Define the following terms comprehensively.

1. Data - data is a wide range of information converted into a form of

easily followed and organized for the movements and for processing
analysis, it is used to describe and interpret a collection of facts. And it
is the information from which statistics are made.
2. Statistics- statistics are the results of the data analysis, the
interpretation and presentation that comes from the data analysis.
Statistics include computations that can give a better understanding of
what the data means. Statistics are usually presented in a chart, graph
or table.
o Descriptive- a process of classifying, exploring and describing
the information from the data in a descriptive manner.
o Inferential-includes the process of analyzing a sample of data
and using it to come up with a conclusion from the data
3. Biostatistics- it is the application of statistical methods and principles
to research problems in health-related fields, including medicine, public
health and biology. It provides tools and techniques for collecting data
and then summarizing, analyzing, and interpreting it.
4. Variable- A variable is defined as any numerical and categorical place,
individual or thing that can be measured and counted, age, sex and
grades are examples of variables
5. Quantitative Variables-Quantitative variables are numeric, it includes
numbers. They represent a measurable quantity, for example, talking
about the number of populations in a country, it is talking about how
many people are there in a country
6. Qualitative Variables-a variable that manifest a qualitative character
or quality; it doesn’t include a numerical value. It is a form of data such
as eye or hair color, can be blue, brown, black etc., when this type of
data is seen with a variable, then it is called qualitative variable.
7. Random Variable- a variable whose value is unknown. Each process
has a possible outcome that may result into different values. It is a
random process, which includes quantifying the outcomes it can have
any values within a continuous range. A great example is a rolling dice,
each side has a different outcome
8. Discrete Random Variable-Discrete random variables can take distinct
or separate values, it can easily be counts. Examples of discrete
random variables include the number of bedrooms in a house
9. Continuous Random Variable-A continuous random variable takes an
infinite number of possible values, it can take on any value in a range
and that range can be infinite. Continuous random variables are
usually measurements. Examples include height, weight, speed or time
10. Population-population is a group of individuals, living in one
country, city, or a place with shared citizenship, identity, or

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 characteristic. a population is a representative sample of a larger
group of people with one or more characteristics in common.
11. Sample-sample is a portion of the population, not the entire
population but only the chosen ones within the population. Sample is a
random selection of members of a population. It is a smaller group
from the population that has the characteristics of the entire
population, they are the one who represent the entire population.
12. Nominal Scale- can only categorize in the data by labelling them
in mutually exclusive groups, and there is no particular order between
the categories. Two examples are Gender and shopping brands.
13. Ordinal Scale- can categorize and rank the data in an order.
Example, the top 10 in class, this scale does not include how close or
far apart they are
14. Interval Scale-can be categorize, rank, and infer equal
intervals between neighboring data points. Ex. test scores
15. Ratio Scale-can be categorize, rank, and infer equal
intervals between neighboring data points, and there is a true zero
point, zero means lack of the variable. Ex. temperature in kelvin
16. Systematic Sampling-Members of the population are put in some
order. It has a pattern and start randomly. Ex. every 15th student is
selected to participate in a survey, a pattern of every 15th student
17. Stratified Random Sampling-The population is divided into
groups. The overall sample consists of some members from every
group. The members from each group are chosen randomly. Ex. All the
1st year students in a university are divided into 8 sections/groups in
which per section/group there is a chosen person randomly to
participate
18. Measurement-it uses numbers to get scales or sizes, it is
important to interpret the numbers assigned to people, objects, and
events. the information is provided by numbers.

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