Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

Experimental investigation on influence of metal based additives on

diesel engine along with biodiesel blends
T. Deepak Kumar, Manjunatha, K.S. Tejas, D.K. Ramesha
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore University, Bangalore 560001, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Today 85% of the world’s energy is caused by combustion of fossil fuels, although it is the lack of fossil and
Received 25 April 2020 emissions fuels that influence countries in particular. Biodiesel is the promising alternative form of trans-
Received in revised form 8 July 2020 port to fossil fuels. Biodiesel is obtained by using from transesterification processes. In this analysis, the
Accepted 25 July 2020
performance, emission and combustion characteristics CI engine fueled with B20CFME (20% Chicken Fat
Available online xxxx
Oil Methyl Ester (CFME) and 80% Diesel) biodiesel was investigated. SiO2 and NiO2 metal-based additives
are introduced with the B20CFME, these additives acts with the vapours of water to form a hydroxyl and
Keywords:
minimize the oxidation temperature by reacting with the carbon atoms. Experiment was done with a
Biodiesel
Diesel engine
Kirloskar engine at 1500 rpm with a180bar injection pressure for various loading conditions. Results
Performance reveal that, for maximum loading condition BTE, HRR, and Peak Pressure for SiO2 shows +8.2%, +2.29%
Emissions and 0.54% and NiO2 shows +6.11%, 1.6%, and +0.12% than diesel respectively. Meanwhile BSFC shows
Combustion 13.4% and 10.63% for SiO2 and NiO2 biodiesel blends than diesel will be noted. The exhaust emission
Nickle oxide like NOx, CO and HC decreases as the addition of SiO2 by 89.82 ppm 16.6% and 16 ppm similarly and by
Silicon oxide nanoparticles adding NiO2 shows reduction in the emissions by 42.8 ppm, 14.28% and 15.3 ppm than diesel will be
Metal oxide observed.
Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Con-
ference on Future Learning Aspects of Mechanical Engineering.

1. Introduction
Energy is today crucial for the economic development across
every country and rapidly growing population and demand is the
major factors [1]. Majorly power generation industries and trans-
portation sectors depends on the non renewable source of energy
to meet the energy demand [2]. Global warming and energy
demands for theses fossil fuel makes the countries looking for an
alternative source especially biodiesel made a huge impact in the
transportation sector. Diesel engines are one of the most promising
devices for the energy conversion in present time. Various studies
have been carried out in the fields of biodiesel-diesel-ethanol
(BDE) with non-modified CI fuel alternative [3,4,6]. The poultry lit-
ter of bio-diesel (B20) has reported comparable raises in NOx and
CO and UHC levels in the case of Nano additives, along with clean
diesel relative to Nano additives [5]. Studies show that emissions
like carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbon,
are marginally low for biodiesel compared to diesel fuel. However,
NOx emission is slightly larger, but the injection timing of the fuel
can control it [7]. The simple and prevalent technique for the pro-
cessing of bio-diesel is transesterification process compared with
other approaches such as micro-emulsification and pyrolysis [8].
The addition of metal oxide additives to fuel has been carried out
in the process of control of NOx emissions without reducing ther-
mal efficiency [9–12]. Test fuel mixed nano particles show
improved thermal properties, because of the high volume nano
particles surface area [13]. Using nano aluminum particles to the
diesel engine along with 3–6% water applied as fuel indicates a
lower smoke and nitrous oxide emission, with slightly higher brake
thermal efficiencies [14]. Thermal efficiency improvement has
been noted for biodiesel mixed with full-load nanoparticles. In a
diesel engine with various Jatropha biodiesels, nano alumina and
carbon nanotubes at two doses of 25 and 50 ppm and diesel com-
binations have been used [15,16]. Adding Nano fluids has reduced
emissions, and the efficiency of combustion has improved. In buta-
nol diesel blends, alumina nanoparticles have an increased influ-
ence on diesel engine efficiency, lowered soot and increased NOx
emissions as against diesel fuel [17]. CNTs applied to diesel–biodie-

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.590
2214-7853/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Future Learning Aspects of Mechanical Engineering.

Please cite this article as: T. Deepak Kumar, Manjunatha, K.S. Tejas et al., Experimental investigation on influence of metal based additives on diesel engine
along with biodiesel blends, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.590
T. Deepak Kumar, Manjunatha, K.S. Tejas et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 1. Transesterification of Oil.

sel combustions were observed to increase braking power by 3.67%

and the thermal efficiency by 5.57%. Specific consumption of fuel,
CO, HC and soot has been reduced, and NOx emissions have
increased as noted [18]. The improved nanoparticles mixing capa-
bilities decreased and HC emissions but the NOx were marginally
higher Condition of the load [19]. A major improvement in engine
performance and emissions led to an addition of 25 to 50 ppm of
Alumina-nanoparticles to Jatropha biodiesel fuel [20]. The Biodie-
sel derived from cotton seed oil has been employed as fuel along
with 80 ppm ZnO and is considered for investigation. The experi-
mentation Diesel has been considered as baseline reading and four
other fuels. The engine has been run from 0% to 100% load using
the 5 fuels and the results have been evaluated, tabulated and plot-
ted on graphs for discussion. Thus by employing this additive, the
emissions are decreased without penalizing the performance and
combustion characteristics [21]. Experimental analysis carried
out in a 25 to 50 ppm water diesel emulsion with alumina
nanoparticles. A significant reduction in NOx (to 27%) and smoke
opacity (to 40%) and a small reduction in HC and CO emissions
were noted [22,23].
The present analysis of literature indicates advances in the per-
formance and combustion behavior with the use of Nano additives
to biodiesel. Indicates pollution reduction by incorporating Nano
additives. The present study is an exploration of the efficiency,
combustion, and pollutant parameters of chicken fat oil methyl
ester biodiesel and doped with SiO2 and NiO2 Nano additives. Fig. 2. SEM Image of SiO2.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Biodiesel manufacture procedures

The raw unused Chicken fat was collected from places like
restaurant, hostels and fast food centers and the biodiesel was pre-

Table 1
Nanoparticle Properties.

Sl. No. Parameters Nickle Oxide (NiO2) Silicon Oxide (SiO2)

1 Manufacturer Nano Research Lab Nano Research Lab
2 Chemical Name Nickle Oxide Silicon Oxide
3 Form Colour Powder Gray Powder White
4 Particle Size 25–50 mm 25–50 mm
5 Specific Surface Area 75 m2/g 250 m2/g
6 Molecular Weight 74.69 g/mol 60.08 g/mol Fig. 3. SEM Image of NiO2.

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T. Deepak Kumar, Manjunatha, K.S. Tejas et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 2
Properties of Fuel.

Properties Diesel B20CFME B20 CFME + 100 NiO2 B20 CFME + 100 SiO2
Kinematic Viscosity (40 °C, Cst) 3.05 4.3 5.83 4.01
Heat Value (MK/kg) 42.6 29 37.2 39.2
Density (kg/m3) 828 914 874 826
Flash Point °C 60 307 150 98
Cetane Number 40 53 51.48 51.48

Table 3
The specification of engine.

Parameters Specifications
Engine Four Stroke Single Cylinder
Make Kirloskar
Number of cylinder One
Speed 1500 rev/min
Bore 85 mm
Stroke length 110 mm
Compression ratio 17.5:1
Starting Cranking
Working length Four Stroke
Method of cooling Water cooled
Method of ignition Compression ignition
Dynamometer Eddy current

2.5. Error analysis and uncertainty

There will surely be error and difficulties in the experimental

Fig. 4. The engine setup.
pared using transesterification method. In the occurrence of KOH
and methyl alcohol, The transesterification methods of the raw
chicken fat oil were carried out in a biodiesel reactor machine pro-
duce the Chicken fat methyl ester (CFME), as in the demonstration
Fig. 1.
2.2. Characterization of nano additives
Silicon and Nickel oxide particles are procured from Nano
Research Lab. The parameters of Nano particles as shown in the
Table 1. Scanning electron microscope determines the composition
of the Silicon Nickel Oxide Nano particles with 150.00KX magnifi-
cation as shown in the Figs. 2 and 3 respectively
2.3. Preparation of biodiesel blends
Biodiesel blends are prepared by using ultrasonicator for equal
dispersion of biodiesel and Nano particles. Three test fuels
(B20CFME, B20CFME NiO2 and B20CFME SiO2) are prepared and
the properties are shown in the Table 2.
results, which can result from incorrect instrument calibration
due to over handling and manhandling, environmental conditions,
experimental testing conditions and preparation, surveillance and
reading. The mistakes that have been made become an obstacle
to accurate results. To remove these errors, mathematics and
statistics software and methods are used. The usual method is to
repeat the experimental data (atleast 3 times) and find the mean
to minimize the error from Table 4.
3. Result and discussions
3.1. Engine performance
3.1.1. Break specific fuel consumption (BSFC)
Fig. 5 shows the variation of BSFC with Load. BSFC decreases as
the loading increases. Addition of nano particles to biodiesel
improves the quality of the fuel. Due to lesser size and homoge-
nous mixing of nano particles with biodiesel prevents the clogging
of the fuel and increases the atomization property. Nano particle
have higher reactive surface area causes increases in the catalytic
property, which improves the combustion with minimum fuel con-
sumption. Oxide will enhances the secondary atomization causing
increases in combustion uniformly. B20CFME + SiO2 shows lesser
BSFC than the B20CFME + NiO2 due to higher availability of cat-
alytic surface area for the combustion. At higher loading condition,
Table 4
Uncertainties Percentage.

2.4. Experimental set up Sl. No. Parameters Average uncertainties

1 Air flow rate 1.2%
A Kirloskar diesel engine has been employed to conduct the 2 LCV of fuel 1.0%
experiment at varied load. In the experiment Diesel has been con- 3 Engine speed 1.3%
sidered as baseline reading and four other fuels, the engine has 4 Liquid fuel flow rate 0.15%
5 Temperature 1.0%
been run from 0% to 100% load using the five fuels and the results
6 Gas flow rate 2.1%
have been evaluated, tabulated and plotted on graphs for discus- 7 Cylinder pressure 0.8%
sion. The specification of engine as shown in Fig. 4 and Table 3.
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T. Deepak Kumar, Manjunatha, K.S. Tejas et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

3.2. Combustion parameter

3.2.1. Peak pressure

Fig. 7 depict the relation between Peak pressure (bar) and Load
(%), Due to improved combustion efficiency, the ignition delay time
decreases for the Nano fluid biodiesel blends compared to diesel
fuel and Nano particles also provide sufficient area to volume for
the catalytic operation of the fuel leads to increased combustion,
thereby Nano fluid biodiesel exhibits higher peak pressure com-
pares to diesel fuel. At higher load SiO2 and NiO2 shows +0.54%
and +0.12% peak pressure than the diesel fuel.

3.2.2. HRR (heat release rate)

Fig. 8 Portray the association of HRR (J/Deg) with Load (%).
Experiment reveals that as the addition of Nano products to diesel
and biodiesel fuel increases the HRR. Adding Nano particles to bio-
diesel increases the catalytic activity in the biodiesel fuel thus
encouraging the full combustion causes increases in HRR. At max-

Fig. 5. Break Specific Fuel Consumption vs % Load.

SiO2 shows 13.4%, and NiO2 shows 10.63% BSFC than the diesel
fuel.

3.1.2. Break thermal efficiency (BTE)

Brake thermal efficiency increases as the load increases as
shown in the Fig. 6. Brake thermal efficiency increases for Nano
additive biodiesel than the diesel. Addition of Nano particle
improves the combustion activity and more useful work is
obtained from the fuel, due to improvement in surface area to vol-
ume ratio increases the power attribute by enhancing the heat
transfer rate inside the engine cylinder. Addition of Nano particle
minimizes the ignition delay period and provides better atomiza-
tion of fuel from the fuel injector’s cause’s rapid evaporation
indeed increases the thermal efficiency. From the SiO2 and NiO2
characterization, parameters it shows the SiO2 has higher surface
area than the NiO2. Combustion mainly depends on the surface
area to volume ratio this is the reason for B20CFME + SiO2 shows Fig. 7. Variation of Pressure vs % Load.
higher BTE than the B20CFME + NiO2. At higher loading condition,
SiO2 shows + 8.2%, and NiO2 shows +6.11% BTE than the diesel fuel.

Fig. 6. Break Thermal Efficiency vs % Load. Fig. 8. Variation of Heat Release Rate with Load.

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T. Deepak Kumar, Manjunatha, K.S. Tejas et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

imum load SiO2 and NiO2 exhibits +2.34% and +1.63% than diesel
fuel.

3.3. Emissions parameter

3.3.1. NOx emission

Fig. 9 shows the NOx and load relation. NOx emission will be
higher for the biodiesel for all loading condition than the diesel
fuel. NOx shows higher emission with increase loading condition
due to higher adiabatic flame and cylinder temperature. Ignition
delay, higher combustion temperature and higher availability of
oxygen conditions favour the formation on NOx with higher rate.
Due to presence of oxygen, content in the biodiesel shows higher
NOx. As the dosing of metal based nanoparticle to biodiesel causes
complete combustion. In this condition, peak pressure and HRR
will be maximum but due to shorter ignition delay of nanoparticles
decreases the cylinder combustion temperature and leads to less
NOx formation will be achieved due to thermal breakdown of the Fig. 11. Variation of Hydrocarbon Emissions vs % Load.
hydrocarbons. At higher loading condition, SiO2 shows
89.8 ppm and NiO2 shows 42.8 ppm NOx than the diesel fuel
3.3.2. CO emission
Fig. 10 shows the variation of CO with respect to engine load. A
reduction in CO emission significantly due to presence of more
oxygen atoms present in the biodiesel blends than the diesel. The
oxygen atoms boots up the combustion activity. Nano particles
improve the air fuel mixture quality due to higher area to volume
ratio which leads burning rate for the complete combustion.
Decrease in the viscosity of the biodiesel improves the atomization
this plays a vital role in the reduction of CO emission. Nano parti-
cles decreases the homogeneity of the biodiesel composition there
by increases the breakup rate during injection of fuel from the fuel
injector. At higher loading condition SiO2 shows 16.6% and NiO2
shows 14.28% CO than the diesel fuel.

3.3.3. HC emission
Fig. 11 shows the variation of HC with Load. HC decreases as the
load increases were observed. When load increases availability of
oxygen gradually decreasing due to fuel injection is more. But for
the biodiesel contains oxygen molecules in fatty acid chain hence
HC formation for the biodiesel is decreases due to more combus-
tion than diesel will be observed. As the addition of the nano par-
ticles to biodiesel blends increases the atomization of fuel and
decreases the viscosity of the fuel leads to improvement in the
Fig. 9. Variation of Nitrous Oxide vs % Load.
vaporization of particles. Furthermore improved mixing quality
of air fuel increases combustion phenomena resulting n reduction
in HC formation. Presences of oxygen in the chain increase the
combustion rate with lesser combustion duration. Another reason
as the addition of nano particles decreases the temperature of car-
bon combustion and enhances the catalytic activity of oxygen. At
higher loading condition SiO2 shows 16 ppm and NiO2 shows
15.3 ppm HC than the diesel fuel.

4. Conclusion

The following are the conclusions drawn from the experimental

results

1. Brake Thermal efficiency is slightly improved by the addition of

nanoparticle,
2. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption decreases by 6.11% and 8% for
Metal Oxides additive with the addition of Biodiesel to diesel,
3. The unburnt hydrocarbons (UBHC) and Carbon Monoxide (CO)
both decrease by about 17% for the additives. Because of hydro-
carbons chain one end is oxygenated due to oxygen HC, CO
Fig. 10. Variation of Carbon Monoxide vs % Load.
decreases and CO becomes CO2,

5
T. Deepak Kumar, Manjunatha, K.S. Tejas et al.
4. The dosing of metal-based nanoparticle to biodiesel causes
complete combustion. In this condition, peak pressure and
HRR will be maximum but due to shorter ignition delay of
nanoparticles decreases the cylinder combustion temperature
and leads to less NOx formation will be achieved,
5. Finally, Chicken fat methyl ester (B20%) with SIO2 100 ppm
gives better Performance and reduction in the pollutant than
the other blends.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Dr. J.T. Devaraju, Registrar and
Resources Research Center, Bangalore University, Karnataka State,
India. For his financial support with grant number 1174/46 to
study the research work.
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