新托福百日百句百篇（第一册）

（第一册）
刘文勇编著
中国人民大学出版社
·北京·
图书在版编目（CIP）数据
新托福百日百句百篇. 第 1 册 / 刘文勇编著. —北京：中国人民大学出版社，2014.12

ISBN 978-7-300-20086-6
Ⅰ. ①新… Ⅱ. ①刘… Ⅲ. ①TOEFL–自学参考资料 Ⅳ. ①H310. 41
中国版本图书馆 CIP 数据核字（2014）第 266301 号
高级实用英语系列教材
新托福百日百句百篇（第一册）
刘文勇编著
Xintuofu Bairi Baiju Baipian (Di-yi Ce)
出版发行中国人民大学出版社
社址北京中关村大街31号邮政编码 100080
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网址 http://www.crup.com.cn
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规格 185 mm×260 mm 16 开本版次 2015 年 3月第 1版
印张 17.25 印次 2015 年 3月第 1次印刷
字数 393 000 定价 49.80 元（附赠光盘一张）
封面无防伪标均为盗版
版权所有侵权必究印装差错负责调换
乐闻携尔图书编委会
主编：刘文勇
副主编：甘庆
委员：张宏石金娥陈睿刘妍马原九子
王甜张薇白宜玄李达王伟男
张颖王雪力杨允慧张明靓乔轶维
卢丹丹杜昕洁孟伟哲葛思颖王壮一
秦佳丽何梅王美娟韩思思郑立媛
段晓艳温艳楠刘新娟王丹丹陈冬月
王青青杨森林白丹丹李蓉张静媛
杨雪琪张海鑫王蕾王聪王丽
张乐司春晖张辉王国达李继楠
张钰刘旭晗贾丹凤王涛韩立娜
张瑞贾静雯鹿广芬陈丽赵蒙
陈秋月安春
目录
Day 1·············································································································································· 1
Passage 1································································································································· 1
Sentence 1······························································································································· 5
Day 2············································································································································ 11
Passage 2······························································································································· 11
Sentence 2····························································································································· 15
Day 3············································································································································ 21
Passage 3······························································································································· 21
Sentence 3····························································································································· 25
Day 4············································································································································ 31
Passage 4······························································································································· 31
Sentence 4····························································································································· 35
Day 5············································································································································ 40
Passage 5······························································································································· 40
Sentence 5····························································································································· 43
Day 6············································································································································ 49
Passage 6······························································································································· 49
Sentence 6····························································································································· 53
Day 7············································································································································ 59
Passage 7······························································································································· 59
Sentence 7····························································································································· 62

（第一册）
Day 8 ··········································································································································· 68
Passage 8 ······························································································································ 68
Sentence 8 ···························································································································· 72
Day 9 ··········································································································································· 78
Passage 9 ······························································································································ 78
Sentence 9 ···························································································································· 81
Day 10 ········································································································································· 88
Passage 10 ···························································································································· 88
Sentence 10 ·························································································································· 92
Day 11 ········································································································································· 98
Passage 11 ···························································································································· 98
Sentence 11························································································································· 103
Day 12 ······································································································································· 109

Passage 12 ·························································································································· 109
Sentence 12 ························································································································ 114
Day 13 ······································································································································· 120

Passage 13 ·························································································································· 120
Sentence 13 ························································································································ 126
Day 14 ······································································································································· 131

Passage 14 ·························································································································· 131
Sentence 14 ························································································································ 137
Day 15 ······································································································································· 142

Passage 15 ·························································································································· 142
Sentence 15 ························································································································ 148
Day 16 ······································································································································· 153

Passage 16 ·························································································································· 153
Sentence 16 ························································································································ 159
Day 17 ······································································································································· 164

Passage 17 ·························································································································· 164
Sentence 17 ························································································································ 170
2
目录
Day 18· ······································································································································ 176
Passage 18··························································································································· 176
Sentence 18························································································································· 181
Day 19· ······································································································································ 187

Passage 19··························································································································· 187
Sentence 19························································································································· 191
Day 20· ······································································································································ 196

Passage 20··························································································································· 196
Sentence 20························································································································· 200
Day 21· ······································································································································ 206

Passage 21··························································································································· 206
Sentence 21························································································································· 209
Day 22· ······································································································································ 215

Passage 22··························································································································· 215
Sentence 22························································································································· 219
Day 23· ······································································································································ 224

Passage 23··························································································································· 224
Sentence 23························································································································· 230
Day 24· ······································································································································ 235

Passage 24··························································································································· 235
Sentence 24························································································································· 241
Day 25· ······································································································································ 247

Passage 25··························································································································· 247
Sentence 25························································································································· 250
参考答案···································································································································· 256
阅读文章与真题配对统计表· ······························································································ 257

序言
各位同学，如果你——
（1）准备把本书当作一本“新托福能力练习册”，请读序一；
（2）准备把本书当作一本“北美考试机经合集”，请读序二；
（3）没啥想法的话，那就两个序都读吧 !
序一
这是一个变化太快的时代，似乎前一秒钟学生们还会一丝不苟地在大厚本子上记笔记，
下一秒钟他们就纷纷嚷着要求老人家注册“微博”、“微信”等高科技的账号来答疑。为了
赶上时代潮流，我一把老骨头还真注册了一个微信账号（liuwenyonglasedu）：一方面，用
作玩儿票；另一方面也顺便给几个特定的学生来答疑解惑。再后来，为了敦促这几个“不
乖”的学生每天都能看点儿英文，我总顺手给他们群发一些难句和需要读的小文章。结果，
有好几个同学都给我发微信说，每个星期只有一个句子翻译不够过瘾。其实我讲起来也很
不过瘾，并且这样零散的知识不够系统，我担心对大家的帮助不够大——大家只把微信交
流当作“玩儿”，而不是一个“课堂”。
于是，我和我的团队（乐闻携尔实验性教学项目组：王甜、王烨、卢丹丹）咬牙做了
两个课堂：一个叫作“百日百句译”；另一个叫作“百日百篇读”。
所谓的“百日百句译”，无非是挑出新托福真实考试之中的 100 个句子，先一天一句
慢慢地讲解，之后再要求大家用讲解完的结构和用法来造句而已。
具体操作是这样的：
● 准备一个本子，每天从微信中把要翻译的英文句子抄写下来。
● 每天都花 5 分钟时间看一下要翻译的这个句子（遇到不认识的单词要查、要背，积

（第一册）
累词汇量）
。
● 花些精力译一译（要多思考，不要追求速度，大概花 10 分钟）。请大家一定要动手，
而不只是动脑：事情往往“想起来容易，做起来难”，而思考“如何翻译才更好”
的过程，其实就是我们理清难句的过程，所以必不可少——这样第二天看解析的时
候才会有更真切的感受。
● 为了能够事半功倍，将阅读和写作结合在一起，大家还要耐下性子完成汉译英的翻
译训练，因为在以后的写作中或许能够派上用场（大概 15 分钟）。
我想，每天花费半个小时（5+10+15 分钟），只需 100 天就能使得阅读和写作水平有
所提升。什么？觉得 100 天太长？呵呵，有人在那些所谓有效的“速成理论”中都不知蹉
跎了多少个 100 天了呢！所以还是老老实实、扎扎实实地投入到英语能力的综合训练之中
来吧。
所谓的“百日百篇读”，就是每天通过微信发布一篇英文文章，并配有题目。而这些
文章都还原自 2011 年至 2013 年北美托福考试的阅读文章；对于相信机经的同学来说，这
也算是一个练习的契机，因为 2014 年至 2015 年在中国内地的新托福考试中，很有可能会
考到这些英文文章。这样的活动最适合以下人群参与：刚刚开始准备托福的同学；测试分
数在 80 分以下的同学；乐闻携尔“监狱”集训营班级的同学。
具体要求很简单：
● 每天花 20 分钟时间，把文章细细地读一遍。对于文章中不认识的单词，一定要及
时查出来（需要大家重点识记的单词已经在文中着重标出来了）。
● 做一下文章后面附带的题目：一方面，可以训练解题技巧；另一方面，也可以考查
清楚同学们是否真正读懂了文章。
其实，我一直觉得“top down”的英语学习方法才是正解：从文章阅读中积累词汇和句型，
要远比背单词书有效得多——尽管看起来速度不快，但效率极高，因为有语境才会用。有
些类似小时候的语文课：老师一天只教一篇文章，抠出五个生字，在文中讲解。
这个活动做满 100 天了，参加的同学也越来越多。我和出版社的冬梅老师商量了一
下，于是决定把微信课堂上的内容整理成册后出版发行，书名定为《新托福百日百句百篇》。
这本书共分四册，而第一册就是前 25 天的所有课堂内容。
2013 年 3 月 3 日的托福考试刚结束，就有很多同学发微信感谢我：因为当日考试的文
章在“文勇的微信空中课堂”中都出现过（它们分别是“中世纪商人信用”
、“猛犸草原”和
。类似的情况在 3 月 30 日这一天又发生了，有同学在考试的时候欣喜地
“独居与群居”）
发现了“Japanese Climate”和“Mesoamerica”这两篇熟悉的文章。我觉得挺得意的同时，
心里当然知道，这些同学取得好成绩是应该的——不是因为他们碰上了机经，而是因为这
些同学中的大部分人我都特别眼熟，他们都是坚持每天参加百日读活动的乖孩子。哪里有
努力的人不成功的道理？
2
序言
最后有两句话，一句要送给大家，另一句要送给自己：
“哪有什么胜利可言，挺住意味着一切。”
——里尔克
（微信课堂我们一起坚持，一步一步往前挪。）
“一扇门要开，手里有一万把钥匙，一把把试过来，来不及的。良师告诉你，一捅，
就开了。”
——木心
（希望微信课堂能有希望朝这个方向多挪动一点儿，也希望我自己能够往这个方向多
挪动一点儿。）
序二：Necessary Evil
“为什么会出版与机经沾边儿的图书？”
开篇明义：其实我并不中意“机经”
。
“机经”这个说法，最早可能源于机考 GRE 的年代——在那个时期多次考试的考题是
可能完全重复的（一般以“自然月”为周期）。常出现的情形是：月末参加考试的同学遇
到的试题，居然与月初的试题完全一致。所以，尽管考生在参加这些标准化考试之前都需
先“签字画押”（签订保密协议，同意绝不将试题内容透露给任何第三方），但仍有“热心”
的同学愿意在网络上回顾、分享自己考过的试题，这也就给后来参加考试的同学们创造了
提前熟悉某些将要考到的真实考题的机会。
与之类似，机经在新托福（iBT）考试出现后，也逐步流行了起来，因为自从托福将
纸笔考试（PBT）改革成计算机考试之后，也出现了重复出题的现象（尽管它并不是以自
然月为周期的，但终归是重复了很多次，还是有规律可循的）。按照陈睿老师的说法，科
班出身的理工科专业人才使用 STATA 或 SPSS 等统计软件来“处理数据、总结规律”的能
力还是不可小觑的。于是同学们总能看到诸多预测机经，也总能够听到我们的机经预测命
中的消息。这看上去是一件皆大欢喜的事情。
但事实上，若同学们有缘读到这篇小短文，我最想对大家说的一句话却是：机经可能
并不如你想象中的那么有用。
尽管我们制作的“机经材料”经常命中考题，但我却时常在各类讲座中宣传“机经无
用论”。因为在一个真正经过了精心设计、目的是考查学生语言能力的测试中，出题者并
不是那么在意学生是否已经提前了解部分试题。
请允许我以写作为例来进行阐述。其实提前知道作文题目在很大程度上并不会影响最

（第一册）
终的写作成绩。回想 2005 年以前的老托福时代，作文题目甚至是在考试前就已经提前告

知了的——只要你愿意，就可以在考前将题库里面的 185 个作文题目全都看一遍。大家不
要觉得不可思议，事实上公布题库的行为在标准化考试中十分普遍：GRE 考试中的写作
部分（无论是 Issue 还是 Argue 题）也都是提前公布题库的。
为何出题机构敢如此“嚣张”呢？因为这是一个考查写作（语言）能力（而不是考查
知识的丰富程度）的考试，它所公布的题库也并不是附有标准答案的问答题，所以即便提
前获知题目，也并不能帮助写作能力糟糕的同学写出扎实、流畅乃至优美的文章来。
更进一步地说，即便是通过机经预测，在考前顺利将出题范围圈定在 20 个话题以内，
甚至再夸张一点，花时间把这些题目也都逐一写一遍，考试的时候也无非就是把已有的水
平再重复发挥一次而已，最后该得多少分，还是多少分，不会变（即使根据这些预测题目
把文章都写一遍，而且还都修订打磨成范文一般的美文，或者干脆考前去背诵大量的范文，
往往也还是低分）。有些同学会不服气：
“难道是我背诵的范文本身写得不够好吗？”
事实往往并非如此。问题的关键在于同学们在考场上复述或者模仿范文时，如果能准
确地把三分之二的精妙句子写出来就已经很不容易了，剩下的三分之一则是自身真实水平
的体现。大家想想，当评卷老师看到这样一篇奇怪的文章时，结果会怎样？面对三分之二
的异常精妙的内容和三分之一掺杂其中的傻头傻脑的句子，同一篇文章中居然出现如此明
显的水平差异，评卷老师当然很容易就能判定孰真孰假，最终的分数可想而知。（事实上，
我并不反对研读范文，不然我也不会出版两本范文书。但显然，简单的背诵并不会收获好
的效果——过些时候我再与大家讨论范文如何研读的问题。）
既然写作如此，我想口语方面也容易得出类似的结论：与写作一样，口语并非考查知
识的丰富内涵，而是考查语言的表达能力。另外，对于阅读和听力两个部分，如果大家仔
细看过各种版本的机经就会发现，被回顾出来的考题内容大都缺乏细节，而在这两个科目
中被考查得最多的不正是细节吗？这时候有同学会问：
“我的天啊！难道机经真的就这样一无是处吗？那你们为什么还要费心制作机经呢？”
在这里，我想告诉大家机经的真正意义之所在：
其一，对于中等水平的考生来说，提前通读可能考到的预测机经，能帮助自己克服知
识储备上的不丰富从而在考试时可以把更多的精力放在最需要的地方：当考生已经通过机
经了解到文章大意后，在考阅读和听力的部分时，就能够将精力放在更可能会出题的细节
上；而在写作和口语部分，则能够将精力放在斟酌字词句以及思考谋篇布局上，这样更有
意义，而不至于再花时间去想具体要写什么内容、说什么话题。
显然，随着同学们复习程度的加深，以上这一点的意义将会逐步降低。任何一位经过
了良好训练的同学，都有能力在短时间内了解一篇阅读文章或听力文本的大意（而不再单
纯地依赖机经提供的那些不太准确的概述），而关于口语与写作的试题同学们也能在一系
4
序言
列正规练习之后，掌握严密而有效的内容发展模式（因为经过训练，构造内容的过程可以
在真正意义上内化为学生的一项能力）。
与此相反的是，对考试越是不熟悉的同学（比如在考前一个月才刚刚了解了一些托福
，或者现阶段水平还比较低的同学（模考总分低于 80 分），的确都应该利用
考试的细则）
预测机经，提前构思考试内容。
其二，事实上，机经还是一个纯粹的习题库。这些曾经在真实考试中出现过的试题，
最能代表托福考试的风格。特别是对于写作和口语这两个科目来说，机经能帮助考生了解
怎样的题目类型是 ETS 最喜欢考查的，而对此考生自己又应当如何回答；而在阅读和听
力部分，机经则能为考生提供背景知识及复习方向的指示。倘若考生发现阅读机经中出现
了一篇关于天文学的文章，并且自认为对此不太熟悉，那么就会额外把天文类的相应单词
都好好地背诵一下，提前做准备以防考试的时候干瞪眼。显然，从这个角度来说，机经可
以指出考生阅读的盲点，听力部分也是如此。
其三，无论承认与否，机经对于考生心理上的安抚作用极为巨大。别人都看机经，自
己也看，这样才会心安。安慰剂的作用在医学上是可测的（若是不同意，请参考一个叫作
“科学松鼠会”的网站），所以即便仅仅是为了追求心安而翻阅机经，其理由也是很充分的。
事实上，我觉得心理安慰是如此的重要，以至于我自己都想开一个专栏，负责回答出国考
试准备过程中的各类问题（邮箱 liuwenyong@lasedu.com。没错，我在模仿我的大爱连岳
老师）。
其实我用“Necessary Evil”作为这篇短文的标题，也算是为制作机经的我们和阅读机
经的你们开脱，毕竟这并不是一件多好的事情。亚里士多德说过的一句话放在这里或许会
很合适，无论我们是否承认：
Evil draws men together.
（正是邪恶的想法，才能把人们聚集起来。）
最后，我想要留出篇幅，感谢如下同学：是他们在微信上的积极参与，才敦促我坚持
做完了这 100 天的活动；让我以他们的名义，将这本书献给更多正行进在留学路上的同学。
留学路上不信速成，扎实干活比什么都重要！
以下名单排名不分先后：
阿立啊瞒啊童牧爱莲说（孙菡）爱睡觉的派大星爱惜
安迪安喵喵 ~ 安琪儿安荣成巴斯光莲把握现在
白鳍豚白天白银那 DT 百里溪瓜远常在班婕妤 . 斑斑
薄珦宝儿宝井一贝贝哒霖 *^^ 被虐死的西西酱奔跑的蜗牛 yue
比邻范士闯扁扁 Rachel 冰糖块波拿巴莫斯科不乐不语布里斯班的灯鱼 <♪
蔡少凡蔡璇灿 ~ 粲曹博士要奋斗曹源
曹允查无此二货 _Baru 木木夕柴婷婷常睿畅
朝丶 sir 沉默陈晨樱陈果陈晗旖陈洁

（第一册）
陈理超陈琳陈汝嫣陈希陈小兔诚诚

程飞飞程勰程遥喵小兔吃薯片会死君赤丙
崔乃元达达答案大奔大笛大肚子鸟儿
大南力大叔叔梦大仙的 penn 大圆小媛 _Ryohei 大晕头
大子呆毛儿小宇戴杉杉小姐单缸 12 涡轮淡定生活蛋泥
党的小胖纸点点丁丁。丁丁丁起不來丁嘉仪 JOYcee
东霓冬恺董志永豆小豆赌王之业未竟杜一峰
樊金曦方驰非波波非黑即白肥兔兔兔兔费沁雯
奋起吧好蛋冯小疯冯雪竹福付付付付付小潘始终要坚定
付小正傅承平傅宇概率论与甘钰熔干干干千干干干
高弘烨高靖涛高杉高斯高心怡高智
羔羊葛超宮雪 • ﹏ • 苟颖琦孤独患者古古
瓜尔佳紫仪☠ 关 kZ 关骜 lin 关八十关天官竞宇
贯之郭墨墨郭肃晋郭秀甲锅盖盖盖盖海豚湾
韩韩韩未央好吧！好吃的鳕鱼郝姐姐郝嗨嗨何蒙靜
何桑桑何潇何源源黑眼圈黑夜里的小黑猫鸿霖
侯婧 Roxa 胡希花辞树怀沙黄橙子黄东柠 Burt
黄乐怡黄思瑶黄昕彤黄昕宇黄雨婕黄越
晃晃悠悠会飞的莎翁惠心心心心浑沌佶童佳佳
家有萌狗甲甲贾琼贾劭儒江湖艺人 .. 姜峰
蒋思超〜焦洋叫我囡囡洁琼金针菇金振涛
惊蛰晶晶 ^o^ 景怡婧大人婧小小镜。梅
绝殇 Jade 坤坤张兰兰兰文同学蓝珈蓝胖子家的猫烂烂的番茄
老邓雷恬蕾朵朵儿冷林燕 ? 罹李奥
李晨阳李驰垠李大爷包工头李行行李虹李慧德。
李静李梦鑫李梦卓 Stella 李小泊李杨李雨航
李源力存丽颖荔枝酱廉梁皓越
梁怡倩 cindy 靚林不黑。林夕又日升林园有你你不懂林子
林无敌临梅琳吝晓丹刘傲刘畅
刘楚刘大倩刘芳芳刘杰刘立群刘倩倩倩
刘小奥刘晓梦刘岩刘沂东刘震寰流程线
龙龙龙小闲隆冬强娄文学三查卢雅丽
鲁天 Sian 鲁喆璐儿璐璐罗文心罗钰如
萝卜的鸭头洛翼骆珊珊落雪飞花吕翔马慧琳
马洁马骏马踢地馬修 Z 麦当劳 IF 馒头
满开智满月雪狼曼蒂潘梅子萌 meng 萌琪琪 677
盟. 描鲤沫沫漠漠陛下默然嬷嬷驾到
穆先生那些花儿那又怎样纳兰秋叶醉乃卉奶茶弟弟
乐闻携尔熬夜团团支书
文勇
6
编著说明
亲爱的读者朋友们：
你们好！感谢选购《新托福百日百句百篇（第一册）》一书。
熟悉文勇老师的同学想必都知道他最近十分热衷于“微信空中课堂”，每天都在自己
的账号（liuwenyonglasedu）上发一些“奇奇怪怪”的东西，比如一些重点句子的翻译和
一些整理出来的机经文章。初衷是督促学生们多动手练习、多动脑思考。结果目的达到了，
互动很热烈。慢慢地，就有学生反映说能否把这些实用的资料整理成册，这样就能以书籍
的形式长久留存了，即使不方便上网或者暂时还没注册微信的学生也同样有机会参与其中，
并得到扎实的训练。出于这种考虑——满足大家的多元化需求，于是我们决定将其出版
发行。
为方便广大读者使用，简单介绍如下：
◆ 本书的结构主要分为两大部分——Passage 和 Sentence。其中，“Passage”部分为整
理出炉的最新北美机经还原文章，并附有一至两道练习题目，以检验同学们对于文
章的理解程度（文章中着重标注出来的单词是需要额外注意的，如果对它们不够熟
悉，大家最好下点儿工夫强化记忆并将其牢牢掌握）；“Sentence”则全部选自免费
共享资料“黄金阅读”，该部分下设几个小板块，包括需要翻译的英文原文、参考翻译、
知识点小结、与该原文相关的阅读题目、汉英翻译练习及其参考翻译、扩充后的中
文段落翻译及其相关的托福写作题目以及勇哥批改学生的翻译练习。
◆ 书中特意设计了供读者使用的“小试身手”练习框：在“Sentence”这个部分中的
“英文原文”之后给出了一个方框；在“汉英翻译练习”之后给出了三个方框。除
了考虑到排版的美观之外，更重要的是大家可以尽情挥笔，动手写下心中的答案，
一次次地打磨，找出不足，逐步改善翻译质量。在每天的末尾，我们还精心挑选了
两到三篇的学生作业并进行批改。批改后的文章不是唯一的标准答案，只是供读者

（第一册）
参考，这样可以使它成为一本专门为你量身定做的、真正有效的备考材料。
◆ 书中阅读题目的答案请见本书最后的“参考答案”（注：没有给出具体答案而用笑
脸  代替的，表示 ETS 并未针对此句英文原文出阅读题目）。
截至今日，本书中已有多篇文章都命中了，这说明我们努力的方向是正确的。本次出
版的是该系列图书的第一册，而第二、三、四册也在全力筹备中，很快也就面市了，广大
读者朋友敬请期待。
贴心的服务，是我们乐闻携尔团队永远的追求。对于书中的纰漏和疏忽之处，真心希
望亲爱的读者朋友们能在第一时间给予批评指正，我们一定虚心接受，努力完善公司的图
书出版工作，争取让您满意！
2
Day 1
Passage 1
Mammoth Extinction
① Mammoth, the common name for several extinct species of the elephant family,
had long, curved tusks which grew to approximately 3 m (about 10.5 ft.) in length, and
a prominent hump on the back. The first mammoths appeared in Africa during the early
Pliocene Epoch, almost 5 million years ago. The first North American mammoths migrated
across the Bering Strait from Asia into Alaska during a period of low sea levels nearly
2 million years ago. By the beginning of the Pleistocene Epoch, about 1.6 million years
ago, mammoths inhabited North America, Europe, and Asia. Scientists believe that most
mammoths had died out toward the end of the Pleistocene Epoch, about 11,000 years ago.
Yet the cause of their extinction remains unsolved.
② Some scientists hold the proposal that the mammoths’ extinction were triggered by
climatic change. During the Late Pleistocene, the environment of the northern territories
of Eurasia, (ranging from Western Europe to Alaska,) was generally open, tending
toward steppe-like. It is known as the Mammoth Steppe, an ecosystem remarkable for
its unusual combination of mammal species. The Mammoth Steppe was very productive
and characterized by very diverse flora and fauna, with a large variety in species. It would
have sustained mammalian herds all year round. Yet as the planet warmed during the
Pleistocene-Holocene transition, a drastic rearrangement of its floral and faunal components
occurred which led to a marked change in the distribution of species. The steppes there
gave way to silt, dust, and ice-based tundra landscapes, dominated in some places by
forests and in others by mosses. As the ecosystem of the Mammoth Steppe collapsed and
was replaced by the modern tundra and steppe belts of Eurasia, mammoth became extinct
after having survived many climatic changes during several hundreds of thousands of years.
③ However, other researchers tend to form a different theory. They believe the Clovis
people, who were big-game hunters, could help explain an unsolved puzzle of the Americas
in the late Pleistocene: the catastrophic extinction of dozens of species of large animals.

（第一册）
Day 1
Across the Americas, millions of large animals disappeared, including the mammoth. These
extinctions were thought to coincide with the arrival of Clovis groups, a chronological
coincidence that led University of Arizona ecologist Paul Martin to propose the hypothesis
of Pleistocene overkill, as the Pleistocene-Holocene transition is also the period during which
humans spread into Northern Siberia and crossed Beringia on their journey to America. This
hypothesis, first put forward in 167, contends that the Clovis big-game hunters caused the
extinctions. Martin suggested that overkill was especially likely—even inevitable—if Clovis
groups were the first Americans. These giant animals, if they had never faced human hunters
before, would have been especially vulnerable prey to this new, dangerous, two-legged
predator.〇 1
④ Over time, however, it became clear that the Pleistocene overkill hypothesis was not
strongly supported by the archaeological record. Archaeologists have yet to document a
single Clovis sloth kill, horse kill, camel kill, or a kill of any of the other several dozen mega
faunal species. Whatever caused the extinction of these animals, it was not human hunting.
Currently, the extinction remains a puzzle.
——2012 年 5 月 26 日北美机经
. All of the following are mentioned in Paragraph 2 as contributing to the extinction of

mammoth EXCEPT 　　.
A. the atmosphere generally warmed up
B. the disappearance of their natural habitat
C. the human invasion into Northern Siberia
D. the violent rearrangement of Mammoth Steppes floral and faunal composition
2. According to Paragraph 4, why was the overkill hypothesis weakly supported?

A. Scientists are more inclined to adopt the climatic change hypothesis.
B. Apart from mammoth, other several dozen megafaunal species also died out.
C. The archaeologists cannot find any evidence on the Clovis killing of other animals to
support the mammoth overkill hypothesis.
D. The time of mammoth extinction doesn’t agree with that of the Clovis settlement.
核心词汇：
单词词性释义和例句
extinct adj. no longer in existence 灭绝的
例：At the current rate of decline, many of the rain forest animals
could become extinct in less than 0 years.
〇 1 与今日百句译（Sentence 1）相同的句型。
2
1
续前表
migrate verb to move from one part of the world to another according to the
season 迁移
例：Most birds have to fly long distances to migrate.
trigger verb to make sth. happen suddenly 引起，引发
例：It is still not clear what events triggered off the demonstrations.
territory noun land that is under the control of a particular country or ruler 领土，
领域
例：Talks have broken down over the disputed territory.
sustain verb to continue at the same level or rate for a long time 持续，维持
例：Recovery can’t be sustained unless more jobs are created.
drastic adj. extreme in a way that has a sudden, serious or violent effect on sth.
激烈的
例：Drastic measures are needed to clean up the profession.
give way to to be replaced by sth., especially because it is better, cheaper,
easier, etc. 为……所替代，让位于
例：As print and broadcast give way to the Digital Age, the media
are in upheaval.
collapse verb to fall down or fall in suddenly, often after breaking apart 瓦解
例：His business empire collapsed under a massive burden of debt.
catastrophic adj. causing a lot of damage or making a lot of people suffer 灾难性的，
毁灭性的
例：A tidal wave caused by the earthquake hit the coast causing
catastrophic damage.
coincide with to take place at the same time 同时发生
例：My holiday coincides with John’s.
chronological adj. arranged in the order in which they happened 按时间顺序排列的
例：I have arranged these stories in chronological order.
hypothesis noun an idea or explanation of sth. that is based on a few known facts but
that has not yet been proved to be true or correct 假设
例：Work will now begin to test the hypothesis in rats.
contend verb to say that sth. is true, especially in an argument 主张，辩称
例：I would contend that the minister’s thinking is flawed on this
point.
inevitable adj. that you cannot avoid or prevent 必然的，不可避免的
例：If the case succeeds, it is inevitable that other trials will follow.
vulnerable adj. weak and easily hurt physically or emotionally 易受攻击的，易受伤害的
例：Old people are particularly vulnerable members of our society.

（第一册）
Day 1
续前表
archaeological adj. related to the study of cultures of the past, and of periods of history
by examining the remains of buildings and objects found in the
ground 考古学的
例：The area is a treasure house of archaeological relics.
document verb to prove or support sth. with documents 用文件证明
例：Can you document your claims?
词汇练习：
阅读下列句子，用所给单词（或词组）的正确形式填空：
extinct collapse archaeological drastic territory
sustain document hypothesis catastrophic trigger
vulnerable migrate inevitable
. The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an 　　 group of ancestors of
modern cetaceans.（OG：The Origins of Cetaceans）
2. In addition, there were other immigrants who 　　 west in search of new homes, material
success, and better lives.（TPO-20：Westward Migration）
3. Nomadism has further consequences. It means that pastoralist societies occupy and can
influence very large 　　.（TPO-4：Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia）
4. Moreover, our humanness must be 　　 through social interaction—and fairly constantly
so.（TPO-：Types of Social Groups）
5. The late Cretaceous extinction of the dinosaurs and ammonoids was just one of the
more 　　 in a whole series of such recurrent extinction episodes.（TPO-：Mass
Extinctions）
6. The labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of
1837, but in the depression that followed, labor’s strength 　　.（OG：Artisans and
Industrialization）
7. Experiments have also cast serious doubt on the belief that yawning is 　　 by a drop in
blood oxygen or a rise in blood carbon dioxide.（TPO-8：The Mystery of Yawning）
8. But even without such specific documentation, it is clear that impacts of this size do occur
and that their results can be 　　.（Official Model Exam：Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur
Extinction）
. The time had come to formulate a 　　 .（TPO-7：The Geologic History of the
Mediterranean）
0. Sigmund Freud, for example, believed that aggressive impulses are 　　 reactions to the
frustrations of daily life.（OG：Aggression）
. These higher-frequency sounds do not travel as far, and so may better conceal the
4
1
individuals producing them, who are especially 　　 to predators in their ground nests.
（TPO-：Begging by Nestlings）
2. The 　　 evidence clearly indicates, though, that Teotihuacán was the center that did
arise as the predominant force in the area by the first century A.D.（TPO-8：The Rise of
Teotihuacán）
. Why does the fossil record not 　　 the series of evolutionary changes during the
evolution of animals?（TPO-：The Cambrian Explosion）
参考答案：
. extinct 2. migrated . territories 4. sustained . drastic
6. collapsed 7. triggered 8. catastrophic . hypothesis 10. inevitable
. vulnerable 2. archaeological . document
Sentence 1
英文原文：
If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension
to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist
as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then
the water will be firmly held.
TPO-(200..8): Groundwater
本题全文及相应译文见免费共享资料“黄金阅读”〇 1
参考翻译：
如果空隙很大，其中的水会以水滴形式存在，（水滴）太重超过吸引它的表面张力，
就会流走；但如果空隙足够小，水会以薄膜形式存在，（薄膜）太轻无法克服使它保持原
位的表面张力，从而使水被牢牢地留住（在空隙表面上）。
〇 1 “黄金阅读”是学生备考托福的一大法宝，请访问 http://www.lasedu.com/ 的“资料分享”界面，或直接在网上搜索

“文勇的黄金阅读”即可找到。现已更新到 11.6 版本，囊括了 10 篇 OG 文章、3 篇 Online Test 文章和 26 个 TPO。

（第一册）
Day 1
知识点小结：
1. 词组“exist as”意思是“作为……而存在，以……的形态存在”，比如：
a. Matter can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas.
（以……的形态存在）
物质以固体、液体或气体的形态存在。
b. Though scattered and persecuted, the Jews still exist as a nation〇 1.
（作为……而存在）
虽然被离散并受迫害，今天犹太人依然作为一个民族生存了下来。
2.“too… to”是个很常见的句型，意思是“太……以至于不能……”，简单的用法大家肯定
都了解，比如： This question is too difficult for me to answer.（这个问题太难了，我回答
不出来。）但是如果此句型经过一番改造，变得略微复杂时，比如本句中“too… to”之
间的内容就比较长，有些考生就容易犯晕了。
看句子时要看到以下骨架“sth. +is + too + adj./n. + for sb./sth. + to do sth.”。“for”后
面的“sb./sth.”是“to do”部分动作的执行者，该部分可有可无。重要的是大家看到长句
子前面的“too”时，就应该有意识地去找后面的“to”，只要找到这个结构，再长、再复
杂的句子也就都容易攻下了。
3. 要弄清楚“holding them in place”是分词短语作修饰语，修饰前面的名词“the force of
surface tension”。长难句中经常会出现分词短语作修饰语的情况，分词短语包括现在分
词 v-ing 和过去分词 v-ed 两种形式。其实分词短语作修饰语就相当于一个定语从句，大
家不妨看看以下这几个例子：
a. Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
相当于：Most of the people who were invited to the party were famous scientists.
b. Thin films are too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place.
相当于：Thin films are too light to overcome the force of surface tension which holds them
in place.
至于什么时候用现在分词，什么时候用过去分词，这要看句子的先行词和动作之间
的关系。如果是主动关系，就用现在分词，比如“the force of surface tension”（表面张力）
和“hold”之间是主动关系，所以原句中为“... holding them ...”；如果是被动关系，则用
过去分词，比如“people”和“invite”之间是“被邀请”的关系，这也是使用“Most of
the people invited ...”的缘由。
可能好多考生以前在阅读长难句时，经常会因为分词结构的短语而弄混整句话的意
思。了解完上述内容以后，希望大家再遇到分词（现在分词或过去分词）的时候可以注意
一下，分清楚句中成分到底是主动关系，还是被动关系。
与本次句子翻译相关的阅读题目：
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted
sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave
〇 1 nation在这里算是一个熟词僻义，作“民族”讲。
6
1
out essential information.
If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to
hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as
thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the
water will be firmly held.
A. Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but
it is strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores.
B. Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small pores through
surface tension.
C. Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a
rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film.
D. If the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops, the water
will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist.
汉英翻译练习：
如果我们可以在污染防治管理方面做好措施，即使在社区附近建立工厂，周边的环境
也不会受到很大影响；但是如果我们（在污染防治管理方面）做得不好，环境承受的压力
可能会过大而导致无法维持生态平衡。
1st
2nd
3rd
7
（第一册）
Day 1
参考翻译：
If we take proper measures in pollution control, even if we build a factory near the
community, the surrounding environment would not be affected a lot; but if we don’t, the
pressure on the environment would be too much for the ecological balance to be retained.
请将以上句子扩充后的中文段落翻译成英文：
（1）当然，在社区附近设立工厂也将有不少缺点：环境污染是最重要的一条。（2）首
钢，举个例子来说，就是由于这个原因搬离北京的。（3）但这一缺陷可以通过做好污染的
防治管理工作来解决。（4）如果我们在污染防治管理方面做得不好 , 环境承受的压力可能
会过大而导致无法维持生态平衡；但是如果我们可以在污染防治管理方面做好措施 , 即使
在社区附近建立工厂，周边的环境也不会受到很大影响。
1st
2nd
3rd
大家想一想，该翻译练习是不是可以用到下面的托福写作中呢？
8
1
写作题目：
A company had announced that it wishes to build a large factory near your community.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this new influence on your community. Do you
support or oppose the factory? Explain your position.
——来自老托福 185 题库（2001.5）
勇哥批改学生翻译练习：
文儿：
改前：① Certainly, building factories near 改后： ① Certainly, building factories near
the communities also shows many the communities also shows many
shortages: the environmental pollution is disadvantages, environmental pollution
of the most important one. being the most significant.
② The Capital Steel Company, for example, ② The Capital Steel Company, for example,
removed just because of this reason. was removed for this reason.
③ This defect, however, could be resolved ③ This defect, however, could be resolved
through the perfect prevention and through perfect pollution prevention and
management to pollution. management.
④ If we could not take rational steps in ④ If we could not take rational steps in
pollution prevention and management pollution prevention and management,
well, too much pressure environment it would mean too much pressure for
beard to maintain the ecological balance. nature to bear in order to maintain
But, if we take well, even building the ecological balance. But, if we do
factories around the communities, the well, even if we build factories in the
surrounding environment could not be communities, the environment would
got any serious influence. not be seriously influenced.
指尖上的阳光：
改前： ① There are without a doubt a lot 改后： ① There are, without a doubt, a lot
of disadvantages that build a large factory of disadvantages to building a large factory
near the community: the most important near the community: the most important
one is the environmental pollution. one is the environmental pollution.
② For example, Shoudu Iron and Steel ② For example, Shoudu Iron and Steel
Corporate moved away from Peking Corporate moved away from Peking
because of environment problem. because of the environmental problem.
Nevertheless, this problem still could be Nevertheless, this problem could still be
resolved through careful preventing and resolved through careful prevention and
controlling works. control measures.

（第一册）
Day 1
③ If we do not the works efficiently, ③ If we do not do the job efficiently,

it will have too much pressure for the it will bring too much pressure for the
environment to keep ecology in balance. e n vi ro n m e n t to k e e p the e co l o g y i n
But if we implement the right approaches to balance. But if we implement the right
protect the environment, despite building approaches to protect the environment, it
the factory will have not a significant will not have a significant effect on the
effect on the adjacent environment of environment of the adjacent community
our community. even if the factory is built.
伍亿：
改前：① Maintain Certainly, building factori- 改后：① Certainly, building factories near
es near community also have lots of draw- the community have lots of drawbacks;
backs; pollution is the most essential one. pollution is the most essential one.
② Shougang Group, for instance, leaving ② Shougang Group, for instance, left
Beijing just because of it. Nevertheless, Beijing just because of it. Nevertheless,
this issue can be solved by taking action to this issue can be solved by taking action to
prevent pollution and make sure it will be prevent pollution and make sure it will be
well—controlled. well—controlled.
③ If our action was faulty, the pressure ③ If our action was faulty, the pressure the
environment suffering might be too environment suffers might be too heavy
heavy for ecological balance to maintain. for ecological balance to be maintained.
However,If we could make some measures However, if we could take some measures
to control the pollution prevention, although to control the pollution, although factories
building factories near community, a r e b u i l t n e a r t h e c o m m u n i t y, t h e
surroundings would not be greatly affected. surroundings would not be greatly affected.
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我们：
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0
Day 2
Passage 2
Coral Reef
① Coral Reef is a coastal and oceanic ecosystem renowned for its beautiful life forms
and for providing one of the most biologically diverse habitats on Earth. A reef is a ridge or
outcrop of rock in the sea that comes close to the surface. A coral reef is a reef that has been
built largely or entirely by corals, tiny animals that live together in colonies. Over hundreds
of thousands of years, the limestone skeletons of coral build up, with new corals growing on
the skeletons of the dead ones.〇 1 This physical structure, with its living surface of corals and
other organisms, is a coral reef.
② The most important organisms for the development of coral reefs are, of course, corals.
Corals are tiny animals with a simple tubular body known as a polyp. Polyps have a mouth
on top, surrounded by a ring of tentacles. Only some corals build reefs. These are the stony
corals, or scleractinians, which live in colonies. Thousands of polyps live and grow together,
laying down a shared skeleton of limestone (calcium carbonate). Over the years such
skeletons may become large structures, with a living outer layer of coral animals.
③ Despite their importance, corals are not the only creatures involved in the building of
coral reefs. Other animals such as mollusks build skeletons from limestone. In addition, a
number of important groups of marine plants known as algae also lay down limestone. These
include a group of pink or red coralline algae that encrust bare rock and often act like cement
on a reef.
④ Corals in general are found in all seas and oceans, even in deep oceans and cold
waters. Reef-building corals, by contrast, require quite specific conditions in order to thrive.
None are found in areas where the water temperature drops much below 18°C (64°F)
for more than a few days. Likewise, although some species in the Arabian Sea regularly
encounter temperatures of 36°C (96.8°F), corals are adapted to thrive in a much smaller
temperature range.
11
（第一册）
Day 2
⑤ Apart from temperature, corals also require clear waters. This is partly because they
need sunlight to support the algae that live within their tissues. In the sea, light is filtered
out by depth, so reef-building corals can only grow in relatively shallow water. Even in the
clearest oceans, few reef-building corals grow below a depth of 80 to 00 m (260 to 28 ft.).
They are also very sensitive to particles of mud or sediment settling on them, which means
that corals rarely grow close to rivers or other sources of sediment.
⑥ Although corals need nutrients, they cannot thrive in areas where there are large
amounts of nutrients. Typically, in nutrient-rich water, the excessive growth of microscopic
organisms in the plankton, or seaweeds (macro algae) smothers the corals, blocking out the
light.
⑦ The complex shapes of the coral reefs provide a surface for many plants and animals
to settle and grow. The great mass of holes and contours provide shelter and protection for
fish, and even places for predatory fish to ambush other fish. The total number of species
observed in coral reefs throughout the world is about 00,000, but scientists believe about
00,000 other species may be awaiting discovery. The variety and number of species
still baffle scientists. One study of a dead coral colony yielded 8,26 individual animals
burrowed within the coral rock. These included about 220 different species.
⑧ Because coral reefs in shallow waters house a quarter of all marine fish species, reefs
are highly productive resources for human beings. Hundreds of millions of people live within
easy reach of coral reefs and rely on them to provide food. Coral reefs also help protect
human settlements from large waves during storms.
——2012 年 4 月 20 日北美机经
According to the passage, which of the following conditions is most favorable for coral’s
growth?
A. Constant temperature below 18°C and certain nutrients in shallow sea.
B. Constant temperature above 18°C and necessary nutrients in shallow sea.
C. Constant temperature below 18°C and a lot of nutrients in deep sea.
D. Constant temperature above 18°C and a lot of nutrients in shallow sea.
核心词汇：
habitat noun the place where a particular type of animal or plant is normally found
栖息地
例：In its natural habitat, the hibiscus will grow up to 2 ft.
ridge noun a raised line on the surface of sth.; the point where two sloping
surfaces join 山脊
例：The tracks of mountain goats polka-dotted the dust ridge.
2
2
续前表
algae noun very simple plants with no real leaves, stems or roots that grow in or
near water, including seaweed 藻类，海藻
例：Algae grow and spread quickly in the lake.
encounter verb to experience sth., especially sth. unpleasant or difficult, while you are
trying to do sth. else 遭遇
例：Every day of our lives we encounter major and minor stresses of
one kind or another.
adapt verb to change sth. in order to make it suitable for a new use or situation
适应
例：The world will be different, and we will have to be prepared to
adapt to the change.
tissue noun a mass of cells that form the different parts of humans, animals and
plants 组织
例：This force stimulates the bone to maintain or even build new
tissue.
filter verb to come into a place slowly or in small amounts 过滤
例：Light filtered into my kitchen through the soft, green shade of the
honey locust tree.
sensitive to being able to measure very small changes 对……敏感
例：She is very sensitive to other people’s feelings.
sediment noun sand, stones, mud, etc. carried by water or wind and left, for example,
on the bottom of a lake, river, etc. 沉积，沉淀物
例：Many organisms that die in the sea are soon buried by sediment.
contour noun the outer edge of sth.; the outline of its shape or form 轮廓
例：Physically, he has the contour of a huge body builder.
ambush verb to make a surprise attack on sb./sth. from a hidden position 伏击，
埋伏
例： The Guatemalan army says rebels ambushed and killed 10
patrolmen.
await verb to wait for sb./sth. 等待
例：Very little was said as we awaited the arrival of the chairman.
baffle verb to confuse sb. completely; to be too difficult or strange for sb. to
understand or explain 使……困惑
例：An apple tree producing square fruit is baffling experts.
13
（第一册）
Day 2
续前表
yield verb to produce or provide sth., for example a profit, result or crop 产生，
出产
例： Last year 400,000 acres of land yielded a crop worth $1.75
billion.
burrow verb to make a hole or a tunnel in the ground by digging 挖掘
例：The larvae burrow into cracks in the floor.
house verb to be the place where sth. is kept or where sth. operates from 给……
提供场所
例： The building is open to the public and houses a museum of
motorcycles and cars.
词汇练习：
tissue sediment ridge habitat contour
algae adapt
. Human landscapes of lawns, fields, or flowerbeds provide settings with bare soil and a
lack of competitors that are perfect ____ for colonization by opportunists.（Online Test：
Opportunists and Competitors）
2. Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain
areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that
prefer to hunt along the same ____ lines that are ideal for wind turbines.（Online Test：
Electricity from Wind）
. The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing these on in waste
products that nourish ____.（TPO-：The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii）
4. Despite these conditions, however, many varieties of plants and animals have ____
to deserts in a number of ways.（TPO-26：Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert
Conditions）
. Another type of fossilization, known as carbonization, occurs when soft ____ are preserved
as thin films of carbon.（TPO-20：Fossil Preservation）
6. A 200 Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists think may be a
delta—a fan-shaped network of channels and ____ where a river once flowed into a larger
body of water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern highlands.（TPO-8：
Running Water on Mars）
7. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie
flush with the body and do not break up its smooth ____.（OG：Swimming Machines）
4
2
参考答案：
. habitats 2. ridge . algae 4. adapted
5. tissues 6. sediments 7. contours
Sentence 2
英文原文：
As a person becomes more sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and
causal relationships may change. As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the
myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition
and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites.
TPO-(200..8): The Origins of Theater
本题全文及相应译文见免费共享资料“黄金阅读”
参考翻译：
（1）按照英文的语序直译：
当人变得（比以前）更加睿智，他的概念（对超自然力量及因果关系）可能改变。结
果人们可能会摒弃或是修改一些仪式。但是神话（那些伴随着仪式成长起来的神话）可能
将继续作为氏族的口头传统的一部分，甚至可能被演绎出来（在与这些仪式都无关的情
形下）。
（2）按照中文思维调整之后的语序译：
当人们认识事物的能力进一步加强时，他们对超自然力量以及因果关系的认识可能会
有所改变；因此，他们也许会摒弃或者更改某些仪式。但是，已经在这些仪式中发展起来
的神话故事可能会继续作为口头传统的一部分（流传下来），甚至可能在脱离了仪式的情
况下被表演出来。
知识点小结：
1.“as”在这里是表伴随状态的连词，意思是“随着”。关于“as”这个单词，大家不妨有

（第一册）
Day 2
意识地一点点积累或者回忆一下。因为在以后的日子里，我还会反复多次提及“as”的
诸多用法。我甚至建议大家单独花些时间来熟悉并掌握“as”在词典中的所有词条。
“grow up”的主语都是“人”（sb.）
一般来说，，表示“人的成长”。但事实上，这个词
组的主语也可以是“物”
（sth.），表示“某个事物兴起并发展起来”。例如：
A variety of heavy industries grew up alongside the port.
各种重工业在港口边上兴起并发展起来。
2.“But”开头的句子很长，要想翻译得准确，大家必须弄清楚句子的结构。首先，“that
have grown up around the rites”是定语从句，修饰“the myths”（本句话的主语）。其次，
“and”连接两个平行结构——“may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition”以及“may
even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites”（注意：所谓平行结
“divorced
构，就是连词前后的结构一致。大家不妨对比一下“and”前后的成分）。最后，
from these rites”是分词结构，修饰前面的名词“conditions”。
3. 词组“divorce from”的意思是“与……脱离，与……分开”，其常见用法是“divorce A
from B”及“A is divorced from B”。提醒大家注意“divorce from”和“derive from”二
者之间的差别。
Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths include
representatives of those supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to influence.
Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or
supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations. As a person becomes
more sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may
change. As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the myths that have grown
up around the rites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come
to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step
has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment
and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious
concerns.
According to this paragraph, what may cause societies to abandon certain rites?
A. Emphasizing theater as entertainment.
B. Developing a new understanding of why events occur.
C. Finding a more sophisticated way of representing mythical characters.
D. Moving from a primarily oral tradition to a more written tradition.
随着时间的推移，人们的观念可能会发生改变，环保意识可能会增强，对可再生能源
的呼声可能会更高。
6
2
1st
2nd
3rd
参考翻译：
As time passes, people’s perception may change and their environmental consciousness
may be enhanced. As a result, the call for renewable resources would become louder and
louder.
（1）显然，化石燃料在当今社会中依旧占有主导地位：使用可更新能源 ( 如数年前就
被报道的太阳能汽车）的交通工具在日常生活中依旧十分罕见。（2）但能源的革命即将爆
发。（3）随着时间的推移，人们的观念可能会发生改变，环保意识可能会增强，对可再生
能源的呼声会更高。
（4）近年来，正是由于环保观念的提升，中国民众愿意在价格差异不
大的情况下，选择对环境更加友好的太阳能热水器——这种略贵的热水器去年令人欣喜地
占领了三分之一的市场。
17
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1st
2nd
3rd
写作题目：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
Renewable sources of energy (sun, wind, water) will soon replace fossil fuels such as gas,
oil, and coal.
——2008.2.24
包子：
改前： ① A p p a r e n t l y, f o s s i l f u e l s t i l l 改后： ① A p p a r e n t l y, f o s s i l f u e l s t i l l
dominates society nowadays while dominates society nowadays while
transport using renewable energy such transpor tation tools using renewable
as solar car reported years ago, can be energy such as the solar car which was
hardly seem in our daily life. reported years ago, can hardly be seen in
our daily life.
8
2
② However, the revolution of energy will ② However, the revolution of energy will
explode soon. explode soon.
③ As the time goes by, people’s conception ③ As time goes by, people’s conception
may change, environmental awareness may change, environmental awareness
maybe highlighted and the appeal of may be highlighted and the appeal of
renewable energy maybe stronger. renewable energy may become stronger.
④ In recent year, because of the ④ In recent years, because of the
improvement of environmental awareness, improvement of environmental awareness,
Chinese tend to choose the environmental the Chinese tend to choose the
friendly solar water heater in the environment-friendly solar water heater
appropriate distinction between price. when there is little distinction between
This solar water heater which is more prices. Yet, this solar water heater, which
expensive occupied the market for one in is more expensive, occupied the market for
three last year. one in three buys last year.
文儿：
改前：① Apparently, fossil fuels still keep 改后：① Apparently, fossil fuels still keep
their leading state in contemporary society: their leading state in contemporary society.
the communication tools using renewable The means of transportation using renew-
energy, such as the solar vehicle reported able energy, such as the solar vehicle
several years ago, still very scarce. reported several years ago, is still very
scarce.
② The energy revolution will explode soon. ② The energy revolution will explode soon.
③ As the elapse of time, people’s ③ As the elapse of time, people’s
conceptions are possibly changing. The conceptions are possibly changing. The
environmental consciousness may be environmental consciousness may be
enhanced. The appeal for renewable enhanced and the appeal for renewable
energy may increasingly higher. energy may increase.
④ Recently, just because of the promoting ④ Recently, because of the promotion
in environmental awareness, the Chinese of environmental awareness, the Chinese
civilians would choose the solar water civilians would choose the solar water
heater of more friendly environment if its heater which is more friendly to the
price have very little difference with other environment if its price has very little
kinds—this kinds of water heater with a difference with other kinds. This kind of
little expensive price amazingly seized water heater, which is more expensive,
one third of the whole market. amazingly seized one third of the whole
market.
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Day 2
黄金庆：
改前：① Obviously, fossil fuels still take a 改后：① Obviously, fossil fuels still take a
leading role in today’s society. Because, it’s leading role in today’s society. Because, it’s
rarely seen that some transportations which rarely seen that some transportations which
can start up with renewable energy, like can start up with renewable energy, like
solar car reported several years ago, are solar car reported several years ago, are
used in our daily life. used in our daily life.
② However, the revolution of energy ② However, the breakout of the revolution
imminently breaks out. of energy is imminent.
③ With the passing of time, people’s ③ With the passing of time, people’s
conceptions about environment may be conceptions about the environment may
changing. Their environment awareness be changing and their environmental
may be strengthened. Moreover, the awareness may be strengthened. Moreover,
support voices of renewable energy will the voices of support for renewable
be higher. energy will be higher.
④ Recently, it’s with the environment ④ R e c e n t l y, w i t h t h e i r h e i g h t e n e d
protection awareness being heightened environmental protection awareness,
that Chinese people are more than willing the Chinese people are more than willing
to choose pretty friendly solar water to choose the friendly solar water heaters
heaters with a little bit expensive under the which are a little bit expensive under the
condition of small price difference. To our condition of small-price difference. To
delight, one third of market was captured by our delight, one third of the market was
such friendly water heaters last year. captured by such friendly water heaters last
year.
我们：
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Day 3
Passage 3
Dinosaur Extinction
① Dinosaurs, one of a group of extinct reptiles that lived from about 230 million to about
65 million years ago, once reigned as the dominant animals on land for more than 140
million years. Yet at the end of the Cretaceous Period, nearly all members of this species
vanished off the face of the earth, a mass extinction that still lingers in the popular
imagination. What caused this mass extinction? Scientists have yet to find an answer that
can explain why they died out while most mammals, turtles, crocodiles, salamanders, and
frogs survived.
② One theory sees the extinction of dinosaurs as the result of environmental changes
linked to the gradual withdrawal of shallow seas from the continents at the end of the
dinosaurian era.〇 1 Proponents of this theory postulate that dinosaurs dwindled in number
and variety over several millions of years.
③ Most scientists, however, tend to huddle around one of two hypotheses that may explain
the Cretaceous extinction: an extraterrestrial impact, such as one from an asteroid or
comet, or a massive bout of volcanism. Either scenario would have choked the skies with
debris that starved the Earth of the sun’s energy, throwing a wrench in photosynthesis and
sending destruction up and down the food chain. Once the dust settled, greenhouse gases
locked in the atmosphere would have caused the temperature to soar, a swift climate swing
to topple much of the life that survived the prolonged darkness.
④ The extraterrestrial impact theory stems from the discovery that a layer of rock dated
precisely on the extinction event is rich in the metal iridium. This layer is found all over the
world, on land and in the oceans. Normally iridium is rare on Earth but it’s found in meteorites
at the same concentration as in this layer. This led scientists to postulate that the iridium
was scattered worldwide when a comet or asteroid struck somewhere on Earth and then
vaporized. A 110-mile-wide (180-kilometer-wide) crater carved out of Mexico’s Yucatán
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Peninsula, called Chicxulub, has since been found and dated to 6 million years ago. Many
scientists believe the fallout from the impact killed the dinosaurs.
⑤ But the Earth’s core is also rich in iridium, and the core is the source of magma. Some
scientists say magma spewed out in vast, floodlike flows that piled up more than 1.5 miles
(2.4 kilometers) thick over million square miles (2.6 million square kilometers) in India. This
bout of volcanism has also been dated to about 6 million years ago and would have spread
the iridium around the world, along with sunlight-blocking dust and soot and greenhouse
gases.
⑥ Both the Asteroid and Volcanoes hypotheses have merit. Some scientists think both
may have contributed to the extinction. Regardless of what caused the extinction, it marked
the end of the Tyrannosaurus rex’s reign of terror and opened the door for mammals to
rapidly diversify and evolve into newly opened niches.
——2012 年 4 月 20 日北美机经
Why does the author mention the crater Chicxulub in Paragraph 4?

A. To introduce the Volcanoes hypotheses.
B. To prove that a comet or asteroid once struck somewhere on Earth.
C. To give concrete evidence to the extraterrestrial impact theory.
D. To explain where the iridium come from.
核心词汇：
reptile noun any animal that has cold blood and skin covered in scales, and
that lays eggs 爬行动物
例：Birds evolved from reptiles, so the first bird must have
come out of an egg—laid by a reptile.
reign verb to rule as king, queen, emperor, etc. 统治
例：Coco Chanel reigned over fashion for half a century.
dominant adj. more important, powerful or noticeable than other things 主导
的，处于支配地位的
例：She was a dominant figure in the French film industry.
vanish verb to disappear suddenly and/or in a way that you cannot explain
消失，消亡
例：He just vanished and was never seen again.
mass adj. affecting or involving a large number of people or things 大规模的
例：All the lights went off, and mass hysteria broke out.
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3
续前表
extinction noun a situation in which a plant, an animal, a way of life etc. stops
existing 灭绝
例： An operation is beginning to try to save a species of
crocodile from extinction.
withdrawal noun the act of moving or taking sth. away or back 撤退
例：They insisted upon a withdrawal of the statement and a
public apology.
proponent noun a person who supports an idea or course of action 支持者
例：Halsey was identified as a leading proponent of the values
of progressive education.
postulate verb to suggest or accept that sth. is true so that it can be used as
the basis for a theory, etc. 假定
例：They postulated a 500-year lifespan for a plastic container.
dwindle verb to become gradually less or smaller 减少，变小
例：The factory’s workforce has dwindled from over 4,000 to a
few hundred.
extraterrestrial adj. connected with life existing outside the planet Earth 地球外的
例：NASA has started a 10-year search for extraterrestrial
intelligence.
asteroid noun any one of the many small planets which go around the Sun 小
行星
例：Astronomers have detected an asteroid not far from Earth,
moving in the same orbit around the Sun.
comet noun a mass of ice and dust that moves around the Sun and looks
like a bright star with a tail 彗星
例：Halley’s Comet is going to come back in 2061.
debris noun pieces of wood, metal, brick, etc. that are left after sth. has
been destroyed 碎片，残骸
例：A number of people were killed by flying debris.
photosynthesis noun the process by which green plants turn carbon dioxide and
water into food using energy from sunlight 光合作用
例：Our current research topic is photosynthesis.
soar verb to be very high or tall 高涨
例：Demand for the vouchers could soar over the next few
weeks.
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续前表
topple verb to become unsteady and fall down; to make sth. do this 倾倒，
倒塌
例：The tree is so badly damaged they are worried it might
topple over.
prolonged adj. continuing for a long time 持久的
例：Prolonged strike action debilitated the industry.
vaporize verb to turn into gas; to make sth. turn into gas 蒸发
例：The blast may have vaporized the meteorite.
crater noun a large hole in the ground caused by the explosion of a bomb
or by sth. large hitting it 大坑
例：The explosion, believed to be a car bomb, left a ten-foot
crater in the street.
词汇练习：
comet postulate debris extinction crater
photosynthesis withdrawal proponent reptile asteroid
dominant prolong
. It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea
turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among ____.（TPO-：A
Warm-Blooded Turtle）
2. Although the ecosystem concept was very popular in the 150s and 160s, it is no longer
the ____ paradigm.（TPO-1：Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems）
. Why did the near ____ and migrations occur?（TPO-7：The Geologic History of the
Mediterranean）
4. It is estimated that at current ____ rates, much of the aquifer will run dry within 40 years.
（TPO-：Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer）
. ____ point to features such as the terraced “beaches” shown in one image, which could
conceivably have been left behind as a lake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline
receded.（TPO-8：Running Water on Mars）
6. Rayleigh and Ramsay ____ the existence of a new group of elements, and in 188
other members of the series (neon, krypton, and xenon) were isolated.（TPO-6：
Development of the Periodic Table）
7. In view of these facts, scientists hypothesized that a single large ____, about 10 to 15
kilometers across, collided with Earth, and the resulting fallout created the boundary clay.
(TPO-8：Extinction of the Dinosaurs）
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3
8. The Sun is the hub of a huge rotating system consisting of nine planets, their satellites,
and numerous small bodies, including asteroids, ____, and meteoroids.（TPO-6：
Planets in Our Solar System）
. These springs are the sources of streams and rivers, which cut through the rocks and
carry away ____ from the mountains to the lowlands.（OG：Geology and Landscape）
0. The algae capture the sun’s energy by ____ and store it in organic molecules.（TPO-：
The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii）
. But the inhabitants of Tikal and other cities dependent on reservoirs for drinking water
would still have been in deep trouble if 8 months passed without rain in a ____ drought.
（TPO-4：Maya Water Problems）
2. Even diluted by the terrestrial material excavated from the ____, this component of
meteorites is easily identified.（Official Model Exam：Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur
Extinction）
参考答案：
. reptiles 2. dominant . extinction 4. withdrawal . Proponents
6. postulated 7. asteroid 8. comets . debris 10. photosynthesis
. prolonged 2. crater
Sentence 3
英文原文：
One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally
imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such
imitations. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for
fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those
encountered in daily life.
TPO-(200..8): The Origins of Theater
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Day 3
参考翻译：
（其中）一种理论由亚里士多德在公元前 4 世纪提出，（该理论）将人们视为天生好
模仿的——从模仿他人、事物和行为以及观看此类模仿中获得乐趣。另外一种（理论）在
20 世纪被提出，（该理论）认为人类擅长幻想，通过幻想试图将现实重塑成比日常生活中
遇到的情况更加令人满意的形式。
知识点小结：
1. 用于表示“提出某个理论、观点或建议”的两个词组——“set forth”和“advance”。
此类同义词词组是需要大家学习、总结和积累的。
2.“see ... as”和“regard ... as”类似，意思都是“将……视为、看作”。
3. 词组“seek to do sth.”的意思是“试图、尝试去做某事”。
4. 词组“reshape A into B”的意思是“将 A 重塑、改造为 B”。
此次翻译包括了上述几个关键词组，而它们都是大家平时写文章时可以使用的，大家
不妨试试看。
In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have also theorized
about the motives that led people to develop theater. Why did theater develop, and why was
it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on the theories
about the human mind and basic human needs. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth
century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons,
things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. Another, advanced in the twentieth century,
suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into
more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life. Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which
drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and
fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact. The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and
understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.
All of following are mentioned in this paragraph as possible reasons that led societies to
develop theater EXCEPT 　　
A. Theater allows people to face what they are afraid of.
B. Theater gives an opportunity to imagine a better reality.
C. Theater is a way to enjoy imitating other people.
D. Theater provides people with the opportunity to better understand the human mind.
就我自己而言，我倾向于将旅游视作能够独享清净、可以与大自然亲密交流的时刻。
26
3
每当此时，我都试图回顾以往、反省自己，然后为以后的生活做更佳的计划。
1st
2nd
3rd
参考翻译：
As for me, I tend to view traveling as a moment when I can enjoy the solitude and
communicate intimately with Mother Nature. During these moments, I would look back on the
past and reflect on the present, which would help me make better plans for the future.
（1）尽管有导游的团体旅游似乎能更好地了解当地历史，也能在旅行的过程中受益于
同伴的互助，但至少对我而言，这样的旅行很难尽兴沉浸于美景。（2）就我自己而言 , 我
倾向于将旅游视作能够独享清净、可以与大自然亲密交流的时刻。（3）每当此时 , 我都试
图回顾以往、反省自己 , 然后为以后的生活做更佳的计划。（4）举个例子来说，丽江可能
是中国最有名气的度假古城，一个人去旅行将是一种美妙的脱离忙碌社会的经历；而若是
一群人去丽江，则常常会最终演化成拍照之旅或是购买纪念品之旅。
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1st
2nd
3rd
写作题目：
The best way to travel is in a group led by a tour guide.
——2008..2
包子：
改前： ① Group tourism with tour guide 改后：① Group tourism with a tour guide
seems to be helpful for our understanding seems to be helpful for our understanding
of the local history. Also mutual assistant of local history. Also, mutual assistance
with companions brings benefits to us. But with companions brings benefits to us all.
at least for me, I find it hard to addict myself But at least for me, I find it hard to addict
to such amazing scenery. myself to such amazing scenery.
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3
② In my opinion, travel means intimate ② In my opinion, travel means intimate
contact with nature, beautiful and quite contact with nature, a beautiful and quiet
feeling in my mind. feeling in my mind.
③ Every time at this time, I look back my life, ③ Every time at this time, I look back my life,
make autocriticism, plan my future for a make self-criticism, and plan my future for
better life. a better life.
④ Take an example of LiJiang, an old town ④ Take an example of LiJiang, an old town
of vacation which maybe most famous of vacation, which may be most famous
in China. Traveling alone will a wonderful in China. Traveling alone will be a won-
experience of getting away from the busy derful experience of getting away from busy
society; but if your are in group tourism, society, but if your are in group tourism,
all the things will eventually change into everything will eventually change into
taking pictures and buying souvenirs. taking pictures and buying souvenirs.
潇尘：
改前：① Although group tour with guides 改后：① Although group tour with guides
would be learned local history better and would learn local history better and get
get benefit from companion’s help. It’s benefit from companion’s help, it’s difficult
difficult to enjoy the beautiful scenery for to enjoy the beautiful scenery for myself.
myself.
② For me, I tend to see visiting as a moment ② For me, I tend to see visiting as a moment
of communicating with natural and enjoy of communicating with nature and enjoying
silence alone. silence alone.
③ At this time, I always look back upon ③ At this time, I always look back upon
history, rethink and make a perfect plan for history, rethink, and make a perfect plan for
my future life. my future life.
④ Lijiang, for example, may be the famous ④ Lijiang, for example, may be the famous
ancient city for holiday. Taking a holiday ancient city for a holiday. Taking a holiday
will be a kind of getting rid of busy society will be a kind of getting rid of the busy
experience. However, if a group of people society experience. However, if a group
visit for lijiang, it’s always become a of people visit Lijiang, it’s always become
photograph visiting or a shopping for a photographing visit or a shopping for
tourist souvenir. tourist souvenir.
黄金庆：
改前： ① Even though it seems that not 改后： ① Even though it seems that not
only can some group travels lead us go only can some group travels lead us much
much further in understanding local cul- further in understanding local culture, but
ture, but make us benefit from companies benefit us from company during the journey.
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Day 3
during the journey. As far as I am concerned, As far as I am concerned, seldom can I

seldom can I immerse myself into the immerse myself into the charming natural
charming natural scenery with this pattern scenery with this pattern of travel.
of travel.
② From my perspective, I prefer to regard ② From my perspective, I prefer to regard
travel time as a moment I can feel peace in travel time as a moment I can feel peace in
my heart, as well as make a far too much my heart, as well as make a much closer
closer conversation with nature. conversation with nature.
③ Every time I process such journey, I will ③ Every time I process such a journey, I
try to look back to the past time in order to will try to look back to the past time in order
reflect on myself, that really help me make to reflect on myself, and that really helps
a better arrangement for the rest of my life. me make a better arrangement for the rest
of my life.
④ Take Lijiang, an aged town may be ④ Take Lijiang, an aged town that may
earning a largest measure of credit, for be earning the largest measure of credit,
example. If you tasted nature alone, it for example. If you tasted nature alone, it
would be a wonderful experience divorcing would be a wonderful experience divorcing
from the busy modern life, whereas, if from busy modern life, whereas, if you went
you went there with a mass of partners, there with a mass of partners, it always
it always ultimately became a travel with ultimately became travel with photographing
photographing or buying souvenirs instead or buying souvenirs instead of enjoying the
of enjoying the amazing landscapes. amazing landscapes.
我们：
0
Day 4
Passage 4
Tapping of Petroleum〇 1
① Petroleum, or crude oil, is composed of various organic chemicals. It is found in large

quantities below the surface of the Earth and is used as a fuel and as a raw material in the
chemical industry. Petroleum is considered essential to modern development: the physical
structure and way of life of the suburban communities that surround the great cities are the
result of an ample and inexpensive supply of petroleum.〇 2 In addition, the goals of developing
countries are based on the assumption of petroleum availability.
② In the 14th century, crude oil in some surface deposits was being distilled to obtain
lubricants and medicinal products. But the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century brought
about a search for new fuels and a need for good, cheap oil for lamps, and finally led to a
great demand for crude oil. Before the appearance of oil wells, people had known that wells
drilled for water and salt were occasionally infiltrated by petroleum, so the concept of drilling
for crude oil itself soon followed. Many oil wells have been dug ever since and various drilling
methods were also created to tap the oil from beneath the Earth.
③ Most oil wells in the United States are drilled by the rotary method, in which the drill
string, a series of connected pipes, is supported by a derrick. The string is rotated by being
coupled to the rotating table on the derrick floor. The drill bit at the end of the string is
generally designed with three cone-shaped wheels tipped with hardened teeth. Drill cuttings
are lifted continually to the surface by a circulating-fluid system driven by a pump.
④ Trapped crude oil is under pressure. Were it not trapped by impermeable rock it
would have continued to migrate upward, because of the pressure differential caused by
its buoyancy, until it escaped at the surface of the Earth. When a well bore is drilled into
this pressured accumulation of oil, the oil expands into the low-pressure sink created by
the well bore in communication with Earth’s surface. Besides, most crude oils contain a
significant amount of natural gas kept in solution by the high pressure in the reservoir. Once
〇 1 关于石油的其他内容，大家可参考TPO-4中的“Petroleum Resources”这篇文章。
31
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Day 4
the gas comes out of the solution when the low pressure in the well bore is encountered, it
immediately begins to expand. This expansion, together with the dilution of the column of
oil by the less dense gas, results in the propulsion of oil up to Earth’s surface. Later, when
both the pressure within the reservoir and the amount of gas in solution gradually decreases,
the fluid may not reach the surface, so a pump (an artificial lift) and other methods may be
installed in the well bore to continue producing the crude oil.
⑤ Once oil has been produced from an oil field, it is treated with chemicals and heat to
remove water and solids, and the natural gas is separated. The oil is then stored in a tank,
or a battery of tanks, and later transported to a refinery by truck, railroad tank car, barge, or
pipeline. In the refinery, crude oil is refined into products such as gasoline, asphalt, and waxes
by a process called fractional distillation. During the process, the parts, or fractions, of crude
oil are divided out successively by their increasing molecular weight. For instance, gasoline
has a low molecular weight and vaporizes at a fairly low temperature. This means that at the
appropriate temperature, while all of the rest of the oil is still in liquid form, gasoline may be
separated out. The remaining oil goes through the same process at a slightly higher temperature,
and jet fuel is divided out. Repeating the distillation process several times will separate out
several constituents of crude oil, which are then processed and put to a wide range of uses.
——2012 年 4 月 20 日北美机经
According to Paragraph 4, all the following contribute to the rise of crude oil to the earth
surface EXCEPT 　　 .
A. its being trapped by impermeable rock creates pressure
B. pressure differential caused by its buoyancy
C. the low-pressure in the well bore
D. the natural gas contained in the reservoir
核心词汇：
suburban adj. in or connected with a suburb 郊区的
例：It travels on rails down a suburban road, and the cars travel
underneath it.
ample adj. enough or more than enough 丰富的，充足的

例：There’ll be ample opportunity to relax, swim and soak up
some sun.
deposit noun a layer of a substance that has formed naturally underground 沉

淀物
例：There is some deposit in the bottom of the flask.
2
4
续前表
distill verb to make a liquid pure by heating it until it becomes a gas, then
cooling it and collecting the drops of liquid that form 蒸馏，提取
例：Weiss had to distill, heat and pass the air samples over
absorbents to remove gases.
lubricant noun a substance, for example oil, that you put on surfaces or parts of
a machine so that they move easily and smoothly 润滑剂
例：Its nozzle was smeared with some kind of lubricant.
infiltrate verb to pass slowly into sth. 渗入，浸透

例：Activists had infiltrated the student movement.
rotary adj. moving in a circle around a central fixed point 旋转的，转动的

例： The rotary chair is used to assess middle ear injury of
soldiers who may have experienced a concussion.
derrick noun a tall structure over an oil well for holding the drill 起重机
例：Don’t stay under the arm of a derrick!
couple verb to join together two parts of sth., for example two vehicles or
pieces of equipment 结合，连接
例：This fact is coupled to the other one.
tip with to cover the end or edge of sth. with a colour, a substance, etc.
以……为顶端
例：The arrows had been tipped with poison.
impermeable adj. not allowing a liquid or gas to pass through 防渗的，不能渗透的

例：The canoe is made from an impermeable wood.
differential noun a difference in the amount, value or size of sth. 差别

例：Germany and France pledged to maintain the differential
between their two currencies.
buoyancy noun the upward force exerted 浮力

例：Air can be pumped into the diving suit to increase buoyancy.
bore noun a deep hole made in the ground, especially to find water or oil 钻孔
例：He made a bore in the ground.
accumulation noun increase or growth by addition especially when continuous or

repeated 堆积物
例：The funds needed will mainly be drawn from accumulation
within the enterprise.
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Day 4
续前表
sink noun a large open container to supply water or sth. else 水槽
例：The sink was stopped up with hair and fragments of cloth.
solution noun a liquid in which sth. is dissolved 溶液
例：Adding sulphate to the solution will give a precipitate.
dilution noun an act of making a liquid weaker by adding water or another
liquid to it 稀释
例：Due to dilution in the air, outdoor radon levels are usually
very low.
propulsion noun the force that drives sth. forward 推进力
例： Many principles of jet propulsion apply regardless of
whether air or water is the fluid used.
a battery of a large set of sth. kept together in one place 一排，一组
例：They stopped beside a battery of abandoned guns.
refinery noun a factory where a substance such as oil is refined 炼油厂
例：The purpose of oil refinery is to refine crude petroleum.
fractional adj. very small in size or degree 部分的
例： The difference between her wages and yours is only
fractional.
distillation noun the process of purifying a liquid by successive evaporation and
condensation 蒸馏，净化
例：He tried to obtain another material by distillation.
vaporize verb to turn into gas; to make sth. turn into gas 蒸发
例：The blast may have vaporized the meteorite.
词汇练习：
solution sink rotary refinery propulsion
distill deposit couple buoyancy accumulation
. The river that formed these ____ was actually not far from an ancient ocean known as
the Tethys Sea.（OG：The Origins of Cetaceans）
2. We might think of chondrites as samples of ____ Sun, a sort of solar sludge from which
only gases have been removed.（TPO-22：The Allende Meteorite）
. A ____ engine attached to the steam engine enabled shafts to be turned and machines
to be driven, resulting in mills using steam power to spin and weave cotton.（TPO-26：
4
4
Energy and the Industrial Revolution）
4. ____ with these factors is the loss of the complex interactions among the muscles that
can change the route of airflow from nose to mouth.（TPO-24：Breathing During Sleep）
. On land, the supportive ____ of water is missing, the plant is no longer bathed in a
nutrient solution, and air tends to dry things out.（TPO-2：The Evolutionary Origin of
Plants）
6. Phosphorus-deficient plants are often stunted, with leaves turning a characteristic dark
green, often with the ____ of anthocyanin.（TPO-：Minerals and Plants）
7. The surface of the ground can ____ if hot groundwater is withdrawn without being
replaced.（TPO-2：Geothermal Energy）
8. Once humans possessed such a mind, they were able to find an imaginative ____ to
a situation of severe economic crisis such as the farming dilemma described earlier.
（TPO-2：The Origins of Agriculture）
. The large hind legs were used for ____ in water.（OG：The Origins of Cetaceans）
0. At a ____, the crude oil from underground is separated into natural gas, gasoline,
kerosene, and various oils.（TPO-4：Petroleum Resources）
参考答案：
. deposits 2. distilled . rotary 4. Coupled . buoyancy
6. accumulation 7. sink 8. solution . propulsion 10. refinery
Sentence 4
英文原文：
For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their
well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition
the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities
rather than for their religious usefulness.
TPO-: The Origins of Theater

（第一册）
Day 4
参考翻译：
例如，早期的一些社会群体不再认为一些仪式对他们的幸福来说是必要的，并摒弃了
它们（那些仪式）。虽然如此，他们（这些社会群体）还是将围绕这些仪式发展起来的神
话故事作为口头传统的一部分保留了下来，并且热爱这些神话，因为它们的艺术性，而非
宗教方面的有用性。
知识点小结：
1.“consider /think of /regard /see /treat”等词的后面一般需要跟介词“as”，构成“consider/
think of /regard /see /treat ...+ as + adj./n.”结构。但是“consider”比较特殊，它后面的“as”
可以省略。比如：
a. I see/regard her as my best friend.
b. I consider her (as) my best friend.
2. 词组“be essential to”。有一类词语后面的介词只能跟“to”
，这类词语大家不妨留意积
累一下。
3. 词组“retain A as B”
（使……保持……）。原句相当于“retained the myths as parts of their
oral tradition”，
“that”引导的从句修饰“myths”。在遇到定语从句等较长的修饰成分时，
一般为使句子保持平衡而会将语序改变。原句中，一方面因为“that”引导的定语从句
太长，为保持句子平衡而将语序调整；另一方面也因为，如果“that”引导的定语从句
不紧跟在“myths”之后容易令人产生先行词不清楚的误解。
4. 大家应该弄清楚最后一句中出现的连词“and”前后的平行成分是什么。分析之后可知
道“retained”和“admired”处于同一层次。
For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-
being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the
myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather
than for their religious usefulness.
A. A society’s rites were more likely to be retained in the oral tradition if its myths were
admired for artistic qualities.
B. The artistic quality of a myth was sometimes an essential reason for a society to abandon
it from the oral tradition.
C. Some early societies stopped using myths in their religious practices when rites ceased
to be seen as useful for social well-being.
D. Myths sometimes survived in a society’s tradition because of their artistic qualities even
6
4
after they were no longer deemed religiously beneficial.
很多人都认为获得高薪对于一个工作来说是极度（如果不是最）重要的，对于另外一
些人，可能会认为工作中更重要的是能够获得乐趣。
1st
2nd
3rd
参考翻译：
Most people regard gaining a high salary as very essential, if not the most important, in
a job, while others consider getting happiness from a job to be more vital.
（1）“All paid jobs absorb and degrade the mind.”（2）亚里士多德的这个论述令许多人
困惑不解，因为有很多人都认为获得高薪对于一个工作来说极度（如果不是最）重要的。
（3）但是，对于另外一些人，可能会认为工作中更重要的是能够获得乐趣——这恰好也是
我的观点。
37
（第一册）
Day 4
1st
2nd
3rd
写作题目：
Being happy with a job is more important than having a high salary.
——2006..2
浮云白啊白：
改前：① “All paid jobs absorb and degrade 改后：① “All paid jobs absorb and degrade
the mind”, Aristotle once famous said. the mind”, Aristotle once famously said.
② This statement puzzles people as most ② This statement puzzles people, as most
consider a high-paid job as foremost. consider a high-paid job as important.
③ Nevertheless, for others, they may see ③ Nevertheless, for others, they may see
being happiness as more essential to job, happiness as more essential in a job, an
which I hold too. opinion which I hold too.
8
4
文儿：
the mind.” the mind.”
② This set forth by Aristotle is perplexing ② This statement by Aristotle has perplexed
many people, since people regard the well- many people, since people regard well-paid
pay as the extremely important. jobs as extremely important.
③ As for the other people, however, ③ As for other people, however, harvesting
harvesting fun from the work is essential fun from their work is essential to the
to the foremost—that is just same as my foremost, and that is also my view.
view.
潇尘：
the mind.” the mind.”
② What Aristotle’s discussion made many ② Aristotle’s discussion made many people
people confused because most of them confused because most of them believe
believe getting fat salary is essential to that getting a fat salary is essential to
working. working.
③ However, other people regard as getting ③ However, other people regard having an
more interesting is an important part of interesting life as more important; it is
life, it is just right my viewpoint. exactly my viewpoint.
我们：
39
Day 5
Passage 5
Japanese Climate
① Japan’s climate is rainy and humid, and marked, in most places, by four distinct
seasons. The country’s wide range of latitude causes pronounced differences in climate
between the north and the south. Hokkaidō and other parts of northern Japan have long,
harsh winters and relatively cool summers. Average temperatures in the northern city of
Sapporo dip to –5°C (24°F) in January, but reach only 20°C (68°F) in July. Central Japan has
cold but short winters and hot, humid summers. In Tokyo in central Honshū, temperatures
average 3°C (38°F) in January and 25°C (77°F) in July. Kyūshū is subtropical, with
short, mild winters and hot, humid summers. Average temperatures in the southern city of
Kagoshima are 7°C (45°F) in January and 26°C (79°F) in July. Farther south, the Ryukyu
Islands are warmer still, with frost-free winters.
② The dissimilar climate of Japan is influenced by the country’s location on the edge of the
Pacific Ocean, and by its proximity to the Asian continent. The mountain ranges running
through the center of the islands also influence local weather conditions. The Sea of Japan
side of the country is extremely snowy in winter. Cold air masses originating over the Asian
continent absorb moisture as they pass over the Sea of Japan, then rise as they encounter
Japan’s mountain barriers, cooling further and dropping their moisture in the form of snow.
The heaviest snows are in Nagano Prefecture, where annual accumulations of 8 to 10 m (26
to 30 ft.) are common. In contrast, Pacific Japan lies in a snow shadow on the sheltered side
of the mountains and experiences fairly dry winters with clear skies.
③ From June to September this pattern reverses. ■ Monsoon winds from the
Pacific tropics bring warm, moist air and heavy precipitation to Japan’s Pacific
coast. A month-long rainy season called baiu begins in southern Japan in early June,
traveling north as the month progresses. ■ Baiu is followed by hot, humid weather. ■
During this period, violent storms called typhoons come ashore in Japan, most often
in Kyūshū and Shikoku. Japan’s distant tropical islands also suffer typhoon damage.
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5
■ Meanwhile, throughout the summer, the Sea of Japan coast is protected from the
Pacific influences by the mountains and is relatively dry. Northern Honshū and Hokkaidō
receive relatively little summer precipitation. Average annual precipitation in Sapporo is
1,130 mm (45 in), while in Tokyo it is 1,410 mm (55 in) and in Kagoshima it is 2,240 mm
(88 in).
④ Generally, autumn and spring are pleasant in all parts of Japan. The season when
cherry blossoms open is particularly festive (the flowering time changes with the latitude and
elevation, yet is typically during late March and early May.〇 1)
⑤ Japan ranks as the world’s ninth most populous nation, with a population of 127,467,970
(2007 estimate). It is also one of the most crowded, with an average population density
of 340 persons per sq. km (881 per sq. mi). Affected by the different climatic regions, the
population is distributed unevenly within the country. Densities range from the very low levels
in the steep mountain areas of Hokkaidō and the interior of Honshū island, to extraordinarily
high levels in the urban areas of Japan’s larger plains. The most crowded area is central
Tokyo, where overall population density is about 13,000 persons per sq. km (about 33,000
per sq. mi). About 66 percent of Japan’s people are concentrated in urban areas, making
Japan one of the most heavily urbanized nations in the world.
——2012 年 5 月 5 日北美机经
Look at the four squares 【

■】 that indicate where the following sentence can be added to
Paragraph 3.
In late August and September, the shūrin rains come to much of the country, often as
torrential downpours that trigger landslides and floods.
Where would the sentence best fit?
核心词汇：
humid adj. warm and damp 潮湿的，湿润的

例：Visitors can expect hot and humid conditions.
pronounced adj. very noticeable, obvious or strongly expressed 显著的

例：Most of the art exhibitions have a pronounced Appalachian
theme.
subtropical adj. in or connected with regions that are near tropical parts of the
world 亚热带的
例：The air was perfumed with the scent of subtropical vegetation.
41
（第一册）
Day 5
续前表
frost-free adj. requiring little or no defrosting 无霜的

例：Today’s modern, frost-free refrigerators work to draw the
moisture out of the air, and consequently also out of the food.
proximity noun the state of being near sb./sth. in distance or time 接近

例：Part of the attraction is Darwin’s proximity to Asia.
range noun a line or group of mountains or hills 山脉

例：The lake is situated at the eastern extremity of the mountain
range.
accumulation noun increase or growth by addition especially when continuous or

repeated 堆积物
例：The funds needed will mainly be drawn from accumulation
within the enterprise.
reverse verb to change sth. completely so that it is the opposite of what it was
before 颠倒，倒转
例：They have made it clear they will not reverse the decision
to increase prices.
precipitation noun (the amount of) rain, snow, etc. which has fallen onto the ground
降水（量）
例： With no signs of any precipitation, the prospect of the
harvest looks bleak.
festive adj. typical of a special event or celebration 节日的

例：The above movies successfully set the festive mood, and
bring out the joyous you.
词汇练习：
subtropical range accumulation precipitation proximity humid
. Properly speaking, tropical rainforests grow in high-rainfall equatorial areas that remain
wet or ____ all year round.（TPO-4：Maya Water Problems）
2. Many are found in tropical and ____ areas of the world, where accumulation of high
concentrations of metals may afford some protection against plant-eating insects and
microbial pathogens.（TPO-：Minerals and Plants）
. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical ____ makes possible a subtle
exchange of ideas and feelings.（TPO-：Types of Social Groups）
42
5
4. Trade was the mainstay of the urban economy in the Middle East, as caravans negotiated
the surrounding desert, restricted only by access to water and by mountain ____.（TPO
6：Trade and the Ancient Middle East）
5. Oil pools are valuable underground ____ of oil, and oil fields are regions underlain by one
or more oil pools.（TPO-4：Petroleum Resources）
6. Succession is influenced by many factors: the nature of the soil, exposure to sun and wind,
regularity of ____, chance colonizations, and many other random processes.（TPO-1：
Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems）
参考答案：
. humid 2. subtropical . proximity 4. ranges
. accumulations 6. precipitation
Sentence 5
英文原文：
Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is
made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes.
TPO-: Timberline Vegetation on Mountains
参考翻译：
另外，风速会随着海拔的升高而加大，（这）可能增加树木承受的压力；这一点从高
纬度地区变形的树木可以明显看出。
知识点小结：
这句话涉及一个很重要的语法点——“as 和 which 在引导定语从句时的用法及区别”。
是否有考生还记得前面讲过的“as”这个单词呢？
. “as”和“which”在引导“非限制性定语从句”时，既可以指代前句中的某一部分，也
4
（第一册）
Day 5
可以指代“前面一整句话的内容”。在此，“as”指代的是前面一整句话“Wind velocity
also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees”（风速随海拔的升高而加
大，从而可能增加树木所承受的压力），可用 A 来代替这一整句话。连接词后面的内容
是“as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes”，可用 B 来代替“by”后
面的内容。于是原文就可以被简化为“A, as is made evident by B”。因为“as”指代的
是前面一句话的内容，所以句子可以进一步简化为“A is made evident by B”。当句子
简化到这个地步的时候，再看下面这个题目是否就容易很多了呢？
2. 什么时候用“as”？什么时候又用“which”呢？二者的区别到底是什么？在引导非限
制性定语从句时，“as”和“which”的功能是一样的（都是指代前一句话的整体或部分
内容）。其重要区别在二者的意思上：“as”有比较的含义，可翻译为“如同”；而
“which”则没有。大家不妨一起看几个例子吧：
a. Mary is late, as/which is often the case.
玛丽迟到了，和经常发生的情况一样 / 这是经常发生的情况。
（此处二者意思相似，因为“和经常发生的情况一样”与“这是经常发生的情况”在
意思上并没有多大的区别。）
b. Mary was late, which made Mr. Smith very angry.
玛丽迟到了，这让史密斯先生很生气。
（此处“which”不能换成“as”，因为前后内容不存在对比关系。）
c. She is a great dancer, as her mother used to be.
她是个很出色的舞者，和她母亲当年一样。
（因为存在明显的比较含义，此处“as”不能换成“which”。）
大家可以再试着比较一下：
a. He married her, which was expected.
他娶了她，这是意料之中的。
b. He married her, as was expected.
正如意料的一样，他娶了她。
原文中，把“as”换成“which”不会影响句子的意思。
Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made
evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes.
A. Because of their deformed shapes at high altitudes, trees are not likely to be seriously
harmed by the strong winds typical of those altitudes.
B. As altitude increases, the velocity of winds increase, leading to a serious decrease in the
44
5
number of trees found at high altitudes.
C. The deformed shapes of trees at high altitudes show that wind velocity, which increase
with altitude, can cause serious hardship for trees.
D. Increased wind velocity at high altitudes deforms the shapes of trees, and this may cause
serious stress for trees.
注：“A is made evident by B”（A 被 B 弄得很明显）相当于“B shows A”（B 很显然
地表明了 A）
。所以大家就明白了，这道句子简化题的答案为 C 选项。
大众媒体对名人给予了过度的关注，这一点从电视、报纸等媒体所设置的随处可见的
娱乐八卦专栏中可以很明显地看出来。
（后者是前者的明显证据）
1st
2nd
3rd
参考翻译：
Mass media have paid too much attention to celebrities, as is made evident by the
gossip news which can be seen everywhere in the entertainment sections of newspapers or
4
（第一册）
Day 5
on television or magazines.
（1）迈克尔 · 杰克逊曾经这样唱道：
“I need my privacy; so paparazzi, get away from
me。”歌词展现了这样一种情况：大众媒体对名人给予了过度的关注 , 这一点从电视、报
纸等媒体所设置的随处可见的娱乐八卦专栏中可以很明显地看出来。（2）显然这种过分的
关注对名人的隐私是一种伤害；而更重要的是，这是对大众精力的一种浪费，
（在这样的
情况下）社会将难以注意到那些需要被注意到的方面。
1st
2nd
3rd
写作题目：
Television, newspapers, magazines, and other media pay too much attention to the personal
lives of famous people such as public figures and celebrities.
——2006..4
46
5
伍亿：
改前： ① As Michael Jackson sang, “I 改后： ① A line from one of Michael
need my privacy; so paparazzi, get away Jackson’s song, “I need my privacy;
from me”. The lyrics exhibit a situation so paparazzi, get away from me,” puts
that mass media pay excessive attention credence to the idea that mass media
to famous people, as is made evident pays excessive attention to famous people.
by gossip column the media( such as It is even more obvious with the gossip
television, newspaper, etc.) sets that can column in the media( such as television,
be seen everywhere. newspaper, etc.).
② Apparently, paying too much attention ② Apparently, paying too much attention to
is no doubt a serious harm for the the lives of famous people is an invasion
privacy of famous people. What’s worse, of privacy. What’s worse, it is somewhat a
it is somewhat a waste of energy for the waste of energy. In this case, society finds
public. In this case, society will hard to it difficult to notice the aspects of life
notice the aspects should be looked out. which are far more important.
潇尘：
改前： ① Michael Jackson has ever 改后：① The line from one of Michael
sung: “I need my privacy; so paparazzi, Jackson’s song which says:“I need my
get away from me.” The lyric shows a privacy; so paparazzi, get away from me.”
statement like this: public media pays indicates that public media pays more
more attention on famous person, as attention to famous persons, which is quite
is made evident by the gossip from obvious from the entertainment news
TV, papers and other media here and on TV, in the papers and other media
there. networks.
② Obviously, paying more attention on ② Evidently, paying more attention to
famous person’s private affairs is a kind celebrities’ private affairs is invasive
of hurt. However, the most important and unkind and most importantly, it is
thing, it is a waste of public energy. With a waste of energy. Being taken with the
the circumstance, society would difficult happenings in celebrities lives makes
to notice those aspects which is really it difficult for society to concentrate
need to keep people’s eyes open. on those aspects which have more
significance in the average person’s life.
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Day 5
Chord：
改前： ① Michael Jackson sang, I need 改后：① Michael Jackson sang, “I need
my privacy. So paparazzi, get away from my privacy. So paparazzi, get away from
me. The lyric exhibits a situation that me.” The lyric shows that media has paid
the media has paid too much attention too much attention to celebrities. The large
to selebrities . The large amount of amount of entertainment reports from the
entertainment reports from the TV and TV and newspaper are the evidences.
newspaper are the evidences.
② It is obviously harmful for the celebrities ② It is obviously stressful to the celebrities
who are focused too much. Furthermore it as their private lives become the focus
is a waste of people’s energy. Our society of the public. Furthermore, it is a waste
can hardly notice the useful aspects. of people’s time. With all of this focus on
the rich and famous, the society hardly
notice the significant aspects of this life.
我们：
48
Day 6
Passage 6
Rain Forest Animals

① Rain forest refers to woodland, characterized by lush vegetation and comparatively
high temperature and rainfall throughout the year. Rain forests are the world’s most
biologically diverse ecosystems. Their ecosystems contain more plant and animal species
than virtually any other habitat in the world. One study found more species of ants living on
a single rain forest stump than those that exist in all of the British Isles. Besides, although
their range has contracted and expanded with climate changes over the last several million
years, in general, rain forests are some of the oldest ecosystems on Earth. As a result of this
continuity, rain forests boast millions of different species, many of which are endemic, or
unique, to rain forest habitats.
② Of the richly diverse inhabitants of rain forests, almost 90 percent of these species are
insects, and of these, most are beetles. A single rain forest tree can host more than 150
species of beetles. Living high in the forest canopy, most of these beetles and other insect
species have eluded scientists until recently, when technology has improved access to the
upper stratum. To this day, scientists are unsure as to how many animal species exist in
the world, largely because they have identified just a small fraction of the millions—some
estimate as many as 30 million—of insects that live in the rain forest.
③ Among the most fascinating rain forest insects yet encountered are leafcutter ants,
remarkable because they actually cultivate their own food. These ants cut the leaves of
particular plants and carry them back to their underground nests, where they fertilize them
with saliva. This careful tending causes growth of a particular fungus, which the ants harvest
and rely on as their sole source of food.
④ Aside from insects, as many as 100 different mammal species may be found in a 15 sq.
km (6 sq. mi) of r ain forest. These animals occupy every available niche, from burrows in
the forest floor to the branches of emergent trees. Most rain forest mammals are nocturnal
(active during the night) or crepuscular (active during the twilight of dusk or dawn), and they
spend the heat of the day sleeping. In fact, almost half of the mammals of the rain forest are
49
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Day 6
bats, flying mammals known for their nighttime activity. Some rain forest mammals, including
gorillas, elephants, tapirs, agoutis, and wild pigs, are ground-dwellers, but most, like their
insect counterparts, live high in the treetops in the forest canopy. Canopy-dwellers have
evolved an array of fascinating traits to survive in the branches of the trees. For instance,
some Asian rain forests are especially known for animals with the ability to glide. Borneo
alone has more than 0 species of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians that can glide
from one tree to another. Most rain forest monkeys in Central and South America use their
specialized tails, which are capable of grasping branches, like a fifth limb while climbing,
feeding, and even playing high above the forest floor.
⑤ Unlike the agile monkeys, the three-toed sloth spends most of its life defenseless,
hanging upside down from tree branches. To avoid predators, its movements are generally
very slow, so much so that they are virtually undetectable to would-be predators, even
vigilant jaguars.〇 1 The sloth has also developed a relationship with a rain forest plant that
makes it even more elusive to its predators: Although it has brown fur, the sloth blends in with
the surrounding green canopy because a particular species of green alga lives in its fur.
——2012 年 7 月 6 日北美机经
The word “eluded” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to 　　.

A. avoid
B. evade
C. baffle
D. beat
核心词汇：
lush adj. growing thickly and strongly in a way that is attractive; covered in
healthy grass and plants 茂盛的
例： The beautifully landscaped gardens sprawl with lush
vegetation.
comparatively adv. as compared to sth./sb. else 比较地，相对地
例：Tin is a comparatively easy metal to smelt.
virtually adv. almost or very nearly, so that any slight difference is not important
几乎
例：They still do, with some now virtually the size of continents.
habitat noun the place where a particular type of animal or plant is normally
found 栖息地，生境
例： Many species are in peril of extinction because of our
destruction of their natural habitat.
0
6
续前表
stump noun the bottom part of a tree left in the ground after the rest has fallen
or been cut down 树桩
例：If you have a tree stump, check it for fungus.
contract verb to become less or smaller; to make sth. become less or smaller 收缩
例：Blood is only expelled from the heart when it contracts.
boast verb to have sth. that is impressive and that you can be proud of 拥有，
取得
例：The hotel also boasts two swimming pools and a golf course.
endemic adj. prevailing among a specific group of people or in a specific area
or country 地方性的，特有的
例：Polio was then endemic among children my age.
host verb to allow sth. smaller to live in or on sth. 允许……依附 / 寄居
例：Each of the plant species hosted a unique set of actinobacterial
strains.
canopy noun a layer of sth. that spreads over an area like a roof, especially
branches of trees in a forest 冠层
例：The trees formed such a dense canopy that all beneath was
a deep carpet of pine needles.
elude verb to be not able to achieve or remember or understand sth. 不为……
所达到 / 记得 / 明白
例：They’re a popular band but chant success has eluded them
so far.
stratum noun a layer or set of layers of rock, earth, etc. 层
(pl. strata) 例：Contained within the rock strata is evidence that the region
was intensely dry 15,000 years ago.
cultivate verb to prepare and use land for growing plants or crops 种植，培育
例：She also cultivated a small garden of her own.
saliva noun the liquid that is produced in your mouth that helps you to swallow
food 唾液
例：Digestion begins in the mouth with the action of saliva.
niche noun a position or role taken by a kind of living thing within its
community 生态位
例：Within each niche, similar animals avoid competing with each
other.
emergent adj. new and still developing 新生的
例：Emergent democracies created markets that were ripe for
exploitation.
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Day 6
续前表
counterpart noun a person or thing that has the same position or function as sb./sth.
else in a different place or situation 对应的人或物
例：The Foreign Minister held talks with his Chinese counterpart.
glide verb to move smoothly and quietly, especially as though it takes no
effort 滑动，滑行
例：He glide away from the classroom.
undetectable adj. impossible to see or find 无法察觉的
例：They are intangible, immaterial and would be undetectable if
the passengers stopped moving.
vigilant adj. very careful to notice any signs of danger or trouble 警觉的，警
惕的
例： He warned the public to be vigilant and report anything
suspicious.
词汇练习：
stratum niche habitat glide cultivate
counterpart canopy virtually comparatively
1. Because the flippers are ____ thin and blade-like, they are the one part of the leatherback
that is likely to become chilled.（TPO-: A Warm-Blooded Turtle）
2. The ants benefit the host tree by attacking ____ anything that touches it.（TPO-17:
Symbiotic Relationships）
. But the Maya homeland lies more than sixteen hundred kilometers from the equator, at
latitudes 17 to 22 degrees north, in a ____ termed a “seasonal tropical forest.”（TPO-4:
Maya Water Problems）
4. Very little light filters through the ____ of leaves and branches in a rain forest to
reach ground level—or close to the ground—and at those levels the yellow-to-green
wavelengths predominate.（TPO-17: Animal Signals in the Rain Forest）
. Some fossils endured through so many millions of years that they appear in many strata,
but others occur only in a few strata, and a few species had their births and extinctions
within one particular ____.（TPO-6: William Smith）
6. Whole villages began to ____ fruit and vegetables.（TPO-2: Seventeenth-Century
Dutch Agriculture）
7. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the ____
vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.（TPO-: The Long-Term
Stability of Ecosystems）
2
6
8. However, Martian craters get filled in considerably faster than their lunar ____.（TPO-2:
The surface of Mars）
. They can ____ past eddies that would slow them down and then gain extra thrust by
“pushing off” the eddies.（OG: Swimming Machines）
参考答案：
. comparatively 2. virtually . habitat 4. canopy . stratum
6. cultivate 7. niche 8. counterparts . glide
Sentence 6
英文原文：
Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general
form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can
vary only within certain limits.
OG Example: Applied Arts and Fine Arts
参考翻译：
由于物理定律，而非一些主观的抉择，决定了实用工艺品的一般形状，
（所以）它们（实
用工艺品）遵循基本的模式，以至于它们功能性的形状只能在有限的范围内有所变化。
知识点小结：
1. 该句有一个表示因果关系的连接词“since”，意思为“既然，由于”，相当于“because”，
所以大家应该理清该句的句内逻辑，把因果关系翻译出来。
2. 托福考试中经常会考到代词的指代，所以翻译时大家也应弄清楚句中的“they”指代的
是什么，在这里应该是指代“applied-art objects”。需要注意的是，这个句子比较奇怪，
并不符合传统意义上对于代词指代对象的所谓口诀，即“后半句的代词主语指代前半
句的名词主语”
。提醒大家，此处应该使用“词意对应”这种解决办法。

（第一册）
Day 6
3. 短语“so much so that”，意思是“达到这样的程度以至于……”，例如：

She is poor, so much so that she has to go begging.
她很穷，以至于不得不去乞讨。
需要注意的是，该短语前的逗号可以省略，该句即变为“She is poor so much so that
she has to go begging.”。同样，原句中如果将逗号省略，则变为“they follow basic patterns
so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits”。这时候如果不知道“so
much so that”这个短语的话，估计很多同学就难以理解这句话了。再看下一个例句：
Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave
images, but their mystique only adds to their importance.
Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of
applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only
within certain limits.
. The word “they” in the passage refers to 　　.

A. applied-art objects
B. the laws of physics
C. containers
D. the sides of pots
2. Which of the following best expresses the essential information In the highlighted
sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out
essential information.
Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form
of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can
vary only within certain limits.
A. Functional applied-art objects cannot vary much from the basic patterns determined by
the laws of physics.
B. The function of applied-art objects is determined by basic patterns in the laws of
physics.
C. Since functional applied-art objects vary only within certain limits, arbitrary decisions
cannot have determined their general form.
D. The general form of applied-art objects is limited by some arbitrary decision that is not
determined by the laws of physics.
父母在孩子人格的培养上影响如此之大，以至于会有这样一句古话：“有其父必有
其子。”
4
6
1st
2nd
3rd
参考翻译：
Parents exert such huge influence on the cultivation of their children’s personality that
there exists an old saying “like father, like son”.
（1）父母在孩子人格的培养上影响如此之大 , 以至于东方会有这样一句古话 “ : 龙生龙 ,
凤生凤，老鼠的孩子会打洞。”（2）而西方哲学家 Aristotle 却说“a friend is a second self ”，
这说明了朋友（在学校，朋友便来自同学）的重要性。（3）尽管同学和父母的影响都很重
要，但对于哪一方面更重要，人们并没有共识。（4）我个人认为，出于生理和心理两个方
面，父母的影响更重要一些。
1st

（第一册）
Day 6
2nd
3rd
写作题目：
The influence from classmates is more important than that from parents.
——2006.2.
~~~~(>_<)~~~~：
改前：① Parents have so important impact 改后：① Parents have so important an impact
on children’s personality development that on children’s personality development that
a old saying in East goes: dragon give an old saying in the East goes: “dragon
birth to dragon, phoenixes give birth to gives birth to dragon, phoenix gives birth to
phoenixes, the son of mouse can dig hole. phoenix, the son of mouse can dig hole.”
② However, Aristotle said: a friend is a ② However, Aristotle said: “a friend is a
second self, which illustrate the importance second self,” which illustrate the importance
of friends who derive from classmates when of friends who derive from classmates when
children at school. children at school.
③ Although both classmates and parents ③ Although both classmates and parents
have significant influence on children, have significant influence on children,
people do not have the idea who is more people do not have an idea of who is more
important. important.
④ As far as I am concerned, parents have ④ As far as I am concerned, parents have
dominant status on children’s physical and the dominant effect on children’s physical
mental health. and mental health.
6
6
包子：
改前： ① Since the influence on children’s 改后： ① Since the influence on children’s
cultivation of character from their parents is cultivation of character from their parents is
so huge even there is a famous proverb at so huge, there is even a famous proverb in
east: like father, like son. the east: “like father, like son.”
② However, “a friend is a second self,” ② However, “a friend is a second self,”
said by Aristotle, a philosopher in western said by Aristotle, a philosopher in western
countries, have proved that friends, which countries, proves that friends, which come
comes from classmate if at school, is of from classmates if at school, are of great
great importance. importance.
③ Although both classmate and parents ③ Although both classmates and parents
bring great influence to us, people have not bring great influence to us, people have not
reached a consensus about who is more reached a consensus about who is more
significance. significant.
④ In my opinion, for the sake of physiology ④ In my opinion, for the sake of physiology
and psychology, parents’ impaction over- and psychology, parents’ impact over-
weights. weighs classmates.
如果是夏天的风：
改前：① Parents have enormous effect on 改后：① Parents have an enormous effect
cultivation of children’s characteristic, on the cultivation of children’ s charac-
so much so that there is an old saying in teristics, so much so that there is an old
China, that is “Mice can excavate holes by saying in China that is, “Mice can excavate
nature.” holes by nature.”
② However, the western philosopher ② However, the western philosopher
Aristotle said that a friend is a second Aristotle said that “a friend is a second
self, which means that friends, whom are self,” which means that friends, who come
come from classmate when children are at from classmates when children are at
school, have much significant. school, have much significance.
③ Though,classmates and parents both ③ Though classmates and parents both
have important effect on children, but have important effects on children, when
when it comes to which side are more im- it comes to which side are more important
portant, there has not been a common idea. there has not been a common idea.
④ As far as I’m concerned, regarding ④ As far as I’m concerned, regarding
p s y c h o l o g y a n d p h y s i o l o g y, p a r e n t s psychology and physiology, parents have
have more severe effect on children’s the more severe effect on children’s
characteristic. characteristics.
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Day 6
我们：
8
Day 7
Passage 7
Biodiversity and Ecosystem
① Biodiversity, or Biological Diversity, is the sum of all the different species of animals,
plants, fungi, and microbial organisms living on Earth, and the variety of habitats in which
they live. Scientists estimate that upwards of 10 million—and some suggest more than 100
million—different species inhabit the Earth. Each species is adapted to its unique niche in the
environment, from the peaks of the mountains to the depths of the deep-sea hydrothermal
vents, and from polar ice caps to tropical rain forests.
② A particular environment with its own array of living organisms, with the physical and
environmental factors that affect them, is called an ecosystem. Healthy ecosystems are vital
to life: They regulate many of the chemical and climatic systems that make clean air, water,
and plentiful oxygen available. The numerous forests in nature are comparable to lungs in
humans—regulating the amount of carbon dioxide in the air and producing oxygen as a
byproduct of photosynthesis.〇 1 Ecosystems, in turn, depend on the continued health and
vitality of the individual organism that compose them. Removing just one species from an
ecosystem can prevent the ecosystem from operating optimally.
③ Local ecosystems, and the dynamic interplay and intricate network of different species
present in between them contribute to a rich and diverse living world. This is what’s called
ecological diversity. An ecosystem consists of organisms from many different species, living
together in a region, that are connected by the flow of energy, nutrients, and matter that
occurs as the organisms of different species interact with one another. The ultimate source
of energy in nearly all ecosystems is the Sun. The Sun’s radiant energy is converted to
chemical energy by plants. This energy flows through the systems when animals eat the
plants and, in turn, are eaten by other animals. Fungi derive energy by decomposing
organisms, releasing nutrients back into the soil as they do so. An ecosystem, then, is a
collection of living components—microbes, plants and animals—and nonliving components—
climate and chemicals—that are connected by energy flow.
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Day 7
④ Removing just one species from an ecosystem, damages the flow of energy of that
system. For instance, in the late 1th and early 20th centuries, sea otters were hunted to
near extinction in many kelp forests, off the coast of the Pacific Northwest of the United
States and western Canada, causing the entire ecosystem to suffer. Otters eat sea urchins,
small, spiny organisms that share their habitat. When the otters disappeared, the sea urchins’
population exploded and started to destroy the vast beds of kelp. Without the kelp, other
species that lived in the ecosystem, including many species of fish and snails and other
invertebrates, began to decline in number. Efforts to restore sea otter populations brought
the kelp communities back to near normal in the late 20th century.
⑤ Yet, despite efforts, the world is now facing a diversity crisis all over. The survival of
natural ecosystems around the world is threatened by many human activities: bulldozing
wetlands and clear-cutting forests—the systematic cutting of all trees in a specific area—to
make room for new housing and agricultural land; damming rivers to harness the energy for
electricity and water for irrigation; and polluting the air, soil, water, and so on. Most biologists
have accepted the estimate of American evolutionary biologist Edward O. Wilson that the
Earth is losing approximately 27,000 species per year.
⑥ As the scope and significance of biodiversity loss become better understood, positive
steps to stem the tide of the sixth extinction have been proposed and, to some extent,
adopted. Several nations have enacted laws protecting endangered wildlife. An international
treaty known as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Fauna and Flora (CITES) went into effect in 175 to outlaw the trade of endangered animals
and animal parts. In the United States, the Endangered Species Act (ESA) was enacted in
173 to protect endangered or threatened species and their habitats. The Convention on
Biological Diversity, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 12 and ratified by more than 160
countries, obligates governments to take action to protect plant and animal species.
——2012 年 3 月 23 日北美机经
The word “that” in Paragraph 3 refers to 　　.

A. ecosystem
B. organisms
C. species
D. region
核心词汇：
array noun a group or collection of things or people, often one that is large or
impressive 一批，大量
例：We visited the local markets and saw wonderful arrays of fruits
and vegetables.
60
7
续前表
vital adj. necessary or essential in order for sth. to succeed or exist 至关重要的
例：The port is vital to supply relief to millions of drought victims.
regulate verb to control the speed, pressure, temperature, etc. 调节，控制
例：We must try our best to regulate our expenditure.
vitality noun energy and enthusiasm 活力，生命力
例：Children seem to be endued with endless vitality.
compose verb to combine together to form a whole 构成，组成
例：The force would be composed of troops from NATO countries.
dynamic adj. always changing and making process 动态的
例：In life we should be striving for dynamic balance, not a static one.
radiant adj. sent out in rays from a central point 辐射的
例：He is doing research on radiant intensity.
convert verb to change or make sth. change from one form, purpose, system,
etc. to another 转变，转换
例：The signal will be converted into digital code.
decompose verb to be destroyed gradually by natural chemical processes 分解
例：The debris slowly decomposes into compost.
explode verb to increase suddenly and very quickly in number 激增
例：The population explodes to 40,000 during the tourist season.
invertebrate noun any animal with no backbone, for example a worm 无脊椎动物
例：Half of all invertebrate species live in tropical rain forests.
harness verb to control and use the force or strength of sth. to produce power or
to achieve sth. 利用
例：Scientists have known how to harness the limitless power of
the sun.
estimate noun a judgement that you make without having the exact details or
figures about the size, amount, cost, etc. 估计，判断
例：I can give you a rough estimate of the amount of wood you will
need.
enact verb to pass a law 颁布，制定法律
例： The authorities have failed so far to enact a law allowing
unrestricted emigration.
treaty noun a formal agreement between two or more countries 条约，协议
例：I believe this treaty will pave the way to peace in Europe.
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Day 7
词汇练习：
radiant vital regulate invertebrate estimate
dynamic decompose compose
. In order to understand ancient Egyptian art, it is ____ to know as much as possible of the
elite Egyptians’ view of the world and the functions and contexts of the art produced for
them.（TPO-：Ancient Egyptian Sculpture）
2. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to ____ the levels of carbon
dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood.（TPO-24：Breathing
During Sleep）
. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual
organisms that ____ the ecosystem.（TPO-：The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems）
4. Most people consider the landscape to be unchanging, but Earth is a ____ body, and
its surface is continually altering—slowly on the human time scale, but relatively rapidly
when compared to the great age of Earth (about 4,00 billion years).（OG：Geology and
Landscape）
. The second factor is that ____ heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two
ways: (1) by a continuing series of reflection among the numerous vertical surfaces that
buildings present and (2) by the dust dome, the cloudlike layer of polluted air that most
cities produce.（TPO-2：Urban Climates）
6. Large concentrations of single-celled organisms with green pigments (coloring substances)
occur along the edges of the ice shelves in this region, and the seawater is rich in their
____ organic material.（OG Test 2：Green Icebergs）
7. Indeed, unaltered shells of marine are known ____ from deposits over 100 million years
old.（TPO-20：Fossil Preservation）
8. By measuring how many of these meteorites fall to Earth over a given period of time,
scientists can ____ how long it might have taken to deposit the observed amount of Ir in
the boundary clay.（TPO-8：Extinction of the Dinosaurs）
参考答案：
. vital 2. regulate . compose 4. dynamic . radiant
6. decomposing 7. invertebrates 8. estimate
Sentence 7
英文原文：
Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to
62
7
elements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the
interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems.
TPO-(2006.8.2): Architecture
参考翻译：
现代建筑形式大都有三个独立的组成部分，（这三个部分）类似于人体的身体结构：
一个支撑的骨架或框架、一个外壳（来覆盖内部空间）以及（内部）设施，类似于人体内
重要的器官和系统。
知识点小结：
1.“comparable”的意思是“相类似的；可比较的”。希望大家能牢牢掌握它的如下用
法——“A is comparable to/with B”
，意思是“A 和 B 类似、可比较”
，例如：
a. The situation in the US is not comparable to that in the UK.
美国的情况不能和英国的情况相提并论。
b. Inflation in America is now at a rate comparable with that in Europe.
美国现在的通货膨胀率已经和欧洲的差不多了。
c. A comparable house in the South would cost twice as much.
南方的一幢类似的房子要贵一倍的价钱。
2. 冒号后面的三个成分，出现三种修饰方式，分别是“分词结构在前作定语”
（e.g. a
supporting skeleton or frame）、“ 分词结构在后作定语 ”（e.g. an outer skin enclosing the
interior spaces）以及“形容词短语在后作定语”（e.g. equipment, similar to the body’s vital
organs and systems）
。后两种修饰方式之前已经讲过，大家不妨再回顾一下。一个句子
或者句群中可以采用不同的修饰方式，这一点值得大家学习模仿。
Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to
elements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing
the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. The
equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. Of course in
6
（第一册）
Day 7
early architecture—such as igloos and adobe structures—there was no such equipment, and
the skeleton and skin were often one.
Which of the following correctly characterizes the relationship between the human body and
architecture, as is described in this paragraph?
A. Complex equipment inside buildings is the one element in modern architecture that
resembles a component of the human body.
B. The components in early buildings were similar to three particular elements of the human
body.
C. Modern buildings have components that are as likely to change as the human body is.
D. In general, modern buildings more closely resemble the human body than earlier buildings
do.
生活在大城市中，住房问题就会是一个很大的负担。比如，在中国，一个一百平方米
的房子在小城镇中可能三四十万就可以买到，但是类似的房子在大城市中（比如北京）却
需要十倍甚至更高的价格。
1st
2nd
3rd
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7
参考翻译：
Housing alone can be a huge burden if living in a big city. In China, for example, an
apartment of about 00 square meters may only cost 00,000 to 400,000 RMB in a small
town; however, you have to spend ten times or even more in order to buy a comparable one
in a big city such as Beijing.
（1）我更加喜欢住在小城市，因为生活成本更小。（2）举一个简单的例子来说，生活
在大城市中，住房问题就会是一个很大的负担。（3）在中国，一个一百平方米的房子在小
城镇中可能三四十万人民币就可以买到，但是类似的房子在大城市中（比如北京）却需要
十倍甚至更高的价格。（4）这使大城市的购房者普遍压力过大，难以有心情和金钱去享受
生活。（5）我想住在小城市就是不想加入他们的行列。
1st
2nd
3rd
6
（第一册）
Day 7
写作题目：
Some people prefer to live in a small town. Others prefer to live in a big city. Which place
would you prefer to live in?
——来自老托福 8 题库
linden-tree：
改前：① I prefer living in the big city, be- 改后：① I prefer living in the small city be-
cause the cost of living is low. cause the cost of living is low.
② For a simple example to speak, housing ② For a simple example to speak, the
problem is a heavy burden in large cities. housing problem is a heavy burden in large
cities.
③ In China, a house is almost one hundred ③ In China, a house which is almost one
Square meters maybe cost three or four hundred square meters would cost maybe
hundred thousand yuan in the small city; three or four hundred thousand yuan in the
however, a comparable house in some big small city; however, a comparable house in
cities like Beijing would cost tenfold as some big cities like Beijing, would cost as
much or maybe higher. much as tenfold, or maybe higher.
④ That makes homebuyers get high ④ That would bring high pressure to
pressure in the big city, it is difficult in home buyers in the big city; it is difficult to
mood and money to enjoy their life. get in the mood, and would entail a lot
of money just to enjoy their life.
⑤ The cause of I would like to live in a ⑤ The reason why I would like to live in
small town is to avoid becoming one of a small town is to avoid becoming one of
them. them.
yue：
改前： ① I prefer to live in a small town. 改后： ① I prefer to live in a small town
Because the cost of life is relatively lower. because the cost of life is relatively lower.
② Taking a simple example, housing ② Take a simple example why housing is
problem would be a big burden for people a big burden for people living in a big city.
living in a big city.
③ In China, a 00-meter-square house ③ In China, a 00-meter-square house a
costs approximately 00,000-400,000 RMB costs approximately 00,000-400,000 RMB
in a small town, while you have to pay in a small town, while you have to pay
more than 0 times to buy a similar house more than 0 times to buy a similar house
in a big city, like Beijing. in a big city like Beijing.
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7
④ It makes buyers feel too stressful to ④ It makes buyers too stressed to enjoy
enjoy city life. city life.
⑤ Thus, I choose to live in a small town ⑤ Thus, I choose to live in a small town
and refuse to be a member of them. and refuse to be like them.
大大卷：
改前： ① I prefer to living in a small town 改后：① I prefer to live in a small town be-
because of the low cost of living. cause of the low cost of living.
② Take a simple example, living in a big ② Take a simple example—living in a
city, people will have trouble in housing big city will bring housing problems to
problems. people.
③ It possibly takes three or four million ③ It possibly takes three or four million to
to purchase a one hundred square meter purchase a one hundred square meter house
house in a small town. But a comparable in a small town. But a comparable house in
house in the metropolis, such as Beijing, the metropolis, such as Beijing, would cost as
would cost tenfold as much or even more. much as tenfold or even more.
④ As a result, people living in a big city ④ As a result, people living in a big city
have pressure to buy houses, so much so have pressure to buy houses, so much so
that they cannot enjoy life without good that they cannot enjoy life without good
mood and money. mood and money.
⑤ Therefore, I am seeking to live in a small ⑤ Therefore, I am seeking to live in a small
town not to be the same as them. town so as not to be like them.
我们：
67
Day 8
Passage 8
Early Development of Agriculture and Herding in Africa
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8
① Between 9,000 and 4,000 BCE, Northern Africa and the Sahara were grass and
woodland with an abundance of rainfall, rivers and lakes and fish and other aquatic life.
Anthropologists speculate that from North Africa’s Mediterranean coast, people migrated
into the Sahara and that people migrated into the Sahara also from the south. There,
communities of people raised sheep and goats, as people did along the Mediterranean
coast. They also fished in the lakes and rivers of the region, using intricately made bone
harpoons and fishing hooks, some using nets with weights and other tools for harvesting
aquatic creatures. Living a settled life, people began using pottery and growing food, using
stone and wooden tools. To the east, along the upper Nile, including what was to be Nubia,
people by 6,000 BCE were growing sorghum, millet, and a wheat believed to be of African
origin. And by 4,000 BCE, people in the middle of the Sahara region were raising cattle.
Then around 3,500 BCE the climate of North Africa began to dry, perhaps in part because of
overgrazing—wetness needing vegetation as well as vegetation needing water. The Sahara
started to change from grass and woodland to desert.
② With the dry up, anthropoligists speculate that some people fled to the northern Nile
River, taking with them their cultivation of wheat, barley, flax, various vegetables, and their
goats and sheep. And perhaps some people in western Sahara retreated southward to
wetter land, taking with them their pigs, sheep, goats, cattle and knowledge of farming.〇 1
In the Ethiopian highlands, herding and farming appeared, and people grew a cereal crop
called tef and starchy stalks called enset. Remaining in the Sahara region were sparse
populations of dark-skinned people and the Berbers. The Berbers occupy the territory near
the Mediterranean Sea. Those who had migrated to the northern Nile were related to the
Berbers, or, at least, the languages of the two people were related—a language classified
as Afro-Asian. Scholars speculate that the Afro-Asian dialect originated from the people who
had come to Africa from the eastern side of the Red Sea.
③ Meanwhile, in Africa, south of the desert region, many had begun small-scale farming
and cattle raising. Those living in the continent’s equatorial forests continued to rely almost
exclusively on their hunting and gathering, which provided them with all they needed. It would be
want and deprivation elsewhere that would mother new ways of doing things, but these people
saw no reason to hack clearings to grow food that was already sufficient for their few numbers.
④ South of the Sahara, the raising of cattle was at first limited to regions without the blood
sucking tsetse fly, which could spread disease fatal to both cattle and people. It took many
generations for people to build immunities to local diseases. The lack of it kept migrant
communities from growing in the moist valleys and in thickly wooded regions, where the
tsetse fly thrived. In some other parts of Africa, where inadequate rain or other conditions
discouraged farming, people continued to gather food that grew wild. Using exquisitely hand-
crafted spears, bows and arrows, animal snares, and poisons, they hunted small game. With
the limited food supply, the populations of these various areas remained sparse, unlike what
was developing along the northern Nile.
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⑤ By ,000 BCE, people in western Africa would be clearing portions of tropical forest
with the stone axes and planting yams, harvesting fruits and palm nuts and keeping goats.
And, east of central Africa’s equatorial rain forest, cattle raising, favored in the drier areas
free of the tsetse fly, was being extended. People that herded more than they farmed were
neighbors to those that farmed more than they herded, each side believing that their way of
life was superior to the other.
——2012 年 7 月 6 日北美机经
According to the passage, all the following areas are involved in agriculture and herding
EXCEPT 　　.
A. northern Africa
B. southern Africa
C. Africa’s equatorial forests
D. Ethiopian highlands
核心词汇：
abundance noun a large quantity that is more than enough 充裕，丰富
例：This area of Mexico has an abundance of safe beaches and a
pleasing climate.
speculate verb to form an opinion about sth. without knowing all the details or facts
推测，推断
例：I can only speculate whether it will make any impact on mobile
phones.
intricately adv. with elaboration 精心制作地
例：For special occasions, the wooden stilts were entirely covered
with intricately decorated silver.
aquatic adj. growing or living in, on or near water 水生的，水栖的
例：The pond is small but can support many aquatic plants and fish.
raise verb to breed particular farm animals; to grow particular crops 饲养
例：He raises 2,000 acres of wheat and hay.
overgraze verb to allow animals to graze (as a pasture) to the point of damaging
vegetational cover 过度放牧
例：It’s caused by overgrazing.
flee verb to leave a person or place very quickly, especially because you are
afraid of possible danger 逃离，逃走
例：He slammed the bedroom door behind him and fled.
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8
续前表
retreat verb to move away or back 撤退，后退
例：The flood waters slowly retreated.
sparse adj. only present in small amounts or numbers and often spread over a
large area 稀疏的，稀少的
例：Vegetation becomes sparse higher up the mountains.
want noun a situation in which there is not enough of sth.; a lack of sth. 短缺，
匮乏
例：The men were daily becoming weaker from want of rest.
deprivation noun the fact of not having sth. that you need, like enough food, money
or a home; the process that causes this 匮乏，贫困
例：The report has spotlighted real deprivation in the inner cities.
mother verb to care for sb./sth. because you are their mother, or as if you were
their mother 养育
例：Colleen had dreamed of mothering a large family.
hack verb to cut sb./sth. with rough, heavy blows 砍
例：Many trees were hacked down.
clearing noun an open space in a forest where there are no trees 空地
例：The hare darted along the edge of the clearing.
fatal adj. causing or ending in death 致命的
例：This short-sighted policy led to fatal results.
immunity noun the body’s ability to avoid or not be affected by infection and
disease 免疫力
例：The island’s inhabitants had no immunity to the diseases carried
by the explorers and quickly succumbed.
thrive verb to become, and continue to be, successful, strong, healthy, etc. 兴
旺，茁壮成长
例：A business cannot thrive without good management.
equatorial adj. near the equator or typical of a country that is near the equator 赤
道的，近赤道的
例：Too much rain is the problem of the equatorial lands in the
Amazon and Congo basins.
词汇练习：
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（第一册）
Day 8
speculate sparse retreat overgraze raise

equatorial deprivation clearing aquatic abundance
. A search of sedimentary deposits that span the boundary between the Cretaceous and
Tertiary periods shows that there is a dramatic increase in the ____ of iridium briefly and
precisely at this boundary.（TPO-：Mass Extinctions）
2. Some scientists ____ that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early Period during
which rivers, lakes, and perhaps even oceans adorned its surface.（TPO-8：Running
Water on Mars）
. Unlike ____ and marine forms, land plants cannot always rely on water currents to carry
their sex cells and disperse their fertilized eggs.（TPO-2：The Evolutionary Origin of
Plants）
4. Since the ____ of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation,
crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to
wind and water erosion.（OG：Desert Formation）
5. Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification
processes: overcultivation, ____, firewood gathering, and overirrigation.（OG：Desert
Formation）
6. At the end of the Cretaceous, the geological record shows that these seaways ____ from
the continents back into the major ocean basins.（TPO-8：Extinction of the Dinosaurs）
7. However, these same cycles of change had momentous impacts on the ____ human
populations of the region.（TPO-20：Early Settlements in the Southwest Asia）
8. The probability that actual remains of soft tissue will be preserved is improved if the
organism dies in an environment of rapid deposition and oxygen ____.（TPO-20：Fossil
Preservation）
. The protein content of shade-grown vegetation, for example, was much lower than that
for plants grown in ____.（TPO-4：Deer Populations of the Puget Sound）
0. They appear only in ____ regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected
networks.（TPO-8：Running Water on Mars）
参考答案：
. abundance 2. speculate . aquatic 4. raising . overgrazing
6. retreated 7. sparse 8. deprivation . clearings 10. Equatorial
Sentence 8
英文原文：
Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but
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8
unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates
of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.
TPO-(2006.8.2): Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer
参考翻译：
据估计，
（奥加拉拉）蓄水层含有足够的水来填满休伦湖。但不幸的是，在目前存在于
该地区的半干旱气候的影响下，（奥加拉拉）蓄水层的补水率极低，总计每年半厘米左右。
知识点小结：
该句中出现了太多的逗号，容易使大家感到迷惑，所以 ETS 也把它出成了阅读文章
的句子简化题。大家做完翻译后，不妨再去做一下那个题目。
1. 第一句话中“Estimates indicate that”的内容也可以改成“According to some estimates,
the aquifer…”。这种转换（即同一意思的两种表达方式）也是需要大家学习的，因为
平时在进行写作训练的时候会经常用到类似的表达，比如“据最近的一项研究报告估
计……”。
2.“amounting to…”（相当于；总计）在这里不是现在分词作定语，不是用来修饰前一句
话的任何成分，而是现在分词作状语，对上一句话中的内容进行补充说明。这种用法在
阅读和写作中都经常出现，大家可以借鉴模仿。
3.“rates of addition”意思是“补充（水）的速率”
。
Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but
unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates
of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.
A. Despite the current impressive size of the Ogallala aquifer, the region’s climate keeps the
rates of water addition very small.
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（第一册）
Day 8
B. Although the aquifer has been adding water at the rate of only half a centimeter a year, it
will eventually accumulate enough water of fill Lake Huron.
C. Because of the region’s present climatic conditions, water is being added each year to the
aquifer.
D. Even when the region experiences unfortunate climatic conditions, the rates of addition of
water continue to increase.
在过去，可能由于交通不便和文化传统等方面的原因，亲戚们都住得很近，形成了一
个人口众多的大家庭，总人数有时甚至可过半百。
1st
2nd
3rd
参考翻译：
In the past, probably due to such factors as inconvenient transportation and cultural
tradition, relatives often live near each other, forming one large family with numerous
members, sometimes even amounting to more than fifty.
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8
（1）首先，对比过去和现在，大家庭（Extended family）成员之间的互助关系逐步被
削弱，而其重要性也就不可避免地会降低。（2）在过去，可能由于交通和文化等诸多方面
的原因，大家庭的成员等都住得很近，形成了一个人口众多的大家庭，总人数有时甚至可
过半百。（3）而人们在生活中的方方面面，譬如建房，都便于（如果不是只能）依靠自己
身边的亲戚。
（4）而在社会化专业化大生产的今天，通过媒体（特别是互联网）及其他大
众文化作为渠道，现代社会促使来自不同国家和文化的人相互接触、交流及互助（其中的
绝大部分并不是亲戚），这也就使得它相对没那么重要了。
（注：individualism，非贬义）
1st
2nd
3rd
写作题目：
Extended family (grandparents, cousins, uncles and aunts) becomes less important today
than in the past.
2006.6.0
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（第一册）
Day 8
大大卷：
改前：① Frist of all, comparing the past to 改后：① First of all, comparing the past to
the present, the interdependent relationship the present, the interdependent relationship
among extended family is decreasing, thus among extended family is decreasing,
it is inevitable that its importance are in thus it is inevitable that its importance is
decline. declining.
② In the past, considering such trans- ② In the past, considering such trans-
portation and culture as factors, extended portation and culture as factors, extended
family might get so close to each other that family might get so close to each other that
became a big family with many people, they become a big family of many people,
amounting to above fifty at times. amounting to above fifty at times.
③ However, people will depend on their ③ However, people will depend on their
closet relatives in every aspects of their closest relatives in every aspect of their
lives such as building a house. lives, such as building a house.
④ With the rapid progression of the ④ With the rapid progression of the society，
society，regarding media, especially regarding media, especially the internet,
the internet, and other mass media as and other mass media as tools, the modern
tools, the modern society has facilitated society has facilitated communication and
communication and mutual assistances mutual assistance among different people,
among different people, coming from from different countries and culture. Thus
different countries and culture. Thus individualism is becoming less important.
individualism is becoming less important.
yue：
改前：① Firstly, compare past and present. 改后： ① Firstly, let’s compare past and
The coordinating relationship between present. The coordinating relationship
extended family members is gradually between extended family members is
decreased, and it is inevitable to reduce gradually decreased, and it is inevitable
the importance. that its importance is reduced.
② In the past, for many reasons like ② In the past, for many reasons like trans-
transportation, culture etc, members of portation, culture, etc., members of an
extended family lived nearby, which formed extended family often live nearby, which
a big family with a lot of people, amounting formed a big family with a lot of people, amo-
to more than about half one hundred. unting to more than about half a hundred.
③ At that time, people depended on their ③ At that time, people depended on their
relatives in many aspects of life, such as relatives in many aspects of life, such as
building a house. building a house.
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8
④ While because of the development ④ Because of the development in
of socialization and specialization technology, modern society makes people
production, modern society makes people, from diverse countries and cultures interact,
who are almost not relatives, from communicate, and interchange through
diverse countries and cultures interact, many channels like media, the internet in
communicate and interchange by many particular, and other public cultures. As a
channels like media, in particular internet, result, it puts relatively less importance
and other public cultures. It results in to having an extended family.
relatively less importance in developing
extended family.
我们：
77
Day 9
Passage 9
Craters on Earth and Moon
① Craters are bowl-shaped pits or depressions on the surface of a planet or a moon.

They are formed in two ways: by volcanic activity and by meteorite impact. On Earth the
more common means of crater formation is by volcanic activity, while on the Earth’s moon
craters are mostly formed by meteorite impact.〇 1
② The volcanic craters on Earth are formed either by explosion or collapse. In a volcanic
explosion, hot gases associated with volcanic activity build to a high pressure and may blow
away the rocky material that forms the top or side of the volcano, leaving behind a crater.
Collapse craters are formed when the pressure of the molten rock, or magma, inside a
volcano can no longer support the weight of the rock or lava above it. This may happen after
most of the magma has been drained away during an eruption of the volcano. The material
that is no longer supported collapses into the space previously occupied by the magma, thus
forming a crater.
③ Another type of crater is produced by the explosive impact of a meteorite. This type
of crater is called an impact crater. Impact craters have been seen on the planets Mercury
and Mars and on Earth’s moon. They are comparatively rare on Earth because Earth is
protected by its atmosphere. This layer of atmosphere can protect Earth from the small
high-speed meteorites, and only rare, very large meteorites, capable of plowing through
the atmosphere without being appreciably slowed, can produce impact craters on Earth’s
surface. A well-known example of an impact crater on Earth is the Meteor Crater in Winslow,
Arizona. Meteor Crater is 1.2 km (0.75 mi) in diameter and 180 m (600 ft.) deep. A clue to
the origin of Meteor Crater is that its walls consist of sandstone and limestone, both of which
are sedimentary rather than volcanic rocks. They could not, therefore, have been formed
from volcanic activity. The meteorite that formed Meteor Crater was almost completely
destroyed in the explosion. A number of small meteorite fragments, the only surviving
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9
remnants of the impacting meteorite, have been found in the vicinity.
④ Until now, about 80 impact craters have been discovered on Earth. Some of them have
nearly been eroded away, and only circular scars, called astroblemes, remain. The number
of impact craters on Earth is very small compared to that of volcanic craters that exist on our
geologically active planet. On the other hand, Earth’s moon shows impact craters in great
numbers, with few volcanic craters.
⑤ The moon’s surface is covered with craters, nearly all of which were formed by explosive
impacts of high-velocity meteorites. These craters range in size from microscopic to as
large as the South Pole-Aitken Basin, which measures over 2,500 km (1,560 mi) in diameter
and would nearly span the continental United States. The biggest of the Moon’s craters
were created by the impacts of large remnants from the formation of the planets billions of
years ago when the young solar system still contained many such remnants. Meanwhile,
astronomers have directly observed meteorites forming small craters on the Moon’s surface.
Seismometers operating on the lunar surface have also recorded signals indicating between
70 and 150 meteorite impacts per year, with projectile masses from 100 g to 1,000 kg (4 oz.
to 2,200 lb.). Hence the Moon is still being bombarded by meteorites, although neither as
often nor as violently as in the distant past.
——2012 年 8 月 17 日北美机经
Why does the author mention “sandstone and limestone” found in Meteor Crater in
Paragraph 3?
A. To explain what the Crater is consisted of.
B. To support that the Crater is produced by the explosive impact of meteorite.
C. To compare them with volcanic rocks.
D. To refute the assumption that the Crater is formed by volcanic activities.
核心词汇：
depression noun a part of a surface that is lower than the parts around it 洼地
例：There was a depression in the carpet where the lamp had
stood.
meteorite noun a piece of rock from outer space that hits the Earth’s surface
陨石
例：He discovered an unusual meteorite.
molten adj. heated to a very high temperature so that it becomes liquid 熔

化的
例：The molten metal channels into the troughs.
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续前表
comparatively adv. as compared to sth./sb. else 比较地，相对地

例：Tin is a comparatively easy metal to smelt.
plow through to move through sth. with a lot of difficulty 通过

例： Now the Rocks need to plow through the upcoming
cupcake schedule, win them all.
appreciably adv. to a noticeable degree 明显地

例：Summer temperatures are appreciably more comfortable
there.
diameter noun a straight line going from one side of a circle or any other round
object to the other side, passing through the center 直径
例：The circle has a diameter of 6 inches.
sedimentary adj. connected with or formed from the sand, stones, mud, etc. that
settle at the bottom of lakes, etc. 沉淀的
例： It is useful in discussing the nature of sedimentary
deposits.
surviving adj. still alive or remaining after others are dead or destroyed 继续
存在的
例：The giant panda is one of the surviving ancient animals.
remnant noun remainder 剩余

例：I will sell this remnant to you, at cost.
velocity noun the speed of sth. in a particular direction 速度，速率

例：Acceleration and velocity are both vectors.
seismometer noun a seismograph measuring the actual movements of the ground

(as on the earth or the moon) 地震仪
例：The seismometer was invented by Zhang Heng.
projectile noun an object, such as a bullet, that is fired from a gun or other
weapon 射弹
例：It cut the water like a gigantic and keen projectile.
bombard verb to direct a stream of high-speed particles at (an atom, etc.) 轰炸

例：Our artillery fire bombarded the enemy post.
词汇练习：
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velocity surviving sedimentary molten diameter
meteorite depression comparatively appreciably
1. Flats and ____ where water can collect are common features, but they make up only a
small part of the landscape.（TPO-12：Water in the Desert）
2. Twice in the twentieth century, large ____ objects are known to have collided with Earth.
（Official Model Exam：Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction）
3. Lichens helped to speed the decomposition of the hard rock surfaces, preparing a soft
bed of soil that was abundantly supplied with minerals that had been carried in the ____
rock from the bowels of Earth.（TPO-9：The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii）
4. Because the flippers are ____ thin and blade-like, they are the one part of the leatherback
that is likely to become chilled.（TPO-15：A Warm-Blooded Turtle）
5. To build up a better picture of fluctuations ____ further back in time requires us to use
proxy records.（TPO-10：Variations in the Climate）
6. The body that impacted Earth at the end of the Cretaceous period was a meteorite with
a mass of more than a trillion tons and a ____ of at least 10 kilometers.（Official Model
Exam：Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction）
7. A search of ____ deposits that span the boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary
periods shows that there is a dramatic increase in the abundance of iridium briefly and
precisely at this boundary.（TPO-15：Mass Extinctions）
8. Even if they hugged the African coastline, they had little chance of ____ a crossing of the
Indian Ocean.（TPO-17：Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia）
9. Simply stated, a gas molecule can “evaporate” from a planet if it reaches a speed known
as the escape ____.（TPO-16：Planets in Our Solar System）
参考答案：
1. depressions 2. meteorite 3. molten 4. comparatively 5. appreciably
6. diameter 7. sedimentary 8. surviving 9. velocity
Sentence 9
英文原文：
In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials
that were available, such as wood, stone, brick. Today technology has progressed to the
point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired.
TPO-3 (2006.8.12): Architecture
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参考翻译：
早期，人们需要设计结构体系以适合当前可用的材料，如木头、石头和砖头。现在，
技术已经发展到一个新阶段了，能够创造新的建筑材料来适应想要的建筑结构。
知识点小结：
写作题目中有很多观点对比型的题目，这种题目一般会涉及对比段落的书写，所以在
这里我给出这个句子，希望大家可以模仿一下这种时间点对比的写法。我们心里必须牢牢
地记住：做句子的翻译训练，一方面是为了阅读，另一方面是为了写作。
1. 相同意思的两种不同表达方式：“suitable for”和“to suit”都表示“适合”之意。如
果我们把最后一句话写成“invent new building materials suitable for the type of structure
desired”，虽然句子的意思没有任何改变，可是却会因为重复而显得没有原文出彩。
2.“随着科技的发展，人们能够……”，估计大家对于这种句子都不会陌生，因为我们在写
作过程中经常会用到。一般大家都会写成“With the development of modern science and
technology…”这种句型，那么以后不妨就试着用本句中的表达方式“Technology has
progressed to the point where…”。
Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes.
Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture
structures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the
materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick. Today technology has progressed
to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure
desired. Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few
generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and
with a minimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight
between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred years ago.
1. According to this paragraph, which of the following is true about materials used in the
construction of buildings?
A. Because new building materials are hard to find, construction techniques have changed
very little from past generations.
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B. The availability of suitable building materials no longer limits the types of structures that
may be built.
C. The primary building materials that are available today are wood, stone, and brick.
D. Architects in earlier times did not have enough building materials to enclose large
spaces.
2. In this paragraph, what does the author imply about modern buildings?
A. They occupy much less space than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.
B. They are not very different from the building of a few generations ago.
C. They weigh less in relation to their size than buildings constructed one hundred years
ago.
D. They take a long time to build as a result of their complex construction methods.
如今，随着医疗技术的不断进步，很多之前无法治愈的疾病都能够得到有效的治疗了，
这一点从人们的平均寿命的提高中可以明显看出来。但是与此同时，环境污染问题也日益
突出，引发许多新型的疾病并不断威胁着人们的健康。（黑体部分用“as is evidenced by”
结构）
1st
2nd
3rd
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参考翻译：
Nowadays, medical technology has progressed to the point where it has become
possible for many formerly incurable diseases to be treated properly, as is evidenced
by the increase in the average lifespan of people. In the meantime, however, numerous
environmental problems have also become unprecedentedly serious, resulting in/giving rise
to/leading to the onset of various new disease strains and threatening people’s health even
more.
（1）如今，随着医疗技术的不断进步，很多之前无法治愈的疾病都能够得到有效的治
疗了，这一点从人们的平均寿命的提高中可以明显看出来；但是与此同时 , 环境污染问题
也日益突出，不断威胁着人们的健康，因而我们能够看到许多由于环境污染而引发的新型
疾病。（2）要先解决环境问题，当然需要社会上每一个公民的个体努力；但更重要的是政
府承担主要责任，起到提倡、执行并监督的作用。（3）我坚定地认为，尽管政府能够做许
多工作来提高人们的健康状况，但其中最重要的就是提供一个清洁的环境。
1st
2nd
3rd
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写作题目：
The most important thing that a government can do to improve health care is to provide a
clean environment.
——2008.6.22
帆：
改前： ① Nowadays, with the progress 改后：① Nowadays, with the progress of
of medical technology, a lot of diseases medical technology, a lot of diseases
has been effective treated, this disease which weren’t solved in the past has
doesn’t solved in the past that can been effectively treated as reflected
be reflected by the average of age. by the increase in the average human
Nonetheless, the environment pollution age. Nonetheless, the problem in
problem threaten people’s health,has environmental pollution which threatens
became a new topic, thus, we can people’s health has become a new issue.
meet with some new disease, due to the We also meet some new diseases due to
environment pollution. the environmental pollution.
② If want to solve the pollute problem, ② If we want to solve the problem of
obviously, everyone should try ourself best pollution, obviously, everyone should
to protect the environment, but the most try their best to protect the environment,
important thing that government should but the most important thing is that the
responsible for advocating and supervising. government should be responsible for
advocating and supervising.
③ I’m solidly deem that although ③ I solidly deem that although the
government has been done a lot of works government has done a lot of work in order
in order to improve the people’ health to improve the people’s level of health,
level, nonetheless the most part of task is nonetheless, the most important part of
to provide a clean environment. the task is to provide a clean environment.
林不黑：
改前：① Nowadays, since the advancement 改后：① Nowadays, because of the advance-
of the medical technology, many diseases ment of medical technology, many diseases
which could not be cured in the past are which could not be cured in the past have
healable. This point is revealed by the become healable. This point is revealed in
longer lives people have today. At the same the longer lives which people have today.
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time, the pollution problem are becoming At the same time, the pollution problems
more and more outstanding, keep treating are becoming more and more outstanding,
people’s health. Thus, we could discover threatening people’s health. Thus, we
many new kinds of diseases which discover many new kinds of diseases
always caused by the pollution of the which are caused by the environmental
environment. pollution.
② To solve this problem, of course ② To solve this problem, it would take the
could not leave the efforts of each efforts of each individual in the modern
individuals in the modern society. Above society. Above all, the government should
all, the government should take the main take the main responsibility and act on
responsibility and act on advocating, advocating, proceeding, and supervising.
proceeding and supervising.
③ Ultimately, I highly suppose that although ③ Ultimately, I highly suppose that although
the government could do many work to the government could do many works
improve human’s health, but what the most to improve human health, but the most
important is to offer a clean environment to important one is that of providing a clean
its citizens. environment for its citizens.
包子：
改前：① Nowadays, owing to continuous 改后：① Nowadays, owing to continuous

development of medical technology, many development of medical technology, many
disease used to be incurable now can disease used to be incurable now can
receive effective treatment, which we can receive effective treatment, which we can
conclude clearly from people’s average conclude clearly from people’s average
life span. But meanwhile, environment life span. But meanwhile, environmental
pollution gradually shows up, keeping pollution gradually shows up, keeps on
thretening people’s health, causing new threatening people’s health, and causing
illness which comes from pollution. new illnesses which come from pollution.
② To solve the problem, effort of every ② To solve the problem, the efforts of
citizens in society is not only necessary, every citizen in the society is not only
but also indispensable. However, it is more necessary, but also indispensable. However,
important for government to undertake it is more important for the government to
responsibity to advocate, carry out and undertake the responsibility to advocate,
supervise public. carry out, and supervise the public.
③ I strongly convince that although ③ I am strongly convinced that although
government can provide many services to the government can provide many services
enhance public health condition, providing a to enhance public health condition,
clean environment, in my opinion, is above providing a clean environment, in my
all. opinion, is foremost.
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我们：
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Day 10
Passage 10
Life in Tide Pools

① Tide, the periodic rise and fall of all ocean waters, results from the gravitational
attraction of the moon and the sun upon the water and upon the earth itself. In most areas,
two high tides and two low tides typically occur within a 24-hour-and-50-minute lunar day.
(A lunar day is 50 minutes longer than a solar day.) And in most coastal regions, one of the
daily high tides is higher than the other high tide, and one of the low tides is lower than the
other. Such differences between the highest and lowest tides are called the tidal range. The
intertidal zone is the shore area within the tidal range. Scientists have divided the intertidal
area (also called the littoral zone) into four main zones: splash zone is never covered by
saltwater even during high tides, high intertidal zone covered only during high tides, middle
intertidal zone covered and uncovered twice a day by the tides, and low intertidal zone only
uncovered during the lowest of tides.〇 1
② As the tides move in and out, the oceans’ shores, a mixture of both land and sea,
are never the same from one moment to the next. The boundary between land and sea
constantly changes with the tide’s rhythmic rise and fall. When the tide retreats, seawater
trapped in depressions in the rocks forms tide pools. Tide pools can be found at any of the
different intertidal zones, mostly in the low intertidal. They can either be small and shallow
or large and deep. The small ones are usually found far back on the shore and the large
ones are found nearer to the ocean. These pools and surrounding areas are uncovered by
the retreating tides and are often teeming with animals and plants. Most of the animals are
hardy organisms such as sea stars, mussels and clams, which are fairly simple compared to
other kinds of sea animals, such as fishes and whales.
③ The environment of a tide pool poses both advantages and challenges to its inhabitants.
On the one hand, algae and other intertidal plants grow in the abundant sunlight and support
an entire food chain of animals; constant wave action supplies the tide pool with nutrients
and oxygen; and a varied substrate provides hiding places and surfaces to cling to. On
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the other hand, however, inhabitants must be able to cope with a constantly changing
environment—fluctuations in water temperature, salinity, and oxygen content. Plentiful
sunlight, which helps intertidal plant life grow quickly, can also rapidly dry up precious
moisture and increase the water temperature. Waves that bring in much-needed nutrients
and moisture can also carry unprotected animals out to sea. As the tides rise and fall, the
salinity (salt concentration) constantly changes and animals living in the intertidal zone must
be able to tolerate wide salinity variations. If sufficient nutrients are available, intertidal
animals reproduce rapidly, so they constantly compete for space, light, and food. Animals
are also exposed to predators while the tide is out.
④ In response to the intimidating challenges, tide pool animals and plants developed
certain adaptive strategies to better live in the intertidal zones. For example, the ochre sea
star can tolerate a longer time period of being exposed to air than many other sea stars. They
regularly withstand up to eight hours of exposure during low tides. In laboratory conditions,
they have tolerated up to 50 hours out of the water with little harm. Many fishes that inhabit
tide pools, such as tide pool sculpin and young opaleyes, can breathe air at the surface—an
adaptation that enables them to survive in oxygen poor water when the tide is out.
⑤ Humans, historically and currently, have been harvesting animals and plants from the
tide pools for food, bait, and, more recently, for home aquariums. As human populations
continue to increase along coastlines, more people have access to the tide pools, impacting
many of the plants and animals that rely upon this habitat. Many pool animals, like the black
abalone—prized for its shell and meat—are now scarce or absent in areas where they were once
abundant. Therefore, the collection of any animals or plants is now regulated in many countries;
many animals and plants are also protected in marine sanctuaries and monuments.
——2012 年 12 月 2 日北美机经
Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 2 about fishes and whales?
A. They can live in shallow pools.
B. They are more complex organisms.
C. They are sea animals.
D. They are soft organisms.
核心词汇：
gravitational adj. connected with or caused by the force of gravity 重力的
例：We shift the gravitational center of it.
boundary noun a real or imagined line that marks the limits or edges of sth. and
separates it from other things or places; a dividing line 边界，界限
例：The river determines the natural boundary between the two
countries.
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续前表
rhythmic adj. having a regular pattern of sounds, movements or events 有节
奏的
例：Except for the rhythmic splash of the rudder oar, all was still.
retreat verb to move away or back 后退
例：The flood waters slowly retreated.
depression noun a part of a surface that is lower than the parts around it 洼地
例：There was a depression in the carpet where the lamp had stood.
teeming adj. present in large numbers; full of people, animals, etc. that are
moving around 多产的，丰富的
例：For most of the year, the area is teeming with tourists.
substrate noun the base on which an organism lives 基质
例：The effect of substrate temperature on the accumulation of
disorder is substantial.
cling to to stick to sth. 依附，依靠
例：The trees that cling to every mountain top are the lifeblood of
the Barba people living in the villages.
cope with to deal successfully with sth. difficult 处理，应付
例：Do not imagine that you can cope with all the problems.
fluctuation noun an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change 波动，起伏
例： The Central Bank successfully curbed the economic
fluctuation.
variation noun a change, especially in the amount or level of sth. 变化
例：The survey found a wide variation in the prices charged for
canteen food.
reproduce verb if people, plants, animals, etc. reproduce or reproduce
themselves, they produce young 繁殖
例：Most plants reproduce through seeds.
intimidating adj. frightening in a way which makes a person feel less confident 吓
人的，令人惊恐的
例：This kind of questioning can be very intimidating to children.
adaptive adj. concerned with changing; able to change when necessary in order
to deal with different situations 适应的
例：Societies need to develop highly adaptive behavioural rules
for survival.
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10
续前表
withstand verb to be strong enough not to be hurt or damaged by extreme
conditions, the use of force, etc. 经受
例：As a politician, he is able to withstand public criticism.
tolerate verb to be able to be affected by a drug, difficult conditions, etc. without
being harmed 忍受，承受
例：We don’t tolerate smoking in the library.
harvest verb to cut and gather a crop; to catch a number of animals or fish to
eat 收获，收割
例：Many farmers are refusing to harvest the cane.
bait noun food put on a hook to catch fish or in nets, traps, etc. to catch
animals or birds 诱饵
例：He refuses to put down bait to tempt wildlife to the waterhole.
impact verb to have an effect on sth. 影响
例：Such schemes mean little unless they impact on people.
词汇练习：
with stand substrate reproduce harvest fluctuation
gravitational depression cope with boundary adaptive
1. Under the control of the Sun’s ____ force, each planet maintains an elliptical orbit and all
of them travel in the same direction.（TPO-16：Planets in Our Solar System）
2. By measuring how many of these meteorites fall to Earth over a given period of time,
scientists can estimate how long it might have taken to deposit the observed amount of Ir
in the ____ clay.（TPO-8：Extinction of the Dinosaurs）
3. Flats and ____ where water can collect are common features, but they make up only a
small part of the landscape.（TPO-12：Water in the Desert）
4. Once established, a stand of Spartina begins to trap sediment, changing the ____
elevation, and eventually the stand evolves into a high marsh system where Spartina is
gradually displaced by higher-elevation, brackish-water species.（TPO-22：Spartina）
5. Support and encouragement were also required to help teachers in the program ____
aspects of their professional life with which they were not comfortable.（TPO-9：
Reflection in Teaching）
6. To build up a better picture of ____ appreciably further back in time requires us to use
7. These very short-lived plants ____ prolifically; that is to say they provide a constant
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rain of seed in the neighborhood of parent plants.（Online Test：Opportunists and

Competitors）
8. The mercantile economy was also characterized by a peculiar moral stance that is typical
of people who live by trade—an attitude that is individualistic, calculating, risk taking, and
____ to circumstances.（TPO-6：Trade and the Ancient Middle East）
. Ancient fresh water green algae must have evolved features that enable them to ____
extremes of temperature and periods of dryness.（TPO-2：The Evolutionary Origin of
Plants）
10. In modern agriculture, mineral depletion of soils is a major concern, since ____ crops
interrupts the recycling of nutrients back to the soil.（TPO-：Minerals and Plants）
参考答案：
. gravitational 2. boundary . depressions 4. substrate . cope with
6. fluctuations 7. reproduce 8. adaptive . withstand 10. harvesting
Sentence 10
英文原文：
Much of the world’s great architecture has been constructed of stone because of its
beauty, permanence, and availability.
TPO- (2006.8.2): Architecture
参考翻译：
世界上大多数伟大的建筑都是用石头建造的，因为石头不仅外形漂亮、持久耐用，而
且随处可得。
知识点小结：
. 本次翻译的主要目的是使大家掌握平行结构的原则。平行结构总结起来大概有以下几
2
10
种情形 :
（1）用并列连词“and/but/or”或者连词词组“not only... but also... /not... but... /either...
or... /neither... nor... /as well as”等连接两个或几个等同成分。
（2）比较句型中要求双方结构对等，即“than”前后的成分在结构上要一致。
（3）比较句型“The + 比较级，the + 比较级”，要求前后结构一致。
（4）语意上的平行结构：尽管没有出现比较级形式，但是却暗含比较的意思，如“would
rather... than... /would... rather than.../rival/exceed（超过；意思里暗含比较）/ before
（时间上的前后对比）”。
凡是遇到平行结构，最重要的一个原则是要保证它前后结构一致，时态也一致。比如
本题中连词“and”前后的三个单词都是名词。如下是两个错误的句子，大家在以后的写
作中应尽量避免：
a. I remembered her words and calm down.
b. Playing football not only makes us grow up tall and strong, but also give us a sense of fair
play and team spirit.
正确的例子：
a. The temperature of Maine is generally cooler than that of most other states.（“A of B”结
构对应）
b. The state of Maine generally has cooler temperatures than most other states have.（动词
对应）
2. 大家把句子翻译完以后，不妨反过来想想：如果题目要求我们对照着汉语来翻译，那么
我们会像原句那样用三个名词来表达意思吗？如果做不到，就要努力学会这种表达方法。
3. 一定要弄清楚句子中的“its”指代什么。这里应该是“stone”，而不是“architecture”，
翻译的时候也要注意这一点。阅读过《文勇的新托福阅读手稿》的同学可能会记得我讲
过这样一个写作习惯：所有格代词指代前文中最接近的名词。
4. 对于所有格代词的指代对象，有这样一个规律（做阅读题时，如果实在不明白句意，那
么可以使用）：所有格代词最容易指代其前文最接近的名词。于是看上句中离“its”最
近的名词是什么，“architecture”还是“stone”？自然就会得出答案了。
Much of the world’s great architecture has been constructed of stone because of its beauty,
permanence, and availability. In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting
and piling stone upon. Some of the world’s finest stone architecture can be seen in the ruins
of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. The
doorways and windows are made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone
beams that support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be made before
the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural forms could be
created. That invention was the arch, a curved structure originally made of separate stone
or brick segments. The arch was used by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area
chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch
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extensively in aboveground structures. Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch made
of separate blocks of stone. As a method of spanning space, the arch can support greater
weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression to divert the weight above it out to the
sides, where the weight is borne by the vertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch
is among the many important structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecture
throughout the centuries.
According to this paragraph, which of the following statements is true of the arch?
A. The Romans were the first people to use the stone arch.
B. The invention of the arch allowed new architectural forms to be developed.
C. The arch worked by distributing the structural load of a building toward the center of the
arch.
D. The Romans followed earlier practices in their use of arches.
电脑自发明之日起便迅速普及开来，因为它不但能使人们更加快捷地查询信息，也为
人们提供了更多的信息途径。
（用“not only… but also…”这个平行结构）
1st
2nd
3rd
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10
参考翻译：
Computers became widespread almost immediately after their invention, because they
not only enable people to search for information more conveniently and rapidly, but provide
them with more avenues of obtaining information.
（1）总的来说，我想没有人会反对这个事实——互联网带来了一个信息爆炸的时代。
（2）正如上文所说的，互联网不但在方式上为人们提供了更新的信息途径，更在信息数量
上跃上了一个新的台阶。（3）如果我们能够在心理和行为方式上都为信息社会做好准备，
迎接我们的将不是潘多拉魔盒，而是图特卡蒙宝藏。
1st
2nd
3rd
写作题目：
Some people say that the Internet provides people with a lot of valuable information. Others
think access to so much information creates problem. Which view do you agree with?
——2006..2
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Day 10
超级变变变：
改前：① Making a conclusion, I consi- 改后：① No one can refute the fact that
derate that no one can refute the fact that the internet has produced an information
the internet has produced an information explosion.
explosion age.
② As previous mentioned, the internet ② As previously mentioned, the internet
not only provided a method for updated does not only provide a method for
information but aslo raech a new climax on updated information but also reach a new
the quanlity of the information. climax on the quantity of the information.
③ If we able to make preparation for the ③ If we’re able to make preparations for
information society on our psychology and the impact of an information-based society
behavioral pattern, embracing us will be on our psychology and behavioral pattern,
Tukar’s treasure rather then Pardora’s embracing us will be Tukar’s treasure rather
box. than Pandora’s box.
赖中华：
改前：① In a word, I never though people 改后：① In a word, I never thought people
will object this fact, internet has bring us a will object to this fact; the internet has
time of information explosion. brought us a time of information explosion.
② As mentioned above, Internet not only ② As mentioned above, the internet
provide a new access to information, but does not only provide a new access to
also leapt on a new level on the number of information, but also a leap to a new level
information. on the amount of information.
③ If we prepared for the information ③ If we had prepared for what an infor-
society on psychology and behaviour, mation-oriented society would spell on
we will not meet the Pandora’s box, but the our psychology and behavior, we will
Tutankhamun treasures. not be met with the Pandora’s box, but of
Tutankhamun’s treasures.
KERR:
改前： ① In all, I concerned that nobody 改后：① In all, I am concerned that nobody
would object the fact that Internet brings us would object to the fact that the Internet
an era of information explosion. brings us an era of information explosion.
② From all I listed above, Internet not only ② From all that I listed above, the Internet
provides people a new way to search does not only provide people with a new
6
10
information, but also reaches a new stage way to search information, but also reach a
about the quantities of the information. new stage on the quantities of information.
③ Therefore, if we could prepare for ③ Therefore, if we could prepare for
information society on psychological and an information-based society on our
behavior, what will welcome us is not psychological and behavioral pattern,
Pandora’s box but Tut treasure. what will welcome us is not a Pandora’s box
but Tut’s treasure.
我们：
97
Day 11
Passage 11
Child Development Theory

—Cognitive Theory
① At a very early time, people have noticed that some developments, in behavior
and thought, are very similar for all children. From very early time, people have noticed
that children all around the world develop certain behavioral and cognitive capacities at
comparable ages—that is, they begin to focus their eyes, sit up, learn to walk and begin to
acquire language and develop logical reasoning skills at approximately the same time.〇 1
These aspects of individual growth are highly predictable. Other aspects of development
show a much wider range of individual differences. Whether a child becomes outgoing or
shy, intellectually advanced or average, energetic or subdued, depends on many unique
influences, whose effects are difficult to predict, at the child’s birth.
② In order to provide a broader framework of understanding, psychologists and other
scientists have devised a variety of theories to explain these observations and discoveries
about child development. Cognitive theory is one primary branch, the other three being
psychoanalytical, learning, and socio-cultural.
③ Cognitive theorists focus on the development of thinking and reasoning as the key
to understanding childhood growth. They believe that understanding how children think
is crucial to understanding their development because children’s perceptions of life
events often determine how these events affect them. For example, a five-year-old, who
believes that her parents’ marital problems are her fault, is affected much differently than an
adolescent, who has a better understanding of marriage and relationships.
④ The best-known theory of cognitive development was proposed by Swiss psychologist
Jean Piaget, who became interested in how children think and construct their own
knowledge. Based on his studies and observations, Piaget theorized that children proceed
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11
through four distinct stages of cognitive development: the sensorimotor stage, the
preoperational stage, the concrete operational stage, and the formal operational stage.
⑤ During the sensorimotor stage, which lasts from birth to about age 2, understanding
is based on immediate sensory experience and actions. Thought is very practical, but
lacks mental concepts or ideas. During this period, children learn to differentiate self from
objects, to recognize self as agent of action and to act intentionally: for example, pulling
a string to set it in motion or shakes a rattle to make a noise. They also realize that things
continue to exist even when no longer present to the sense. In the preoperational stage,
which spans the preschool years (about ages 2 to 6), children’s understanding becomes
more conceptual. Thinking involves mental concepts that are independent of immediate
experience, and language enables children to think about unseen events, such as thoughts
and feelings. The young child’s reasoning is intuitive and subjective. They still have difficulty
taking the viewpoint of others, and can only classify objects by a single feature: for example,
grouping together all the red blocks regardless of shape or all the square blocks regardless
of color. During the concrete-operational stage, from about 7 to 11 years of age, children
engage in objective, logical mental processes that make them more careful, systematic
thinkers. They begin to think logically about objects and events, and can classify objects
according to several features and can order them in series along a single dimension such
as size. Around age 12 children attain the formal-operational stage, when they can think
about abstract ideas, such as ethics and justice. They can also reason about hypothetical
possibilities and deduce new concepts.
⑥ According to Piaget, children’s thinking does not entirely develop smoothly: instead,
it “takes off” at each of the four points and moves into completely new areas and
capabilities. Hence, children progress through these four stages by applying their current
thinking processes to new experiences; gradually, they modify these processes to better
accommodate reality. This occurs not through direct instruction, but rather through the child’s
own mental activity and internal motivation to understand. His theory provides insights into
how a child’s mental processes underlie many aspects of his or her development, although
some critics argue that Piaget has underestimated the sophistication of the cognitive
abilities of young children.
——2012 年 10 月 5 日北美机经
The word “comparable” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to 　　.

A. comparative
B. fairly early
C. nearly the same
D. equally important
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核心词汇：
acquire verb to gain sth. by your own efforts, ability or behavior 获得，学到
例：If you want to acquire profound knowledge,you must start
from the ABC.
approximately adv. almost correct or accurate, but not completely so; not exact 大
约，近似地
例： China is the world’s most populous country with a
population of . billion, which makes up approximately a
quarter of the world population.
subdued adj. unusually quiet, and possibly unhappy 闷闷不乐的，抑郁的
例：He faced the press, initially, in a somewhat subdued mood.
unique adj. very special or unusual 独特的
例：We all have unique skills and gifts.
devise verb to invent sth. new or a new way of doing sth. 设计，想出
例：We devised a scheme to help him.
cognitive adj. connected with mental processes of understanding 认知的
例：As children grow older, their cognitive processes become
sharper.
crucial adj. extremely important, because it will affect other things 重要的，
决定性的
例：She broke into the conversation at a crucial moment.
perception noun the way you notice things, especially with the senses 认知，感觉
例：He was a man of uncommon intelligence, perception and
charm.
psychologist noun a scientist who studies and is trained in psychology 心理学家
例：He is now a consultant psychologist in a major London
hospital.
immediate adj. closeness or reality of sth., so that one feels directly involved or
has to deal with it at once 直接的
例：My immediate reaction was just disgust.
sensory adj. connected with your physical senses 感觉的，知觉的
例： In other words, sensory neurons wire themselves in
response to sensory inputs.
differentiate verb to recognize or show that two things are not the same 区分，区别
例：A botanist can differentiate varieties of plants.
00
11
续前表
agent noun the person or thing that does an action 施事者，施动者
例：In this paper, the choices of English passive sentences are to
be discussed in context, in agent, in meaning and in frequency.
span verb to last all through a period of time or to cover the whole of it 持
续，跨度
例：His professional career spanned 16 years.
conceptual adj. related to or based on ideas 概念上的
例：Like all of my analysis, these are conceptual tools.
intuitive adj. able to understand sth. by using feelings rather than by
considering the facts 直觉的
例：He had an intuitive sense of what the reader wanted.
classify verb to arrange sth. in groups according to features that they have in
common 分类
例：Men in the post office classify mails according to places
they are to go.
dimension noun a measurement in space for example, the height, width or
length of sth. 维度
例：You will then have a folder for each dimension.
attain verb to succeed in getting sth., usually after a lot of effort 达到，实现
例：Whenever you have an aim you must sacrifice something
of freedom to attain it.
ethics noun moral principles that control or influence a person’s behavior 伦
理观
例：Science and ethics tell us what we must do.
deduce verb to form an opinion about sth. based on the information or
evidence that is available 推断，演绎
例：From his conversation, I deduced that he had a large family.
accommodate verb to consider sth., such as sb.’s opinion or a fact, and be
influenced by it when you are deciding what to do or explaining
sth. 适应
例：She tried to accommodate her way of life to his.
underlie verb to be the basis or cause of sth. 成为……的基础
例：The principles which underlie our foreign policy are sound.
underestimate verb to not realize how good, strong, determined, etc. sb. really is 低估
例：They underestimated the enemy’s strength.
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词汇练习：
unique psychologist perception immediate crucial
devise cognitive attain approximately acquire
sensory
. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we ____ the norms and values that equip
us for social life.（TPO-：Types of Social Groups）
2. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can ____ fill the niche vacated by
the extinct population and keep the food web intact. (TPO-：The Long-Term Stability of
Ecosystems）
. The Cambrian explosion involved rapid evolutionary diversification, followed by the
extinction of many ____ animals.（TPO-：The Cambrian Explosion）
4. The world’s architectural structures have also been ____ in relation to the objective
limitations of materials.（TPO-：Architecture）
5. ____ fluidity explains the appearance of art, religion, and sophisticated speech.（TPO-2：
The Origins of Agriculture）
6. Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts are ____ for
understanding human behavior, including aggression.（OG：Aggression）
7. A study of children in Hong Kong, however, found that the presence of celebrities in
advertisements could negatively affect the children’s ____ of a product if the children did
not like the celebrity in question.（TPO-4：Children and Advertising）
8. The ____ Dale Kunkel showed that the practice of host selling reduced children’s ability
to distinguish between advertising and program material.（TPO-4：Children and
Advertising）
. All had ____ access to the sea, and this had important implications for a significant
international resource, fish, as well as for cheap transport, merchant marines, and the
shipbuilding industry.（TPO-8：Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia）
0. Furthermore, one ____ ability may back up another.（TPO-：Orientation and
Navigation）
. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to ____
greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in
the valleys.（TPO-：Timberline Vegetation on Mountains）
参考答案：
. acquire 2. approximately . unique 4. devised . Cognitive
6. crucial 7. perceptions 8. psychologist . immediate 10. sensory
. attain
02
11
Sentence 11
英文原文：
This unprecedented development〇 1 of a finite groundwater resource with an almost
negligible natural recharge rate—that is, virtually no natural water source to replenish the
water supply—has caused water tables in the region to fall drastically.
参考翻译：
这种对有限地下水资源前所未有的开发，（这一地下水资源的）自然补给率又几乎可
以忽略——也就是说几乎没有自然水资源补充水的供应，这已经引起了该地区水位的急剧
下降。
知识点小结：
1. 这句话的难点在于找到句子的主语，通过简化（剔除所有修饰成分）可知句子的主语
是“development of groundwater”。“unprecedented”是用来修饰“development”的，而
“finite”和“with an almost negligible natural recharge rate”用来修饰“groundwater”。
2. 句子的谓语是“has caused”
。而破折号中间的成分是同位语，它进一步解释和说明前面
的“an almost negligible natural recharge rate”
，在进行句子简化时，大家也可以将其忽略。
（事实上，当遇到长难句时，可以先把同位语成分忽略掉，这样句子就会变得容易一些。）
3. 最终简化完的句子应该是“development of groundwater has caused water tables to fall”。
简化句子的方法是阅读中一项最重要、也最有效的方法。如果还是不太熟练的话，平
时必须要加强练习了。
4. 遇到插入部分，一般性的处理方法是“先跳过去再回头”。在本句中，需要这样处理的
是两个破折号之间的部分。
5.“with”表伴随很容易读懂，这种用法在写作时也是绝佳的模仿对象。
〇 1 注意：在此“development”指的是“对奥加拉拉蓄水层的开发”，而不是“发展”。
0
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6. unprecedented adj. 空前的

replenish v. 把……重新补足；把……再装满
drastically adv. 激烈地；彻底地
This unprecedented development of a finite groundwater resource with an almost negligible
natural recharge rate—that is, virtually no natural water source to replenish the water
supply—has caused water tables in the region to fall drastically. In the 130s, wells
encountered plentiful water at a depth of about meters; currently, they must be dug to
depths of 4 to 60 meters or more. In places, the water table is declining at a rate of a meter
a year, necessitating the periodic deepening of wells and the use of ever-more-powerful
pumps. It is estimated that at current withdrawal rates, much of the aquifer will run dry within
40 years. The situation is most critical in Texas, where the climate is driest, the greatest
amount of water is being pumped, and the aquifer contains the least water. It is projected
that the remaining Ogallala water will, by the year 200, support only to 40 percent of the
irrigated acreage in Texas that is supported in 180.
. The word “unprecedented” in the passage is closest in meaning to 　　.
A. difficult to control
B. without any restriction
C. unlike anything in the past
D. rapidly expanding
2. The word “virtually” in the passage is closest in meaning to 　　.
A. clearly
B. perhaps
C. frequently
D. almost
. According to this paragraph, all of following are consequences of the heavy use of the
Ogallala aquifer for irrigation EXCEPT:
A. The recharge rate of the aquifer is decreasing.
B. Water tables in the region are becoming increasingly lower.
C. Wells now have to be dug to much greater depths than before.
D. Increasingly powerful pumps are needed to draw water from the aquifer.
4. According to this paragraph, compared with all other states that use Ogallala water for
irrigation, Texas 　　.
A. has the greatest amount of farmland being irrigated with Ogallala water
B. contains the largest amount of Ogallala water underneath the soil
C. is expected to face the worst water supply crisis as the Ogallala runs dry
D. uses the least amount of Ogallala water for its irrigation needs
04
11
名人效应，即普通人争相模仿名人的穿着打扮，也是现代人过于关注外表和时尚的原
因之一。
1st
2nd
3rd
参考翻译：
Celebrity charm, the phenomenon that causes ordinary people to compete with each
other in copying famous people’s way of dressing, is also one of the reasons why modern
people pay too much attention to their appearance and fashion.
（1）现代人过于关注外表和时尚的重要原因之一，是名人流行效应——民众争相模仿
名人的穿着打扮，以此来表达喜爱、崇敬或是成为名人的美好愿望。（2）更重要的是，大
众媒体（mass media）在其中起到了推波助澜的作用。（3）当电视、报纸及杂志都花费大
量的篇幅讨论外表和时尚时，人们很难不把焦点聚集于此。（4）不知从何时开始，我甚至
都很少能够见到没有娱乐时尚新闻的严肃报纸了。
0
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1st
2nd
3rd
写作题目：
Nowadays, people are putting too much emphasis on appearance and fashion.
——2006.7.15
yue：
改前：① One of reasons why people pay 改后：① One reason why people pay too
too much attention to appearance and much attention to physical appearances
fashion is the figure and celebrity effect. and fashion is because of the effects
The public try to imitate famous people’s of popular figures and celebrities. The
attire to express affection, respect or noble public tries to imitate famous people’s
desire of being popular. attire to express affection, respect or the
desire of being popular.
06
11
② Moreover, mass media contributes to this ② Moreover, mass media contributes to this
situation. situation.
③ When television, newspaper and ③ When television, newspapers and
magazine spend a lot of reports to talk magazines report a lot about appearances
about appearance and fashion, it is inevi- and fashions, it is inevitable that it
table to attract the public’s attention to it. attracts the public’s attention.
④ There are hardly serious newspapers ④ There are hardly any serious news-
without entertainment news, not knowing papers without an entertainment news
when it started. section.
金：
改前：① One of the most important 改后：① One of the most important reasons
reasons of modern people putting too that modern people put too much emphasis
much emphasis on appearance is celebrity- on appearance is the celebrity-popularity
popularity effect—that is people imitate effect—which is when people imitate
celebrities’ appearance to express their celebrities’ appearances to express their
affection and aspect to their icons, or show affection and imitate aspects of their icons,
their wishes to be the idols. or show their desires to be like their idols.
② More importantly, mass media played a ② More importantly, mass media played a
promoting role in this phenomenon. role in promoting this phenomenon.
③ It is hard for people not to focus on the ③ It is hard for people not to focus on their
appearance and fashion, when television, appearance and fashion when television
newspapers and magazines spend a shows, newspapers and magazines spend
considerable portion to discuss them. a considerable portion of their time and
space discussing them.
④ I do not know when, it is rare to see the ④ I do not know when it started but it is
serious newspapers without entertainment rare to see any serious newspaper without
fashion new. some entertainment fashion news.
大大卷：
改前：① One of the most important 改后：① One of the most important
reasons why people today pay too much reasons why people today pay too much
attention to appearance and fashion is attention to appearance and fashion is
celebrity-popularity effect—that is, people the celebrity-popularity effect, which is
compete to imitate celebrities’ dressing when people imitate celebrities’ dress and
and making ups in order to express their make-up in order to express their love and
love and admiration to celebrities or their admiration of the celebrities or they too
goals of becoming famous. have goals of becoming famous.
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② Most importantly, mass media has facili- ② More importantly, the mass media has
tated this phenomenon to some extend. facilitated this phenomenon to some extent.
③ When televisions, newspapers and ③ When television shows, newspapers
magazines all use a lot of pages to discuss and magazines all use a lot of their time
appearance and fashion, people could not and pages to discuss appearance and
less focus on this. fashion, people cannot help but focus on
these things as well.
④ At some point, I have hardly seen ④ Also, I have hardly seen any serious
serious papers concerning entertainment papers that do not have entertainment and
and fashion news. fashion news.
我们：
08
Day 12
Passage 12
Ocean Currents
① Ocean waters are constantly on the move. How they move influences the climate and
living conditions for plants and animals, even for those on land. Ocean currents flow in
complex patterns, while surface waters are mainly affected by wind and the earth’s rotation,
and deep water circulations are largely the result of difference in salinity and heat content.
② The surface currents of the ocean are characterized by large currents that are kept
in motion by prevailing winds, the directions of which are altered by the rotation of the
earth. These currents are called gyres, which move in a clockwise direction in the northern
hemisphere and a counterclockwise direction in the southern hemisphere. Best known
as surface currents are probably the Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic and the Kuroshio
Current in the North Pacific, both serving to warm the climates of the eastern edges of the
two oceans.〇 1 In regions where the prevailing winds blow offshore, such as the west coast
of Mexico and the coast of Peru and Chile, surface waters move away from the continents
and they are replaced by colder, deeper water from as much as 300 m (1,000 ft.) down, a
process known as upwelling.
③ This process of upwelling is the main cause of the uneven distribution of marine life.
As is known to many, plant growth in oceans occurs only where photosynthetic organisms
have access to light. But when these plants die, their remains sink and are oxidized and
consumed in the deeper water. The decomposition of these organic matter provides
excessive nutrients to the deeper water. This deep water, rich in nutrients, rises to the
surface in an upwelling that stimulates a heavy growth of phytoplankton in the form of
diatoms and dinoflagellates. The phytoplankton is consumed by zooplankton and other
grazers, including the enormous populations of shrimplike krill, which in turn serve as food
for many fish species and whales. Therefore, the regions of high productivity are generally
regions of strong vertical mixing in the upper regions of the ocean. In addition to the western
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edges of the continents, the entire region around Antarctica is of high productivity because
the surface water there sinks after being chilled, causing deeper water to replace it. In
contrast, because of the low ratio of surface water to deep water and the lack of seasonal
nutrient enrichment, much of the open ocean, especially the tropical seas, is a watery
desert.
④ Although the surface circulation of the ocean is a function of winds and the rotation of
the earth, the deeper circulation in the ocean is a function of density differences between
adjacent water masses and is known as thermohaline circulation. Salinity and temperature
determine density, and any process that changes the salinity or temperature affects the
density. Evaporation increases the salinity, hence the density, and causes the water to
become heavier than the water around it, so it will sink. Cooling of seawater also increases
its density. Because ice discriminates against sea salts, partial freezing increases the
salinity of the remaining cold water, forming a mass of very dense water. This process is
occurring in the Weddell Sea, off Antarctica, and is responsible for forming a large part of
the deep water of the oceans. Water sinks in the Weddell Sea to form what is known as
the Antarctic Bottom water, which flows gradually northward into the Atlantic and eastward
into the Indian and Pacific oceans. In the North Atlantic, saline water cools and sinks to
a moderate level to form the North Atlantic Deep water, which flows slowly southward;
this water mass is less dense than the Antarctic Bottom water, and hence flows at less
depth. Whereas speeds of surface currents can reach as high as 250 cm/sec (8 in/sec, or
.6mph), a maximum for the Gulf Stream, speeds of deep currents vary from 2 to 0 cm/sec
(0.8 to 4 in/sec) or less.
——2012 年 8 月 4 日北美机经
According to Paragraph 3, all the following regions are of high productivity EXCEPT 　　.
A. the upper regions in west coast of Mexico
B. the upper regions along the coast of Peru and Chile
C. the region around Antarctica
D. the open equatorial seas
核心词汇：
rotation noun the act of regularly changing the thing that is being used in a
particular situation 旋转
例：The workers in this workshop do day and night shifts in
weekly rotation.
salinity noun the relative proportion of salt in a solution 盐度
例：A European satellite was launched in 200 to measure soil
moisture and ocean salinity.
0
12
续前表
heat noun the quality of being hot 热量
例：He could feel the heat of the sun on his back.
content noun the amount of a substance that is contained in sth. else 容量
例：He was astonished at the high gold content in the 340
million-year-old rock.
prevailing adj. existing or most common at a particular time 盛行的
例：The direction of the prevailing winds should be taken into
account.
clockwise adj. moving around in the same direction as the hands of a clock 顺
时针方向的
例：He told the children to start moving clockwise around the
room.
hemisphere noun one half of the earth, especially the half above or below the
equator 半球
例：This animal is to be found only in the Southern Hemisphere.
offshore adv. away from the land towards the sea 离岸
例：When they hit the rocks, they were just 500 yards offshore.
upwelling noun the process of upward movement to the ocean surface of
deeper cold usually nutrient-rich waters especially along some
shores due to the offshore movement of surface waters (as
from the action of winds and the Coriolis force) 上升流
例：Various gases of the atmosphere absorb about 70% of
this upwelling radiation.
uneven adj. organized in a way that is not regular and/or fair 不均匀的
例：The country was noted for its uneven distribution of land
resources.
distribution noun the way that sth. is shared or exists over a particular area or
among a particular group of people 分布
例：The present distribution policy demotivated people.
photosynthetic adj. adjective form of photosynthesis(process by which green
plants turn carbon dioxide and water into food using energy
from sunlight) 光合作用的
例：The single-celled photosynthetic organisms produce much
of the oxygen on earth and are the base of the marine food
chain.
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续前表
oxidize verb to combine or to make sth. combine with oxygen, especially
when this causes metal to become covered with rust 氧化
例：If the organic material decays or is oxidized, it will not form
petroleum.
decomposition noun the process of being destroyed gradually by natural chemical
processes 分解
例： The final process in organic matter decomposition is
known as humification.
excessive adj. greater than what seems reasonable or appropriate; extreme
过度的，过多的
例：Excessive drinking is harmful to the health.
stimulate verb to make sth. develop or become more active; to encourage sth.
刺激
例：Success will stimulate the people for fresh efforts.
grazer noun herbivore 食草动物
例：Horses are grazers.
vertical adj. going straight up or down from a level surface or from top to
bottom in a picture, etc. 垂直的
例：The climber inched up a vertical wall of rock.
ratio noun the relationship between two groups of people or things that
is represented by two numbers showing how much larger one
group is than the other 比例，比率
例：The ratio between the two sides is one to four.
enrichment noun the act of making sb./sth. rich or richer 丰富，富集
例：Books are an enrichment of life.
tropical adj. coming from, found in or typical of the tropics 热带的
例：The tropical heat blistered the coast.
adjacent adj. situated next to or near sth. 临近的，附近的
例：The house adjacent to ours is under repairs.
discriminate verb to treat one person or group worse/better than another in an
unfair way 区别对待，辨别
例：The president discriminates in favour of his relatives.
maximum noun the greatest amount, size, speed, etc. that is possible, recorded
or allowed 极大值，最大量
例：The maximum number of marks for the subject is 100.
2
12
词汇练习：
vertical uneven tropical salinity rotation
prevailing photosynthetic offshore maximum hemisphere
adjacent distribution decomposition clockwise excessive
ratio
1. Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal’s daily rhythms with particular
features of the local solar day but also—because it normally does so day after day—
seems to keep the internal clock’s period close to that of Earth’s ____.（TPO-13：
Biological Clocks）
2. Increasing ____ caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scores of
invertebrate species.（TPO-7：The Geologic History of the Mediterranean）
3. The nature of plant life in deserts is also highly dependent on the fact that they have
to adapt to the ____ aridity.（TPO-26：Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert
Conditions）
4. As the tool was made, the core was rotated ____, and the flakes, removed in sequence,
had a little crescent of cortex (the core’s outer surface) on the side.（TPO-12：Which
Hand Did They Use?）
5. The part of the brain responsible for fine control and movement is located in the left
cerebral ____, and the findings above suggest that the human brain was already
asymmetrical in its structure and function not long after 2 million years ago.（TPO-12：
Which Hand Did They Use?）
6. Each tidal cycle carries plant material into the ____ water to be used by the subtidal
organisms.（TPO-22：Spartina）
7. It is known, however, that the distribution of groundwater is ____, and that much of it lies
at great depths.（TPO-12：Water in the Desert）
8. Although named after a site in Australia, the Ediacara formation is worldwide in ____ and
dates to Precambrian times.（TPO-5：The Cambrian Explosion）
9. The ancestors of plants were ____ single-celled organisms that gave rise to plants
presumably lacked true roots, stems, leaves, and complex reproductive structures such
as flowers.（TPO-25：The Evolutionary Origin of Plants）
10. Conditions that promote fossilization of soft-bodied animals include very rapid covering
by sediments that create an environment that discourages ____.（TPO-5：The
Cambrian Explosion）
11. The consequences of an ____ number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction
of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil.（OG：Desert
Formation）
12. Within a ____ distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and
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are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses.（TPO-：Timberline Vegetation on

Mountains）
. The ____ of oxygen-6 to oxygen-8 found in the calcite of a foraminifer’s shell depends
on the temperature of the water in which the organism lived.（TPO-1：Discovering the
Ice Ages）
4. Properly speaking, ____ rainforests grow in high-rainfall equatorial areas that remain wet
or humid all year round.（TPO-4：Maya Water Problems）
. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use
of the higher temperatures immediately ____ to the ground surface.（TPO-：Timberline
Vegetation on Mountains）
16. Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with
____ diversity.（TPO-：The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems）
参考答案：
. rotation 2. salinity . prevailing 4. clockwise
5. hemisphere 6. offshore 7. uneven 8. distribution
. photosynthetic 10. decomposition 11. excessive 12. vertical
13. ratio 14. tropical 15. adjacent 16. maximum
Sentence 12
英文原文：
Somewhat more promising have been recent experiments for releasing capillary water
(water in the soil) above the water table by injecting compressed air into the ground.
参考翻译：
比较有前景的是最近的一些试验，这些试验通过向土壤中注入压缩空气，释放潜水面
4
12
之上的毛细管水（土壤中的水分）。
知识点小结：
之所以选中本句话来进行翻译训练，主要是希望大家掌握一个很重要的语法点——倒
装句。一般来说，倒装句可分为“全部倒装”和“部分倒装”。具体区别如下：
1. 全部倒装
将谓语动词置于主语之前，如：
On the hill stood a little cottage that contained heaps of hay.
2. 部分倒装
将助动词或情态动词置于主语之前，而谓语动词位置不变，如：
So little did I know about him that I was easily taken in by his words.
3. 针对本句话，主要涉及“全部倒装”的一种情况：
当句子没有宾语且主语偏长时，往往将句中作状语的介词短语、作表语的形容词短语
或者作表语的分词短语提至句首，从而引起主谓的全部倒装，如：
a. In the middle of the river floated the cluster of plants that she had cast.
（介词短语）
b. Characteristic of an anarchist was her strong opposition to the government, which she had
blamed for all the social injustices.
（形容词短语）
c. Lying on the grassland is a pretty girl in her early twenties.
（分词短语）
强烈建议大家尝试把这些倒装句改回正常语序，如此一来就会对倒装句有更深刻的理
解。比如：
The cluster of plants that she had cast floated in the middle of the river.
（因为句子主语后有定语从句修饰，而我们又无法将其与主语分隔开，只能当作一个
整体来看待，这样这个部分难免偏长，所以就用了倒装。）
注：如果把定语从句和主语分隔开，句子将变为“The cluster of plants floated in the
middle of the river that she had cast”，而这样会造成定语从句的先行词模糊的情况，容易使
人产生混淆和歧义。如果单从结构上看，会分不清楚定语从句是修饰“plants”的，还是
修饰“river”的。
In the face of the upcoming water supply crisis, a number of grandiose schemes have been
developed to transport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from the Mississippi, the
Missouri, or the Arkansas rivers. Unfortunately, the cost of water obtained through any of
these schemes would increase pumping costs at least tenfold, making the cost of irrigated
agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international markets.
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Somewhat more promising have been recent experiments for releasing capillary water (water
in the soil) above the water table by injecting compressed air into the ground. Even if this
process proves successful, however, it would almost triple water costs. Genetic engineering
also may provide a partial solution, as new strains of drought-resistant crops continue to be
developed. Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be, it is evident that within the
High Plains, irrigation water will never again be the abundant, inexpensive resource it was
during the agricultural boom years of the mid-twentieth century.
According to this paragraph, what is the main disadvantage of the proposed plans to
transport river water to the High Plains?
A. The rivers cannot supply sufficient water for the farmer’s needs.
B. Increased irrigation costs would make the products too expensive.
C. The costs of using capillary water for irrigation will increase.
D. Farmers will be forced to switch to genetically engineered crops.
更有益的建议是将钱用于改善图书馆的条件。
（建议各位完全模仿刚才翻译的那个句子的结构，以“Somewhat more beneficial...”开头。
）
1st
2nd
3rd
6
12
参考翻译：
A somewhat more beneficial advice would be to put money into improving the conditions
of libraries.
（1）尽管体育运动对于学生来说的确不可或缺，但更有益的建议是将钱用于改善图
书馆的条件。
（2）因为良好的图书馆条件可以为学生获取知识提供足够的资源；学生们也
能在课堂之外学习到更感兴趣、也更有益于自己的知识——这为大家成为多样化的人才
奠定基础。（3）牛津大学图书馆内有超过 1 100 万册书籍；哈佛大学更高达 1 600 万册。
（4）显然，世界一流的大学从不吝啬将更多的钱花在改善图书馆的条件上。
1st
2nd
3rd
写作题目：
Universities should give the same amount of money to their students’ sports activities as they
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give to their university libraries.

——2005.11.1
贪吃的奶爸：
改前： ① Although sport is important to 改后： ① Although sports are important

students, somewhat more beneficial has to students, it has been suggested that
been suggest that we should spend the we should spend the money on improving
money on improving the condition of library. the condition of the library since it is
somewhat more beneficial.
② Because the library with good con- ② Because a library in good condition
dition can provide enough resources for can provide enough resources for the
the students to obtain the knowledge. students to obtain more interesting and
Furthermore, the students can obtain beneficial knowledge, it could serve
more interesting and beneficial know- as the foundation for students to have
ledge, which makes the foundation for diversified talents.
students to become diversified talent.
③ The Oxford’s library has more than ③ The Oxford’s library has more than
millions of books, while the amount of million of books, while the number of
books in Harvard’s library is 6 millions. books in the Harvard’s library is 6 million.
④ Obviously the best of universities in the ④ Obviously, the best of universities in the
world would never be closefisted to spend world would never be closefisted when
more money on improving their libraries. it comes to spending more money on
improving their libraries.
伍亿：
改前： ① Somewhat more beneficial 改后：① It is somewhat more beneficial to

should spend money on improving the spend money on improving the conditions
conditions of libraries, although sport of libraries although sports activities are
activities are indispensible for students. indispensable for students.
② Due to the nice libraries’ conditions, ② Due to the nice condition of libraries,
it can support sufficient resources for they can provide sufficient resources for
students to accumulate knowledge; students to accumulate knowledge; they
students can learn something more can learn more interesting and beneficial
interesting and beneficial out of classes things outside the classrooms as well—it
as well—it lays the foundation of cultivating lays the foundation of cultivating diversified
diversified talents. talents.
8
12
③ Libraries in Oxford contain more than 11 ③ Libraries in Oxford contain more than 11
million books, while in Harvard, the number million books, while in Harvard, the number
of books even reaches at 16 million. of books even reaches 16 million.
④ Apparently, top-ranking universities ④ Apparently, top-ranking universities are
never niggard with money to improve never niggardly with money when it is to
libraries’ conditions. improve their libraries’ conditions.
张瑾：
改前： ① Somewhat more beneficial 改后：① A somewhat more beneficial idea

putting the money to improve the is to put the money on the improvement
conditions of library, but sports activities are of the conditions of the library, but sports
also necessary for students. activities are also necessary for students.
② For one hand, the great environment ② On one hand, a library with a great
of library can provide enough books for environment can provide enough books
students to gain more knowledge. For for students to gain more knowledge. On
the other hand, students can learn more the other hand, students can learn more
interesting and useful knowledges than interesting and useful knowledge than
normal study. As a result, it can make a normal study. As a result, it can create
firmly bases for students to become a a firm base for students to become a
diversity individual. diversified individual.
③ There are more than 11 million books in ③ There are more than 11 million books
Oxford uni library, and there is even reach in Oxford University library, and the
to 16 million books in Harvard uni library. number even reaches 16 million in Harvard
University library.
④ Obviously, the first-class uni all over the ④ Obviously, the first-class universities
world has never been mean to pay much all over the world have never been
more money to improve the conditions miserly with money when it’s for the
of library. improvement of the conditions of their
library.
我们：
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Day 13
Passage 13
Plant Defenses Against Herbivore Attack
① Scientists once considered plants to be very passive. However, that view has changed,
particularly within the last couple of decades. Instead of being passive, we now recognize
that plants respond to their surroundings and alter their behavior and activities as situations
change. Over millions of years, plants have evolved various direct and indirect mechanisms
of defending themselves against herbivores. Direct defenses include chemical defenses and
physical defenses. Chemical defenses can be toxic or deterrent to herbivores, or reduce
nutritive value of the plant tissues, and physical defenses include the development of tissue
toughness, thorns and barbs that discourage herbivores.
② Depending on the herbivore’s physical characteristics (size and defensive armor),
plant structural defenses on the stems and leaves can deter, injure, or even kill the grazer.
Some defensive compounds are produced internally but are released onto the plant’s
surface. For instance, the leaves of holly plants are very smooth and slippery, making
feeding on them difficult. Some plants produce gummosis or sap that traps insects. Also, a
plant’s leaves and stems may be covered with sharp prickles, spines, thorns, or trichomes—
hairs on the leaves often with barbs, sometimes containing irritants or poisons. Structural
features like spines and thorns reduce feeding by large ungulate herbivores by restricting
the herbivores’ feeding rate, or by wearing down the molars. Raphides are sharp needles
of calcium oxalate or calcium carbonate in plant tissues, making ingestion painful,
damaging a herbivore’s mouth and gullet and causing more efficient delivery of the plant’s
toxins. The structure of a plant, its branches and leaf arrangements may also reduce
herbivore impact. African Acacias have long spines low in the canopy, but very short spines
high in the canopy, which is comparatively safe from herbivores such as giraffes. Still, some
plants mimic the presence of insect eggs on their leaves, dissuading insect species from
laying their eggs there, because female butterflies are less likely to lay their eggs on plants
that already have butterfly eggs.
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13
③ The evolution of chemical defenses in plants is linked to the emergence of chemical
substances that are not involved in the essential photosynthetic and metabolic activities.
These substances, secondary metabolites, are organic compounds that are not directly
involved in the normal growth, development or reproduction of organisms, and often
produced as by-products during the synthesis of primary metabolic products. Secondary
metabolites are often characterized as either qualitative or quantitative.
④ Qualitative metabolites are defined as toxins that interfere with an herbivore’s
metabolism, often killing the enemy by blocking its specific biochemical reactions. Most
quantitative metabolites, on the other hand, are digestibility reducers that make plant cell
walls indigestible to animals. Due to this difference in mechanisms, qualitative chemicals
are not dosage dependent and are present in plants in relatively low concentrations,
while quantitative chemicals are dosage dependent and are present in high concentration
in plants—the higher these chemicals’ proportion in the herbivore’s diet, the less nutrition
the herbivore can gain from ingesting plant tissues.〇 1 The geranium, for example, produces
a unique chemical compound in its petals to defend itself from Japanese beetle. Within-30
minutes of ingestion, the chemical paralyzes the herbivore. While the chemical usually
wears off within a few hours, during this time the beetle is often consumed by its own
predators.
⑤ Another category of plant defenses is those features that indirectly protect the plant by
enhancing the probability of attracting the natural enemies of herbivores. One such feature is
semiochemicals, which are a group of volatile organic compounds given off by a plant. When
a plant is attacked, it releases semiochemicals containing an abnormal ratio of volatiles.
Predators sensing these volatiles are attracted to the damaged plant and thus to the
feeding herbivores. Some plants also provide housing and food items for natural enemies of
herbivores, known as “biotic” defense mechanisms, as a means to maintain their presence.
For example, trees from the genus Macaranga have adapted their thin stem walls to create
ideal housing for an ant species, which, in turn, protects the plant from herbivores, as well as
receiving food produced from the plant.
——2012 年 9 月 29 日北美机经
Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence?
Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential
information.
Raphides are sharp needles of calcium oxalate or calcium carbonate in plant tissues, making
ingestion painful, damaging a herbivore’s mouth and gullet and causing more efficient
delivery of the plant’s toxins.
A. The sharp needles in plant tissues make ingestion painful and also damage a herbivore’s
mouth and gullet, which made the delivery of the plant’s toxins more efficient.
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B. By making ingestion painful and damaging a herbivore’s mouth and gullet, Raphides can
cause the delivery of the plant’s toxins more efficient.
C. The sharp needles in plant tissues not only make ingestion painful and damage a
herbivore’s mouth and gullet, but also render the delivery of the plant’s toxins more
efficient.
D. The pain from ingestion and damage in a herbivore’s mouth and gullet further cause the
delivery of the plant’s toxins more efficient.
核心词汇：
respond to to do sth. as a reaction to sth. that sb. has said or done 对……做
出反应
例：You should deliberate over the question before you respond
to it.
alter verb to become different; to make sb./sth. different 改变
例：Little had altered in the village.
evolve verb to develop gradually over many generations from a simple form
to a more complicated one 进化
例：The Chinese political system has evolved over a long period
of time.
defend verb to protect sb./sth. from attack 防御，防护
例：Our duty is to defend the country against its enemies.
toxic adj. containing poison; poisonous 有毒的
例：When spilled into the sea, oil can be toxic to marine plants
and animals.
deterrent adj. making sb. less likely to do sth. 遏制的，制止的
例： The deterrent effect will make it clear to potential law-
breakers that crime does not pay.
nutritive adj. of nutrition 有营养的
例：Coconut milk has little nutritive value.
toughness noun the property of being strong 韧性
例： She had an unusual degree of self-reliance and mental
toughness.
thorn noun a small sharp pointed part on the stem of some plants, such as
roses 荆棘
例：She screamed out when she pricked her finger on a thorn.
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13
续前表
armor noun a protective outer layer 盔甲
例：The leading role in the film is costumed in medieval armor.
deter verb to make sb. decide not to do sth. or continue doing sth.,
especially by making them understand the difficulties and
unpleasant results of their actions 制止，阻止
例：Jeremy was not deterred by this criticism.
grazer noun herbivore 食草动物
例：Horses are grazers.
compound noun a thing consisting of two or more separate things combined
together 混合物
例：Honey is basically a compound of water, two types of sugar,
vitamins and enzymes.
release verb to let sb./sth. come out of a place where they have been kept or
trapped 释放
例：He was released from prison after serving a sentence of five
years.
sap noun the liquid in a plant or tree that carries food to all its parts 树液
例：The leaves, bark and sap are also common ingredients of
local herbal remedies.
prickle noun a small sharp part on the stem or leaf of a plant or on the skin of
some animals 刺，棘
例：A certain plant in China, for instance, has prickly leaves, and
each prickle contains poisonous venom.
spine noun any of the sharp pointed parts like needles on some plants and
animals 刺
例：It is articulated to the spine.
irritant noun a substance that makes part of your body sore 刺激物
例：Many pesticides are irritants.
restrict verb to stop sb./sth. from moving or acting freely 限制，制约
例：Such information is restricted within military personnel.
ingestion noun noun form of ingest(to take food, drugs, etc. into your body,
usually by swallowing) 摄食，摄入
例： Every ingestion of food can affect our mood or thinking
processes.
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续前表
toxin noun a poisonous substance, especially one that is produced by
bacteria in plants and animals 毒质
例：Tests showed increased levels of toxin in shellfish.
canopy noun a layer of sth. that spreads over an area like a roof, especially
branches of trees in a forest 冠层
例：They set up camp in a pine grove, laying their blankets
beneath the canopy of branches.
mimic verb to copy the way sb. speaks, moves, behaves, etc., especially in
order to make other people laugh 模仿
例：Your dream should mimic the story in your mind.
dissuade verb to persuade sb. not to do sth. 劝阻，劝止
例：Father tried hard to dissuade him from getting married.
emergence noun the gradual beginning or coming forth 出现
例：Emergence does not only depend on soil temperature but
also a function of variety.
metabolic adj. the chemical processes in living things that change food, etc. into
energy and materials for growth 新陈代谢的
例：The evidence for resting metabolic rates is more ambiguous.
synthesis noun the natural chemical production of a substance in animals and
plants 合成，综合
例：They act at least a temporary block to DNA synthesis in
micro-organisms.
qualitative adj. connected with how good sth. is, rather than with how much of it
there is 性质的
例： Qualitative analysis shows that water is made up of
hydrogen and oxygen.
quantitative adj. connected with the amount or number of sth. rather than with
how good it is 数量的
例：He said it was only a quantitative difference.
block verb to prevent sth. from happening, developing or making progress
阻止
例：I started to move round him, but he blocked my way.
digestibility noun the percentage of a foodstuff taken into the digestive tract that is
absorbed into the body 消化率
例：Processing and refining can alter digestibility.
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13
续前表
dosage noun an amount of sth., usually a medicine or a drug, that is taken
regularly over a particular period of time 剂量，用量
例：He was put on a high dosage of vitamin C.
concentration noun the amount of a substance in a liquid or in another substance 浓度
例：A gas in solution diffuses from a region of greater to one of
less concentration.
proportion noun a part or share of a whole 比例，比率
例：The proportion of women in the profession had risen to
17.3%.
petal noun a delicate coloured part of a flower 花瓣
例：A petal fluttered to the ground.
paralyze verb to make powerless or ineffective 使麻痹，使瘫痪
例：The electricity failure paralyzed the train service.
wear off to gradually disappear or stop 逐渐减少
例：The effects of the drug naturally wear off within a few hours.
consume verb to eat or drink sth. 吃
例：They consumed all the hot dogs and hamburgers.
abnormal adj. different from what is usual or expected, especially in a way that
is worrying, harmful or not wanted 反常的，不正常的
例：This warm weather is abnormal for February.
词汇练习：
toxic spine respond release proportion
metabolic irritant evolve emergence consume
concentration compound canopy alter
1. The desert sections of long rivers ____ several months after rain has fallen outside the
desert, so that peak flows may be in the dry season.（TPO-12：Water in the Desert）
2. The later species all depend on the preparations of the earlier one, for the actions of the
zebra ____ the vegetation to suit the stomachs of the wildebeest, topi, and gazelle.（OG
Test 2：Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores）
3. In addition, other lines of evidence support the hypothesis that land plants ____ from
ancestral green algae used the same type of chlorophyll and accessory pigments in
photosynthesis as do land plants.（TPO-25：The Evolutionary Origin of Plants）
4. A harvest of the shoots would remove the ____ compounds off site to be burned or
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composted to recover the metal for industrial uses.（TPO-：Minerals and Plants）

. Another suggestion is that the color might be related to ice with high levels of metallic
____, including copper and iron.（OG Test 2：Green Icebergs）
6. This impact ____ an enormous amount of energy, excavating a crater about twice as
large as the lunar crater Tycho.（Official Model Exam：Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur
Extinction）
7. One question was related to evidence that the invertebrate fauna (animals without ____)
of the Mediterranean had changed abruptly about 6 million years ago.（TPO-7：The
Geologic History of the Mediterranean）
8. Finally, the coughing reflex in reaction to ____ in the airway produces not a cough during
sleep but a cessation of breathing.（TPO-24：Breathing During Sleep）
. These plants are termed opportunists because they rely on their seeds’ falling into
settings where competing plants have been removed by natural processes, such as
along an eroding riverbank, on landslips, or where a tree falls and creates a gap in the
forest ____.（Online Test：Opportunists and Competitors）
0. Climatic changes at the end of the glacial period ,000 years ago have been proposed
to account for the ____ of farming.（TPO-2：The Origins of Agriculture）
. Larger animals require more food than smaller animals, but smaller animals have a
higher ____ rate.（OG Test 2：Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores）
2. Saline soils, which have high ____ of sodium chloride and other salts, limit plant growth,
and research continues to focus on developing salt-tolerant varieties of agricultural
crops.（TPO-：Minerals and Plants）
. The other three species differ in the ____ of lower leaves and higher stems that they
eat: zebras eat the most stem matter, wildebeests eat the most leaves, and topi are
intermediate.（OG Test 2：Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores）
4. After the death of an organism, the soft tissue is ordinarily ____ by scavengers and
bacteria.（TPO-20：Fossil Preservation）
参考答案：
. respond 2. alter . evolved 4. toxic . compound
6. released 7. spines 8. irritants . canopy 10. emergence
. metabolic 2. concentrations . proportion 4. consumed
Sentence 13
英文原文：
While mineral deficiencies can limit the growth of plants, an overabundance of certain
26
13
minerals can be toxic and can also limit growth.
TPO-(2008..8): Minerals and Plants
参考翻译：
虽然矿物质的缺乏会抑制植物的生长，但某些矿物质过量则可能是有毒的，同样也会
抑制植物生长。
知识点小结：
1. 连词“while”常见的用法是相当于“when”，但是它也可以引导让步状语从句，意思是
“虽然……但是……”，一般放在句首。后半句无需也不能再出现“but”与之对应。
2. 单词“deficiency”的意思是“缺乏，不足”，它的反义词是“sufficiency”。各位发现没
有，这一组反义词是不是很类似呢？没错，它们只是前缀不同。这种将两个相似的单
词放在一起进行对比记忆的技巧也是需要大家借鉴和掌握的，这样能很有效地帮助大
家扩大词汇量。
与本次句子翻译相关的阅读题目：无
注意，虽然 ETS 并没有针对这句话出考题，但它依旧很重要。大家可以将该句式应
用于写作之中。
我认为，没有经过努力学习而仅仅依赖天生的创造力很难取得成功。但是，只是拼
命学习而不注重创造和创新，成功的希望也很渺茫。（用“while”连接）
1st
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2nd
3rd
参考翻译：
In my opinion, while it is difficult to achieve success if one relies solely on natural
creativity without trying hard to learn, hopes of success are also slim if one studies hard yet
belittles creativity and innovation.
（1）我认为，没有经过努力学习而仅仅依赖天生的创造力很难取得成功。但是，只是
拼命学习而不注重创造和创新，成功的希望也很渺茫。（2）努力学习和创造力都是成功所
需要的特质。
1st
2nd
28
13
3rd
写作题目：
Which way do you think is the best way towards success, spending a lot of time to study or
being creative?
——2006.8.8
陈小茜：
改前：① As far as I am concerned, 改后：① As far as I am concerned,

while without any effort, relying merely on without any effort, relying merely on natural
natural creativity is very difficult to success. creativity is a very difficult path to success.
Just study hard and not pay attention to J u s t s t u d y i n g h a r d a n d n o t p a y i n g
creativity and innovation, the chances of attention to creativity and innovation means
success are also very slim. the chances of success are very slim.
② Therefore, study hard and creativity are ② Therefore, studying hard and creativity
all characters what the success needs. are all characters that success needs.
Tintin：
改前：① In my opinion, while it is hard to 改后：① In my opinion, while it is hard to

get success without spending a lot of time get success without spending a lot of time
to study just rely on being creative, it is studying, just relying on being creative, it
also unsuccessful without being creative is also unsuccessful without being creative
just depend on hard studying. and just depending on studying hard.
② In order to succeed, both studying hard ② In order to succeed, both studying hard
and being creative are necessary. and being creative are necessary.
KERR：
改前：① I believe that while it is hard to get 改后：① I believe that while it is hard to
success when someone only depends on get success when someone only depends
12
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Day 13
the nature creation without hard working, on natural creativity without hard work,
it is also impossible to succeed for it is also impossible to succeed for
somebody only through hard working and somebody only through hard work, ignoring
ignoring the innovation. innovation.
② That is to say, hard working and inno- ② That is to say, hard working and innova-
vation are two necessary features to get tion are two necessary features to find
success. success.
我们：
0
Day 14
Passage 14
Extinction of The American Passenger Pigeon
① Probably the most terrible example of mass slaughter, in the history of wildlife, was
not the bison, but the passenger pigeon—a story that almost defies belief. The passenger
pigeon may have been the most abundant bird since archaeopteryx fluttered its first
feather back in the late Jurassic. John James Audubon rode the 55 miles from Henderson,
Kentucky, to Louisville one day in autumn 1813, and through the whole long day, he rode
under a sky darkened from horizon to horizon by a cloud of passenger pigeons. He
estimated that more than a billion birds had passed over him. In 1866, a cloud of birds
passed into southern Ontario. It was a mile wide, 300 miles long, and took 14 hours to pass
a single point. Latter-day estimates suggest something in excess of 3.5 billion birds in that
flock. The continental population may have been as high as 6 billion, a number that could
represent anywhere from 25 to 40 percent of all the birds in North America 350 years ago.
② With these figures, it is almost impossible to imagine that such prodigious number of
passenger pigeons were quickly reduced to just one individual, Martha, who died in captivity
at the Cincinnati Zoo in 1914. Multiple causes have been suggested for the extinction
of the passenger pigeon. Historically, the primary cause was held to be the commercial
exploitation of pigeon meat on a massive scale.
③ The passenger pigeon has long been hunted. Even prior to colonization, Native
Americans occasionally used pigeons for meat. In the early 1800s, commercial hunters
began netting and shooting the birds to sell in the city markets as food, as live targets for trap
shooting, and even as agricultural fertilizer. Once pigeon meat became popular, commercial
hunting started on a prodigious scale. Pigeons were shipped by the boxcar to the eastern
cities. In New York City, in 1805, a pair of pigeons sold for two cents. Slaves and servants, in
18th-and-19th-century America, often saw no other meat. By the 1850s, the number of birds
seemed to be decreasing, but still the slaughter continued, accelerating to an even greater
level as more railroads were developed after the American Civil War which facilitated the
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transportation to urban areas. A state historical marker commemorates the hunting events in
her book Birds That Hunt and Are Hunted, which documented that over a million birds, from
a single flock, were exterminated at one time. One hunter was reputed to have personally
killed “a million birds” and earned $60,000, the equivalent of $,000,000 today. Paul Ehrlich
said a “single hunter” sent three million birds to eastern cities.
④ However, current researchers suggest that the extinction of passenger pigeons
resulted not only from hunting but also from deforestation, which may have cleared the
pigeons’ mast food and broken down the large tracts of unbroken forest required to support
their flocks.〇 1 The birds fed mainly on acorns, chestnuts, and beech nuts in the extensive
woodlands of North America, and, so, when these lands were steadily cut down and food
supplies were reduced, the number of passenger pigeons dropped quickly. Besides, it is
known that passenger pigeon’s technique of survival had been based on mass tactics.
They traveled and reproduced in prodigious numbers, satiating predators before any
substantial negative impact was made in the bird’s population. As their numbers decreased
along with their habitat, however, the birds could no longer rely on high population density for
protection. Without this mechanism, many ecologists believe, the species could not survive.
As the flocks dwindled in size, with the resulting breakdown of social facilitation, the species
population went beyond the point of recovery. The pigeons could not change their ways.
Colonies of 00 to 00 or even ,000 birds might have been able to survive. But, the birds
couldn’t seem to reproduce successfully in such small groups. A passenger pigeon was too
stressed to function, unless it had millions of its fellows right in front of its face, which made
the recovery of the species nearly impossible. So, the passenger pigeon went extinct.
——2012 年 10 月 5 日北美机经
According to Paragraph 4, all of the following are the consequences of deforestation

EXCEPT 　　.
A. the encroachment of passenger pigeon’s habitat
B. the destruction of passenger pigeon’s survival strategy
C. the reduction of passenger pigeon’s food
D. only one egg can be laid by each passenger pigeon
核心词汇：
mass adj. having an effect on or involving a large number of people or
forming a large amount 大规模的
例：Their latest product is aimed at the mass market.
2
14
续前表
slaughter noun the cruel killing of large numbers of people at one time,
especially in a war 屠宰，杀戮
例：This was only a small part of a war where the slaughter of
civilians was commonplace.
defy verb to refuse to obey or show respect for sb. in authority, a law, a
rule, etc. 藐视，挑衅
例：They believe it is essential to defy convention.
abundant adj. existing in large quantities; more than enough 大量的
例：Our country is abundant in minerals.
archaeopteryx noun a primitive crow-sized bird (genus Archaeopteryx) of the Upper
Jurassic period of Europe having reptilian characteristics (as
teeth and a long bony tail) 始祖鸟
例：Archaeopteryx, supposedly the oldest and most primitive
bird on Earth, might not have been a bird after all, scientists say.
flutter verb to flag the wings rapidly or fly with flapping movements 拍动，鼓翼
例：The birds fluttered excitedly in the trees.
horizon noun the furthest that you can see, where the sky seems to meet the
land or the sea 地平线
例：The sun had already sunk below the horizon.
estimate noun a judgement that you make without having the exact details or
figures about the size, amount, cost, etc. of sth. 估计，判断
例：The committee lacked a correct estimate of his ability.
continental adj. forming part of, or typical of, any of the seven main land masses
of the earth 大陆的
例：The most ancient parts of the continental crust are 4,000
million years old.
represent verb to be an example or expression of sth. 代表
例：Those comments do not represent the views of us all.
prodigious adj. very large or powerful and causing surprise or admiration 巨大
的，惊人的
例：This business generates cash in prodigious amounts.
captivity noun the state of being kept as a prisoner or in an enclosed space 囚
禁，监禁
例：A zoo is a place where live animals are kept in captivity for
the public to see.
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续前表
extinction noun a situation in which a plant, an animal, a way of life etc. stops
existing 灭绝
例： The animals were ruthlessly hunted to the verge of
extinction.
exploitation noun the use of land, oil, minerals, etc. 开发，开采
例： Commercial exploitation of resources threatens our
survival.
massive adj. very large, heavy and solid 大量的，巨大的
例：A massive sea search has failed to find any survivors.
prior adj. before sth. 在先的，在前的
例：Some teams estimate the size of all of the items in their
backlog prior to any development.
fertilizer noun a substance added to soil to make plants grow more success-
fully 肥料
例：The tractor hauled the fertilizer away.
accelerate verb to happen or to make sth. happen faster or earlier than
expected 加速，促进
例：Growth will accelerate to 2. per cent next year.
facilitate verb to make an action or a process possible or easier 促进，使
便利
例：It would facilitate matters if they were more co-operative.
commemorate verb to remind people of an important person or event from the past
with a special action or object; to exist to remind people of a
person or an event from the past 纪念，庆祝
例：Christmas commemorates Christ’s birth.
exterminate verb to kill all the members of a group of people or animals 消灭，
根除
例： Hitler wanted to exterminate the Jews, Gypsies,
Communists, and homosexuals of Europe.
equivalent noun a thing, amount, word, etc. that is equal to sth. else 等价物
例：Even the cheapest car costs the equivalent of 70 years’
salary for a government worker.
deforestation noun the act of cutting down or burning the trees in an area 森林砍伐
例：There might even be an agreement to stop deforestation.
4
14
续前表
tract noun a large area of land 大片土地
例：They bought a 40-acre tract of land for development.
extensive adj. covering a large area; great in amount 广阔的，大量的
例：The report is underpinned by extensive research.
tactic noun the particular method you use to achieve sth. 策略
例：I used every weapon and tactic I could think of.
reproduce verb if people, plants, animals, etc. reproduce or reproduce them-
selves, they produce young 繁殖
例：Most plants reproduce through seeds.
satiate verb to give sb. so much of sth. so that they do not feel they want
any more 使饱享，使满足
例：The dinner was enough to satiate the gourmets.
例：The factory’s workforce has dwindled from over 4,000 to a
few hundred.
词汇练习：
tract tactic represent prior massive
flutter fertilizer facilitate extinction extensive
exploitation estimate equivalent continental abundant
1. T he salt and gypsum, the faunal changes, and the unusual gravel provided ____
evidence that the Mediterranean was once a desert.（TPO-7：The Geologic History of
the Mediterranean）
2. Furthermore, he noticed that as they ____ around in the cage, they often launched
themselves in the direction of their normal migratory route.（TPO-11：Orientation and
Navigation）
3. Age ____ ranging from four billion years for Mars’s southern highlands to a few hundred
million years in the youngest volcanic areas were obtained in this way.（TPO-25：The
surface of Mars）
4. Research now indicates that sizable areas of southeastern Alaska along the inner ____
shelf were not covered by ice toward the end of the last Ice Age.（TPO-9：Colonizing
the Americas via the Northwest Coast）
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. They can do only so much to ____ the full complexity of the global climate and hence
may give only limited information about natural variability.（TPO-0：Variations in the
Climate）
6. Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none
would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to ____.（Online Test：
Opportunists and Competitors）
7. Roman priorities lay in the organization, ____, and defense of their territory.（TPO-7：
Ancient Rome and Greece）
8. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial
workshops, an administrative center, a number of ____ religious edifices, and a regular
grid pattern of streets and buildings.（TPO-8：The Rise of Teotihuacán）
. This route would have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americas ____
to the melting of the continental glaciers.（TPO-：Colonizing the Americas via the
Northwest Coast）
10. For the first time industrial waste, such as ash from the soap-boilers, was collected in
the cities and sold in the country as artificial ____. The increased yield and price of land
justified reclaiming and draining even more land.（TPO-2：Seventeenth-Century Dutch
Agriculture）
. Increased agricultural production in turn ____ rural industry, an intrinsic part of the
expansion of industry.（TPO-0：Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth）
2. An Amsterdam merchant purchasing soap from a merchant in Marseille could go to
an exchanger and pay the exchanger the ____ sum in guilders, the Dutch currency.
（TPO-0：Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth）
. X-ray examination of thin slabs of rock sometimes reveals the ghostly outlines of
tentacles, digestive ____, and visual organs of a variety of marine creatures.（TPO-20：
Fossil Preservation）
4. General concern about misleading ____ that advertisers employ is centered on the use
of exaggeration.（TPO-4：Children and Advertising）
. Off and on throughout the Cretaceous (the last period of the Mesozoic era, during
which dinosaurs flourished), large shallow seas covered ____ areas of the continents.
（TPO-8：Extinction of the Dinosaurs）
参考答案：
1. abundant 2. fluttered 3. estimates 4. continental 5. represent
6. extinction 7. exploitation 8. massive . prior 10. fertilizer
. facilitated 2. equivalent . tracts 4. tactics . extensive
6
14
Sentence 14
英文原文：
A population of oaks is likely to be relatively stable through time, and its survival is likely
to depend more on its ability to withstand the pressures of competition or predation than on
its ability to take advantage of chance events.
Online Test: Opportunists and Competitors
参考翻译：
随着时间的流逝橡树种群很可能是相对稳定的；它的存活可能更多地取决于它抵抗竞
争或被掠食的压力的能力，而非取决于它利用偶然事件的能力。
知识点小结：
1.“population” 在生物范畴中的意思是“ 种群，群体 ”，而并非我们常见的“ 人口 ”
的意思。
2. 词组“be likely to do sth.”意思是“倾向于做某事，很有可能做某事”。
3. 弄清楚“its survival” 中的“its” 指代的是什么。在这里应该是指代前面所提到的
“population”，而非“oak”。
4. 后半句中的主要结构是“more... than”句型，所以再次提醒大家：当遇到组合式词组
（比如“not... but”，
“either... or”，
“not only... but also”等）的时候，看到前面这个词之
后，就应该有意识地去找组合中的另一个词。只要把完整的词组找出来，那么句子的结
构也就可以确定了，更便于理解句意。
5. 大家还记得之前讲过的平行结构吗？记得回去复习一下。在这个句子中，比较级前后
的成分是一致的，前面是“on its ability to withstand the pressures of competition or predation”，
后面是“on its ability to take advantage of chance events”。这也提醒了大家，以后在写类
似的平行结构时一定要注意：如果前面有“on + n.”的结构，后面也就一定要有“on + n.”
的结构，既不可以省略“on”，也不可以将名词结构改变，以确保前后一致。
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The opposite of an opportunist is a competitor. These organisms tend to have big bodies,
are long-lived, and spend relatively little effort each year on reproduction. An oak tree is
a good example of a competitor. A massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more,
outcompeting all other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any
free water in the soil. The leaves of an oak tree taste foul because they are rich in tannins,
a chemical that renders them distasteful or indigestible to many organisms. The tannins
are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity. Although oaks produce
thousands of acorns, the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy
spent on building leaves, trunk, and roots. Once an oak tree becomes established, it is likely
to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire. A population of oaks is likely to be relatively
stable through time, and its survival is likely to depend more on its ability to withstand the
pressures of competition or predation than on its ability to take advantage of chance events.
It should be noted, however, that the pure opportunist or pure competitor is rare in nature,
as most species fall between the extremes of a continuum, exhibiting a blend of some
opportunistic and some competitive characteristics.
. All of the following are mentioned in this paragraph as contributing to the longevity of an
oak tree EXCEPT 　　.
A. the capacity to create shade
B. leaves containing tannin
C. the ability to withstand mild droughts and fire
D. the large number of acorns the tree produces
2. According to the passage, oak trees are considered competitors because 　　.
A. they grow in areas free of opportunists
B. they spend more energy on their leaves, trunks and roots than on their acorns
C. their population tends to increase or decrease in irregular cycles
D. unlike other organisms, they do not need much water or sunlight
. In this paragraph, the author suggests that most species of organisms 　　.
A. are primarily opportunists
B. are primarily competitors
C. begin as opportunists and evolve into competitors
D. have some characteristics of opportunists and some of competitors
在我看来，老师是否能教好学生更多地取决于他（她）和学生相处的能力，而非专
业能力。
8
14
1st
2nd
3rd
参考翻译：
For me, whether a teacher can teach students well depends more on his/her ability to
relate to students than on his/her professional competence.
（1）好老师的定义有很多：能够精于学科知识，像百科全书一般，给学生传授更多知
识的老师，是好老师；能够在精神上感染学生，像黑夜中的灯塔，映射出学生高尚品格的，
是好老师；能够像朋友一样，在困难中给予鼓励的，也是好老师。（2）而在我看来，老师
是否能教好学生更多地取决于他（她）和学生相处的能力，而非专业能力。
1st
13
（第一册）
Day 14
2nd
3rd
写作题目：
A teacher’s ability to relate well with the students is more important than knowing the subject well.
——2006.2.
郑莉：
改前：① The definition of a good teacher 改后：① The definition of a good teacher
is varies: the teacher who is like an may vary: the teacher who is like an
encyclopedia and impacts students with encyclopedia and impacts students with
more knowledge is the good teacher; more knowledge is a good teacher; the
the teacher who can influence students teacher who can mentally influence
mentally and can reflect the nobility of students and can reflect the nobility of
character of students as a light tower in students’ character as a tower of light in
the dark is the good teacher; the teacher the dark is a good teacher; the teacher who
who can offer encourage like a friend for can offer encouragement like a friend to
students is the good teacher. students is a good teacher.
② However, for me, a teacher whether ② However, for me, whether a teacher
to teach students well or not is likely to teaches students well or not is likely
depend more on his or her ability to stay to depend more on his or her ability to
well with students than on the professional connect well with students than on his or
ability. her professional ability.
40
14
Tintin：
改前： ① The different students have 改后：① Different students have different
deferent definitions about the good definitions about a good teacher. One who
teacher. One who have a great idea about have a great idea about knowledge, as
knowledge, as whole-science book, is a whole-science book, is a good teacher.
good teacher. One who infect students in One who infects students spiritually, as
soul, as light in dark reflecting students’ light in the dark reflecting students’ good
high characters, is a good teacher. One who characters, is a good teacher. One who is
is a friend of students, couriering them when a friend of students, couriering them when
they are in difficult, is also a good teacher. they are in difficult, is also a good teacher.
② In my opinion, if a teacher could teach ② In my opinion, whether a teacher could
students well depends on his/her ability of teach students well depends on his/her
getting along with students than on his/her ability to get along well with students than
ability of professional knowledge. on his/her professional knowledge.
包子：
改前： ① Definition of good teacher 改后：① The definition of a good

varies. For example, teachers with affluent teacher varies. For example, teachers with
knowledge like encyclopedia who can pass affluent knowledge, like an encyclopedia
on knowledge to their students, teachers who can pass on knowledge to their
with mentally infection like a light own students, teachers who can mentally
in the dark who can map students’ lofty infect like a light in the dark and draw
character and teachers like your friends out the students’ lofty character, and
who give you encouragement when you teachers who are like friends, giving
are in difficulty are good teachers. encouragement when you are in difficulty
are good teachers.
② In my opinion, to relate well with the ② In my opinion, knowing how to relate
students overweight knowing the subject well with the students weighs more than
well. knowing the subject well.
我们：
141
Day 15
Passage 15
Composition of Soil
① Soil, the material that covers the land surfaces of Earth and supports the growth of
plants, is generally an unconsolidated or loose combination of inorganic and organic
materials. The inorganic components of soil are principally the products of rocks and
minerals that have been gradually broken down by weather, chemical action, and other
natural processes. The organic materials are composed of debris from plants and from the
decomposition of many tiny life forms that inhabit the soil. Mineral and organic particles
generally compose roughly 50 percent of the soil’s volume. The other 50 percent consists of
pores (open areas of various shapes and sizes). Networks of pores hold water within the soil
and provide a means of water transport. Also, oxygen and other gases move through pore
spaces in soil. Pores serve as passageways for small animals and provide room for the
growth of plant roots as well.
② The mineral component of soil is made up of an arrangement of particles that are less
than 2.0 mm (0.08 in) in diameter. Soil scientists divide soil particles, also known as soil
separates, into three main size groups: sand, silt, and clay, with each smaller in size than
the previous kind. Depending upon the rock materials from which they were derived, these
assorted mineral particles ultimately release the chemicals on which plants depend for
survival, such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, iron, and manganese.
③ Organic materials constitute another essential component of soils. Some organic
materials come from the residue of plants, for example, the remains of plant roots deep
within the soil or materials that fall on to the ground (such as leaves on a forest floor).
These materials become part of a cycle of decomposition and decay, a cycle that provides
important nutrients to the soil. In general, soil fertility depends on a high content of organic
materials.
④ Apart from nonliving components, even a gram of soil holds a universe of living things,
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15
ranging in size from the fairly large: earthworms, mites, millipedes, centipedes, grubs,
termites, lice, springtails, and more, to the microscopic: bacteria and fungi too small to be
seen with the naked eye. All these living things form a complex chain: larger creatures eat
organic debris and excrete waste into the soil, predators consume living prey, and microbes
feed on the bodies of dead animals. Bacteria and fungi, in particular, digest the complex
organic compounds that make up living matter and reduce them to simpler compounds that
plants can use for food. A typical example of bacterial action is the formation of ammonia
from animal and vegetable proteins. Other bacteria then oxidize the ammonia to form
nitrogen compounds called nitrites, and still other bacteria act on the nitrites to form nitrates,
another type of nitrogen compound that can be used by plants. Some types of bacteria can
even fix or extract nitrogen directly from the air and make it available in the soil. Ultimately,
the decay of plant and animal material results in the formation of a dark-colored organic
matter known as humus, which unlike plant residue, is generally resistant to further
decomposition.
⑤ Water and pore space are also important factors in influencing soil’s quality. The
capacity to retain and transport water, which carries out the essential function of bringing
mineral nutrients to plants, is of great importance of soil. But the balance between water and
air in the soil can be delicate. An overabundance of water will saturate the soil and fill pore
spaces needed for the transport of oxygen. The resulting oxygen deficiency can kill plants.
Fertile soils, therefore, are those that permit an adequate exchange between plants and the
atmosphere, a moderate amount of air, with a relatively high degree of porosity free from
water.〇 1 The oxygen diffuses into the soil and is used by roots for respiration and in turn,
the carbon dioxide diffuses through pore spaces and returns to the atmosphere.
⑥ Soil plays an indispensable role in sustaining life; and since soil takes a great deal
of time to develop—thousands or even millions of years, it is effectively a nonrenewable
resource. Yet even now, in many areas of the world, soil is under siege. Deforestation, over-
development, and pollution from manmade chemicals are just a few of the consequences of
human activity and carelessness. As the human population grows and its demand for food
from crops increases, soil conservation will be even more crucial.
——2012 年 8 月 25 日北美机经
The word “saturate” in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to 　　.

A. damage
B. ruin
C. drench
D. satisfy
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核心词汇：
unconsolidated adj. not strong or firm 疏松的，松散的
例： Fault tunes would generally be absorbed by unconso-
lidated deposits.
component noun one of several parts of which sth. is made 成分
例：Trust is a vital component in any relationship.
debris noun pieces of wood, metal, brick, etc. that are left after sth. has
been destroyed 残骸
例：Emergency teams are still clearing the debris from the
plane crash.
decomposition noun the process of being destroyed gradually by natural chemical
processes 分解，腐烂
例：You have to go from what looks like a human person to ash
and bone, whether you get there by flame or decomposition.
pore noun one of the very small holes in your skin that sweat can pass
through; one of the similar small holes in the surface of a plant
or a rock 汗毛；小孔，孔隙
例：Like human skin, soil has holes that are called pores.
passageway noun a path or channel or duct through or along which sth. may pass
通道，走廊
例：Outside, in the passageway, I could hear people moving
around.
particle noun a very small piece of matter, such as an electron or proton, that
is part of an atom 颗粒
例：This particle has a very small mass.
diameter noun a straight line going from one side of a circle or any other round
object to the other side, passing through the center 直径
例：The diameter of the tree trunk is about 2 meters.
derive verb to take, receive, or obtain especially from a specified source 源
自，得自
例：Mr. Ying is one of those happy people who derive pleasure
from helping others.
assorted adj. of various different sorts 各种各样的
例：The meat is served with salad or assorted vegetables.
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15
续前表
release verb to let sb./sth. come out of a place where they have been kept
or trapped 释放
例：Firefighters took two hours to release the driver from the
wreckage.
constitute verb to be the parts that together form sth. 组成，构成
例：Female workers constitute the majority of the labour force.
residue noun a small amount of sth. that remains at the end of a process 残留
例：Always using the same shampoo means that a residue
can build up on the hair.
decay noun the process or result of being destroyed by natural causes or
by not being cared for (=of decaying) 腐烂
例：The decay of the wood will spread if it is not removed.
gram noun a unit for measuring weight 克
例：There are 1,000 grams in one kilogram.
microscopic adj. extremely small and difficult or impossible to see without a
microscope 微小的，极小的
例：It’s impossible to read his microscopic handwriting.
excrete verb to pass solid or liquid waste matter from the body 排泄，分泌
例：Your open pores can excrete sweat and dirt.
digest verb to convert food into substances that your body can use 消化
例：You should allow a little time after a meal for the food to
digest.
oxidize verb to combine or to make sth. combine with oxygen, especially
when this causes metal to become covered with rust 使氧化
例：The original white lead pigments have oxidized and turned
black.
extract verb to remove or obtain a substance from sth., for example by
using an industrial or a chemical process 提取
例：Citric acid can be extracted from the juice of oranges,
lemons, limes or grapefruit.
resistant adj. not affected by sth.; able to resist sth. 有抵抗力的
例：Some people are very resistant to the idea of exercise.
retain verb to keep sth.; to continue to have sth. 保持，保留
例：The interior of the shop still retains a nineteenth-century
atmosphere.
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overabundance noun the state of going or being beyond what is needed, desired, or
appropriate; an excess 过多，过剩
例：From the 120s through the 180s, America’s agricultural
problem was overabundance.
saturate verb to make sth. completely wet 浸透，湿透
例：The continuous rain had saturated the soil.
deficiency noun the state of not having, or not having enough of, sth. that is
essential 缺乏，不足
例：Vitamin deficiency in the diet can cause illness.
diffuse verb if a gas or liquid diffuses or is diffused in a substance, it
becomes slowly mixed with that substance 扩散
例：It allows nicotine to diffuse slowly and steadily into the
bloodstream.
respiration noun the act of breathing 呼吸
例：Blood pressure and respiration are also recorded.
indispensable adj. essential; too important to be without 不可缺少的
例：She was becoming indispensable to him.
nonrenewable adj. that cannot be replaced after use 不可再生的
例： Oil is the nonrenewable resource and the important
strategic mineral resource.
under siege surrounded by sth. 被包围
例：The couple began to feel “under siege” and unsafe in their
own home.
词汇练习：
retain respiration resistant pore microscopic
extract excrete diameter derive deficiency
decomposition decay debris constitute component
particle unconsolidated
. The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces are
those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, ____ sand and
gravel. (TPO-：Groundwater）
2. Modern architectural forms generally have three separate ____ comparable to elements
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15
of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior
spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems.（TPO-3：
Architecture）
3. The force of collision spewed large amounts of ____ into the atmosphere, darkening the
skies for several years before the finer particles settled.（TPO-15：Mass Extinctions）
4. Conditions that promote fossilization of soft-bodied animals include very rapid covering
by sediments that create an environment that discourages ____.（TPO-5：The
Cambrian Explosion）
5. Consolidated (or cemented) sediments, too, contain millions of minute water-holding
____.（TPO-1：Groundwater）
6. The separation of charged ____ that forms in a storm cloud has a sandwich-like
structure.（TPO-18：Lightning）
7. The body that impacted Earth at the end of the Cretaceous period was a meteorite with
a mass of more than a trillion tons and a ____ of at least 10 kilometers.（Official Model
8. Until the eighteenth century, people relied on energy ____ from plants as well as animal
and human muscle to provide power.（TPO-26：Energy and the Industrial Revolution）
9. The first is the heat capacity of the materials that ____ the city, which is typically
dominated by concrete and asphalt.（TPO-23：Urban Climates）
10. W hat keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant ____ and
dormancy?（TPO-4：Deer Populations of the Puget Sound）
11. Even today, ____ meteorites continually bombard Earth, falling on both land and sea.
（TPO-8：Extinction of the Dinosaurs）
12. As the seaweed and marsh grass leaves die, bacteria break down the plant material,
and insects, small shrimplike organisms, fiddler crabs, and marsh snails eat the decaying
plant tissue, digest it, and ____ wastes high in nutrients.（TPO-22：Spartina）
13. Through hearing stories with a clear beginning, middle, and ending children may learn
to ____ the gist of events in ways that they will be able to describe many years later.
（TPO-6：Infantile Amnesia）
14. The empty shell of a snail or clam may be left behind, and if it is sufficiently durable
and ____ to dissolution, it may remain basically unchanged for a long period of time.
（TPO-20：Fossil Preservation）
15. Even in the areas that ____ a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results
in the loss of the soil’s ability to absorb substantial quantities of water.（OG：Desert
Formation）
16. I ron ____ is characterized by chlorosis between veins in young leaves.（TPO-5：
Minerals and Plants）
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17. Film analysis of the infant’s responses, heart and ____ rate monitors, and nonnutritive
sucking devices are used as effective tools in understanding infant perception.（TPO-：
Methods of Studying Infant Perception）
参考答案：
. unconsolidated 2. components . debris 4. decomposition . pores
6. particles 7. diameter 8. derived . constitute 10. decay
. microscopic 2. excrete . extract 4. resistant . retain
16. deficiency 17. respiration
Sentence 15
英文原文：
With a moderate to fairly high net energy yield, these systems emit no heat-trapping
carbon dioxide or other air pollutants and need no water for cooling; manufacturing them
produces little water pollution.
Online Test: Electricity from Wind
参考翻译：
这些发电系统能生产中等至相当高的净能量，同时却不排放吸热的二氧化碳气体或其
他空气污染物，并且系统无需用水冷却；建造它们只会造成极少的水污染。
知识点小结：
1.“with”引导的结构作伴随状语，根据句意应该可以看出句中隐含的对比，所以大家在
翻译的时候可以把这层对比、转折含义表达出来。
2. 后半句中出现两个连词：一个是“or”，一个是“and”。大家需要弄清楚它们分别连接
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15
哪些成分。“or”连接的是“heat-trapping carbon dioxide”和“other air pollutants”
；“and”
连接的是“emit no heat-trapping carbon dioxide or other air pollutants” 和“need no water
for cooling”。
3. 关于分号和句号的区别。大家都知道逗号不能连接两个单独的句子（如果需要了解更多，
可以回顾“逗号分隔句”这个语法概念），所以一般来说，当要结束一个完整的句子（主
谓宾或主系表等主要结构已齐全的情况），而即将开始另一个新句子时需要用句号表示
完结。但是还有另外一种情况，当前一个句子和后一个句子在内容上还有一些联系，但
又因为是两个句子而不能用逗号连接时，可以选择使用分号。用分号连接句子是为了使
内容衔接得更紧密。所以在该句中，如果单纯地从语法角度来讲，可以把分号换成句号；
但是因为最后一句中出现了“them”，表示与前面的句子联系紧密，所以用分号会比用
句号更好一些。
Large wind farms can be built in six months to a year and then easily expanded as needed.
With a moderate to fairly high net energy yield, these systems emit no heat-trapping carbon
dioxide or other air pollutants and need no water for cooling; manufacturing them produces
little water pollution. The land under wind turbines can be used for grazing cattle and other
purposes, and leasing land for wind turbines can provide extra income for farmers and
ranchers.
The word “emit” in the passage is closest in meaning to 　　.
A. use
B. require
C. release
D. destroy
虽然拥有更多的智慧，老年人的身体状况和精力却没有年轻人好。即便更懂得享受生
活，却难免受到很多限制，很多事情会心有余而力不足。（用“with”结构翻译黑体字
部分）
1st
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2nd
3rd
参考翻译：
Although with more wisdom, older people in general are not as physically strong and
energetic as young people. Therefore, even if they know better how to enjoy life, they are
inevitably constrained by many limitations and thus, in many cases, would feel unable to do
what they wish to do.
（1）我认为年轻人能够更好地享受生活。因为虽然拥有更多的智慧，老年人的身体状
况和精力却没有年轻人好。（2）即便更懂得享受生活，却难免受到很多限制，很多事情会
心有余而力不足。（3）一个热衷于旅游的老人，也很难到高原地区旅行；爱好足球的老人
也很难参加一场完整的足球比赛。
1st
0
15
2nd
3rd
写作题目：
Young people enjoy life better than older people.
——2006.2.
yue：
改前：① In my opinion, the young get to 改后：① In my opinion, the young get to enjoy
enjoy better life. With lots of wisdom, the better life. Though having lots of wisdom,
elderly are less than the young in both the elderly are less than the young in terms
physical fitness and energy. of both physical fitness and energy.
② While they know how to enjoy life, there ② While they know how to enjoy life, they
are many restrictions; many things are are also restricted by many things,
difficult to accomplish. things which are difficult to accomplish.
③ An old person, who is keen to travel, is ③ An old person, who is keen to travel, will
hard to travel to the plateau area; An old find it hard to travel to the plateau area. An
man, who is a fun of soccer, is not easy to old man, who is a fan of soccer, could not
play at a football game. easily play in a football game.

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Day 15
刘铄铄：
改前：① I believe young people enjoy life 改后：① I believe young people enjoy life
better, resulting from the fact that thouhg better, resulting from the fact that, though
possessing more wisdom, the older people’s possessing more wisdom, the older people’s
physical condition and energy are not as physical condition and energy are not as
good as the young’s. good as the younger ones’.
② Even the older people know how to ② Even if older people know how to enjoy
enjoy life better, they are inevitably limited life better, they are inevitably limited by
by many factors. They may feel spirit is many factors. They may feel that the spirit
willing, but the flesh is week in front of is willing, but the flesh is weak in front of
many things. many things.
③ An aged man who is with enthusiasm ③ An aged man who has enthusiasm for
of travelling may hardly take a journey to travelling could hardly take a journey to the
the plateao areas. The aged football fans plateau areas. Aged football fans also have
also have difficulty in finishing a full round difficulty in finishing a full round match.
match.
金：
改前：① I think young people can enjoy life 改后：① I think young people can enjoy life
better than older people. While older people better than older people. While older people
have more wisdom than young people, have more wisdom than young ones, they
they have poorer physical condition and have poor physical condition and energy.
energy.
② Although older people know better how ② Although older people know better how
to enjoy life, they are inevitably limited to enjoy life, they are inevitably limited
on many aspects. They want to do many in many aspects. They want to do many
things, yet unable due to various restricted things, yet unable to due to various
factors. restricting factors.
③ An old man fascinating traveling is ③ An old man who’s fascinated with
hard to take a trip the plateau region; an traveling could hardly take a trip to the
old man loving playing football is difficult plateau region; an elderly who loves
to attend the whole game. playing football would find it difficult to
attend the whole game.
我们：
2
Day 16
Passage 16
Methods of Plant Pollination
① Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred in the reproduction of plants,

thereby enabling fertilization and sexual reproduction. Flowering plants have several
different parts that are important in pollination. Flowers have male parts called stamens that
produce a sticky powder called pollen and also a female part called the pistil. The top of the
pistil is called the stigma, and is often sticky. Seeds are made at the base of the pistil, in the
ovule. To be pollinated, pollen must be moved from a stamen to the stigma.
② In order for pollination to be successful, pollen must be transferred between plants of the
same species. For example, a rose flower must always receive rose pollen and a pine tree
must always receive pine pollen. Plants typically rely on one of two methods of pollination:
cross-pollination or self-pollination, but some species are capable of both. Most plants are
designed for cross-pollination, a process in which pollen is transferred between different
plants of the same species. In self-pollination, pollen is transferred from the stamens to the
pistil within one flower.
③ Unlike animals, plants are literally rooted to the spot, and so cannot move to combine
sex cells from different plants. For this reason, plant species have evolved effective
strategies for accomplishing cross-pollination. Some plants simply allow their pollen to be
carried by the wind, as is the case with wheat, rice, corn, and other grasses, and pines, firs,
cedars, and other conifers. This method works well if the individual plants are growing close
together. To ensure success, huge amounts of pollen must be produced, most of which
never reaches another plant.
④ Most plants, however, do not rely on the wind. These plants employ pollinators—bees,
butterflies, and other insects, as well as birds, bats, and mice—to transport pollen between
sometimes widely scattered plants. While this strategy enables plants to expend less energy
making large amounts of pollen, they must still use energy to produce incentives for their
pollinators. For instance, birds and insects may be attracted to a plant’s tasty food in the form
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of nectar, a sugary, energy-rich fluid that bees eat and also use for making honey. Bees and
other pollinators may be attracted by a plant’s pollen, a nutritious food that is high in protein
and provides almost every known vitamin, about 2 trace minerals, and 22 amino acids.
As a pollinator enters a flower and probes it for nectar, typically located deep in the flower,
or grazes on the pollen itself, the pollen attaches to parts of the pollinator’s body. When
the pollinator visits the next flower in search of more nectar or pollen, it brushes against the
stigma and the pollen grains rub off onto the stigma. In this way, pollinators inadvertently
transfer pollen from flower to flower.
⑤ Flowers are designed to attract pollinators, and the unique shape, color, and even scent
of a flower appeals to specific pollinators. Red flowers have an advantage over those of
other colors when the major pollinator is bird.〇 1 The long red floral tubes of certain flowers are
designed to attract hummingbirds but discourage small insects that might take the nectar
without transferring pollen. Flowers that are pollinated by bats are usually large, light in color,
heavily scented, and open at night, when bats are most active. Many of the brighter pink,
orange, and yellow flowers are marked by patterns on the petals that can be seen only with
ultraviolet light. These patterns act as maps to the nectar glands typically located at the base
of the flower. Bees are able to see ultraviolet light and use the colored patterns to find nectar
efficiently.
⑥ The interactions between plants and animals are mutualistic, since both species
benefit from the interaction. Undoubtedly plants have evolved flower structures that
successfully attract specific pollinators. And in some cases the pollinators may have adapted
their behaviors to take advantage of the resources offered by specific kinds of flowers.
——2012 年 10 月 5 日北美机经
The word “it” in Paragraph 4 refers to 　　.

A. flower
B. nectar
C. pollinator
D. pollen
核心词汇：
pollination noun the transfer of pollen from an anther to the stigma in angiosperms
or from the microsporangium to the micropyle in gymnosperms 授
粉，传粉
例：The flowers get pollination by insects.
4
16
续前表
transfer verb to move from one place to another; to move sth./sb. from one
place to another 传递，转移
例：The decision to transfer the investigation from the police to
the district attorney’s office is a mutual one.
fertilization noun the act or process of putting pollen into a plant so that a seed
develops 受精作用
例：They damage female strobili during the interval between
pollination and fertilization.
capable adj. (of sth. / of doing sth.) having the ability or qualities necessary for
doing sth. 能干的，能胜任的
例： The kitchen is capable of catering for several hundred
people.
literally adv. used to emphasize the truth of sth. that may seem surprising 实
际地，准确地
例：The views are literally breath-taking.
rooted adj. fixed in one place; not moving or changing 生根的
例：Their life is rooted in Chicago now.
evolve verb to develop gradually over many generations from a simple form to
a more complicated one 进化
例：Birds are widely believed to have evolved from dinosaurs.
strategy noun plan that is intended to achieve a particular purpose 策略
例：The energy secretary will present the strategy tomorrow
afternoon.
conifer noun any tree that produces hard dry fruit called cones 针叶树，松柏
植物
例：Red squirrels cut conifer cones from trees and bury them in
plant litter on the forest floor.
ensure verb to make sure that sth. happens or is definite 保证，确保
例：We must ensure that all patients have access to high quality care.
rely on to need or be dependent on sb./sth. 依赖，依靠
例：We have to rely on him to make the design.
pollinator noun an agent (as an insect) that pollinates flowers 授粉者
例：The relationship between plant and pollinator is a mutualistic
one.
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续前表
scattered adj. spread far apart over a wide area or over a long period of time 分
散的
例： The region is uninhabited except for a few scattered
mountain villages.
incentive noun sth. that encourages you to do sth. 动力，刺激
例：There is little or no incentive to adopt such measures.
nectar noun a sweet liquid that is produced by flowers and collected by bees
for making honey 花蜜，甘露
例：Bees gather nectar from flowers.
nutritious adj. very good for you; containing many of the substances which help
the body to grow 有营养的
例：It is always important to choose enjoyable, nutritious foods.
protein noun a natural substance found in meat, eggs, fish, some vegetables,
etc. 蛋白质
例：Fish was a major source of protein for the working man.
vitamin noun a natural substance found in food or can be eaten in the form of
pills that is an essential part of what humans and animals eat to
help them grow and stay healthy 维生素
例：Vitamin C is destroyed when overheated.
probe verb to touch, examine or look for sth., especially with a long thin
instrument 探测
例： The more they probed into his background, the more
inflamed their suspicions would become.
attach verb to fasten, join or connect; to place or fix in position 附着，依附
例：We attach labels to things before we file them away.
inadvertently adv. by accident; without intending to 不注意地
例：I inadvertently pressed the wrong button.
design verb to make, plan or intend sth. for a particular purpose or use 设计，
计划
例：They wanted to design a machine that was both attractive
and practical.
appeal to to attract or interest sb. 吸引
例：We need to appeal to a wider customer base.
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16
续前表
discourage verb to prevent or try to prevent sth. happening or someone doing
sth., by making things difficult or unpleasant, or by showing
disapproval 阻止
例：Taxation should be used to discourage them.
petal noun a delicate coloured part of a flower 花瓣
例：First we have to observe how a natural petal looks.
base noun the bottom part of an object, on which it rests, or the lowest part
of something 底部，基底
例：There was a bike path running along this side of the wall,
right at its base.
interaction noun mutual or reciprocal action or influence 相互作用
例： The interaction of the two groups produced many good
ideas.
mutualistic adj. mutually beneficial association between different kinds of
organisms 共生的
例：The relationship between plant and pollinator is a mutualistic
one.
词汇练习：
scattered transfer rely on protein pollinator
nutritious mutualistic interaction inadvertently fertilization
evolve ensure design conifer capable
appeal to
1. The intention is for the positively perceived attributes of the celebrity to be ____ to the
advertised product and for the two to become automatically linked in the audience’s
mind.（TPO-14：Children and Advertising）
2. In order to increase production on existing land, the peasants made more use of crop
rotation and, in particular, began to apply animal waste to the soil regularly, rather than
leaving the ____ process up to the grazing livestock.（TPO-23：Seventeenth-Century
3. It has been suggested that if the environment were ____ of supporting breeding
populations of bears, there would have been enough food resources to support humans.
（TPO-9：Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast）
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4. They have ____ special “heaters” of modified muscle tissue that warm the eyes
and brain, maintaining peak performance of these critical organs.（OG：Swimming
Machines）
. Insects and even small invertebrates have been found preserved in the hardened resins
of ____ and certain other trees.（TPO-20：Fossil Preservation）
6. By regulating the economy and competition, the government could ____ equal
opportunity.（OG：Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United States）
7. Less colorful birds and animals that inhabit the rain forest tend to ____ other forms
of signaling other than the visual, particularly over long distances.（TPO-17：Animal
Signals in the Rain Forest）
8. The third type of symbiosis, mutualism, benefits both partners in the relationship
Legume plants and their nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and the interactions between flowering
plants and their ____, are examples of mutualistic association.（TPO-17：Symbiotic
Relationships）
. Sometime after midnight on February 8,16, a large, bright meteor entered Earth’s
atmosphere and broke into thousands of pieces, plummeted to the ground, and ____
over an area 0 miles long and 0 miles wide in the state of Chihuahua in Mexico.
（TPO-22：The Allende Meteorite）
0. The different vegetational parts differ in their food qualities: lower down, there are
succulent, ____ leaves; higher up are the harder stems. (OG Test 2：Feeding Habits of
East African Herbivores）
11. The ants also eat yellow structures at the tip of leaflets: these are ____ rich and seem to
have no function for the tree except to attract ants.（TPO-17：Symbiotic Relationships）
2. Commensal associations sometimes involve one species’ obtaining food that is ____
exposed by another.（TPO-17：Symbiotic Relationships）
. They are ____ to withstand the forces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling
apart), bending, or a combination of these in different parts of the structure.（TPO-：
Architecture）
4. Certainly, rational appeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most
advertisements use emotional and indirect ____ psychological states or associations.
（TPO-4：Children and Advertising）
15. Furthermore, the number of ____ is so great that they are difficult to analyze, even with
the help of large computers.（TPO-1：Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems）
6. The third type of symbiosis, mutualism, benefits both partners in the relationship
Legume plants and their nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and the interactions between flowering
plants and their pollinators, are examples of ____ association.（TPO-17：Symbiotic
Relationships）
8
16
参考答案：
. transferred 2. fertilization . capable 4. evolved . conifers
6. ensure 7. rely on 8. pollinators . scattered 10. nutritious
. protein 2. inadvertently . designed 4. appeals to . interactions
6. mutualistic
Sentence 16
英文原文：
Wind power has a significant cost advantage over nuclear power and has become
competitive with coal-fired power plants in many places. With new technological advances and
mass production, projected cost declines should make wind power one of the world’s cheapest
ways to produce electricity.
参考翻译：
风力发电比核能发电具有更为明显的成本优势，并且在很多地方也可与燃煤发电相
竞争。随着新技术的进步和大规模生产的进行，预计的成本下降会使风力发电成为世界上
成本最低的发电方式之一。
知识点小结：
表示事物之间进行对比的两个词组是需要大家重点掌握的。
1. 词组“have/gain an advantage over”的意思是“胜过，优于，一方比另一方好”。强调一
下，这里需要用介词“over”。
2. 词组“be competitive with”的意思是“可与……相竞争的”。例如：
But because much of this industry still relies on subsidies to be competitive with fossil fuels, it
is still not a true free market.
但由于这个行业在很大程度上仍然依赖津贴去和化石燃料竞争，因此仍然不是一个真
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正的自由市场。
3. 句中的“plant”属于熟词僻义，不是指“植物”，而是指“工厂”。
4. 最后一句话中的“should〇 1”表推测，是基于一定事实、可能性比较大的推测，可理解为
“按理说，应该能，想必会，一定会”。比如：
a. Hi, Mum! I’m on the bus. I should be home in about ten minutes.
嗨，妈妈，我已经在汽车上了，十分钟左右应该能到家。
b. In principle, all the power needs of the United States could be provided by exploiting the
wind potential of just three states—North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas.
全美的电力需求基本上都可以通过挖掘北达科他州、南达科他州和得克萨斯州这三个
州的风力发电潜力得以满足。
Wind power has a significant cost advantage over nuclear power and has become
competitive with coal-fired power plants in many places. With new technological advances
and mass production, projected cost declines should make wind power one of the world’s
cheapest ways to produce electricity. In the long run, electricity from large wind farms in
remote areas might be used to make hydrogen gas from water during periods when there
is less than peak demand for electricity. The hydrogen gas could then be fed into a storage
system and used to generate electricity when additional or backup power is needed.
According to this paragraph, which of the following is true about periods when the demand
for electricity is relatively low?
A. These periods are times when wind turbines are powered by hydrogen gas.
B. These periods provide the opportunity to produce and store energy for future use.
C. These periods create storage problems for all forms of power generation.
D. These periods occur as often as periods when the demand for electricity is high.
某些场合中，比如面试时，良好的口头表达能力能让你在展现自我时比其他面试者
更具优势。
1st
〇 1 注意：“may/might/could”等词也可以表推测，但是其可能性要比“should”小。
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16
2nd
3rd
参考翻译：
On some occasions, in an interview for example, the ability for good oral expression,
when you present yourself to the interviewers, can win you a certain advantage over the
other competitors.
（1）其实，在生活中有很多场合都需要同时具备良好的口头能力和写作能力。（2）如
面试时，公司希望应聘者能够有良好的口头能力来适应工作中同事间的协作，同时又希望
应聘者能有良好的写作能力帮助起草文件。（3）这就像是人的两条腿，缺乏任何一个都很
难在职场立足。
1st
2nd
6
（第一册）
Day 16
3rd
写作题目：
In modern society, the ability to speak well is more important than the ability to write well.
——2006.4.28
包子：
改前：① Actually, in our daily life, the ability 改后：① Actually, in our daily life the ability
to write well and speak well is necessary to write well and speak well is necessary
and can equip us in many situation. and can equip us in many situations.
② For example, interviewer of companies ② For example, interviewers of companies
hope that job seekers have a good oral hope that job seekers have good verbal
ability can improve collaboration among ability and can improve collaboration
colleagues. At the same time, they also among colleagues. At the same time, they
consider the ability to write well as helpful also consider the ability to write well as
to draft. helpful for drafting documents.
③ It’s like people’s two legs. People
will find it hard to survive in job market
without each of them.
伍亿：
改前：① Actually, it is required that having 改后： ① Actually, it is required to have

the ability to write and speak well in many the ability to write and speak well in many
cases of life. cases in life.
② Take interviews in company for example: ② Take interviews for a company for
employees are always expected to not only example: employees are always expected
equipped with great speaking ability to to not only be equipped with great speaking
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16
adapt the cooperation with workmates, ability to adapt to cooperating with
but have the fancy writing ability to assist workmates, but have good writing ability to
drawing documents up as well. assist drawing up documents as well.
③ It just like the legs of a body, lacking ③ It’s just like the legs of a body, lacking
neither of one should be backbreaking to either of one would be backbreaking in the
survive in the work jungle. work jungle.
Tintin：
改前：① As a matter of fact, the abilities 改后：① As a matter of fact, the abilities
of speaking well and writeing well are to speak well and write well are needed in
needed in many occasions in our daily life. many occasions in our daily life.
② For example, a employer hope ② For example, a employer hopes
employees not only have well-speaking employees not only have good speaking
ability to get along with colleauges, and ability to get along with colleagues, but
have well-writing ability to help prepareing also have good writing ability to help
documentation. prepare documentation.
③ They are like human’ two legs, one can ③ They are like a human’s two legs, one
not stand in the workplace without can not stand in the workplace without
either one.
我们：
163
Day 17
Passage 17
Development of Continental Drift Theory〇 1
① The idea of continental movement has been with us since the middle of 19th century,
with the understanding of the driving force being relatively recent (in the 1960s). The basic
concept extends all the way back to the early mapmakers who noticed that the coastlines
of Africa and South America had a remarkable similarity. As early as 1858, a French scientist
Antonio Snider-Pelligrini wrote that the Atlantic Ocean had formed when powerful forces
broke apart a great continent. At that time this idea was not given serious consideration
by most geologists. However, evidence supporting this concept, gradually developed from
geological and paleontological observations in the continents of the Southern Hemisphere
and India.
② Before the idea of a joint continent, an early idea was that the continents were joined
by land bridges of granitic rock that later sank into the ocean’s basaltic crust. This idea
is to explain the great similarity between the animals of India and Madagascar, two land
areas now separated by 2,500 miles of ocean. This idea also supported the Austrian
geologist Eduard Suess’s work with the fossil plant Glossopteris, which he found distributed
throughout India, South America, southern Africa, Australia, and Antarctica. He felt that
the presence of a land bridge connecting all of these continental areas would explain the
distribution of this group of fossil plants over such widely separated locations. He named this
landmass of continents and land bridges Gondwanaland.
③ However, long before, the land bridge theory was discarded. Between 1872 and 1876,
the British H.M.S. Challenger expedition took soundings throughout the Atlantic Ocean,
which revealed an extensive ridge running north-south down the middle of the ocean floor,
roughly half-way between the American continents and Europe-Africa. Using these data,
Frank Taylor in 1908 proposed that the continents had at one time been adjacent but had
〇 1 2012 年 8 月 25 日的北美机经只说了文章是关于大陆漂移板块构造的。这篇文章可能有点儿难度，不过我个人感
觉它的难度更接近于托福了，而以前的文章都太过简单了。
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17
been pulled apart by tremendous forces, and that the central ridge, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge,
was the site of this ancient boundary.〇 1
④ Soon after Taylor’s work was published, Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist,
presented his theories in his 1915 book On the Origin of Continents and Oceans. He
proposed that at one time all the continents were joined into one huge supercontinent which
he named Pangaea (Greek for “all the land”) and that at a later date the continents split
apart, moving slowly to their present positions on the globe. He felt that the idea of land
bridges was wrong because it called for less-dense granitic rock to sink into more-dense
basaltic rock, which he felt was clearly impossible. In matching up coastlines, he found
that by including the continental shelves the fit was much more accurate, and by doing so
large blocks of ancient rock called cratons, the oldest core of a continental land mass, were
found to form a contiguous pattern across the boundary of South America and Africa. He
also looked at other geologic formations and saw patterns such as the presence of ancient
mountains in South Africa, which align with the mountains near Buenos Aires in Argentina
when the two continents are fitted along coastlines. Layers of sandstone, shale, and clay
interspersed with coal in both South Africa and Brazil seemed to match in sequence.
Wegener’s theory was so radical that it was not taken seriously by most of the scientific
community. In fact, he was subjected to ridicule and insult for daring to present his
preposterous ideas.
⑤ Although some of Wegener’s information was off the mark, the largest part was
accurate. But his theory’s greatest weakness was his explanation of cause. He suggested
that the centrifugal force of the spinning planet would tend to force the continents equator-
ward and that tidal pull from the sun and moon might cause lateral movement. However,
he did not seem very confident in those mechanisms as he also stated that the complete
solution of the problem of the driving forces will still be a long time coming.
⑥ While in Europe and North America Wegener’s ideas were being attacked, in the
southern hemisphere some of his staunchest supporters were collecting data to support
the theory of continental drift. But despite the evidence presented by supporters, most of the
scientific community still did not accept the theory of continental drift. It was not until thirty
years after Wegener’s death that scientists of the 1960s described the sea-floor spreading
and plate tectonics that were the undeniable proof of continental drift theory.
——2013 年 1 月 12 日北美机经
According to Paragraph 4, why was the land bridge theory wrong?

A. The granitic rock was impossible to sink into the basaltic rock.
B. It is clear that all the continents were once joined into one huge supercontinent.
C. The coastlines match each other better if continental shelves were included.
D. It cannot explain the geological pattern in some areas.
165
（第一册）
Day 17
核心词汇：
extend verb to (cause sth. to) reach, stretch or continue; to add to sth. in
order to make it bigger or longer 延伸，扩大
例：The law was extended to all citizens.
coastline noun the land along a coast, especially when you are thinking of its
shape or appearance 海岸线
例：This is some of the most exposed coastline in the world.
geological adj. relating to, or based on geology 地质的
例：The geological prospecting team ranged over the desert
in search of valuable deposits of oil.
paleontological adj. relating to a science dealing with the life of past geological
periods as known from fossil remains 古生物学的
例：Paleontological evidence shows that the animals have
been living on Yellowstone land for at least a thousand years.
sink verb to go down below the surface or towards the bottom of a liquid
or soft substance 下沉
例：The boat sank, drowning all the passengers.
crust noun a hard layer or surface, especially above or around sth. soft or
liquid 地壳，外壳
例：As the water evaporates, a crust of salt is left on the
surface of the soil.
distribute verb to spread sth., or different parts of sth., over an area 散布
例：We didn’t understand how difficult it was to distribute a
national paper.
sounding noun a measurement that is made to find out how deep water is 探
测法
例：As an important detecting tool, there are many key technology
to be solved, so TEM sounding is limited in the shallow
geologic structure exploration.
reveal verb to show sth. that previously could not be seen 揭示，揭露
例：A survey of the British diet has revealed that a growing
number of people are overweight.
propose verb to suggest a plan, an idea, etc. for people to think about and
decide on 建议
例：Hamilton proposed a change in the traditional debating
format.
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17
续前表
adjacent adj. situated next to or near sth. 临近的，附近的
例：He sat in an adjacent room and waited.
split verb to divide, or to make sth. divide, into two or more parts 分离，
分开
例：In a severe gale the ship split in two.
call for to need sth. 需要
例：It’s a situation that calls for a blend of delicacy and force.
match up to be the same or similar 使相配
例：The suspects’ stories just don’t match up.
fit noun the way that two things match each other or are suitable for
each other 配合，一致
例：Eventually he was happy that the sills and doors were a
reasonably good fit.
contiguous adj. touching or next to sth. 相连的，连续的
例：They are two immediately contiguous areas.
align verb to arrange sth. in the correct position, or to be in the correct
position, in relation to sth. else, especially in a straight line 排
列，使成一行
例： The top and bottom line of each column on the page
should align.
intersperse verb to put sth. in sth. else or among or between other things 点缀，
散布
例：Originally the intention was to intersperse the historical
scenes with modern ones.
match verb if two colours, designs or objects match, they are similar or
look attractive together 匹配
例：The doors were painted blue to match the walls.
sequence noun a set of events, actions, numbers, etc. which have a particular
order and which lead to a particular result 序列，顺序
例：He described the sequence of events leading up to the
robbery.
radical adj. concerning the most basic and important parts of sth.;
thorough and complete 根本的，彻底的
例：The government is putting through some radical social
reforms.
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续前表
subject verb to have or experience a particular thing, especially sth.
unpleasant 经受，受到
例：This man had subjected her to four years of beatings and
abuse.
ridicule noun unkind comments that make fun of sb. or make them look silly
讥讽，嘲笑
例：As a heavy child, she became the object of ridicule from
classmates.
insult noun a remark or an action that is said or done in order to offend

sb. 侮辱
例： Their behaviour was an insult to the people they
represent.
preposterous adj. completely unreasonable, especially in a way that is shocking

or annoying 荒谬的，可笑的
例：The whole idea was preposterous.
centrifugal adj. moving or tending to move away from a center 离心的
例：The civil war reinforced the centrifugal tendencies at work
within the economy.
lateral adj. connected with the side of sth. or with movement to the side
横向的，侧面的
例：McKinnon estimated the lateral movement of the bridge to
be between four and six inches.
mechanism noun a way of doing sth. which is planned or part of a system 原理

例：There’s no mechanism for punishing arms exporters who
break the rules.
hemisphere noun one half of the earth, especially the half above or below the
equator 半球
例： This animal is to be found only in the Southern
Hemisphere.
staunch adj. strong and loyal in your opinions and attitude 坚定的，忠诚的
例： He’s a staunch supporter of controls on government
spending.
undeniable adj. true or certain; that cannot be denied 不可否认的

例：Her charm is undeniable.
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17
词汇练习：
undeniable subject sequence reveal radical
propose preposterous mechanism lateral hemisphere
geological extend distribute crust coastline
call for adjacent
1. The proposed areas of the domestication of African crops lie in a band that ____ from
Ethiopia across southern Sudan to West Africa.（TPO-7：Agriculture, Iron, and the
Bantu Peoples）
2. Other areas under investigation include magnetism, landmarks, ____, sonar, and even
smells.（TPO-11：Orientation and Navigation）
3. The best-documented such impact took place 65 million years ago at the end of the
Cretaceous period of ____ history.（Official Model Exam：Meteorite Impact and
Dinosaur Extinction）
4. This sediment layer is enriched in the rare metal iridium and other elements that are
relatively abundant in a meteorite but very rare in the ____ of Earth.（Official Model
5. There are also sparsely ____, highly nutritious fruits, and Bell found that only the
Thomson’s gazelles eat much of these.（OG Test 2：Feeding Habits of East African
Herbivores）
6. The particular symbolic significance of the cave paintings in southwestern France is
more explicitly ____, perhaps, by the results of a study conducted by researchers
Patricia Rice and Ann Paterson.（TPO-4：Cave Art in Europe）
7. The age of Australia’s rock art is constantly being revised, and earlier datings have been
____ as the result of new discoveries.（TPO-23：Rock Art of the Australia Aborigines）
8. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make
use of the higher temperatures immediately ____ to the ground surface.（TPO-1：
Timberline Vegetation on Mountains）
9. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond
if they were the characters in stories that ____ basic emotional responses.（OG：The
Expression of Emotions）
10. When researchers had one year olds imitate an action ____ one year after they first
saw it, there was correlation between the children’s verbal skills at the time they first
saw the event and their success on the later memory task.（TPO-21：Autobiographical
Memory）
11. The new candid photography—unposed pictures that were made when the subjects were
169
（第一册）
Day 17
unaware that their pictures were being taken—confirmed these scientific results, and at
the same time, thanks to the ____ cropping (trimming) of images that the camera often
imposed, suggested new compositional formats.（TPO-22：The Birth of Photography）
12. Indeed, stability of the biological clock’s period is one of its major features, even when
the organism’s environment is ____ to considerable changes in factors, such as
temperature, that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly.（TPO-：
. At the time, this idea seemed ____.（TPO-：Orientation and Navigation）
4. The sparse distribution of the feathers, however, also allows considerable ____ air
movement over the skin surface, thereby permitting further heat loss by convection.
（TPO-26：Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions）
. Other respiratory regulating ____ apparently cease functioning during sleep.（TPO-24：
Breathing During Sleep）
6. The part of the brain responsible for fine control and movement is located in the left
cerebral ____, and the findings above suggest that the human brain was already
asymmetrical in its structure and function not long after 2 million years ago.（TPO-2：
Which Hand Did They Use?）
17. Yet the essential difference is ____.（TPO-7：Ancient Rome and Greece）
参考答案：
. extends 2. coastlines . geological 4. crust . distributed
6. revealed 7. proposed 8. adjacent . called for 10. sequence
11. radical 12. subjected 13. preposterous 14. lateral 15. mechanisms
16. hemisphere 17. undeniable
Sentence 17
英文原文：
Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in
certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles)
that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines.
170
17
参考翻译：
在某些区域，大型风力发电场可能会影响候鸟的迁徙模式，并且它们已经杀死了（一
些）大型猛禽（尤其是老鹰、猎鹰和鹰等），这些猛禽喜欢沿着最适合安放风力涡轮机的
山脊线捕食。
知识点小结：
对比之前给出的句子，大家应该会发现这个句子其实不难，但是却被 ETS 出成了句
子简化题，再次可见 ETS 对平行结构的重视。
1. 本次的翻译题目包括的主要结构是“and”连接的两个句子，后一句中的代词“they”指
代的就是前一句中的“large wind farms”。所以如果能搞清楚这个结构的话，就能够明
白整个句子其实主要讲的是“large wind farms”所带来的两个结果：一个是“interfere
with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas”，另一个是“have killed large
birds of prey”
。分析到这种程度之后再去做题，是否就觉得简单多了呢？
2. 后一句中，前一个“that”引导的定语从句修饰前面的“large birds of prey”，后一个
“that”引导的定语从句修饰前面的“ridge lines”。
（注：第二个定语从句中的关系代词只能用“that”而不能用“which”，因为先行词是
用“the same”修饰的。）
Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain
areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that
prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines.
A. Hawks, falcons, and eagles prefer to hunt along ridge lines, where wind turbines can kill
large numbers of migratory birds.
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（第一册）
Day 17
B. Wind turbines occasionally cause migratory birds to change their flight patterns and
therefore may interfere with the areas where birds of prey prefer to hunt.
C. Some of the best locations for large wind farms are places that may cause problems for
migrating birds and birds of prey.
D. Large wind farms in certain areas kill hawks, falcons, and eagles and thus might create a
more ideal path for the flight of migratory birds.
人们投入诸多资金和精力发展经济的目的（for the same purpose that）与保护环境的
主要目的是相同的，两者都是为了使人们的生活更加美好；对任意一方的破坏都将不利于
人们的生活。因此，应该对经济发展和环境保护给予同等重视。
1st
2nd
3rd
参考翻译：
People invest a lot of money and energy in developing the economy, for the same
purpose that they should protect the environment—both are intended to improve
172
17
people’s life; damage to either side would be bad for people. Therefore, we should give equal
attention to economic development and the natural environment.
（1）我并不认为自然环境与经济发展是政府工作中对立的两个方面。（2）人们投入诸
多资金和精力发展经济的目的（for the same purpose that）与保护环境的主要目的是相同的，
两者都是为了使人们的生活更加美好；对任意一方的破坏都将不利于人们的生活。
（3）因
此，我认为政府应该对经济发展和环境保护给予同等重视。
1st
2nd
3rd
写作题目：
Governments should focus more on natural environment than on economic development.
——200.3.22
173
（第一册）
Day 17
郑莉：
改前：① I do not think that it is opposite 改后： ① I do not think that there is an
between the nature environment and the opposition between protecting the natural
economic development in the job of the environment and economic develop-
government. ment in the role of the government.
② People allocate much money and energy ② People allocate much money and energy
for the improvement of economy for the for the improvement of economy for the
same purpose that the environment same purpose as that of environmental
protecting, both of them are making people protection, and both of them are making
have a better life; it is not beneficial for people have a better life; it is not beneficial
people’s life with the damage to each one. for people’s life when there is damage to
each one.
③ Therefore, I think the government should ③ Therefore, I think the government
pay the same attention on the economic should pay the same attention to economic
development and the environment development and the environment
protecting. protecting.
Tintin：
改前：① I don’t think natural envirment 改后：① I don’t think the natural environ-
and economic devolpment are two ment and economic development are two
opposite aspects in governments’ opposite aspects in governments’ respon-
responsibility. sibility.
② Money and energy are devoted to ② Money and energy are devoted to
economic devolpment and natural e c o n o m i c d e v e l op m e n t a n d n a t u r a l
envirment for the same purpose that environment for the same purposes: that
makeing people a better life. Without of making peoples lives better. Without
anyone of them would do harm to people’s anyone of them there would be harm to
life. people’s lives.
③ Therefor, I suppose natural envirment ③ Therefore, I suppose the natural
and economic devolpment should be given environment and economic development
the equal attention. should be given equal attention.
赖中华：
改前：① I don’t think the natural environ- 改后： ① I don’t think that natural envi-
ment and the economic development are ronment and economic development are
contradictory aspects during government contradictory aspects in government work.
work.
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17
② Main purpose that people invest lots of ② The main reasons that people invest
money and effort to develop economic and l o t s o f m o n e y a n d e ff o r t t o d e v e l o p
protect the environment is the same, both economic and protect the environment are
of that are to make us live a better life, it the same, both of which are to help us live
will be not good to our life if neither of them a better life; it will be not good to our life if
are destroyed. either of them are destroyed.
③ Therefore, in my opinion, government ③ Therefore, in my opinion, the government
should pay equal attention to economic should pay equal attention to economic
development as well as environment development as well as environmental
protection. protection.
我们：
175
Day 18
Passage 18
Bird Vocalization 〇 1
① Bird vocalization includes both bird calls and bird songs. In non-technical use, bird
songs are the bird sounds that are melodious to the human ear. In ornithology and birding,
relatively long and elaborate songs are distinguished by function from relatively briefer and
simple calls. Most birds draw on a variety of sounds to convey to potential mates, rivals, and
predators, all the important things they have to say.
② Mainly used to impress and attract a mate, or declare territorial boundaries, bird
songs are often loud and repetitive, and so they tend to be noticed more than other bird
sounds. Most of the time, we hear only males singing, because they typically take the lead in
defending territories and attracting mates, though in some areas, especially in the tropics,
some species sing duets involving both the male and female.
③ Experiments with recorded songs have shown that birds sing to attract mates. House
Wren songs broadcast near nest boxes will attract female House Wrens, for example.
Female birds may also judge the quality of a male’s song when selecting a mate. Some
studies have shown that males with extra food on their territories are the most persistent
singers, and in some species, the most persistent singers attract females the soonest.
④ In addition to attracting mates, songs are also important in defending a territory.〇 2 For
example, male House Wrens respond aggressively to the recording of another male’s
song, sometimes even attacking the loudspeaker. In other tests, researchers temporarily
removed male birds from their territories, but played songs through speakers on some of the
territories. Neighboring males were less likely to invade territories from which songs were
broadcast, showing that the song means “Keep out!” to other birds.
⑤ In addition to singing, birds use a variety of sounds to communicate. Calls are used for
〇 1 2012 年 10 月 27 日北美机经：《鸟类的歌声》。雄性鸟类通过歌声宣称自己的领地、拒绝其他雄性鸟类的到来，然
后在自己的领地交偶，和雌性鸟类共同生活。后面说了领地有的只是用来交偶的，有的是用来生活和交偶的。歌
声也分种类，有的歌声也有恐吓作用。
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18
interacting with family members, alerting one another to the presence of predators, keeping
in touch while flying, or sharing information about food.
⑥ Birds use contact calls to keep in touch as they fly, feed, or go about their day. Contact
notes are often short and high-pitched. Mates can match each other’s calls, helping them to
identify their partners, even at a distance or in a large flock. Many birds use contact calls to
keep in touch while migrating, and birds that migrate at night may also use nocturnal flight
calls. Some very experienced birders can tell which species are flying overhead by listening
to these sounds. Researchers at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology are using these sounds to
study birds at night: monitoring the numbers and kinds of birds that pass overhead during
migration.
⑦ Aside from migration contact calls, many birds also utter alarm calls in response to a
nearby predator. Jays, domestic chickens, and many other birds even use different calls for
warning about ground and aerial predators. For example, Florida Scrub-Jays use a thin,
high-pitched call when warning of a hawk or falcon, prompting nearby jays to dive for cover.
They use a lower pitched, scolding sound when warning of a snake, cat, or other terrestrial
predator. By using alarm calls, the birds let the predator know that it has been sighted.
Having lost the advantage of surprise, the predator may decide to give up the attack. Alarm
calls also warn other birds that the predator is there. This may help because birds will often
mob predators that are near their nests or young. When birds of many species join in, they
have a better chance of chasing the predator away.
⑧ Some birds also use calls to announce that they have found food. In Nebraska, Cliff
Swallows forage for aerial insects in groups of 2 to more than 1,000 birds. When birds find
food in bad weather, they use a squeak call that attracts other swallows. Keeping track of a
moving swarm of insects may be difficult for a single swallow. Attracting other swallows may
improve its chances of continuing to find food.
⑨ Remarkably, each bird is an expert sound mixer. It can also produce the whole chorus
on its own. The sound produced by one individual will sound as complex as that produced
by nine. Bird vocalization, therefore, is a deep and complex subject as well as a gloriously
uplifting one. There is much that scientists still do not understand about, yet the unraveling
of its mystery is definitely enjoyable.
——2012 年 10 月 27 日北美机经
Directions: Two of the answer choices below are used in the passage to illustrate the function
of bird songs and three are used to illustrate the function of bird calls. Complete the table by
matching appropriate answer choices to the functions they are used to illustrate.
Functions of Bird Songs Functions of Bird Calls

● ●
● ●
●
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. Recorded male sounds to attract females

2. One bird makes out a high-pitched sound to inform other birds of its whereabouts
. Sounds produced to drive away predators
4. Sounds produced to tell other birds the whereabouts of food
. High or low sounds to warn other birds to take cover
6. Sounds used to mark their territory
7. Sounds made to follow a moving swarm of insects
核心词汇：
vocalization noun a word or sound that is produced by the voice 发音，发声
例：We are very good at picking from very brief vocalization the
effective state of a person.
melodious adj. pleasant to listen to, like music 悦耳的
例：She spoke in a quietly melodious voice.
ornithology noun the scientific study of birds 鸟类学
例：He found his vocation in ornithology.
elaborate adj. very complicated and detailed; carefully prepared and organized
复杂的
例：She had prepared a very elaborate meal.
distinguish verb to notice or understand the difference between two things, or to
make one person or thing seem different from another 区分，辨别
例： English law clearly distinguishes between murder and
manslaughter.
convey verb to make ideas, feelings, etc. known to sb. 传达，传递
例：Colours like red convey a sense of energy and strength.
impress verb to cause someone to admire or respect you because of sth. that
you have done or said 给人印象
例：He impressed her with his sincerity.
territorial adj. concerned with the ownership of a particular area of land or water
领土的
例：The country is fighting to preserve its territorial integrity.
boundary noun a real or imagined line that marks the limits or edges of sth. and
separates it from other things or places; a dividing line 界限，
范围
例：The fence marks the boundary between my property and
hers.
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repetitive adj. doing or saying the same thing several times, especially in a way
that is boring 重复的
例：Robots can relieve people of dull and repetitive work.
defend verb to protect sb./sth. from attack 防御，守卫
例：The male ape defends his females from other males.
duet noun a piece of music for two players or singers 二重奏，二重唱
例：Tonight she sings a duet with first husband Maurice Gibb.
broadcast verb to send out programs on television or radio 播送，播放
例：I don’t like to broadcast the fact that my father owns the
company.
persistent adj. determined to do sth. despite difficulties 执著的，坚持的
例：She can be very persistent when she wants something.
aggressively adv. angry, and behaving in a threatening way; ready to attack 攻击地，
侵略地
例： The protester was jabbing a finger aggressively at a
policeman.
temporarily adv. lasting or intended to last only for a short time; not permanent 临
时地
例：Reparations were temporarily pretermitted.
invade verb to enter a place in large numbers, especially in a way that causes
damage or confusion 侵略
例：Demonstrators invaded the government buildings.
alert verb to warn someone of a possibly dangerous situation 警告，使警觉
例：Alerted by a noise downstairs, he sat up and turned on the
light.
high-pitched adj. very high 声调高的，声音尖锐的
例：A woman squealed in a high-pitched voice.
flock noun a group of sheep, goats or birds of the same type 群
例：They kept a small flock of sheep.
nocturnal adj. active at night 夜间的
例：When there is a full moon, this nocturnal rodent is careful to
stay in its burrow.
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monitor verb to watch and check sth. over a period of time in order to see how
it develops, so that you can make any necessary changes 监视，
监控
例：Each student’s progress is closely monitored.
aerial adj. in the air; existing above the ground 空中的
例：Bees have half a dozen aerial dances to indicate where to
find nectar.
prompt verb to make sth. happen 促进
例：The discovery of the bomb prompted an increase in security.
scold verb to speak angrily to sb., especially a child, because they have
done sth. wrong 责骂
例：The mother scolded the child for entering a stranger’s car.
terrestrial adj. living on the land or on the ground, rather than in water, in trees
or in the air 陆生的
例：Forests are home to over 80% of terrestrial biodiversity.
sighted adj. able to see; not blind 有视力的
例：Blind children tend to be more passive in this area of motor
development than sighted children.
mob verb if a crowd of birds or animals mob another bird or animal, they
gather round it and attack it 围攻
例：Birds will often mob predators that are near their nests or
young.
forage verb to search for food 搜寻
例：The female only leaves the young when she forages for
food.
swarm noun a large group of insects, especially bees, moving together in the
same direction 一大群
例：There is a swarm of bees in the tree.
uplifting adj. making you feel happier or more hopeful 令人振奋的，使人开
心的
例：The energy it gave to the room was inspiring and uplifting.
unravel verb to explain sth. that is difficult to understand or is mysterious; to
become clearer or easier to understand 解开，解决
例：It’s a pretty clever way to unravel the mystery behind the
movie.
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18
词汇练习：
territorial terrestrial persistent repetitive invade
elaborate aggressively
1. They were no longer a series of small bands but lived in a large community with more
____ social organization, probably grouped into clans of people of common descent.
（TPO-20：Early Settlements in the Southwest Asia）
2. For example, if a uniformly moving pattern of some sort is passed across the visual field
of a neonate (newborn), ____ following movements of the eye occur.（TPO-13：Methods
of Studying Infant Perception）
3. While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean seas lanes, the Roman
world was assembled by ____ conquest.（TPO-7：Ancient Rome and Greece）
4. Further evidence for ____ internal rhythms appears when the usual external cycles are
shifted—either experimentally or by rapid east-west travel over great distances.（TPO-13：
5. People decide whether they will act ____ or not on the basis of factors such as their
experiences with aggression and their interpretation of other people’s motives.（OG：
Aggression）
6. Opportunists must constantly ____ new areas to compensate for being displaced by more
competitive species.（Online Test：Opportunists and Competitors）
7. The densities of the ____ planets average about 5 times the density of water, whereas the
Jovian planets have densities that average only 1.5 times the density of water.（TPO-16：
Planets in Our Solar System）
参考答案：
1. elaborate 2. repetitive 3. territorial 4. persistent 5. aggressively
6. invade 7. terrestrial
Sentence 18
英文原文：
In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple,
Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in
the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.
TPO-4(2006.10.8): Deer Populations of the Puget Sound
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参考翻译：
除了可以找到更多适合的嫩草之外，比如黑果木和圆叶槭，长期（研究）太平洋西北
部猎物的生物学家亚瑟 · 埃纳森发现空旷地区的嫩草质量大体上都更好、更有营养。
知识点小结：
1. 词组“in addition to”的意思是“除……之外”，常用在句首，可表示该句与前文的联系。
介词“to”后面如果跟动词必须用它的 v-ing 形式。
2. 本句话中因为出现了两个插入成分，可能会使大家对句子的整体框架感到困惑。“like
huckleberry and vine maple”和“longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest”都是插
入语：前者进一步对“suitable browse”进行举例说明；后者进一步解释说明“Arthur
Einarsen”的身份。大家在做句子简化题时，可以将这两个部分先忽略掉，因为插入成
分一般不会是句子的主干部分。
3. 关于对“longtime”的理解问题，如果直接翻译成“长时间的猎物生物学家”会比较别扭，
所以希望大家在直译的基础上可以根据自己的理解和汉语习惯把句子翻译得更恰当。
小贴士：
想必大家都听说过英语翻译的三个基本原则——信、达、雅。其中的“信”指的就是要忠实于原文，
保证翻译的准确性。所以当大家再度调整语序和翻译时会有一个前提：必须建立在准确直译的基础上。
否则可能会导致翻译的偏差，甚至是更为严重的错误。
4. 最后一句话中出现一个常用句型“find sth. to be + adj.”，意思是“发现某物怎样”，其中

“to be”可以省略掉。大家以后可以尝试使用该句型，参考例句如下：
I found this book (to be) very useful to any parent who has problems with child.
我发现这本书对每一位与孩子有矛盾的家长来说都很有用。
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18
In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur
Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the
open areas to be substantially more nutritive.
A. Arthur Einarsen’s longtime family with the Pacific Northwest helped him discover areas
where deer had an increase in suitable browse.
B. Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better
food.
C. Biologist like Einarsen believe it is important to find additional open areas with suitable
browse for deer to inhabit.
D. According to Einarsen, huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may
someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest.
除了能给孩子提供更多的关爱和鼓励，父母也能在为人处事和生活态度方面给孩子
树立正面的榜样。
（当前文已经叙述过一个方面，后文又进一步递进时，可以用“in addition to”这个词组。
）
1st
2nd
3rd
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Day 18
参考翻译：
In addition to providing their children with more care and encouragement, parents can
also set a positive example on how to deal with other people and in adopting the right attitude
towards life.
（1）除了能给孩子提供更多的关爱和鼓励，父母也能在为人处事和生活态度方面给孩
子树立正面的榜样。（2）其实，孩子们产生的糟糕的处世观念，往往来自父母：比如，孩
子看到父母不尊重家里的保姆，或是在言谈中对有色人种带有鄙夷的情绪，那孩子将很难
学会尊重。（3）而如果家长在遇到生活上的困难时，为了逃避而开始酗酒，那孩子要从哪
里学会坚定地面对困难、解决困难的精神呢？
1st
2nd
3rd
写作题目：
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18
Classmates are a more important influence than parents on a child’s success in school.
——2006.12.1
帆：
改前：① In addition to giving children more 改后：① In addition to giving children more
courage and attention, parents can also set courage and attention, parents can also set
a positive example in the way of relating a positive example in the way of relating
with other people and optimistic life attitude. with other people and an optimistic life
attitude.
② Actually, as the saying goes “like father, ② Actually, as the saying goes “like father,
like son”, if the child arises the passive like son”, if the child arises the passive
sense of living, it always results from sense of living, it always results from
parents: e.g., children will be hard to learn parents: e.g., children will find it hard to
how to respect others if they have seen learn how to respect others if they have
parents to show a lack of respect attitude seen parents showing a lack of respectful
to the bonne or they have seen their attitude to the bonne, or they have seen
parents have a sense of scorn when they their parents have a sense of scorn when
are talking about coloreds. they are talking about different minorities.
③ Even if parents start to indulge in ③ Even if parents start to indulge in
excessive drinking when they face excessive drinking when they face diffi-
difficulties, it will not easy for them to learn culties, it will not easy for them to learn how
how to be strong when confront difficulties. to be strong when confronting difficulties.
潇尘：
改前： ① In addition to giving more love 改后： ① In addition to giving more love
and encouragement, parents also could be and encouragement, parents also could be
a positive model of dealing with affairs and a positive model of dealing with affairs and
proper life attitude to their children. proper life attitude to their children.
② As a matter of fact, if children has a ② As a matter of fact, if children have
terrible concept of conducting theirselves a terrible idea of how to conduct
in society, it always come from their themselves in society, it always comes
parents. For example, children saw their from their parents. For example, children
parents did not respect their nurse or talk saw their parents did not respect their nurse
with coloreds contemptuously, it would or talk with minorities contemptuously, it
hardly to teach them what is esteem. would hardly to teach them what esteem
is.
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③ However, if parents suffer something bad ③ However, if parents suffer something bad
from their daily life, they start to indulged to from their daily life, they start to indulge in
excessive drinking. Where do their children excessive drinking. Where do their children
learn how to face to strained circumstances learn how to face to strained circumstances
and gain the spirit of solving problems? and gain the spirit of solving problems?
我们：
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Day 19
Passage 19
Destructive Influence of Dams
① Dams are structures that block the flow of a river, stream, or other waterway. Some
dams divert the flow of river water into a pipeline, canal, or channel. Others raise the level
of inland waterways to make them navigable by ships and barges. And many dams harness
the energy of falling water to generate electric power. Dams also hold water for drinking and
crop irrigation, and provide flood control.
② The oldest known human-made dams were built more than 5,000 years ago, in arid parts
of the Middle East, to divert river water to irrigate crops. Today, there are more than 500,000
dams worldwide. The vast majority of these are small structures, less than 3 m (10 ft.)
tall. Engineers regard dams that measure more than 15 m (50 ft.) high as large dams. About
40,000 large dams exist in the world today.
③ Though dams could offer various benefits to mankind, they also tend to subject
the nearby ecosystem to greater danger. 〇 1 Building a dam changes the ecology of the
surrounding area and destructs the natural habitat of many animals, the most affected of
which are fish, which depend on free-flowing water to live. Salmon, for example, usually
migrate downstream to spend part of their life in the open ocean. As adults, they return
upstream to lay their eggs in the gravel bottoms of the rivers where they were born. Large
dams block their migratory passage, and severely threaten their population.
④ Dams also alter the water temperatures and microhabitats downstream. Water
released from behind the dams usually comes from close to the bottom of the reservoirs,
where little sunlight penetrates. This frigid water significantly lowers the temperatures of
sun-warmed shallows downstream, rendering them unfit for certain kinds of fish and other
wildlife. Natural rivers surge and meander, creating small pools and sandbars that provide
a place for young fish, insects, and other river-dwelling organisms to flourish. But dams alter
the river flow, eliminating these microhabitats and, in some cases, their inhabitants.
⑤ To minimize the adverse influence of dams, the U.S. government launched a series
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of measures to protect salmons and other migratory fish species. Some dams began to
incorporate a fish pass to allow the fish a chance to swim around the dam and reach
upstream spawning grounds. Fish passes, called fish ladders, comprise a series of small
pools arranged like stair steps. Each pool is slightly higher than the previous one. Fish
ladders are based on the idea that a fish swimming upstream cannot leap over a dam that
is more than about meters high, but it can leap up a series of pools, each slightly higher
than the one below it. Yet, despite fish passes and other efforts to help fish bypass dams,
the cumulative effect of multiple dams built along the length of a river continued to exact
a heavy toll on fish populations. In particular, the drastic decline of wild Pacific salmon
populations has raised alarm and become one of the most important conservation issues
in the Pacific Northwest. Less than 2 percent of the wild salmon population of the Columbia
River Basin remains, and only one individual sockeye salmon returned to the Snake River in
Idaho in 14. Coho salmon in the Snake River has been declared extinct, by the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, as have 06 other salmon populations on the West Coast.
⑥ With such a worsened situation, the US government ordered the removal of a series of
dams to restore the populations of salmons. In 17, the 2.4 m (8 ft.) Marie Dorian Dam that
blocked the passage to Pacific Salmon and Steelhead was removed from the Walla Walla
River. In 1, the 7.3 m (24 ft.) Edwards Dam was removed from the Kennebec River,
against the operator’s wishes, to reopen the blocked access to Atlantic Salmon and American
Shad. In 2011, the 37 m (123 ft.) Condit dam on the White Salmon River was removed for the
benefit of Pacific Salmon and Steelhead. In 2012, the largest dam removal project in history
happened. The m (08 ft.) Elwha Dam and the 64 m (20 ft.) Glines Canyon Dam were
removed to restore stocks of Pacific Salmon and trout species in the Elwha River watershed.
The removal of other dams is still under discussion.
——2012 年 1 月 13 日北美机经
The word “frigid” in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to 　　.

A. enormous
B. deep
C. very cold
D. stiff
核心词汇：
divert verb to turn sb./sth. from one course to another 使转向，转移
例：We diverted a plane to rescue 00 passengers.
harness verb to control and use the force or strength of sth. to produce power
or to achieve sth. 利用
例：We must harness the skill and creativity of our workforce.
88
19
续前表
arid adj. having little or no rain; very dry 干旱的
例：There are extreme arid regions where only the fittest survive.
lay verb if a bird, an insect, a fish, etc. lays eggs, it produces them from its
body 产（卵），下（蛋）
例：The cuckoo lays its eggs in other birds’ nests.
gravel noun small stone, often used to make the surface of paths and roads 碎
石，砂砾
例：His old car bumped down the gravel road.
migratory adj. connected with, or having the habit of, regular migration 迁移的
例：Little is known about the migratory habits of these huge fish.
microhabitat noun the microenvironment in which an organism lives 小环境，小生境
例： Many of the cache microhabitat are beneficial to seed
germination, a directed dispersal.
release verb to let sb./sth. come out of a place where they have been kept or
trapped 放出，排出
例：The dog is released in the evening.
penetrate verb to move into or through sth. 透过，穿透
例：X-rays can penetrate many objects.
frigid adj. very cold 寒冷的
例： A snowstorm hit the West today, bringing with it frigid
temperatures.
meander verb to curve a lot rather than being in a straight line 蜿蜒流动
例：We took a gravel road that meandered through farmland.
incorporate verb to include sth. so that it forms a part of sth. 合并
例：The agreement would allow the rebels to be incorporated into
a new national police force.
spawning noun a soft substance containing the eggs of fish, frogs etc. 产卵，增殖
例：They provide spawning grounds and nutrients for fish and
shellfish.
cumulative adj. having a result that increases in strength or importance each time
more of sth. is added 累积的
例：Scientific knowledge is cumulative.
exact verb to make sth. bad happen to sb. 强制，强求
例：Already he has exacted a written apology from the chairman
of the commission.
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Day 19
续前表
toll noun the amount of damage or the number of deaths and injuries that
are caused in a particular war, disaster, etc. 损失，伤亡
例：There are fears that the casualty toll may be higher.
drastic adj. extreme in a way that has a sudden, serious or violent effect on
sth. 剧烈的
例：Drastic measures are needed to clean up the profession.
词汇练习：
toll release penetrate microhabitat migratory gravel
frigid drastic divert cumulative arid
. It works in compression to ____ the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is
borne by the vertical elements on either side of the arch.（TPO-：Architecture）
2. Such programs are much needed because in many ____ lands there is only a vague
idea of the extent of groundwater resources.（TPO-2：Water in the Desert）
. Icebergs are ordinarily blue to white, although they sometimes appear dark or opaque
because they carry ____ and bits of rock.（OG Test 2：Green Icebergs）
4. The differences in feeding preferences lead, in turn, to differences in ____ habits.（OG
. Some plants can even survive in favorable ____ above the snow line.（TPO-：
Timberline Vegetation on Mountains）
6. This impact ____ an enormous amount of energy, excavating a crater about twice as
large as the lunar crater Tycho.（Official Model Exam：Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur
Extinction）
7. Rain washes away loose soil and ____ cracks in the rocks.（OG：Geology and
Landscape）
8. The summers were not too warm, nor the winters too ____.（TPO-8：Extinction of the
Dinosaurs）
. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are ____.（TPO-：The
Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems）
10. In 1857, in return for a payment of 63 million kronor from other commercial nations,
Denmark abolished the Sound ____ dues the fees it had collected since 147 for the use
of the Sound.（TPO-8：Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia）
11. The late Cretaceous extinction of the dinosaurs and ammonoids was just one of the
more ____ in a whole series of such recurrent extinction episodes.（TPO-：Mass
Extinctions）
10
19
参考答案：
. divert 2. arid . gravel 4. migratory . microhabitats
6. released 7. penetrates 8. frigid . cumulative 10. toll
. drastic
Sentence 19
英文原文：
Earth is a target in a cosmic shooting gallery, subject to random violent events that were un-
suspected a few decades ago.
Official Model Exam: Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction
参考翻译：
地球是宇宙射击场的一个靶子，容易受到随机猛烈事件的攻击，（这些猛烈事件）几
十年前还未被察觉。
知识点小结：
1.“shooting gallery”是“射击场”的意思；
“target”是“靶”的意思，可引申为“目标；
对象”。
（靶子就是射击的目标和对象，这种联想式的单词记忆法值得提倡。）
2. 这个句子中要重点学习“subject”，这个单词可以算是一词多义中的极品。什么意思呢？
因为它既可以作名词来表示多种含义，比如“科目，（文章等的）主题，题材”，在语
法术语上可称为“主语”，在哲学中可称为“主体”，在英国又可称为“臣民”等；又
可以用作形容词，意思是“易受……影响的”，“隶属于……的，受……支配的”；此
外，它还可以作动词讲，意思是“使服从，使隶属，使遭受”。当被用作形容词和动词
时，后面常跟介词“to”
。例如：
a. Mary is very subject to colds.
玛丽很容易患感冒。
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Day 19
（
“subject”在此是形容词）
b. He was subjected to the harshest possible conditions.
他遭遇到了最艰苦的条件。
（
“subject”在此是动词，与系动词一起构成被动语态）
3. 该句中用到的是“subject”的形容词意思，即“易受……影响的”，属于形容词短语修
饰前面的“earth”。后面“that”引导的定语从句修饰“ violent events”。
Earth is a target in a cosmic shooting gallery, subject to random violent events that were
unsuspected a few decades ago.
A. Until recently, nobody realized that Earth is exposed to unpredictable violent impacts from
space.
B. In the last few decades, the risk of a random violent impact from space has increased.
C. Since most violent events on Earth occur randomly, nobody can predict when or where
they will happen.
D. A few decades ago, Earth became the target of random violent events originating in outer
space.
学生，尤其是初中生和高中生，很容易受到同龄人的影响，不管是好的方面还是坏的
方面。
1st
2nd
12
19
3rd
参考翻译：
Students, especially middle school and high school students, are subject to peer
influence, in ways which are both good and bad.
（1）学生，尤其是初中生和高中生，很容易受到同龄人的影响，不管是好的方面还
是坏的方面。（2）因为学生们往往最容易受到身边人的影响——相比较而言，只是上课的
时候能见到的老师显然不如每天待在一起生活的朋友更容易影响自己。（3）让我举一个我
自己的例子：我的音乐老师认为我很有潜力参加合唱队，但我的好朋友们大都热衷于弹吉
他，结果显而易见：也许是因为朋友们潜移默化的影响，也许是为了能和朋友们有共同的
话题，反正我购买了一把新吉他。
1st
2nd
3rd
13
（第一册）
Day 19
写作题目：
Students are influenced more by their teachers than by their friends.
——2008..2
潇尘：
改前：① Students, especially senior school 改后： ① Students, especially senior

students and high school students, they are s c h o o l s t u d e n t s a n d h i g h s c h o o l
easy to be influenced by contemporary, students, are easily influenced by their
whatever advantage or disadvantage contemporaries, whatever the advantage
aspects. or disadvantage is.
② Because classmates always be facility ② Because classmates always have the
to affect students around them. In contrast, facility to affect students around them. In
teachers who are seen in class obviously contrast, teachers who are seen in class
cannot make much more effect than friends obviously cannot make much more effect
live together everyday. than friends who live together everyday.
③ Let me hold an example from myself, ③ Let me show an example from myself:
my music teacher believe that I am the my music teacher believed that I had the
person who has potential to take part in potential to take part in the chorus. But most
the chorus. But most of my good friends are of my good friends are skilled in playing
skilled in playing guitar. The consequence guitar. The consequence: the influence
is apparently, maybe there is a silence of my friends had a silent transformation
transforming influence of friends or I on me. I bought a new guitar in the end.
just want to have the same topic with my
friends. Any way, I bought a new guitar in
the end.
Randylogos：
改前：① Students, especially junior high 改后：① Students, especially junior high
school high school students, are likely school students, are likely affected by
affected by compeers, including positive peers, including positive and negative
and negative effect. effects.
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19
② Because compeers, who play and talk ② Because peers, who play and talk with
with students all day, have more huge students all day, have more influence on
influence on students, comparing with students, compared with teachers, who
teachers, who communicate with students communicate with students only a few
only few minutes in class. minutes in class.
③ As an example of mine, my music ③ As an example of mine, my music
teacher treat me as talented chorister, teacher treat me as talented chorister,
but my friends are interested in guitar. but my friends are interested in guitar.
Obviously, I buy a new guitar, because Obviously, I buy a new guitar, because of
either influence of friends or having a either the influence of friends or having a
mutual interest with my friends. mutual interest with my friends.
文儿：
改前：① The students, especially the junior 改后：① The students, especially the junior
middle school students and the senior middle middle school students and the senior middle
school students, are very subject to the peers, school students, are very subject to the peers,
either the beneficial aspect or the profitless. either the beneficial aspect or the profitless.
② Because students are often most subject ② Because students are often most subject
to the people around—comparatively to the people around them, comparatively
speaking, students are apparently more speaking, students are apparently more
easier to be impacted by the friends who live likely to be impacted by the friends who live
with students together daily than the teachers with students together daily than the teachers
who only can be seen during the class. who only can be seen during the class.
③ Taking myself for example: my music ③ Take myself for example: my music
teacher thinks that I have the potential teacher thinks that I have the potential
to join a chorus, however most of my to join a chorus; however most of my
friends playing the guitars, the result is friends play the guitar, and the result is
conspicuous: perhaps because the subtle conspicuous: perhaps because the subtle
influence of my friends or getting the influence of my friends or getting the
common topic between my friends and common topic between my friends and
mine, I purchased a new guitar. mine, I purchased a new guitar.
我们：
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Day 20
Passage 20
Brief Introduction of Comets
① A comet (in Latin—Stella cometa, “hairy star”) is a relatively small, icy celestial body
revolving around the Sun. When a comet nears the Sun, some of the ice in the comet turns
into gas. The gas and loose dust freed from the ice create a long, luminous tail that streams
behind the comet.
② Approximately 2,000 comets have been observed and recorded over the past 2,500
years. Several hundred of those were not visible to the naked-eye observers on Earth, and
were only discovered during the past few decades with the aid of astronomical instruments.
Appearances of large comets were regarded as atmospheric phenomena until 1577, when
Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe proved that they were celestial bodies. In the 17th century,
British scientist Isaac Newton demonstrated that the movements of comets are subject to
the same laws that control the planets in their orbits.
③ British astronomer Edmond Halley compared the orbital elements of a number of earlier
comets and found the comet of 1682 to be identical with the two that had appeared in 1607
and in 1531; he then successfully predicted the comet’s next return, which occurred in 1758.〇 1
The earlier appearances of what later came to be known as Halley’s Comet have now been
identified from records dating as early as 240 BC, and, it is probable, that the bright comet
observed in 466 BC was also an apparition of this famous comet. And Halley’s Comet, most
recently, passed around the Sun again early in 1986.
④ Comets have elliptical orbits with periods—the time they take to orbit the Sun once—
ranging from a few years to tens of thousands of years. The orbits of most comets are so
vast that they are indistinguishable from parabolas—open curves that would take the
comets out of the solar system. But from technical analyses, the astronomers assume that
they also are ellipses, simply of great eccentricity, with periods as long as 40,000 years, or,
possibly, even longer. The bright Comet Hyakutake, which was visible from Earth in 1996,
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20
has an estimated period of 10,000 years.
⑤ Comets were once believed to come from interstellar space. Although no detailed
theory of origin is generally accepted, many astronomers now believe that comets originated
in the outer, colder part of the solar system, from residual planetary matter in the early days
of the solar system. Comets are believed to be unchanged from the time the solar system
came into existence about 4.6 billion years ago. Consequently, scientists try to study them
closely for clues to the chemical makeup of the early solar system. The Dutch astronomer,
Jan Hendrik Oort, proposed that a “storage cloud” of comet material has accumulated far
beyond the orbit of Pluto, and that the gravitational effects of passing stars send some of
the material sunward, where it becomes visible as comets.
⑥ Since the 1990s, it has been realized that long-period comets (those with periods longer
than about 200 years) come from the Oort cloud, while short-period comets come from a
ring of debris known as the Kuiper Belt. The Kuiper Belt, which starts just beyond the orbit of
the planet Neptune, is flattened in the plane of the solar system. Comets that originate there
tend to have orbits in the same plane as the planets.
⑦ The appearance of a comet has given rise to the fear of collision between the comet and
Earth. Earth, in fact, has passed through the tails of occasional comets without measurable
effect. Some scientists suggest, however, that collisions have taken place in the astronomical
past. Scientists studying Comet Hale-Bopp in 1997, found chemicals in the comet that
are very similar to those that are thought to have led to life on Earth. Comets may have
provided Earth with water and important chemicals in its early history, but a collision between
Earth and a comet may also have had a climatic role in the extinction of the dinosaurs.
Despite scientific research dismissing the belief, comets have long been regarded by the
superstitions as portents of calamity or important events.
——2012 年 4 月 27 日北美机经
According to Paragraph 3, which of the following is true of Halley’s Comet?

A. It was observed recently with the aid of astronomical instruments.
B. It returns to Earth on a regular basis.
C. It is identical with several other comets.
D. It is also an atmospheric phenomena.
核心词汇：
celestial body sth. in space, such as a star or planet 天体
例：It is not just a celestial body in the university faraway.
revolving adj. able to turn in a circle 旋转的
例：The theater has a revolving stage.
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续前表
near verb to get close to sth. in distance, time or state 接近，靠近
例：We neared the top of the hill.
luminous adj. shining in the dark; giving out light 发光的，明亮的
例：The luminous dial on the clock showed five minutes to
seven.
astronomical adj. relating or belonging to the science of astronomy 天文的，天
文学的
例：An astronomical unit is the distance between the Earth
and the Sun.
be subject to be obliged to obey sth./sb.; under the authority of sth./
sb. 受……的支配
例：The arms trade should be subject to rigorous controls.
planet noun a large round object in space that moves around a star(such
as the Sun) and receives light from it 行星
例：The picture shows six of the nine planets in the solar
system.
orbit noun the curved path through which objects in space move around
a planet or star 轨道
例：A new satellite has been put into orbit around the Earth.
identical adj. similar in every detail 相同的
例：The number on the card should be identical with the one
on the chequebook.
apparition noun an act of appearing or becoming visible unexpectedly 出现
例： Natives were amazed at the apparition of this white
stranger.
elliptical adj. connected with or in the form of an ellipse 椭圆的
例：This is because of the Moon’s orbit around the Earth
which is oval or elliptical in shape.
indistinguishable adj. not clear; not able to be clearly identified 不能区分的
例：His words were indistinguishable.
parabola noun a curve like the path of an object thrown into the air and
falling back to earth 抛物线
例：The plane should follow the parabola.
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20
续前表
eccentricity noun a circularity that has a different center or deviates from a
circular path 离心率
例： Both of them were in almost exactly the same orbit
around the Earth, with a slight difference in eccentricity.
interstellar adj. between the stars in the sky 星际的
例：The real problem of interstellar communication does not
concern technology.
residual adj. remaining at the end of a process 剩余的
例：There are still a few residual problems with the computer
program.
gravitational adj. connected with or caused by the force of gravity 重力的，引力的
例：If a spacecraft travels faster than 11 km a second, it
escapes the Earth’s gravitational pull.
star noun a large ball of burning gas in space that we see as a point of
light in the sky at night 星
例：The nights were pure with cold air and lit with stars.
plane noun any flat or level surface, or an imaginary flat surface through
or joining material objects 平面
例：All the planets orbit the Sun in roughly the same plane,
around its equator.
measurable adj. large enough to be noticed or to have a clear and noticeable
effect 重大的
例：Static wage is a measurable challenge for the economy.
词汇练习：
interstellar residual measurable revolving identical
elliptical gravitational
1. However, its position with respect to the surroundings could be changed by ____ either
the inner cage containing the birds or the outer walls, which served as the background.
（TPO-11：Orientation and Navigation）
2. So, in another set of experiments, Kramer put ____ food boxes around the cage, with
food in only one of the boxes.（TPO-11：Orientation and Navigation）
3. Under the control of the Sun’s gravitational force, each planet maintains an ____ orbit and
all of them travel in the same direction.（TPO-16：Planets in Our Solar System）
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4. However, detailed studies of the chondrite matrix suggest that much of it, too, has been
formed by condensation or melting in the nebula, although minute amounts of surviving
____ dust are mixed with the processed materials.（TPO-22：The Allende Meteorite）
. A century earlier, Henry Cavendish had noted the existence of a ____ gas when oxygen
and nitrogen are removed from air, but its importance had not been realized.（TPO-6：
Development of the Periodic Table）
6. Under the control of the Sun’s ____ force, each planet maintains an elliptical orbit and all
of them travel in the same direction.（TPO-6：Planets in Our Solar System）
7. There is a growing body of opinion that both these physical variations have a ____ impact
on the climate.（TPO-0：Variations in the Climate）
参考答案：
. revolving 2. identical . elliptical 4. interstellar . residual
6. gravitational 7. measurable
Sentence 20
英文原文：
Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom—buries
the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the
organic matter to oil and gas.
TPO-4(2006.0.8): Petroleum Resources
参考翻译：
持续的沉积——堆积物沉积到海底的过程——将有机物埋起来并使之承受（海底）更
高的温度和更大的压力，从而将有机物转化成石油和天然气。
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20
知识点小结：
1.“the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom”属于动名词的逻辑主语（deposits’）
出现的情况，后面动词“settle”必须用“settling”的形式（因为跟在介词“of ”之后）。
2. 句子中出现两个连词“and”
，所以我们必须搞清楚每个“and”前后连接的成分各是什么。
第一个“and”连接“buries the organic matter”和“subjects it to higher temperatures and
pressures”；第二个“and”连接“temperatures”和“pressures”
。
3.“it”指代的是前面的“organic matter”
。
4.“which”引导的非限制性定语从句修饰前面的“higher temperatures and pressures”。一般
来说，不管是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句，大多数情况下先行词往往是某一
个词或短语（通常会与“which”等关系代词临近）。而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的
先行词也可以是整个主句。因为整个主句作为先行词的情况比较特殊，所以在教学中经
常被强调，这导致很多同学一遇到非限制性定语从句就将先行词视为前面的整个句子，
这样是不对的。大家不妨看看以下两个托福考试中的句子（我们之前也都讲过，现在当
作重温吧）。
But the movies differed significantly from these other forms of entertainment, which
depended on either live performance or (in the case of the slide-and-lantern shows) the
active involvement of a master of ceremonies who assembled the final program.
With the advent of projection, the viewer’s relationship with the image was no longer private,
as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope,
which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive images on
individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid.
Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom—buries the
organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the
organic matter to oil and gas.
A. Higher temperatures and pressures promote sedimentation, which is responsible for
petroleum formation.
B. Deposits of sediments on top of organic matter increase the temperature of and pressure
on the matter.
C. Increased pressure and heat from the weight of the sediment turn the organic remains
into petroleum.
D. The remains of microscopic organisms transform into petroleum once they are buried
under mud.
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兴趣能鼓励你更加深入、更加细致地学习一门专业，从而获得牢固的专业知识，这将
会是未来工作中的一件利器（此处可尝试使用“which”引导的非限制性定语从句）。
1st
2nd
3rd
参考翻译：
Interest can motivate you to pursue a major course in a more profound and more
meticulous manner, thereby enabling you to acquire a more solid professional knowledge,
which would be a strong and powerful tool in handling your future job.
（1）更进一步地说，选择了当前感兴趣的科目甚至说不定能够有利于未来的工作。
（2）原因其实很简单：兴趣能使你对一门专业的学习更加精细且更加深入 , 而对专业知识
的精通将会是未来工作中的一件利器——这甚至是在最开始不曾预料到的。（3）苹果公
司的创始人乔布斯曾在大学中对各种字体（这并非他的专业）十分感兴趣而旁听了相关课
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程；而他未曾预料到的是，从这个课上学到的字体知识居然成为日后给他带来巨大成功的
麦金塔系统的核心卖点。
1st
2nd
3rd
写作题目：
It is more important to choose a subject of your interest than to choose those that prepare
you for a job.
——2006.11.1
KERR：
改前： ① Furthermore, choosing one 改后： ① Furthermore, choosing one
subject that you interested in now may be subject that you interested in now may be
good for your future job. good for your future job.
20
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Day 20
② The reason is actually really simple: ② The reason is actually really simple:
interest can help you learn a subject more interest can help you learn a subject more
accurate and thoroughgoing, which will accurately and thoroughly, which will be
be your advantage during your work time— your advantage during your work time—it
it even cannot be forecast for the first time. cannot even be forecast for the first time.
③ Steve Jobs, the founder of Apple in ③ Steve Jobs, the founder of Apple in the
the United States, once so interested in United States, was once so interested in
different kinds of scripts, which was not different kinds of scripts, which was not his
his major, that he listened classes about it major, that he listened to classes about it
during the college, and what’s he doesn’t during college, and what he doesn’t predict
predict is the knowledge about the script is that the knowledge about the script that
that he learned from this class becomes his he learned from this class becomes the
kernel selling points of Macintosh system, kernel selling points of Macintosh system,
bring him great success. bringing him great success.
潇尘：
改前：① Furthermore, choosing the subject 改后：① Furthermore, choosing the subject
which is the most interesting one currently, which is the most interesting one currently,
so much so that students maybe making for so much so that students maybe making for
the career in the future. the career in the future.
② The reason is not complicated. ② The reason is not complicated.
Interesting makes you more careful and Interesting curricula makes you more
penetrate into the learning of a course in careful and you penetrate into the learning
a curriculum. If a person is proficient in of a course in a curriculum. If a person
professional knowledge which will be an is proficient in professional knowledge,
edge tool of work in the future --indeed it is which will be an edge tool of work in the
not be predicted at first. future—indeed it is not be predicted at first.
③ Steve Jobs, the father of Apple Inc, has ③ Steve Jobs, the father of Apple Inc,
great interests on various kinds of front has great interests on various kinds of font
design. Thereby, he was presented as an design. Thereby, he was presented as an
observer of relevant course. However, he has observer of the relevant course. However,
not ever reckon with the consequence he has not ever reckon with the consequence
that would be the core selling points of that would be the core selling points of
Macintosh system which has brought him a Macintosh system which has brought him a
roaring success in days to come. roaring success in days to come.
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贪吃的奶爸：
改前：① Furthermore, choose the subject 改后： ① Furthermore, choosing the
you are interested in may be benefit your subject you are interested in may benefit
future work. your future work.
② The reason is so easy: If you are ② The reason is so easy: If you are
interested in one subject, you will study interested in one subject, you will study
it more seriously and deeply. While the it more seriously and deeply, while the
subject you are good at can help your future subject you are good at can help your future
work even you never expect it. work even if you never expect it.
③ The Apple Inc.’ founder Jobs who ever ③ Jobs, the founder of Apple Inc., chose
choose some subjects of different fonts to study some subjects of different fonts,
although these are not his profession. To although these are not his profession.
his surprise, the fonts he studied become To his surprise, the fonts he studied has
the core selling points of the Mac system become the core selling points of the Mac
which brought him great success. system which brought him great success.
我们：
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Day 21
Passage 21
Brief History of the Calendar
① Calendar is a system of measuring time for the needs of civil life, by dividing time into
days, weeks, months, and years. Calendar divisions are based on the movements of the
Earth, and the regular appearances of the Sun and the Moon. A day is the average time
required for one rotation of the Earth on its axis, while a year is the time it take the Earth to
revolve around the Sun once, and is called a seasonal, tropical, or solar year.〇 1 A solar year
contains 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 45.5 seconds. A month was originally calculated
by ancient people as the time between two full moons (29.5 days). This measurement, called
a synodic or lunar month, resulted in a lunar year of 354 days, 11 days shorter than a solar
year. On modern calendars, however, the number of days in a month is not based on the
phases of the moon. The length of the months is approximately one-twelfth of a year (28 to
31 days), and is adjusted to fit the 12 months in a solar year. The week was derived from
the Judeo-Christian tradition, which requires rest from labor every seventh day. It is not
based on a natural phenomenon.
② The Egyptians created a calendar at a very early stage, based on their observations
of the movements of the Sun and the stars. Perhaps, representing one of the first attempts
at making a calendar is the remnants of stone circles, from around 8000 BC, in the
southwestern corner of modern Egypt. These stone circles may have been used to map the
movement of the heavenly bodies. The Egyptians probably created a calendar because it
was so important for their survival to know when the Nile’s flood would come. They divided
each day into 24 hours, 12 for the daytime and 12 for the night. A period of ten days made
up a week, and one month included three such weeks, or 30 days. A year comprised 12
months, and was divided into three seasons of four months each. To the 360 days, of the 12
months in a year, the Egyptians added 5 more days, which they referred to as the birthdays
of several Gods. Thus, an Egyptian year totaled 365 days, remarkably close to the 365¼
days it takes for the Earth to go around the Sun. There was no concept of a leap year, so the
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21
calendar fell behind by one day every four years.
③ In 45 BC, Julius Caesar decided to use a purely solar calendar upon the advice of
the Greek astronomer Sosigenes. This calendar, known as the Julian calendar, fixed
the normal year at 365 days, and the leap year, every fourth year, at 366 days. In this
way, the extra 1/4 day a year could be accounted for. The Julian year, however, was
11 min and 14 sec longer than the solar year (a solar year contains 365 days, 5 hours,
48 minutes, and 45.5 seconds, while the 1/4 day equals to 6 hours). This discrepancy
accumulated until 1582 when the vernal equinox occurred 10 days early, and church
holidays did not occur in the appropriate seasons. To make the vernal equinox occur on
March 21, as it had in 325 AD, the year of the First Council of Nicaea, Pope Gregory ⅩⅢ issued
a decree dropping 10 days from the calendar. To prevent further displacement, he instituted
a calendar, known as the Gregorian calendar, which provided that century years divisible
evenly by 400 should be leap years and that all other century years should be common
years. Thus, 1600 was a leap year, but 1700 and 1800 were common years.
——2012 年 9 月 21 日、22 日北美机经
It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that after 1582 　　.

A. church holidays occurred in appropriate seasons
B. 10 days were regularly deleted from the calendar
C. Gregorian calendar became popular
D. Julian calendar was dropped
核心词汇：
division noun the process or result of dividing into separate parts; the process
or result of dividing sth. or sharing it out 划分，分割
例：A hedge forms the division between her land and mine.
rotation noun the action of an object moving in a circle around a central fixed
point 自转
例：In the sixth century, a Hindu astronomer taught that the
daily rotation of the Earth on its axis provided the rising and
setting of the Sun.
axis noun an imaginary line through the center of an object, around which
the object turns 轴
例：Mars takes longer to revolve on its axis than the earth.
adjust verb to change sth. slightly to make it more suitable for a new set of
conditions or to make it work better 调整，适应
例： Watch out for sharp bends and adjust your speed
accordingly.
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续前表
derive verb to get or obtain sth. from sth. else 源自，得自
例：He derived great pleasure from painting.
remnant noun a part of sth. that is left after the other parts have been used,
removed, destroyed, etc. 剩余
例： The woods are remnants of a huge forest which once
covered the whole area.
heavenly body any object existing in space, especially a planet, star, or the
moon 天体
例：The Sun is a heavenly body.
comprise verb to have sb./sth. as parts or members; to consist of sb./sth. 包含，
由……组成
例：The committee is comprised of representatives from both
the public and private sectors.
refer to to describe or be connected to sb./sth. 指的是
例：This paragraph refers to the events of last year.
discrepancy noun a difference between two or more things that should be the
same 差别，不一致
例：There was a discrepancy in the two reports of the accident.
decree noun an official order from a ruler or a government that becomes the
law 法令
例：In July he issued a decree ordering all unofficial armed
groups in the country to disband.
divisible adj. that can be divided, usually with nothing remaining 可分割的
例：8 is divisible by 2 and 4, but not by .
evenly adv. in a smooth, regular or equal way 平均地，均匀地
例：She was fast asleep, breathing evenly.
词汇练习：
rotation refer division adjust derive
. Apart from this, being able to give up labor-intensive grain production freed both the land
and the workforce for more productive agricultural ____.（TPO-2：Seventeenth-Century
2. Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal’s daily rhythms with particular
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21
features of the local solar day but also—because it normally does so day after day—
seems to keep the internal clock’s period close to that of Earth’s ____.（TPO-：
. Only after several inadequate breaths under such conditions, resulting in the considerable
elevation of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen in the blood, is breathing effort ____.
（TPO-24：Breathing During Sleep）
. Information on temperature, rainfall, and other aspects of the climate that can be inferred
from the systematic changes in properties is usually ____ to as proxy data.（TPO-0：
Variations in the Climate）
参考答案：
1. divisions 2. rotation 3. adjusted 4. derived 5. referred
Sentence 21
英文原文：
The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability” means. Stability can
be defined as simply lack of change… Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with
which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire.
TPO-(2006.8.2): The Long-term Stability of Ecosystems
参考翻译：
第一个问题是并非所有的生态学家都赞同“稳定性”的含义。稳定性可以简单地被定
义为“缺乏变化”……另外，稳定性也可以被定义为“生态系统在经历了比如火灾之类的
严重破坏之后恢复原貌的速度”。
20
（第一册）
Day 21
知识点小结：
1. 需要指出的是，希望大家能够模仿学习本次句子翻译中关于“定义”的写法。这种针对
某个关键词所给出的定义我们在写作中也会经常用到，而且往往是在文章的开头部分。
2. 在引入第二个方案或情况时，是否可以考虑使用“alternatively”这个单词？这样简简
单单的一个单词比花费大量笔墨来写“a second/another way is to define stability as…”要
更加有效、更加地道。
3. 需要掌握一个重要的语法点——带介词的定语从句，如本句中的“ … the speed with
which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance”。具体来看，
应该如何掌握呢？
第一步，大家要知道：将定语从句中的“that，which”等关系代词还原后，定语从句
应是一个完整的句子。比如：This is the factory that I visited the other day. 句子中“that”指代
的是“the factory”
，可以将定语从句还原为“I visited the factory the other day”。
第二步，在第一步的基础上再看一个句子“This is the factory where my father worked”。
其中大家肯定都听老师讲过“where”相当于“in which”，于是整个句子就相当于“This is
the factory in which my father worked”或者“This is the factory which my father worked in”
（which 指代的是 the factory）
。将定语从句还原为正常语序时，句子为“my father worked
in the factory”
。而如果原来的定语从句中没有介词“in”，那么还原后的句子是“my father
worked the factory”，这显然是不对的。所以定语从句中关系代词的前面是否需要加介词，
取决于定语从句的句意和结构。
4.“… the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major
disturbance” 可以还原为“an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major
disturbance with the speed…”。如果“with”缺失的话，整个句子就不通顺了。
The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that
ecologists do not all agree what “stability” means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of
change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by
definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed
with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as
a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would
be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to
the climax state.
. According to this paragraph, why is the question of ecosystem stability complicated?
A. The reasons for ecosystem change are not always clear.
B. Ecologists often confuse the word “stability” with the word “resilience.”
C. The exact meaning of the word “stability” is debated by ecologists.
D. There are many different answers to ecological questions.
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21
2. According to this paragraph, which of the following is true of climax communities?
A. They are more resilient than pioneer communities.
B. They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities.
C. They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances.
D. They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over time.
在开始讨论朋友的角色职责之前，我们应该先明确一下朋友的含义。有些人将朋友定
义为“能够坦诚相对的人”，有些人将朋友定义为“能够让自己保持真我的人”。而在我看
来，朋友是“无论何时都能一如既往地关心我的人”。
1st
2nd
3rd
参考翻译：
Before discussing friends’ roles and responsibilities, we should first define the meaning
of friends. Some people regard friends as someone “with whom they can be sincere”, and
some think of them as someone “before whom they can remain true to themselves”. For me,
2
（第一册）
Day 21
friends are “those who keep caring about me no matter when and no matter where”.
（1）在开始讨论朋友的角色职责之前，我们应该先明确一下朋友的含义。（2）有些人
将朋友定义为“能够坦诚相对的人”，有些人将朋友定义为“能够让自己保持真我的人”。
（3）而在我看来，朋友是“无论何时都能一如既往地关心我的人”。（4）这种关心不仅体
现在困难时伸出援手，成功时分享喜悦，更重要的是能够做到他人不会去做的事情，比如
及时指出我所犯的错误就是其中之一。
1st
2nd
3rd
写作题目：
Letting a friend make a mistake is better than saying or doing something which will destroy
the friendship.
——2006..26
22
21
郑垒 nbxs：
改前：① Before the discussion of the duty 改后：① Before the discussion of the duty
of friends, we should firstly agree what of friends, we should first agree to what
“friend” means. “friend” means.
② Friends can be defined as people who ② Friends can be defined as people who
are honesty to others; alternatively, they are honest to others. Alternatively, they
can be defined as people who can let us can be defined as people who can let us be
keep ourselves. ourselves.
③ In my opinion, friends are the people ③ In my opinion, friends are the people
who can always care about me the same who always care about me the same as
as usual. usual.
④ This kind of care is reflected not only ④ This kind of care is reflected not only by
by supporting me in my difficult times or supporting me in difficult times or sharing
sharing happiness in my successful times, happiness in successful times, but also
but also by, what is more important, being by being able to do something others
able to do something others cannot do, cannot do, one of which is pointing out my
one of which is pointing out my mistake mistakes immediately, which is more
immediately. important.
小颖：
改前：① Before we can talk about what 改后： ① Before we can talk about the
the responsibilities friends take for each responsibilities friends take for each other,
other, we must first define what friend is. we must first define what a “friend” is.
② Friend can be defined as a person who ② A friend can be defined as a person who
is always sincere with me. Alternatively, is always sincere with me. Alternatively,
friend can be defined as a person who a friend can be defined as a person who
helps you keep the best in you. helps you keep the best in you.
③ From my point of view, my best friend is ③ From my point of view, my best friend is
the one who cares about me at any time, as the one who cares about me at any time, all
always. the time.
④ This kind of care not only simply means ④ This kind of care not only means that one
that one reaches out his hand when I am reaches out his hand when I am in trouble
in trouble or shares my happiness when I or shares my happiness when I succeed,
succeed, but also means that he can do but also means that he can do something
something that others people cannot do for that others cannot do for me, like pointing
me, like pointing out my mistakes at time is out my mistakes is one of them.
one of them.
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Day 21
张伟 _David：
改前：① Before discuss the responsibility 改后：① Before discuss the responsibility
of friend, we should make sure the definition of friend, we should make sure the definition
of friend. of friend.
② Someone simply define friend as who ② Someone could simply define friends
could be honest to each other. Alternatively, as people who could be honest to each
friend can be defined as who could help us other. Alternatively, friends can be defined
to be real one. as those who could help us to be real one.
③ In my opinion, friend can be defined as ③ In my opinion, friends can be defined as
who could care and support ourselves those who care and support me whenever
whenever and wherever. and wherever.
④ The caring include not only he or she ④ The caring includes not only when he
helped me when I was in difficulty or shared or she helped me when I was in difficulty
the joyful of success, but also could do or shared the joyful of success, but could
something others cannot do, such as point also do something others cannot do, such
out what’s my fault directly. as directly point out when something is
my fault.
我们：
24
Day 22
Passage 22
Agriculture and Irrigation
① The single, decisive factor that made it possible for mankind to settle in permanent
communities was agriculture. After farming was developed in the Middle East in about
6500 BC, people living in tribes or family units did not have to be on the move, continually
searching for food or herding their animals. As farming all over the world has always relied
upon a dependable water supply, the first great civilizations all grew up along rivers.
② The civilization of ancient Egypt, for example, was indebted to the Nile River and its
dependable seasonable flooding. Egyptian society was confined almost exclusively to the
Nile Valley and Delta. Most settlements were located on, or close to, the banks of the Nile,
with the densest population found on the floodplains. An increasing population could only
have been sustained if the land and the economy could support it. As more people poured
into the area, the Egyptians developed systems to deal with fluctuations in the height of
the annual flood of the Nile. Moreover, by the Middle Kingdom, they had learned to reclaim
previously unused and unusable land for agricultural purposes. Each period brought growth
in the populations of existing cities and the founding of new cities.
③ So much depended on the Nile’s annual flood, the Egyptians sought to control as
much of it as they could by constructing dikes, maintaining high walls, and digging irrigation
channels. They also developed a simple mechanism to lift small amounts of water out of the
channels and onto the fields. That device, called a shadoof, consisting of a bucket set at one
end of a counterweighted pole is among the earliest devices for lifting water from streams to
higher-lying fields.
④ Despite all their efforts to control the annual flood, the ancient Egyptians could not
prevent problems. An inundation that was too high could result in damaging floodwaters. One
that was too low might not provide sufficient water for irrigation. The Egyptians, therefore,
gradually developed new methods of irrigation.
⑤ Basin irrigation was one such innovation. In comparison to former ways of flood control,
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Day 22
it proved to be more efficient, allowing the ancient Egyptians to control the rise and fall of the
river to best suit their agricultural needs.〇 1 A crisscross network of earthen walls was formed
in a field of crops that would be flooded by the river. When the floods came, the water would
be trapped in the basins formed by the walls. This grid would hold water longer than it would
have naturally stayed, allowing the earth to become fully saturated for later planting. Once
the soil was fully watered, the floodwater that remained in the basin would simply be drained
to another basin that was in need of more water. They also started to build permanent dams
further upstream, whereby water could be raised to a desired level. The water was then
allowed to flow by gravity through canals to lower-lying areas, where it was let out over gently
sloping fields.
⑥ However convenient and profitable, irrigations began causing problems as time went on.
The chief problem caused by continuous irrigation was that of salt accumulating in the upper
layers of the soil, stunting or preventing plant growth. Nearly all irrigation water, whatever
its source, contains some salt, which percolates down to the water table and makes it
increasingly salty. Where drainage is bad and the water table approaches root level, the
concentrated salt makes plant growth impossible. Increased salinity due to poorly-drained
soil began to ruin rich lands of the southern Tigris-Euphrates Valley in Mesopotamia as
early as 2100 BC. By 1700 BC, yields from these lands dwindled to one-fourth of their once
abundant harvests, and the great Sumerian cities that depended on them went to ruin. Many
civilization centers began to drift away.
——2012 年 4 月 20 日北美机经
The word “saturated” in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to 　　.

A. covered
B. soaked
C. loaded
D. prepared
核心词汇：
decisive adj. very important for the final result of a particular situation 决定
性的
例：She has played a decisive role in the peace negotiations.
herd verb to make animals move together as a group 放牧
例：Wild geese herd to the south in autumn every year.
be indebted to be grateful to sb. for helping you 感激的
例：This nation will always be indebted to you.
26
22
续前表
confined adj. small and enclosed by walls or sides 受限制的
例：It is cruel to keep animals in confined spaces.
exclusively adv. only given to one particular person or group 单独地
例：He works for Mr. Smith exclusively.
floodplain noun an area of flat land beside a river that regularly becomes
flooded when there is too much water in the river 泛滥平原
例：Leaving the town, they walked towards the floodplain.
sustain verb to provide enough of what sb./sth. needs in order to live or
exist 供养
例：We sustained ourselves on bread and water.
fluctuation noun a change in a price, amount, level etc. 起伏，波动
例：He kept a record of price fluctuations.
reclaim verb to make land, such as desert or flooded areas, suitable for
farming or building 改造，开拓
例：The site for the airport will be reclaimed from the swamp.
suit verb to be right or good for sb./sth. 适合
例：This hot weather doesn’t suit me.
crisscross adj. with many straight lines that cross each other 交叉的
例：These concepts are interrelated and differentiate, making
a crisscross network of dialects.
grid noun a pattern of straight lines, usually crossing each other to form
squares 格子
例：Sheet edges are normally either graduate lines or grid
lines.
saturated adj. completely wet 渗透的
例：We were caught in the rain and came home saturated.
stunt verb to prevent sb./sth. from growing or developing as much as
they/it should 阻碍
例：The constant winds had stunted the growth of plants and
bushes.
percolate verb (of a liquid, gas, etc.) to move gradually through a surface that
has very small holes or spaces in it 渗出
例：Water had percolated down through the rocks.
217
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Day 22
续前表
salinity noun the relative proportion of salt in a solution 盐度
例：The Atlantic Ocean had undergone changes in tempera-
ture and salinity.
例：Membership of the club has dwindled from 70 to 20.
词汇练习：
sustain suit salinity saturated stunt
reclaim herd grid fluctuation confined
decisive exclusively
. It proposes a ____ new test of the Alvarez hypothesis.（TPO-：Mass Extinctions）
2. Upper Paleolithic art was not ____ to cave paintings. Many shafts of spears and similar
objects were decorated with figures of animals.（TPO-4：Cave Art in Europe）
. The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in
local government, so social development was ____ and the seeds of disaffection sown.
（TPO-1：The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain）
4. Moreover, our humanness must be ____ through social interaction—and fairly constantly
so.（TPO-：Types of Social Groups）
. To build up a better picture of ____ appreciably further back in time requires us to use
6. Then, about 7000 B.C., within the space of a few generations, they switched abruptly to
____ domesticated goats and sheep and to growing einkorn, pulses, and other cereal
grasses.（TPO-20：Early Settlements in the Southwest Asia）
7. The total volume of water in the ____ sample must therefore be thought of as consisting
of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.（TPO-：Groundwater）
8. As the demand for agricultural produce from both consumers and industry increased,
agricultural land became more valuable and people tried to work the available land more
intensively and to ____ more land from wetlands and lakes.（TPO-2：Seventeenth-
Century Dutch Agriculture）
. The later species all depend on the preparations of the earlier one, for the actions of the
zebra alter the vegetation to ____ the stomachs of the wildebeest, topi, and gazelle.（OG
10. Neither party could win an election by appealing ____ to the rich or the poor.（OG：
Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United States）
. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial
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22
workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a
regular ____ pattern of streets and buildings.（TPO-8：The Rise of Teotihuacán）
2. Increasing ____ caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scores of
invertebrate species.（TPO-7：The Geologic History of the Mediterranean）
参考答案：
1. decisive 2. confined 3. stunted 4. sustained 5. fluctuations
6. herding 7. saturated 8. reclaim . suit 10. exclusively
. grid 2. salinity
Sentence 22
英文原文：
The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the
northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by
humans.
TPO-(2006.8.2): The Long-term Stability of Ecosystems
参考翻译：
例如美国西北部圣海伦火山的猛烈喷发所造成的破坏，和人类活动对环境造成的破坏
相比就相形见绌了。
知识点小结：
对于这句话的理解需要大家有足够强的句子简化能力，所以是一个很好的练习机会。
1. 先确定主语，找出所有的修饰成分。主语是“the destruction”。该主语后面出现两个后
缀修饰成分：一个是分词短语“caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens”，修
饰主语（还记得之前讲过的分词短语可以还原成定语从句吗？
）；另一个是介词短
21
（第一册）
Day 22
语“in the northwestern United States”，修饰其前面的“Mount St. Helens”

。另外，还有
一个插入语“for example”。所以经过分析，可以先把“caused by the volcanic explosion
of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example” 这整个部分都暂时
忽略。
2. 在确定谓语前，我们先来分析一下后半句的结构：首先，“in comparison to”（与……相
比）是一个短语，和它后面的“the destruction”紧密联系；其次，“caused by humans”
又是一个分词结构的修饰成分，修饰前面的“the destruction”。
3. 有人可能不认识“pales”这个单词，但经过一番分析之后，大家会发现“in comparison
to the destruction caused by humans”中出现的几个成分都是紧密相连的，没有一个单词
可以充当谓语，就只剩下“pales”了，它应该就是句子的谓语。
“pale”的常见用法是
作形容词，意思是“苍白的，暗淡的”；但是它也可以作动词，意思是“使……苍白或
暗淡，与……相比暗淡无光”。这种单词的灵活运用也是需要大家掌握和模仿的。
Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of
communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or
destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount
St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the
destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most
important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.
The word “pales” in the passage is closest in meaning to 　　.
A. increases proportionally
B. differs
C. loses significance
D. is common
在我看来，高薪在从工作获得的快乐面前，显得微不足道。
（建议尝试用“derive from”构成的分词结构来作修饰语，也可尝试使用“pale”这个
单词。）
1st
220
22
2nd
3rd
参考翻译：
In my opinion, high salary pales in comparison to the happiness derived from work.
（1）在我看来 , 从工作中获得的快乐比高薪更加重要。
（2）因为工作的目标，除了
是为了获得生活所必需的金钱，更重要的是从工作中获得的成就感。（3）Elbert Hubbard
赞同我的观点，曾这样说过，“Get happiness out of your work or you may never know what
happiness is.”
（4）高薪却不快乐的工作显然违背了这一论述。
1st
2nd
22
（第一册）
Day 22
3rd
写作题目：
Being happy with a job is more important than having a high salary.
——2006..2
西北一：
改前： ① In my opinion, the high salary 改后： ① In my opinion, the high salary
getting from a job pales in comparison to getting from a job pales in comparison to
the happiness driven from the job. the happiness driven from the job.
② Because what we want from a job is not ② Because what we want from a job is not
only the necessary money for a living, but only the necessary money for a living, but
also the felling of achievement that count. also the feeling of achievement that counts.
③ Elbert Hubbard, a famous writer once ③ Elbert Hubbard, a famous writer, once
said “Get happiness out of your work or you said “Get happiness out of your work or you
may never know what happiness is”. From may never know what happiness is”. From
this word, he holds the same opinion with this word he holds the same opinion with
me undoubtedly. me undoubtedly.
④ However, a job which provide high ④ However, a job which provides high
salary with few happiness is contrary to salary with little happiness is contrary to
what Elbert Hubbard said above obviously. what Elbert Hubbard said above obviously.
潇尘：
改前： ① From my point of view, high- 改后： ① From my point of view, the
paying jobs pales deriving from happy monetary gained from high-paying jobs
which comes from work. pales against the happiness derived from
working.
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22
② Because the employment objective, in ② Because the most important objective
addition to getting money which is essential of employment, in addition to getting
to life, the most important is gaining money, which is essential to life, is the
achievement from career. achievement gained from one’s career.
③ Elbert Hubbard also agrees with my ③ Elbert Hubbard also agrees with my
viewpoint, he has said get happiness out viewpoint; he has said “get happiness out
of your work or you may never know what of your work or you may never know what
happiness is. Obviously, fat salary job happiness is.” Obviously, a fat-salaried job
without happy violates this discussion. without happiness violates this discussion.
曦说：
改前：① From my perspective, high salary 改后：① From my perspective, the high
derived from jobs of earning 5 million a year salary derived from jobs of earning 5 million
with no leisure time, for example, pales in a year with no leisure time, for example,
comparison happiness from comfortable pales in comparison with the happiness
working conditions. from comfortable working conditions.
② Besides obtain necessary money for ② Besides obtaining necessary money
daily living, the most important purpose of for daily living, the most important purpose
working is to acquire achivemental sense of working is to acquire a sense of
in the jobs. achievement in the jobs.
③ Elbert Hubbard has approved of my ③ Elbert Hubbard approved of my point
point, as he was saying “Get happiness out as he was saying, “Get happiness out of
of your work or you may never know what your work or you may never know what
happiness is.” happiness is.”
④ The works of be high salary with limited ④ The works of high salary with limited
happiness are contradicted this statement happiness are contradicted by this
obviously. statement obviously.
我们：
223
Day 23
Passage 23
The Process of Sugar Making
① Sugar is the generalized name for a class of sweet-flavored substances used as

food. Among the commercially important sugars are glucose, lactose, and maltose, which
are widely used in infant feeding; the most important, however, is sucrose, also called
saccharose or cane sugar, even when its source is not the sugarcane. It is used as a
sweetening agent for foods and in the manufacture of candies, cakes, puddings, preserves,
soft and alcoholic beverages, and many other foods. So important is sucrose as a basic
foodstuff that were it to be absent, appoximately 13 percent of all energy supplied by foods
would be gone.〇 1
② Sucrose is present in limited quantities in many plants, including various palms and
the sugar maple, but only exists in sufficient concentrations for efficient extraction in
sugarcane and sugar beet. More than half of the world’s sugar supply is obtained from the
sugarcane, which is grown in tropical and subtropical climates. The rest is supplied by the
sugar beet, which is grown in temperate regions.
③ The sugarcane must go through a series of processes to become sugar. After
harvesting, the thick stems of the sugarcane are stripped of leaves. In the mills of the sugar
factory, the stems are crushed and shredded between toothed rollers, through which the
juice is extracted while the shredded material passes. This process is called grinding.
During grinding, hot water is sprayed over the crushed material to dissolve out some of the
remaining sugar. Then, lime is added to the raw juice drawn from the mill and the mixture is
heated to boiling; during this process, unwanted organic acids form insoluble compounds
with the lime, which can be filtered off along with other solid impurities. After that, often
the juice is treated with gaseous sulfur dioxide to bleach it and is then passed through
filter presses. The resulting clear juice is then evaporated in a partial vacuum and heated
until it forms a thick syrup containing many crystals of sugar. The dense mass of crystals
224
23
and syrup is known as massecuite. The massecuite is placed in a centrifuge whose walls
are pierced by small holes through which the syrup, called molasses, is forced out during
centrifuging. The yellowish or brown sugar remains after the centrifuging process is called
first sugar, or raw sugar.
④ The raw sugar, which has uses for some manufacturers, is yet to be used for food; it
has to be refined further. Therefore, the raw sugar will be sprayed with water to remove any
molasses that may have clung to the crystals, and is then moved to the refinery.
⑤ The molasses may be boiled again and re-evaporated in an attempt to crystallize out
some of the rich sucrose content of this liquid. In modern cane-sugar manufacture, however,
the syrup is usually crystallized only once. The molasses is a valuable by-product of the sugar
industry, being used in the manufacture of ethyl alcohol and rum, as a table syrup and food
flavoring, as food for farm animals, and in the manufacture of several processed tobaccos.
⑥ Sugar can also be manufactured from the roots of the sugar beet, with its leaves and
tops removed after harvesting and used as stock feed. The roots are cut into cossettes,
or chips, at the sugar factory, and the cossettes are crushed to extract the juice. The pulp
remaining after the extraction of the juice is a rich food for domestic animals. After extraction,
lime is added to the juice, and the remainder of the process is similar to sugar production
from sugarcane. The sugar that is produced from the sugar beet is identical to the sugar
that is derived from the sugarcane. But beet molasses is mostly fed to livestock, with no table
molasses made from beets because of difficulties in purification.
——2012 年 10 月 9 日北美机经
According to paragraph 4, cane-sugar manufacture in the past 　　.

A. don’t treat molasses as valuable by-products
B. used to boil the molasses again to crystallize out more sucrose content
C. often spray water on the raw sugar to remove remaining molasses
D. don’t leave many by-products
核心词汇：
generalized adj. not detailed; not limited to one particular area 广义的，普遍的
例：A stereotype is a simplified and generalized idea about a
group of people.
sweet-flavored adj. with sweetening added 甜味的
例：Sugar is sweet-flavored.
agent noun a chemical or a substance that produces an effect or a change
or is used for a particular purpose 剂
例：In the reaction, the chemical acts as an oxidizing agent.
225
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Day 23
续前表
preserve noun a type of jam made by boiling fruit with a large amount of sugar
果酱，蜜饯
例：She decided to make peach preserves for Christmas gifts.
approximately adv. almost correct or accurate, but not completely so; not exact 近
似地，大概
例：The journey took approximately seven hours.
derive verb to get or obtain sth. from sth. else 源自，得自
例：The new drug is derived from fish oil.
sufficient adj. enough for a particular purpose 充分的，充足的
例：These reasons are not sufficient to justify the ban.
concentration noun a large amount or large numbers of sth. in a small area 浓度
例：The latest data showed that global ozone concentrations
had dropped several per cent over the last decade.
extraction noun the act or process of removing or obtaining sth. from sth. else
提取
例：Commercial peat extraction is destroying many threatened
habitats.
obtain verb to gain or attain usually by planned action or effort 获得
例：Further details can be obtained by writing to the above
address.
temperate adj. (of a climate or region) having a mild temperature without
extremes of heat or cold 温带的
例：The Nile Valley keeps a temperate climate throughout the year.
strip verb to remove a layer from sth., especially so that it is completely
bare 去除
例：Deer had stripped all the bark off the tree.
crush verb to press or squeeze sth. so hard that it is damaged or injured,
or loses its shape 压碎
例：The car was completely crushed under the truck.
shred verb to cut or tear sth. into small pieces 撕碎，切碎
例：He was accused of shredding documents relating to the case.
grind verb to wear down, polish, or sharpen by friction 磨碎，碾碎
例：Store the peppercorns in an airtight container and grind
the pepper as you need it.
226
23
续前表
spray verb to cover sb./sth. with very small drops of a liquid that are forced
out of a container or sent through the air 喷
例：The crops are regularly sprayed with pesticide.
dissolve verb to mix with a liquid and become part of it 溶解
例：Heat gently until the sugar dissolves.
acid noun (chemistry) a chemical compound, usually a liquid, that contains
hydrogen and has a PH of less than seven 酸
例：Battery acid had eroded the engine.
insoluble adj. (of a substance) that does not dissolve in a liquid 不可溶解的
例：Carotenes are insoluble in water and soluble in oils and
fats.
filter verb to pass liquid, light, etc. through a special device, especially to
remove sth. that is not wanted 过滤
例：All drinking water must be filtered.
impurity noun a substance that is present in small amounts in another
substance, making it dirty or of poor quality 杂质
例：The air in the factory is filtered to remove impurities.
bleach verb to make sth. white or pale by a chemical process or by the
effect of sunlight; to become white or pale in this way 漂白
例：These products don’t bleach the hair.
press noun a piece of equipment that is used for creating pressure on
things, to make them flat or to get liquid from them 压力机
例：Someone needs to fix the garlic press.
evaporate verb to disappear, especially by gradually becoming less and less
蒸发
例：Her confidence had now completely evaporated.
syrup noun a very sweet, thick, light-colored liquid made by dissolving
sugar in water 糖浆，糖汁
例：Mother dosed the child up with cough syrup.
crystal noun a small piece of a substance with many even sides, that is
formed naturally when the substance becomes solid 晶体，
结晶
例：It is snow and ice crystals.
227
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Day 23
续前表
centrifuge noun a machine with a part that spins around to separate
substances, for example liquids from solids, by forcing the
heavier substance to the outer edge 离心器
例：After cooling, the emulsion flows into a centrifuge.
pierce verb to make a small hole in sth., or to go through sth., with a sharp
object 穿透
例：He pierced another hole in his belt with his knife.
refine verb to make sth. pure or improve sth., especially by removing
unwanted material 提炼，提纯
例：Their daily work is to refine crude oil.
molasses noun thick dark syrup drained from raw sugar during the refining
process 糖蜜，糖浆
例：Mother poured milk and molasses into a bowl.
cling verb to hold on tightly to sb./sth.; to stick to sth. 黏附
例：The wet shirt clung to his chest.
stock noun farm animals, such as cows and sheep, that are kept for their
meat, wool, etc. 牲畜，家畜
例：Some long-distance migrations are a known disease threat
to humans and stock.
feed noun food for animals or plants 饲料
例： The grain just rotted and all they could use it for was
animal feed.
pulp noun a soft wet substance that is made especially by crushing sth.
果肉
例：The olives are crushed to a pulp by stone rollers.
remainder noun the remaining people, things or time; the rest 剩余物
例：I spent the remainder of the afternoon in play.
identical adj. similar in every detail 相同的
例：Her dress is almost identical to mine.
purification noun the act or an instance of purifying or of being purified 净化，
提纯
例：The water goes through three stages of purification.
词汇练习：
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23
temperate spray refine press impurity
identical extraction evaporate dissolve derive
crystal cling approximately grind
2. ____ were burnt away with the use of coke, producing a high-quality refined iron.
（TPO-26：Energy and the Industrial Revolution）
3. Eventually, Agassiz and others convinced geologists and the general public that a great
continental glaciation had extended the polar ice caps far into regions that now enjoy
____ climates.（TPO-19：Discovering the Ice Ages）
4. Unlike formal statues that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling,
these figures depict a wide range of actions, such as ____ grain, baking bread,
producing pots, and making music, and they are shown in appropriate poses, bending
and squatting as they carry out their tasks.（TPO-11：Ancient Egyptian Sculpture）
5. Even though the paint was often ____ on by mouth, one can assume that the dominant
hand assisted in the operation.（TPO-12：Which Hand Did They Use?）
6. As the costs of shipbuilding rose, Venice ____ to its outdated standard while the Dutch
were innovation in the lighter and more easily handled ships.（TPO-25：The Decline of
Venetian Shipping）
7. One study suggests that except for a 250-mile coastal area between southwestern
British Columbia and Washington State, the Northwest Coast of North America was
largely free of ice by ____ 16,000 years ago.（TPO-9：Colonizing the Americas via the
Northwest Coast）
8. In addition, water heated geothermally can contain salts and toxic materials ____ from
the hot rock.（TPO-21：Geothermal Energy）
9. At the same time, operators of the first printing ____ run by steam rather than by hand
found it possible to produce a thousand pages in an hour rather than thirty. (TPO-6：
Powering the Industrial Revolution）
10. The United Nations Environment Program and the World Bank have funded attempts
to survey the groundwater resources of arid lands and to develop appropriate ____
techniques.（TPO-12：Water in the Desert）
11. In the central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brine ____ to precipitate more
soluble sodium chloride (salt).（TPO-7：The Geologic History of the Mediterranean）
12. Impurities were burnt away with the use of coke, producing a high-quality ____ iron.
（TPO-26：Energy and the Industrial Revolution）
13. So, in another set of experiments, Kramer put ____ food boxes around the cage, with
food in only one of the boxes.（TPO-11：Orientation and Navigation）
14. Below this large, cold, negatively charged region, the cloud is warmer than –15℃ , and
at these temperatures, collisions between ice ____ and falling ice pellets produce
positively charged ice pellets that then populate a small region at the base of the cloud.
229
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Day 23
（TPO-8：Lightning）
参考答案：
. derived 2. Impurities . temperate 4. grinding . sprayed
6. clung 7. approximately 8. dissolved . presses 10. extraction
11. evaporated 12. refined 13. identical 14. crystals
Sentence 23
英文原文：
“Had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his epistle, “what
work of ancient date would now exist?”
TPO-7: Ancient Rome and Greece
参考翻译：
“若希腊人如我们一般蔑视创新”，霍勒斯在他的书信中曾质问道，“那么还能有什么
古老的作品存世呢？”
知识点小结：
翻译过程中如果没有写出句中的“如果”含义，可以先复习一下语法，并尝试练习以
下这两句来自 TPO 的句子：
a. Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils, they might well have
been classified as dinosaurs．
b. Their significance may have remained clear, had the Chinese not come under foreign
influence.
其实，这几个句子都属于“虚拟语气”中连词“if ”被省略的情形（这是托福的中级
考点）。条件从句可以不用连词“If ”，而将“were”、“had”或者“should”等提到主语之
前（前面的 3 个句子都属于“had”提前的情形）。如果读不懂，是不是可以尝试把“if ”
放回去呢？
20
23
如果还是太难，看看如下同样是来自托福的这句话，它属于没有省略“if ”的情形：
c. If it were not for this faculty, they would devour all the food available in short time and
would probably starve themselves out of existence．
Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the
thoroughly disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among
historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attracted to
the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solid body of
opinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of
Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was
original; Rome, derivative. Greece had style; Rome had money. Greece was the inventor;
Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of
the more intellectual Romans. “Had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we,” asked
Horace in his epistle, “what work of ancient date would now exist?”
According to this paragraph, intellectual Romans such as Horace held which of the following
opinions about their civilization?
A. Ancient works of Greece held little value in the Roman world.
B. The Greek civilization had been surpassed by the Romans.
C. Roman civilization produced little that was original or memorable.
D. Romans valued certain types of innovations that had been ignored by ancient Greeks.
很多时候，如果不是对抽象概念有一定了解的话，人们对一些事实的认识会变得没有
意义。（提示：可以用“should”放在句首引发的倒装，对现在情况的虚拟）
1st
2nd
2
（第一册）
Day 23
3rd
参考翻译：
Many times, when people know little about abstract concepts, their knowledge about
facts would become meaningless.
（1）对于一个学生来说，对于概念的了解——尽管有时显得难以捉摸乃至困难重重，
但这依旧是比了解事实更加要紧的事情。（2）因为概念，在更多的时候是一种从事实中引
申出来的知识——这种知识的学习，更多地依靠老师传授而并非自己感知。（3）很多时
候，如果不是对概念有一定了解的话，人们对一些事实的认识会变得没有意义。（4）如果
你在老师的引导下，学习了 Emile Durkheim 的《自杀论》中描述的个体与社会间互动关
系的概念的话，就不会再将“自杀”当作简单的社会事实。
1st
2nd
22
23
3rd
写作题目：
Which is more important for students, to understand concepts or to learn facts?
——2007.2.24
赖中华：
改前： ① For a students, to understand 改后： ① For students, to understand

the concept—although it seems elusiv and the concept—although it seems elusive
even difficult sometimes, but it is still more and even difficult sometimes, is still more
important to understand the concept important than the facts.
rather than the facts.
② Because concept, are some knowledge ② Because the concept is the knowledge
extended from facts—we learn such extended from the facts—whether we learn
knowledge depends more on teachers such knowledge depends more on teachers
rather than rely on our perception. rather than on our perception.
③ Many times, if we don’t understand the ③ Many times, if we don’t understand the
concept, it will be meaningless to know the concept, it will become meaningless to
fact. know the fact.
④ If you have learned the concept of the ④ If you have learned the concept of the
interaction between individul and society interaction between an individual and
described in Emile Durkheim’s suicide the society, which is described in Emile
theory under the guidence of teacher, you Durkheim’s suicide theory, under the
will never treat suicide as a simple social guidance of a teacher, you will never treat
facts. suicide as a simple social fact.
灰灰：
改前： ① For a student, learning about 改后：① For a student, learning about the co-
concept, which seems is a arduous task is ncept, which seems to be an arduous task,
much more important than learning facts. is much more important than learning facts.
2
（第一册）
Day 23
② It is because that concept is a kind of ② It is because that concept is a kind of

knowledge root from facts. Learning this knowledge root from facts. Learning this
kind of knowledge is more rely on guide of kind of knowledge is more rely on guide of
teachers but individual consciousness. teachers but individual consciousness.
③ In many times, people will get some ③ Many times, people will only get
facts meaningless if they know nothing meaningless facts if they know nothing
about concept. about the concept.
④ If you study the concept of the mutual ④ If you study the concept of the mutual
relationship between individual and social relationship between an individual and
of “suicide” by Emile Durkeim under the the society—described in a summation
teacher’s guide, you will not look “suicide” of “suicide” by Emile Durkheim—under
as simple social facts. a teacher’s guidance, you will not look at
“suicide” as just a simple social fact.
KERR：
改前：① For a student, learning concept— 改后：① For a student, learning concept—
even though it seems that the concept is even though it seems that the concept is
hard to understand and sometimes, is hard to understand, is more important than
more important than learning the fact. learning the fact.
② Because concept is an extended ② Because the concept is an extended
knowledge from facts in most times— knowledge of facts, in most times—
compare to self-study, learning this kind compared to self-study, learning this
of knowledge depend more on teacher’s kind of knowledge depends more on the
teaching. teachings of the teacher.
③ Most of time, the things that people know ③ Most of the time, the things that
about the facts may become meaningless, people know about the facts may become
had they know nothing about the concept. meaningless had they known nothing about
the concept.
④ I f y o u h a d l e a r n t h e i n t e r a c t i o n ④ If you had learned the interactive
relationship between the individual and relationship between the individual and the
society, which described in The Theory society, which is described in The Theory
of Suicide of Emile Durkheim, under your of Suicide by Emile Durkheim, under your
teacher ’s guide, you will not defined teacher’s guidance, you will not define
suicide as simple social fact any more. suicide as a simple social fact any more.
我们：
24
Day 24
Passage 24
Bering Land Bridge
235
（第一册）
Day 24
① The world’s most recent glacial period began about 0,000 years ago and ended
around 2,00 years ago. The maximum extent of this glacial period, which occurred around
20,000 years ago, was called the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Although the Pleistocene
Epoch experienced many cycles of glacials and interglacials (the warmer periods between
the colder glacial climates), this last glacial period is the most heavily studied and the best
known portion of the world’s current ice age, especially with regard to North America and
northern Europe.
② During the last glaciation, the temperatures turned cold enough to freeze much of the
Earth’s water into ice, a prolonged cold stage with increased precipitation (mostly snow,
in this case) that caused large ice sheets to form. At the time of the LGM, approximately 26
million square kilometers (0 million square miles) of the earth was covered by ice. As the
Earth’s water and precipitation became frozen in large continental ice sheets and glaciers,
worldwide sea levels dropped as the last glacial period progressed leading up to the
LGM. Sea levels went down about 0 m (64 ft.) in ,000 years. These levels, then, stayed
relatively constant, until the ice sheets began to melt toward the end of the glacial period.
③ As sea levels went 200m (66 ft.) lower than that in present day, large expanses of
previously submerged continental shelf became dry land. Bering Land Bridge, a large
region around the present-day Bering Strait, emerged to connect together the northeastern
tip of Asia and the western tip of modern Alaska. At its greatest extent, this land bridge was
about ,600 km (,000 miles) wide from north to south. The term “Beringia” is another name
used to describe the Bering Land Bridge, referring to the large expanse of tundra in the
region. The name was coined in the mid-20th century by Eric Hulten, a Swedish botanist,
who was studying plants in Alaska and northeastern Siberia. At the time of his study, he
began using the word Beringia as a geographic description for the area.
④ During the time of the Bering Land Bridge, the area between Siberia and Alaska was not
glaciated, like the surrounding continents, because snowfall was very light in the region. This
is because the wind blowing into the area from the Pacific Ocean was forced to rise over the
Alaska Range in central Alaska and would lose most of its moisture in the process, and when
it finally reached Beringia, it was no longer moist enough to produce much precipitation.〇 1
However, because of its very high latitude, the region would have had a similar, cold and
harsh, climate as what is currently present in northwestern Alaska and eastern Siberia.
Beringia, therefore, was assumed to be a flat, cold, and dry landscape. But because the
Bering Land Bridge was not glaciated and precipitation was light, it was able to serve as an
ecological refugium for flora and fauna.
⑤ Much of what is known about the Bering Land Bridge today, aside from its physical
presence, comes from biogeographical data showing connections between species on the
Asian and North American continents. For example, there is evidence that saber tooth cats,
woolly mammoths, various ungulates, and plants were on both continents around the last ice
26
24
age, and there would have been little way for them to appear on both without the presence
of a land bridge. The grasslands would have been most common on the Bering Land Bridge
itself, and for hundreds of miles into the Asian and North American continents. It is believed
that there were very few trees and all vegetation consisted of grasses and low-lying plants
and shrubs. Today, the region surrounding what remains of Beringia in northwestern Alaska
and eastern Siberia, still features grasslands with very few trees.
⑥ Apart from the presence of flora and fauna during the overall glacial period, the other
important thing about the Bering Land Bridge is that it enabled humans to cross the Bering
Sea and enter North America during the last ice age about 12,000 years ago. It is believed
that these early settlers were following migrating mammals across the Bering Land Bridge,
and for a time may have settled on the bridge itself. As the Bering Land Bridge began to
flood once again with the end of the ice age, however, humans and the animals moved south
along coastal North America.
——2012 年 7 月 28 日北美机经
sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important way or leave
A. Bering Land Bridge connects the northeastern tip of Asia and the western tip of modern
Alaska because sea level dropped 200 m lower than that of present day.
B. With the sea level dropping by 200 m, Bering Land Bridge which connected the
northeastern tip of Asia and the western tip of modern Alaska came into being.
C. A large region around the present-day Bering Strait began to connect together the
northeastern tip of Asia and the western tip of modern Alaska and caused the sea level to
drop 200 m than today.
D. As the sea level went down to 200 m, Bering Land Bridge came into being and connected
the northeastern tip of Asia and the western tip of modern Alaska.
核心词汇：
glacial adj. (geology) connected with the Ice Age 冰河的
例：Two thirds of the continent was covered in ice during glacial
periods.
maximum adj. as large, fast, etc. as is possible, or the most that is possible or
allowed 最大的，最高的
例：The offender carries a maximum prison sentence of ten years.
prolonged adj. continuing for a long time 持续很久的
例：In many parts of the country, frosts were severe and prolonged.
237
（第一册）
Day 24
续前表
precipitation noun rain, snow, etc. that falls; the amount of this that falls 降水量
例：There is heavy precipitation in some parts of the country.
progress verb to improve or develop over a period of time; to make progress 前
进，进步
例：The course allows students to progress at their own speed.
expanse noun a wide and open area of sth., especially land or water 大片
地区
例： Across an expanse of the Potomac floodplain, airplanes
were landing at National Airport.
submerge verb to go under the surface of water or liquid; to put sth. or make sth.
go under the surface of water or liquid 淹没
例：The submarine had had time to submerge before the warship
could approach.
shelf noun (geology) a thing shaped like a shelf, especially a piece of rock
sticking out from a cliff or from the edge of a mass of land under
the sea 大陆架
例：The cracks flood, and this speeds up the disintegration of the
shelf by weakening its interior.
emerge verb to come out of a dark, enclosed or hidden place 出现，浮现
例：She finally emerged from her room at noon.
extent noun the physical size of an area 程度，范围
例：You can’t see the full extent of the beach from here.
tundra noun the large flat Arctic regions of northern Europe, Asia and N
America where no trees grow and where the soil below the
surface of the ground is always frozen 苔原，冻原
例：The arctic tundra is at the top of the world around the North Pole.
coin verb to invent a new word or phrase that other people then begin to
use 创造
例： The term “cardboard city” was coined to describe
communities of homeless people living in cardboard boxes.
botanist noun a scientist who studies botany 植物学家
例：This was first observed by the botanist Brown.
range noun a group of hills or mountains 山脉
例：The lake is situated at the eastern extremity of the mountain
range.
28
24
续前表
moisture noun very small drops of water that are present in the air, on a surface
or in a substance 水分
例：Moisture in the atmosphere condensed into dew during the
night.
latitude noun the distance of a place north or south of the equator (= the line
around the world dividing north and south), measured in degrees
纬度
例：In the middle to high latitudes rainfall has risen steadily over
the last 20-30 years.
assume verb to accept sth. to be true without question or proof 假设，假定
例：It is generally assumed that stress is caused by too much
work.
refugium noun a geographical region that has remained unaltered by a climatic
change affecting surrounding regions and that therefore forms a
haven for relict fauna and flora 残遗种保护区
例：Bering Land Bridge is an ecological refugium.
flora noun the plants of a particular area, type of environment or period of
time 植物群
例：The subtropical island has a remarkably rich native flora.
fauna noun all the animals living in an area or in a particular period of history
动物群
例：Its rare and protected fauna species rank the 2nd nationwide.
ungulate noun any animal which has hoofs, such as a cow or horse 有蹄动物
例：It is said that our school is preparing to construct an ungulate
research institution.
feature verb to include a particular person or thing as a special feature 以……
为特色
例：The film features Cary Grant as a professor.
词汇练习：
tundra submerge shelf prolonged progress
precipitation moisture maximum latitude feature
fauna extent expanse emerge coin
assume
239
（第一册）
Day 24
. Lesley Maynard, the archaeologist who ____ the phrase “Panaramitee style,” suggested
that a sequence could be determined for Australian rock art, in which a geometric
style gave way to a simple figurative style (outlines of figures and animals), followed
by a range of complex figurative styles that, unlike the pan-Australian geometric
tradition, tended to much greater regional diversity.（TPO-2：Rock Art of the Australia
Aborigines）
2. Escape involves such actions as aestivation, a condition of ____ dormancy, or torpor,
during which animals reduce their metabolic rate and body temperature during the hot
season or during very dry spells.（TPO-26：Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert
Conditions）
. Today technology has ____ to the point where it is possible to invent new building
materials to suit the type of structure desired.（TPO-：Architecture）
4. The rabbits destroyed huge ____ of Australia and threatened the sheep and cattle
industries.（TPO-17：Symbiotic Relationships）
. It had been assumed that the ice extended westward from the Alaskan/Canadian
mountains to the very edge of the continental shelf, the flat, ____ part of the continent
that extends into the ocean.（TPO-：Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast）
6. With Cuicuilco eliminated as a potential rival, any one of a number of relatively modest
towns might have ____ as a leading economic and political power in Central Mexico.
（TPO-8：The Rise of Teotihuacán）
7. Succession is influenced by many factors: the nature of the soil, exposure to sun and
wind, regularity of ____, chance colonizations, and many other random processes.
（TPO-1：Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems）
8. Scientists have no direct evidence for recent or ongoing eruptions, but if these volcanoes
were active as recently as 00 million years ago (an estimate of the time of last eruption
based on the ____ of impact cratering on their slopes), some of them may still be at least
intermittently active. Millions of years, though, may pass between eruptions.（TPO-2：
The surface of Mars）
. The ____ differences in temperature between neighboring urban and rural environments
is called the heat-island intensity for that region.（TPO-2：Urban Climates）
0. Once detached from the ice ____, these bergs drift in the currents and wind systems
surrounding Antarctica and can be found scattered among Antarctica’s less colorful
icebergs.（OG Test 2：Green Icebergs）
. If the infant fails to dishabituate and continues to show habituation with the new stimulus,
it is ____ that the baby is unable to perceive the new stimulus as different.（TPO-：
Methods of Studying Infant Perception）
2. The transition from forest to treeless ____ on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one.
（TPO-：Timberline Vegetation on Mountains）
13. It operated by measuring the height of the Sun and the fixed stars: by calculating the
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24
angles created by these points, it determined the degree of ____ at which one stood (The
problem of determining longitude, though, was not solved until the eighteenth century).
(TPO-17：Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia）
4. Even less fortunate was the extension of this type of thinking to include animals as
well as plants. This resulted in the “biome,” a combination of coexisting flora and ____.
（TPO-1：Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems）
. For one thing, the presence or absence of ____ is affected by the special qualities of the
urban surface.（TPO-2：Urban Climates）
6. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an
archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that ____ a foot with three tiny toes.（OG：The
Origins of Cetaceans）
参考答案：
. coined 2. prolonged . progressed 4. expanses . submerged
6. emerged 7. precipitation 8. extent . maximum 10. shelf
. assumed 2. tundra . latitude 4. fauna . moisture
6. features
Sentence 24
英文原文：
With the advent of projection, the viewer’s relationship with the image was no longer
private, as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope〇 1 and the
Mutoscope〇 2, which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive
images on individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid〇 3.
OG Practice Set : Early Cinema
〇 1 名词，指（某种）活动电影放映机。
〇 2 名词，指（某种）（早期的）电影放映机。
〇 3 名词，指电影胶片。
24
（第一册）
Day 24
参考翻译：
伴随着投影（技术）的出现，观看者与图像的关系不再（如以前一般）私密。（相比
较而言，）这种（观看者与图像的）关系曾在早期的小孔成像机（中展现出私密的特质），
譬如“Kinetoscope”和“Mutoscope”
，后者（Mutoscope）是一个类似投影的机器，它以
图片连续在独立的摄影小卡片上出现的方式产生（投影中的）动作，而不是（使用）一长
串的电影胶片。
知识点小结：
如果大家对于此处的“as”不太了解，那么建议尝试以下作法：
1. 勤查词典。因为很多如“as”一样的小词都需要大家反复多遍地熟悉关于它的每一个常
用词条。
2. 如果各位查“google”的话，应该能够搜索到如下的句子：
Mr. Hoffa said he had urged the ACFTU to be as aggressive in organizing in local private
companies as it had been with foreign enterprises.
（推荐大家尽可能地使用英文语序，这才是进行句子翻译训练的目标——而不是追求
所谓的文字上的曼妙。）
对于本次句子翻译，如果非要写成通顺的中文，那么应该是如下的样子：
在早前的小孔成像机，如“Kinetoscope”和“Mutoscope”中（后者是一种与前者相
类似的机器，它通过带有图画的独立卡片，而不是长条胶片产生连续影像形成动画），观
看者与影像的关系是私密的，而随着投影机的问世，二者的关系变得不再私密（这种私密
关系不复存在）。
With the advent of projection, the viewer’s relationship with the image was no longer private,
as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope,
which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive images on
individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid. It suddenly became public—an
experience that the viewer shared with dozens, scores, and even hundreds of others. At the
same time, the image that the spectator looked at expanded from the minuscule peepshow
dimensions of 1 or 2 inches (in height) to the life-size proportions of 6 or feet.
According to this paragraph, the images seen by viewers in the earlier peepshows, compared
to the images projected on the screen, were relatively 　　.
A. small in size
B. inexpensive to create
C. unfocused
D. limited in subject matter
242
24
对孩子在学校里取得的成功，同班同学所发挥的影响力与父母的影响力是同等重要的。
（用“as... as”结构，注意前后结构上的一致）
1st
2nd
3rd
参考翻译：
Classmates exert as great influence on children’s success in school as parents do./The
influence of classmates on the children’s success in school is as great as that of parents.
（1）总的来说，对孩子在学校里取得的成功，同班同学所发挥的影响力与父母的影响
力是同等重要的。
（2）其实我们很难划分哪个方面更重要一些：本质上同班同学与父母构
成了孩子生活的两个环境——这两个环境在不同的时间和情形下造就孩子的个性与品质。
（3）孩子最终能够在学校取得的成功，无论是学业还是为人，都是这些环境综合影响下的
结果。
24
（第一册）
Day 24
1st
2nd
3rd
写作题目：
Classmates are a more important influence than parents on a child’s success in school.
——2006.2.
Tintin：
改前：① In conclude, classmates’ effect is 改后：① In conclusion, the classmates’

as equsl essention as parents’ effect on a effect is as equally essential as the parents’
child’s success in school. effect on a child’s success in school.
② As a matter of fact, it is hard to figure ② As a matter of fact, it is hard to figure
out either of them is more important. out if either of them is more important.
Classmates and parents consist of the Classmates and parents consist of the
244
24
two envirments around children. The two environments around children. The
enveriments create child’s character and environments create a child’s character
quality in different time and conditions. and quality in different time and conditions.
③ It is complex result for a child getting ③ It is complex result for a child getting
success no matter it is academic or success no matter if it is academic or
humanness. humanness.
赖中华：
改前： ① In a word, classmates are as 改后： ① In a word, classmates are as

important as parents on a child’s success in important as parents for a child’s success
school. in school.
② Actually it is hard to distinguish which one ② Actually it is hard to distinguish which
is more important. Essentially, classmate one is more important. Essentially, classmates
and parents compose two environments of and parents compose two environments of
a child’s life, child’s personality and quality a child’s life, and a child’s personality and
was influenced by these environments. quality is influenced by these environments.
③ It is a consolidate result of this two ③ It is a consolidated result of these two
environment if a child could achieve environments if a child could achieve
success in school both in study and success in school both in study and
personality. personality.
KERR：
改前：① In all, for the success that children 改后：① In all, for the success that children
get from school, the influence of classmates get from school, the influence of classmates
is as important as that of parents. is as important as that of parents.
② Actually, it is hard for us to distinguish ② Actually, it is hard for us to distinguish
which of the factor is more significant: which of the factors is more significant:
classmates and parents are two circums- classmates and parents are two circums-
tances that form the life—This two different tances that form a life—These two different
kind of circumstances make personality kinds of circumstances make the personality
and character of children in different times and character of children in different times
and situations. and situations.
③ Whether the children could get succeed ③ Whether the children could get success
in school eventually, no matter in academic in school eventually, no matter whether in
or character, is the result of the influence of academic or in character, is the result of the
synthetical environment. influence of synthetical environment.
245
（第一册）
Day 24
我们：
246
Day 25
Passage 25
Natural Selection Theory
① In the mid-19th century, a modern theory of evolution took hold. In his book On the
Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, published in 1859, Darwin described
the evolution of life as a process of natural selection. Life, he suggested, is a competitive
struggle to survive, often in the face of limited resources. Living things must compete for
food and space. They must evade the ravages of predators and diseases, while dealing
with unpredictable shifts in their environment, such as the changes in climate. Darwin
suggested that, within a given population in a given environment, certain individuals possess
characteristics that make them more likely to survive and reproduce. These individuals will
pass these critical characteristics on to their offspring. The number of organisms with these
traits increases, as each generation passes on the advantageous combination of traits.
Outmatched, individuals lacking the beneficial traits gradually decrease in number. Slowly,
Darwin argued, natural selection tips the balance in a population toward those with the
combination of traits, or adaptations, best suited to their environment.
② Among many examples of natural selection in nature, industrial melanism in the
peppered moth has been, perhaps, the most iconic. The peppered moth story was, at least
until recently, a key demonstration of natural selection used in almost every textbook of
evolution. Before the Industrial Revolution, the peppered moth was mostly found in a light
grey form with little black speckled spots. These light-bodied moths were able to blend in
with the prevalent light-colored lichens and tree bark and thus were less likely to be spotted
and eaten by birds than the less common black moths.〇 1 So the frequency of the dark allele
was only about 0.01%.
③ During the early decades of the Industrial Revolution in England, however, the
countryside between London and Manchester was blanketed with soot from the new coal-
burning factories. Many of the light-bodied lichens died from sulphur dioxide emissions, and
247
（第一册）
Day 25
the trees became covered with soot. This led to an increase in bird predation for light-colored
moths, as they no longer blended in as well with their polluted ecosystem: indeed, their
bodies now dramatically contrasted with the color of the bark. Dark-colored moths, on the
other hand, were camouflaged very well by the blackened trees.
④ Although a majority of light-colored moths initially continued to be produced, most of
them didn’t survive, while the dark-colored moths flourished. As a result, over the course of
many generations of moths, the dark allele frequency gradually shifted towards the dominant
allele, as more and more dark-bodied moths survived to reproduce. By the mid-1th century,
the number of dark-colored moths had risen noticeably, and by 185, the percentage of
dark-colored moths in the Manchester peppered moth population was reported at 8%, a
dramatic change from the original frequency. This evolved darkening in color, as a result of
industrialization, has come to be known as industrial melanism.
⑤ Many field experiments, carried out across Britain in the last half of the 20th century,
have given good evidence for a tight correlation between the frequency of melanism and
the degree of urbanization and smoke pollution. This relationship becomes even more
convincing, when one considers the considerable decline in the frequency of melanism since
the clean air act, of the late 160s, in Britain. In an environment with cleaner air and less
pollution, the dark-bodied moth is becoming less frequent. This reversed shift in the peppered
moth population, together with the original rise of melanism, provides even stronger evidence
to Darwin’s natural selection theory.
——2012 年 8 月 25 日北美机经
The word “iconic” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to 　　.

A. graphic
B. symbolic
C. typical
D. popular
核心词汇：
evolution noun (biology) the gradual development of plants, animals, etc. over
many years, from simple to more complicated forms 进化
例：It has passed through an interesting procedure of evolution.
evade verb to escape from sb./sth. or avoid meeting sb. 逃避，躲避
例：For two weeks they evaded the press.
trait noun a particular quality in your personality 特点，特性
例：Awareness of class is a typically British trait.
248
25
续前表
outmatch verb to prove superior to 胜过，优于
例：We were woefully outmatched in numbers in this new mortal
weapon of the air.
tip verb to shift the balance of power or influence 倾斜，打翻
例：The bus stopped abruptly, nearly tipping me out of my seat.
iconic adj. (formal) acting as a sign or symbol of sth. 标志性的
例：I think he’s one of the most popular of the sculptures because
he’s such an iconic figure.
speckled adj. covered with small marks or spots 有斑点的
例：The hen layed three beautiful speckled eggs.
blanket verb to cover sth. completely with a thick layer 覆盖
例：Snow soon blanketed the frozen ground.
soot noun black powder that is produced when wood, coal, etc. is burnt 煤烟，
烟灰
例：The fireplace was blackened with soot.
camouflage verb to hide sb./sth. by making them or it look like the things around, or
like sth. else 伪装，掩饰
例：The soldiers camouflaged themselves with leaves.
correlation noun a connection between two things in which one thing changes as
the other does 相关，关联
例：There is a direct correlation between exposure to sun and skin
cancer.
词汇练习：
trait evolution evade correlation camouflage
1. As the originator of the theory of ____, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of
facial expressions would have survival value.（OG：The Expression of Emotions）
2. The ephemeral plants ____ drought.（TPO-26：Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert
Conditions）
3. Therefore, these social ____ helped to produce the nomadic and daring settlers who kept
pushing westward beyond the fringes of settlement.（TPO-20：Westward Migration）
4. For example, where is the proof that the man in the picture is a shaman? He could as
easily be a hunter wearing a head mask. Many tribal hunters, including some Native
249
（第一册）
Day 25
Americans, ____ themselves by wearing animal heads and hides.（Online Test：Lascaux

Cave Paintings）
. There appears to be a ____ between the positions of these planets and their sizes.
（TPO-6：Planets in Our Solar System）
参考答案：
1. evolution 2. evade 3. traits 4. camouflaged 5. correlation
Sentence 25
英文原文：
On the other hand, when it comes to substantive—particularly behavioral-information,
crows are less well known than many comparably common species and, for that matter, not
a few quite uncommon ones: the endangered California condor, to cite one obvious example．
TOEFL: 16.8
托福真题
参考翻译：
从另一方面来说，当（我们的话题）触及实质，特别（是在）行为信息（方面），乌
鸦与许多相对常见的物种相比更少被（人类所）了解；并且，从这个角度来讲，（乌鸦被
人们所了解的程度）还比不上许多相对不常见的物种：举一个明显的例子便是濒临灭绝的
加州神鹰。
知识点小结：
. 生词释义：
substantive a. 表示实在的；有实质的；独立存在的；大量的；重大的；坚实的；
名词的
n. 名词性实词；名词
20
25
crow n. 啼叫；乌鸦；鸡鸣；撬棍
vi. 啼叫；报晓
condor n. 神鹰
2. 记忆搭配：
“When it comes to”的意思是“as for something; speaking about something”。例句如下：
When it comes to fishing, Tian is an expert.
“for that matter”的意思是“as far as that is concerned”，中文意思是“就那件事而论，
关于那一点”。
3. 额外补充：
尝试用“not”替代“crows are less well known than”，这样应该就能读懂了。因为二者
都表示否定含义，当遇到长句时，为了更简单直接地理解句意、避免混淆，可将复杂
的否定概念用“not”一词替换。
（关于“not”的“替代功能用法”
，如果大家还需要更为详细的解释，可以求助语法书。）
与本次句子翻译相关的阅读题目：无
因为该句为老托福阅读中的内容，所以就不给题目了。但大家也要认真学习这句话的
表达方式和结构，这样以后写文章的时候就可以派上大用场了。
很多电视节目都以娱乐为目的，当我们涉及学术性的知识时，电视所能提供的信息量
往往不如书本提供的多（用 less informative than）。
1st
2nd
2
（第一册）
Day 25
3rd
参考翻译：
Many television programs are aimed at entertaining people, so when it comes to
academic knowledge, televisions are less informative than books/televisions cannot provide
as much information as books do.
（1）很多电视节目都以娱乐为目的，当我们涉及学术性的知识时，电视所能提供的信
息量往往不如书本提供的多。（2）尽管电视节目也可以提供学术相关的知识，比如科技前
沿新闻等，但容我复述一下麦克卢汉（McLuhan, 可能是历史上最著名的传媒理论学家之
一 )，曾经说过这样的一句话“传媒就是信息”
。（3）换句话说，某一个特定的传媒途径本
身，就已经决定了它最适合的传播的内容。
（4）快速、丰富、但浅薄的信息由电视节目来
传播是方便的；相比而言，复杂而深邃的学术内容由书本提供则更为合适。（5）比如你若
是想关注克林顿与莱温斯基的报道细节，显然电视的播报更加的丰富多彩，但若是你想了
解相对论公式是如何推导出来的，还是慢慢地看书更为合适。
1st
2nd
22
25
3rd
写作题目：
People can learn more from watching television than reading books.
——2007.2.3
土豆泥有学问：
改前：① Many TV programs are aimed at 改后：① Many TV programs are aimed at
entertainment. When it comes to academic, entertainment. When it comes to academic
television is less informative than books. topics, television is less informative than
books.
② Although TV is possible to provide ② Although TV can possibly provide
knowledge of academic, such as news on knowledge of academic topics, such
the novelty of science and technology, I as news on the novelty of science and
cannot help myself to recite McLuhan’s technology, I cannot help but recite
words, who may be one of the most McLuhan’s words, who may be one of
distinguished theorists in media studies, the most distinguished theorists in media
“Media is information.” studies, “Media is information.”
③ In another word, a certain method of ③ In other words, a certain method of
communication has already determined its communication has already determined its
most suitable content to spread. most suitable content to spread.
④ Fast, rich and shallow information is ④ Fast, rich, and shallow information is
cast by TV programs most conveniently. cast by TV programs most conveniently.
Comparatively speaking, complex and Comparatively speaking, complex and
abstruse academic knowledge fits the abstruse academic knowledge fits books
books more. more.
⑤ To cite one example, you would be ⑤ To cite one example, you would be
satisfied by the lively TV news when looking satisfied by the lively TV news when looking
forward to know the details between Clinton to know the details between Clinton and
2
（第一册）
Day 25
and Lewinsky. However, it is more appro- Lewinsky. However, it is more appropriate

priate for you to read the book slowly if for you to read the book slowly if you were
you were eager to understand how the eager to understand how the relativistic
relativistic formula was deduced. formula was deduced.
赖中华：
改前：① Many television program mainly 改后：① Many television programs mainly
aim for entertainment, when we want aim for entertainment, when we want to
to learn academic knowledge, we could not learn academic knowledge, we could not
learn as much information from television learn as much information from television
as from book. as from a book.
② Although television could provide ② Although television could provide
academic related information, such as news academic related information, such as news
about new technology, but please let me about new technology, but please let me
repeat what McLuhan said (who might be repeat what McLuhan said (who might be
one of the most famous media theorist)— one of the most famous media theorists)—
media is information. “media is information.”
③ In another words, the form of the media ③ In other words, the form of the media
itself has decided that what is the most itself has decided what is the most
appropriate content for it to spread. appropriate content for it to spread.
④ Fast, enrichment but simple information ④ Fast, enrichment but simple information
are more convenient to be spread by are more convenient to be spread by
television. But, in contrast, academic television. But, in contrast, academic
content which is complicated and deep will content that is complicated and deep will
be more appropriate to be spread by book. be more appropriate to be spread by book.
⑤ For example, if you want to pay attention ⑤ For example, if you want to pay attention
to details about Clinton and Lewinsky, to details about Clinton and Lewinsky,
obviously television news will be more obviously television news will be more
colorful, but if you want to know how to colorful, but if you want to know how to
derive relativistic formula, it will be more derive a relativistic formula, it will be more
appropriate to read a book. appropriate to read a book.
Tintin：
改前： ① Many televidion programs are 改后： ① Many television programs are
entertainment. When it comes to acdemic entertainment. When it comes to academic
expertise, television is less informative than expertise, television is less informative than
books. books.
24
25
② Although television programs could ② Although television programs could
affort information relatived to acdemic afford information relative to academic
expertise, such as technology in front news. expertise, such as technology in front news.
But allowing me quote McLuhan’s word But allow me to quote McLuhan’s word that
that “Media is message.” “Media is message.”
③ In other word, one certain anvenue of ③ In other words, one certain avenue of
media has its own property comments. media has its own property comments.
④ It is convenient to convery fast, rich but ④ It is convenient to convert fast, rich but
tangential information by television. While tangential information by television. While
it is fit for complex and deeply acdemic it is fit for complex and deeply academic
expertise being given by books. expertise being given by books.
⑤ For example, if you care about Clinton ⑤ For example, if you care about Clinton
and Lewinsky, obviously,the television’s and Lewinsky, obviously, the television’s
reports are rich and colorful. But if you are reports are rich and colorful. But if you are
interested in Relative Equal and how to get interested in Relative Equal and how to get
it, you have to read books seriously. it, you have to read books seriously.
我们：
255
参考答案
Passage Sentence（相关阅读题）
Day 1 1.C; 2.C A
Day 2 B B
Day 3 C D
Day 4 A D
Day 5 第三个方块处 C
Day 6 C 1.A; 2.A
Day 7 B D
Day 8 C A
Day 9 B 1.B; 2.C
Day 10 B B
Day 11 C 1.C; 2.D; 3.A; 4.C
Day 12 D B
Day 13 C ①
Day 14 D 1.D; 2.B; 3.D
Day 15 C C
Day 16 C B
Day 17 A C
Day 18 1、6; 2、4、5 B
Day 19 C A
Day 20 B C
Day 21 A 1.C; 2.B
Day 22 B C
Day 23 B C
Day 24 B A
Day 25 C 
〇 1 没有相关题目和答案的位置上标记“”以示区分。
256
阅读文章与真题配对统计表
百篇相对应的真题年份
Passage 1 2012 年 5 月 26 日北美
Passage 21 2012 年 9 月 21 日、22 日北美
257
读者调查问卷
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新托福百日百句百篇（第一册）

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新托福百日百句百篇（第一册）

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（第一册）

新托福百日百句百篇. 第 1 册 / 刘文勇编著. —北京：中国人民大学出版社，2014.12

Ⅰ. ①新… Ⅱ. ①刘… Ⅲ. ①TOEFL–自学参考资料 Ⅳ. ①H310. 41

中国版本图书馆 CIP 数据核字（2014）第 266301 号

Day 12 ······································································································································· 109

Day 13 ······································································································································· 120

Day 14 ······································································································································· 131

Day 15 ······································································································································· 142

Day 16 ······································································································································· 153

Day 17 ······································································································································· 164

Day 19· ······································································································································ 187

Day 20· ······································································································································ 196

Day 21· ······································································································································ 206

Day 22· ······································································································································ 215

Day 23· ······································································································································ 224

Day 24· ······································································································································ 235

Day 25· ······································································································································ 247

终的写作成绩。回想 2005 年以前的老托福时代，作文题目甚至是在考试前就已经提前告

陈理超 陈琳 陈汝嫣 陈希 陈小兔 诚诚

. All of the following are mentioned in Paragraph 2 as contributing to the extinction of

2. According to Paragraph 4, why was the overkill hypothesis weakly supported?

〇 1 “黄金阅读”是学生备考托福的一大法宝，请访问 http://www.lasedu.com/ 的“资料分享”界面，或直接在网上搜索

③ If we do not the works efficiently, ③ If we do not do the job efficiently,

Why does the author mention the crater Chicxulub in Paragraph 4?

during the journey. As far as I am concerned, As far as I am concerned, seldom can I

① Petroleum, or crude oil, is composed of various organic chemicals. It is found in large

ample adj. enough or more than enough 丰富的，充足的

deposit noun a layer of a substance that has formed naturally underground 沉

infiltrate verb to pass slowly into sth. 渗入，浸透

rotary adj. moving in a circle around a central fixed point 旋转的，转动的

impermeable adj. not allowing a liquid or gas to pass through 防渗的，不能渗透的

differential noun a difference in the amount, value or size of sth. 差别

buoyancy noun the upward force exerted 浮力

accumulation noun increase or growth by addition especially when continuous or

Look at the four squares 【

Where would the sentence best fit?

humid adj. warm and damp 潮湿的，湿润的

pronounced adj. very noticeable, obvious or strongly expressed 显著的

frost-free adj. requiring little or no defrosting 无霜的

proximity noun the state of being near sb./sth. in distance or time 接近

range noun a line or group of mountains or hills 山脉

accumulation noun increase or growth by addition especially when continuous or

festive adj. typical of a special event or celebration 节日的

Rain Forest Animals

The word “eluded” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to .

3. 短语“so much so that”，意思是“达到这样的程度以至于……”，例如：

. The word “they” in the passage refers to .

Biodiversity and Ecosystem

The word “that” in Paragraph 3 refers to .

Early Development of Agriculture and Herding in Africa

speculate sparse retreat overgraze raise

Craters on Earth and Moon

① Craters are bowl-shaped pits or depressions on the surface of a planet or a moon.

molten adj. heated to a very high temperature so that it becomes liquid 熔

comparatively adv. as compared to sth./sb. else 比较地，相对地

plow through to move through sth. with a lot of difficulty 通过

appreciably adv. to a noticeable degree 明显地

remnant noun remainder 剩余

陈理超陈琳陈汝嫣陈希陈小兔诚诚

. All of the following are mentioned in Paragraph 2 as contributing to the extinction of

The word “eluded” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to 　　.

. The word “they” in the passage refers to 　　.

The word “that” in Paragraph 3 refers to 　　.

The word “comparable” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to 　　.

are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses.（TPO-：Timberline Vegetation on

改前： ① Although sport is important to 改后： ① Although sports are important

composted to recover the metal for industrial uses.（TPO-：Minerals and Plants）

The word “saturate” in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to 　　.

The word “it” in Paragraph 4 refers to 　　.

. Recorded male sounds to attract females

The word “frigid” in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to 　　.

It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that after 1582 　　.

The word “saturated” in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to 　　.

According to paragraph 4, cane-sugar manufacture in the past 　　.

The word “iconic” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to 　　.