical value in that we do not obtain accurate and sharp numbers, but they are close to
each other due to precise and detailed readings on flexural testing machines

In addition, cracks are commonly used to identify flexural breakdowns. Before a beam fails,
it develops bending cracks. The failure occurs in the concrete's middle span. The distinction
between centre point and point loading is that the beam is forced to fail directly under the
centre of the load when it is subjected to centre-point loading. This may or may not be the
beam's weakest spot. The entire middle one-third of the beam is uniformly stressed under
third point loading, and the beam fails at its weakest point in the middle one-third of the
beam. The centre-point flexural test results are slightly greater than the third-point test
results because the beam is forced to fail at the centre. The results from the centre point
are typically 15% higher. Though not exact, this connection provides a good indication of the
concrete's typical strength.

It should be noticed that, the modulus of rupture value obtained by center point load test
arrangement is smaller than three-point load test configuration by around 15 percent.
Moreover, it is observed that low modulus of rupture is achieved when larger size concrete
specimen is considered. Furthermore, modulus of rupture is about 10 to 15 percent of
compressive strength of concrete. It is influenced by mixture proportions, size and coarse
aggregate volume used for specimen construction

Also, flexural strength is greater than tensile strength. If the material were homogeneous,
the flexural strength would be the same as the tensile strength. Most materials, in fact, have
minor or major flaws that operate to concentrate stresses locally, resulting in a localised
weakness. Only the extreme filaments are stressed the most when a material is bent, thus if
those fibres are free of flaws, the flexural strength will be determined by the strength of
those intact fibres. If the same material is solely subjected to tensile stresses, all the fibres in

12
the material will be stressed at the same time, and failure will occur when the weakest fibre
hits its tensile stress limit. As a result, flexural strengths for the same material are frequently
higher than tensile values. A homogeneous material with only surface flaws, on the other
hand, may have a higher tensile strength than flexural strength

Other than that, we should also be aware of various safety precautions, such as how to use
the flexural testing machine. Before beginning and operating, the operation should be
thoroughly checked and operated in accordance with the steps. When doing the test, wear
hand gloves and safety shoes. Turn off the equipment once the test is completed.

CONCLUSION

We achieved the desired objectives in this flexural test as a result of our research. Testing
standards, which are frequently classified according to the material being tested, outline
test procedures and provide information on recommended test equipment. Flexural testing
determines a material's resistance to flexing or stiffness by measuring the force required to
bend a beam of plastic material. The flex modulus of a material indicates how much it can
flex before permanent deformation occurs.

Also, there are some methods to reduce error and improve method to achieve maximum
strength when its maximum load is 13.42 kN during the experiment. First of all, we must
wait 28 days for this concrete sample to mature. The higher the value, the greater the
material's ability to withstand the impacting stresses. Therefore, we are unable to use our
concrete in construction because it does not meet the required specifications. If we use
concrete with low rate of quality and strength, the chances of a building collapsing are
extremely high. This is risky and endangers the safety of the building's occupants. As a
result, in order to construct a building, the material ratio must be precise.

13
REFERENCES

 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Failure-mode-of-plain-concrete-beam-a-Crack-
initiation-b-Crack-propagation-c_fig6_262014510

14