REVIEWER COMPARATIVE
Socialist System (Marxist-Leninist
(LESSON 1-3)
Policing- Controlling, monitoring,
tracking, and altering, if required,
public conduct.
Comparative police system- It is the
science and art of investigating and
comparing the police system of nations.
- a study of police organizations,
training, and methods of policing of
various nations
Comparative criminal justice-
Subfield in the study of criminal justice
which deals with comparing the
similarities and differences of criminal
justice.
TYPES OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE
SYSTEM
1. Common Law System (Anglo-
American Justice)- Distinguished by a
strong adversarial system where
lawyers interpret and judges are
bounded by precedent.
“PRESUMED INNOCENT UNTIL PROVEN
GUILTY”
2. Civil law System (Continental
Justice or Romano-Germani Justice)-
Distinguished by a strong inquisitorial
system where fewer rights are granted
to the accused, and the written law is
taken as gospel and subject to little
interpretation.
- basis of natural law, which is a
respect for tradition and custom.
“PRESUMED GUILTY UNTIL PROVEN
INNOCENT”
3.
Justice)- Distinguished by procedures
designed to rehabilitate or retrain
people into fulfilling their
responsibilities to the state.
“MOVE THE STATE FORWARD IN THE
PERFECTIBILITY OF THE STATE AND
MANKIND”
- characterized by administrative law,
where non-legal officials make most of
the decisions.
4. Islamic System (Muslim or Arabic
Justice)- Derive all procedures and
practices from the interpretation of the
Koran with the exception however of
some various tribes.
- characterized by the absence of the
positive law and is based more on the
concept of natural justice
TYPES OF POLICE SYSTEM:
1. Centralized System- A system
where there is one recognized police
force that operates in the entire
country.
2. Decentralized/Fragmented
System- A system where a police
administration and operation are
independent of one state to another.
3. Combine Police System- A system
where national and local governments
cooperate and share in the
responsibility for establishing a police
service.
CLASSIFICATION OF POLICE
OPERATIONAL STYLES
1. As to law enforcement styles:
1. Legalistic - where the emphasis is
on violations of law and the use of
threat or actual arrest to solve disputes
in the community.
“MORE ARREST THAT IS MADE, THE
SAFER THE COMMUNITY WILL BE”
2. Watchman - where the emphasis is
on formal means of resolving disputes
and problems in a community.
- commonly found in poor communities
3. As to the way police officers use their
authority and power in street police
work:
1. Professional - where police officers
have the necessary passion and
perspective to be valuable police
officers.
2. Enforcers - where police officers
have a passion for responding to
human problems but do not recognize
limits on their power to resolve them.
3. Reciprocators - where police officers
often are too objective in that they have
perspective but virtually no passion.

“ARREST ONLY IS USED ONLY AS A 4. Avoiders - where police officers have

LAST RESORT” neither passion nor perspective

3. Service - where the emphasis is on

helping the community as opposed to
LESSON 2: GLOBALIZATION
enforcing the law.
Globalization- the process of
- commonly found in wealthy
interaction and Integration among
communities
people, companies, and governments of
different nations.

2. As to the degree of commitment to

maintaining order and respect for due
process:
1. Enforcers - where the emphasis is
on order, with little respect for due
process.
2. Idealists - where the emphasis is on
both social order and due process.
3. Optimists - where the emphasis is
on due process, with little priority given
to social order.
4. Realists - where little emphasis is
given to due process or social order.
EVENTS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO
THE EMERGENCE OF
GLOBALIZATION
1. Establishment of international
agencies and institutions
2. Standardized system of global time
3. Global networks of communication
4. International competitions and prizes
5. International Law (Le Treaties and
Conventions; Customary International
Law;
6. Internationally shared notions of
citizenship and human rights
Treaties and Conventions- are written
agreements that states willingly sign
and ratify and such are obliged to
follow.
Customary International Law -is
made up of rules that are derived from
a general practice accepted as law.
CAUSES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. International division of labor
2. Internationalization of finance
3. The new technology system based on
a combination of innovations
4. The growth of consumer markets
CHALLENGES BROUGHT BY
GLOBALIZATION TO LAW
ENFORCEMENT
1. increase in the number of economic
and social transactions across national
boundaries;
2. Evolution of the “Global Village” has
opened up unprecedented opportunities
for transnational crime.
3. Growth of transnational economic
transactions making it difficult for the
government to regulate monetary
movement.
4. Rise of cosmopolitan world cities;
provides operation based for criminal
organizations.
5. Rise to global marketing
opportunities both licit and illicit.
6. Globalization presents new
opportunities for global information and
developments, but it also presents
threats.
THE CHANGING ROLE OF POLICE
1. In the past the police were
preoccupied with solving local crimes
2. With globalization, police are now
faced with:
 Organized crime (Money
laundering, drug trafficking, etc.)
 Transnational crimes
(terrorism, human trafficking,
etc.)
LESSON 3: TRANSNATIONAL CRIME
PRINCIPAL TARGETS OF
INTERNATIONAL POLICE
COOPERATION
Serious Transnational Crimes
1. Serious Crimes- Conduct
constituting an offense punishable by a
maximum deprivation of liberty of at
least four years or a more serious
penalty
2. Organized Criminal Group-
Structured group of three or more
persons, existing for a period of time
and acting in concert with the aim of
committing one or more serious crimes
or offenses
Transnational crime- Activity that is
considered a criminal offense by at least
two countries.
- Crimes that are not only international
but crimes that by their nature involve
border crossing as an essential part of
the criminal activity.
Transnational Crimes are especially
concerned with acts criminalized by
laws of more than one country.
International Crimes are crimes
prohibited by international laws,
norms, treaties, and customs.
difficult for the law enforcement
agencies
3. Integration movement of previously
laundered money into the economy
mainly through the banking system and
thus such monies appear to be normal
business earnings

4. Drug Trafficking- Illegal movement

EXAMPLES OF TRANSNATIONAL
across one or more national frontiers of
CRIMES
psychoactive substances or drugs.
1. Terrorism- A tactic or technique by
5. Cybercrimes- A crime that involves a
means of which a violent act or threat
computer and a network, where the
thereof is used for the prime objective of
computer may or may not have played
creating overwhelming fear for coercive
an instrumental part in the commission
purposes
of the crime.
Cybercrimes may be divided into:
2. Trafficking in Person- The
1. Crimes that target computer
exploitation of vulnerable people for
networks or devices directly or cyber-
purposes of sex, labor, and organ
dependent crimes.
harvest by organized criminal groups.
2. Crimes facilitated by a computer
network or devices or cyber-enabled
3. Money Laundering- A process by crimes.
which, assets primarily cash assets,
OTHER EXAMPLES OF
which are derived from illegal activities
TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES
are manipulated in such a manner to
make them look as if it was derived 1. Organized crime
from legitimate sources.
2. Trafficking of stolen vehicles
3. Intellectual property crime
Stages of Money Laundering
4. Smuggling of stolen artwork
1. Placement movement of cash from
5. Financial and credit card fraud
its source; the source can be easily
disguised or misrepresented followed by 6. Smuggling and illicit trafficking of
placing it into circulation through weapons and radioactive and nuclear
financial institutions substances
2. Layering purpose of this stage is to
make it more difficult to detect and
uncover laundering activity; It is meant
to make the trailing of illegal proceeds
PHILIPPINE LAWS RELATED TO
TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES
1. Public Safety and Terrorism
 RA 11479 – The Anti-Terrorism
Act of 2020  RA 6969 - Toxic
Substances and Hazardous and
Nuclear Waste Control Act of
1990
 PD 532 – Anti-Piracy and Anti-
Highway Robbery Law of 1974
 RA 10591 - Comprehensive
Firearms and Ammunition
Regulation Act
2. Trafficking of Human Beings
1. RPC, Article 272 – Slavery
2. RPC, Article 341 - White Slave
Trade
3. RA 9208 – Anti-Trafficking in
Persons Act
4. RA 8042 - Migrant Workers and
Overseas Filipino Workers Act (Illegal
Recruitment)
5. RA 10906 - Anti-Mail Order Spouse
Act
6. RA 8043 – Inter-Country Adoption
Act
7. RA 11642 – Domestic Administrative
Adoption and Alternative Child Care Act
PHILIPPINE CENTER ON
TRANSNATIONAL CRIME (PCTC)
Created by Executive Order No.
62 and Executive Order No. 100, it has
the power of supervision and control of
anti-transnational crime operations of
all Philippine government agencies and
instrumentalities.
3. Financial, High-Tech Crimes, and
Drug Trafficking
1. RA 9160 as amended by RA 9194,
RA 10167, RA 10365 – Anti–Money
Laundering Act
2. RA 8792 – Electronic Commerce Act
3. RA 4200 – Anti–Wire Tapping Law
4. RA 10175 – The Cybercrime
Prevention Act
5. RA 9165 - The Comprehensive
Dangerous Drug Act
Channels of International Police
Cooperation
1. Agreements between countries
2. Adherence to agreements made by
United Nations
3. Membership in subregional, regional,
or global international police
organizations
Forms of International Police
Cooperation
1. Exchange of information
2. Joint operations
3. Training of police personnel in other
countries
4. Participation in international
conferences, seminars, and meetings
5. International publications
6. Cooperation in obtaining modern
police equipment
7. International research projects
8. Mutual holiday visits