Name : Fakhri Nasrul Syihab

NPM ; 150320220004
Article Resume
The impact of the combined stress of high temperature and water deficit on growth and
seed yield of soybeans

Introduction
Increasing temperature and water deficit are the main abiotic factors that limit plant growth,
whereas in nature these two pressures often occur at the same time; little is known about their
combined effects on plants (Shah and Paulsen 2003; Rizhsky et al. 2004).
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merril] is the world's most important seed legume and makes a
significant contribution to vegetable oils, protein concentrates for animal feed, food use and
various industrial products.
Stress in the vegetative phase has been reported to decrease photosynthesis, leaf area and
biomass and once the stress is over, the plant may recover to some extent. However, stress at
the reproductive stage is known to affect reproductive processes such as flower abortion,
reproductive efficiency, seed and young pod development. Stress in the reproductive phase
often does not have a chance to recover and therefore, results in a severe loss of soybean
productivity.
The detrimental effects of high temperature and water stress on physiological processes,
growth and yield may not be easily evaluated because of their uncertain growth habits. In
whatever limited studies have been conducted, soybean plants were exposed for short periods
of time to high temperature conditions.
Results and Discussion
Impact of Temperature on leaf water status
Plants experience a deficit of soil moisture in the vegetative stage, the rate of decrease in leaf
water potential is significantly faster at high temperatures than at lower temperatures. Similar
stress development for cultivars JS 97-52 took about 17,15,12, and 10 days and for cultivar
EC 538828 it took about 17, 14, 11, 10 days to reach leaf water potential. When water stress
was in the reproductive phase and when water stress was in the reproductive phase, the
decrease in leaf water potential was faster on cultivars JS 97-52, namely 6, 5, 5, and 4 days
and on cultivar EC 538828, it was slower, namely 10, 9, 6, and 5 days.
 Fig.1 Result of Leaf Water Status

Accelerated groundwater depletion, possibly by a combination of evaporation and

transpiration, was evident at high temperatures in this study. When plants experience a deficit
of soil moisture in the vegetative and reproductive stages, the rate of decrease in leaf water
potential is significantly faster during the reproductive stages and at high temperatures than at
lower temperatures. This can be attributed to the much smaller crown size in the vegetative
stage which results in less water loss due to transpiration compared to the reproductive stage.
High soil temperatures can remove water faster from soil by increasing evaporation by
affecting soil temperature, transpiration rate and vapor pressure deficit. Temperature clearly
interacts with water stress by affecting groundwater availability. This shows that although
drought is the only stress that directly controls the water status of plants, the severity of
drought also depends on the existing temperature.

Impact of temperature and water stress on Growth Parameters

Total Leaf Area
The total soybean leaf area was significantly affected by temperature in both genotypes. In
the vegetative phase, the average leaf area was 661.4 cm2 at 30/22 C, but treatment at higher
temperatures decreased. At stage R5 the leaf area was 1803.1 cm 2 at 30/22 C, but the high
temperature treatment also decreased. At stage R6 the leaf area was 1412.7 cm2 and the yield
of leaf area also decreased at higher temperatures. And in the reproductive phase, the total
temperature of the soybean leaf area also significantly affected, at R5 the leaf area at a
temperature of 1843 cm2 tended to decrease with increasing temperature. Likewise in R6, the
leaf area is 1293 cm2 and tends to decrease with increasing temperature.
During Vegetative, water stress significantly affects the total leaf area. In conditions without
stress, leaf area has an average of 741.4 and when it is in dry stress it decreases to 404.3. At
R5, water stress has a significant impact on leaf area. The leaf area in the unstressed
condition was 1687.7 cm2 and decreased in the stressed condition which was 1114.6 cm 2. In
R6, the stress conditions made a significant difference in the total leaf area. The unstressed
state was 1335 cm2 and decreased when the stress condition became 922.6. In the
reproductive phase, stress conditions also have a significant effect on the total leaf area. Leaf
area at R5 under
normal conditions has a yield of 1687.7 while under stress conditions it decreases to 1092.6
cm2. Also in R6, normal conditions have a significant result, namely 1335.4 and stress
conditions, namely 611.3.
Genotype also had an insignificant effect on the average total leaf area. In the vegetative
phase, Genotype JS 97-52 had a yield of 562 cm 2 and genotype EC538828 increased to 587.3
cm2. Stage R5, genotype JS 97-52 had a yield of 2087.7 and genotype EC538828 714.6
resulting in significant results.
In the Reproductive Phase. Between the two soybean genotypes, the average leaf area/pl at
stages R5 and R6 was significantly higher at JS 97-52 (2087 and 1397 cm 2) respectively
compared to EC 538828 (693 and 551 cm2).

Fig.2 Result of Total Leaf Area

Leaf area often decreases under heat stress and drought because the transpiration surface of
the leaf decreases drastically . Under the influence of high temperatures, the rate of leaf
elongation increases, while the duration decreases.
Impact of temperature and water stress on seed yield and yield attributes
Seed Yields
Soybean seed yields were influenced by temperature, stress, and the genotypes of the
vegetative and reproductive phases with significantly different results. The significant
interaction between temperature and water stress indicates that plants respond differently to
water stress given at two stages at four growth temperatures. The average non-stress yields of
the two soybean genotypes planted at 30/22, 34/24, 38/24 and 42/28 C were 16.4, 14.2, 9.3
and 5.6 g/pl which significantly reduced to 11.2, 8.7, 7.5 and 5.0 g/pl in plants stressed in the
vegetative stage and 5.2, 3.6, 2.2 and 1.2 g/pl respectively respectively when the plant is
stressed at the reproductive stage.
This indicates that in plants experiencing water stress in the vegetative and reproductive
stages at temperatures of 30/22, 34/24, 38/24 and 42/28 C, seed yields were reduced by 31,
38, 19 and 10%, and 68, 75 , 76 and 79% compared to seed yields of unstressed plants at the
respective temperatures. Therefore, the decrease in seed yield was significantly higher at all
temperatures when plants were water stressed in the reproductive stage compared to the
vegetative stage.
The absolute yield was higher on JS 97-52 compared to EC 538828 while the decrease in
yield due to increased temperature and water stress imposed on the vegetative and
reproductive stages was relatively low on EC 538828. Genotype temperature 9 and water
stress 9 genotype interactions showed a significant response to the soybean genotype to
growth temperature and different water stress. The average seed yield of JS 97-52 on plants
without stress was 14.4 g/pl and reduced by 28 and 81% on plants subjected to water stress in
the vegetative and reproductive stages, respectively. Whereas in EC 538828 the average seed
yield was 8.3 g/pl for non-stressed plants, which decreased by 29 and 59% respectively for
water-stressed plants in the vegetative and reproductive stages.

Fig.3 Result of Seed Yield

Number of pods
The number of pods was influenced by temperature and water stress which was able to give
significant results for two different genotypes. At 30/22 C it gives a yield of 47 and decreases
with increasing temperature. Under normal conditions without water stress, the number of
pods also gave significantly different results, namely 47 while under vegetative stress it was
45, and during reproductive stress it was 30. As well as for the JS 97-52 genotype it was 66
and the EC 538828 genotype was 15.

Fig.4 Result of Number of Pods

Number of seeds
The maximum average number of soybean seeds/pl (105 seeds/pl) in plants grown at 30/22
C, which significantly decreased to 93, 74 and 51 seeds/pl when plants were grown at 34/24,
38/ pl. 26 and 42/28 C, respectively (Table 4). Among the water stress treatments, the
average number of seeds/pl in non-stressed plants was 106 and decreased to 97 seeds/pl in
stressed plants in the vegetative phase and 40 seeds/pl in stressed plants in the reproductive
phase .
Therefore, the application of stress in the vegetative stage (8%) did not affect the number of
seeds while in the reproductive stage the decline was severe (62%). Between the two
genotypes, the average number of seeds was higher (80%) in JS 97-52 (135 seeds/pl)
compared to EC 538828 (27 seeds/pl). The interaction between temperature and water stress
was not significant which showed the same response from both stress on seed number.

Fig.5 Result of Number of Seed

The combined effect of high temperature and water stress on the yield of many plants is
stronger than the effect of the individual stresses alone. The weight of one hundred seeds,
seeds/pl and seeds/pods decreased with the same trend in the two genotypes in response to
temperature. Seed size mainly depends on the availability of photosynthates that are currently
available or translocated from other plant parts into the seed. High temperatures lead to
decreased photo synthesis, nitrogen supply, rapid leaf senescence, forced maturity and
reduced seed filling and eventually lead to severe yield losses. Under drought, rapid leaf
senescence and reduced photosynthesis are hampered.