M900/M1800 Base Station Subsystem

Feature Description Contents

Contents

8 Multiband Network...................................................................................................................8-1
8.1 Overview.......................................................................................................................................................8-2
8.2 Technical Description....................................................................................................................................8-2
8.2.1 MS Classmark......................................................................................................................................8-3
8.2.2 BA list ..................................................................................................................................................8-3
8.2.3 Support of system Information for multiband network........................................................................8-4

8.2.4 ECSC (Early Classmark Sending Control) ..........................................................................................8-4

8.2.5 MBR (Multi-Band Report)...................................................................................................................8-5
8.2.6 PI (Cell Reselection Parameter Index).................................................................................................8-6

8.3 Traffic Guide Strategy in Multiband Network...............................................................................................8-6

8.4 Features of DCS1800 ....................................................................................................................................8-9
8.4.1 Propagation characteristics of DCS1800..............................................................................................8-9

8.4.2 DCS1800 coverage requirements.......................................................................................................8-10

8.4.3 DCS1800 coverage mode...................................................................................................................8-10
8.5 Multiband Networking Modes .................................................................................................................... 8-11

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Feature Description Figures

Figures

Figure 8-1 GSM900/DCS1800 multiband network............................................................................................8-2

Figure 8-2 Cell layers and levels ........................................................................................................................8-9

Figure 8-3 Standalone MSC networking mode ................................................................................................ 8-11

Figure 8-4 Shared MSC/standalone BSC networking ......................................................................................8-12

Figure 8-5 Shared BSC networking mode........................................................................................................8-13

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Feature Description Tables

Tables

Table 8-1 MBR implication ................................................................................................................................8-5

Table 8-2 Cell selection/reselection hierarchy ....................................................................................................8-7

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Feature Description 8 Multiband Network

8 Multiband Network

About This Chapter

The following table lists the contents of this chapter.

Section Describes

8.1 Overview Introduces the multiband network.

8.2 Technical Description
8.3 Traffic Guide Strategy in
Multiband Network
8.4 Features of DCS1800
8.5 Multiband Networking
Modes
Describes the technology of the multiband network.
Describes the traffic guide strategy in multiband network .
Describes the features of DCS1800.
Introduces the multiband networking modes.

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8.1 Overview
The multiband network is a network combined GSM900 and DCS1800 In the multiband
network, GSM multiband MS can communicate in either GSM900 frequency band or
DCS1800 frequency band. Each cell in a multiband network has frequencies from only one
frequency band. The multiband network allows cell reselection, distribution and handover
between GSM900 cell and DCS1800 cell. The application of multiband network is as shown in
Figure 8-1.

Figure 8-1 GSM900/DCS1800 multiband network

GSM900 DCS1800

MSC MSC

BSC BSC
BSC BSC

GSM900
DCS1800

The multiband network can be used to utilize the abundant frequency resources in DCS1800
frequency band, to absorb network traffic, and to satisfy the increasing demand of network
capacity.

8.2 Technical Description

To guarantee the stable operation of multiband network, it is of utmost importance to correctly
configure the parameters related with the multiband network operation at the stage of network
commissioning. Given below is a description of the technical principles governing the
multiband network.

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8.2.1 MS Classmark
In the GSM system, MS Classmark represents the MS services, supported bands, power, and
encryption capability. The Classmark of the mobile station falls into three categories:
Classmark1, Classmark2 and Classmark3. The network can interrogate the Classmark of MS
and realize its capabilities. In addition, the network can request the mobile station to report its
Classmark3 immediately after creating a link by setting the parameter “Early Classmark
Sending Control”. Since the important messages in Classmark3 are created specially for
multiband applications, it is required that in the multiband network the equipment should
support the processing of MS Classmark.

Huawei BSS supports ECSC, processing of MS Classmark3, etc.

8.2.2 BA list
In the GSM system, the BA (BCCH Allocation) list is a set of all the carrier channel numbers of
adjacent cells of each cell.

The network carries out compatibility handling for various types of MSs through system
information control. It also guides the MSs to access and handover correctly so that good
services of the radio network can be guaranteed.

BA defines the absolute channel numbers used by carrier of all adjacent frequency cell BCCHs,
which is used for cell selection and handover. It is the system that informs MS the BA list
through system information. There are two types of BA list:

z The BA1 mainly contains the list of adjacent cells searched by the MSs in idle mode. It is
transmitted periodically in the system information type 2, 2bis or 2ter, and used for cell
re-selection in the idle mode.
z The BA2 mainly contains the list of adjacent cells searched by the MSs in active mode. It
is transmitted in the system information 5, 5bis or 5ter, and used for handover in active
mode.

When an MS is in active mode, It extracts the parameters of adjacent cells from the associated
channel system information type 5, 5bis or 5ter on the SACCH, instead of from the system
information type 2, 2bis and 2ter. In accordance with the actual network status, the BA list in the
system information type 5, 5bis and 5ter can be either identical to or varied with that in the
system information type 2, 2bis and 2ter.

The BA list shall be set in accordance with the network design requirements and the actual
status of adjacent cells. Otherwise, there might be inappropriateness in handover or cell
re-selection, or even handover failure. In this case, it may impact the services provided by the
network.

The number of adjacent cells on each BA list shall not exceed 32.

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8.2.3 Support of system Information for multiband network

The network carries out compatibility handling of MSs of various classes through system
information (type 2 / 2bis / 2ter and 5 / 5bis / 5ter). The radio network controls the MSs to
access and handover correctly and guarantees good services.

Huawei GSM system carries out thorough compatibility processing of Phase 1 and Phase 2 900
MSs, Phase 1 and Phase 2 1800 MSs and multiband MSs, and supports system information type
2 / 2bis / 2ter and 5 / 5bis / 5ter.

The BA1 list is sent in system information type 2 for re-selection. The BA2 list is sent in the
system information type 5 for handover. In GSM900 system, the frequency channels are
numbered from 1 to 124. Coding can be done on one list without 2bis / 2ter / 5bis / 5ter when the
bitmap format is used. However, this should be adjusted after the multiband system is
employed.

For the GSM900 cells, the DCS1800 frequency channels on its adjacent cell list are for
multiband MSs. They are transmitted through the system information type 2ter / 5ter. Only a
multiband MS supports the system information type 2ter / 5ter. Whereas the frequency channels
of its GSM900 adjacent cells are placed in the system information type 2 / 5 and can be coded in
the bitmap format. The Phase 1 MS recognizes the bitmap format only. This ensures
compatibility with Phase 1 GSM900 MSs.

For the DCS1800 cells, they are handled in a similar way. The 900 M frequency channels on the
list of its adjacent cells are for multiband MSs, transmitted through the system information type
2ter / 5ter. whereas the frequency channels of its DCS1800 adjacent cells are placed in the
system information type 2/5. As they cannot be coded on one list, the BA list needs to be split
into two parts, transmitted respectively in the system information type 2 (or 5) and 2bis (or 5bis).
The system information type 2bis (5bis) is for single-band M1800 MSs and multiband MSs
only.

For the multiband network, it is required that the equipment should support the system
information type 2ter/5ter.

8.2.4 ECSC (Early Classmark Sending Control)

ECSC indicates whether MS is required to report the MS Classmark3 voluntarily and early. For
further details refer to the protocol 0408. On receipt of the Classmark change message, MS will
send the additional Classmark message to the network as early as possible. Classmark3
information includes the power messages of various frequency bands of multi-frequency MS.
In the handover between different frequency bands, power level should be correctly described.
It is essential to know the Classmark3 message when making a paging call or sending the BA2
list in different bands.

The sampling range of the ECSC is as follows:

ECSC=1, transmission required.

ECSC=0, transmission not required.

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This function comes into beings for the multiband-networking situation. And the information in
Classmark3 is for multiband application.

In case of single-band networking, it is advisable to set this parameter to 0. In case of multiband

networking, the recommended value of ECSC is 1 so that signaling flow can be reduced.

The parameter ECSC is transmitted in system information type 3.

8.2.5 MBR (Multi-Band Report)

MBR serves to help the network to notify the MS that the 6 adjacent cells reported must cover
multiple bands.

In the single-band GSM system, when the MS reports the adjacent cell measurement results to
the network, it need only report the 6 adjacent cells with strongest signals in a band. When there
is a multi-band network, the operator will usually expect the MS to have the priority to enter a
band in time of handover depending on the actual status of the network. Therefore, the MS is
expected to report the measurement results based not only on the level of the signals but also on
the band of the signals. The system parameter “Multi-band Report”, therefore, serves to notify
the mobile station to report the multi-band adjacent messages.

In the multiband network, the following situation often occurs because the propagation loss in
the 1800 MHz band is larger than that of the 900 MHz band: among the 6 adjacent cells with
strongest signals as reported by MSs, none of them is a DCS1800 cell. This will affect the
absorption of traffic by the DCS1800 network. In this case, the network can request the
multiband MSs to send the MR about the adjacent 1800 MHz cells by setting the MBR value.
By setting different values for MBR, the MSs can report the messages of the adjacent cells of
different bands as required when submitting the MRs of 6 best adjacent cells.

MBR is represented in decimal digits, with the ranges from 0 to 3. Its implication is shown in
Table 8-1.

Table 8-1 MBR implication

MBR Implication

0 MS shall report the measurement results of 6 adjacent cells with strongest signals
known and allowed by NCC depending on the signal level of the cells, regardless of
which band the cells are in.
1 MS shall report the measurement results of an adjacent cell in each band with
strongest signals, which are known and allowed by NCC on the adjacent cell list.
Then it shall report the adjacent cells in the band used by the current service area in
the remaining space of the report. If there is still space left, it shall report the status
of the other adjacent cells, regardless of which band they are in.
2 The MS shall report the measurement results of two adjacent cells in each band with
strongest signals known and allowed by NCC on the adjacent cell list. Then it shall
report the adjacent cells in the band used by the current service area in the
remaining space of the report. If there is still space left, it shall report the status of
the other adjacent cells, regardless of which band they are in.

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MBR Implication

3 The mobile station shall report the measurement results of three adjacent cells in
each band with strongest signals known and allowed by NCC on the adjacent cell
list. Then it shall report the adjacent cells in the band used by the current service
area in the remaining space of the report. If there is still space left, it shall report the
status of the other adjacent cells, regardless of which band they are in.

8.2.6 PI (Cell Reselection Parameter Index)

PI is used to notify MS whether to adopt C2 as cell reselection parameter and to calculate
whether the parameter of C2 exists.

Value range of PI: Y or N.

Y indicates that MS should extract parameters from broadcasting of system information in cell
to work out C2 value and use the value to serve as the standard of cell reselection; N indicates
that MS should use C1 to serve as cell reselection standard (i. e. C2 = C1). Generally, PI is set as
Y in multiband network.

8.3 Traffic Guide Strategy in Multiband Network

In the multiband networking, one of the most important purposes is to try to let DCS1800
network absorb or share traffic so as to satisfy the increasing requirement of network capacity
and quality. The following principles should be followed.

z In the early stage of multiband network construction, try to let DCS1800 cells absorb
multiband subscribers.
z Realize the continuous coverage of DCS1800 network in hot spot areas.
z When the number of multiband subscribers reaches a certain level, use different bands to
share traffic thus to reduce handover and provide better service.

The carrier can realize different traffic control strategy through real-time adjustment of related
parameters.

Different traffic control methods are used for different MS states. DCS1800 cell can have
higher priority or better adjacent cell measurement comparison value through the configuration
of system parameters. So when the subscriber turns on the mobile to select cell in idle mode or
reselects cell in standby state, DCS1800 cell can be more likely to be the serving cell for
multiband subscribers. In this way, the subscriber is more likely to wait at DCS1800 before a
call connection; during the connection of MS call, the traffic distribution can be adjusted by
directed retry. In connected state, try to connect as much as possible traffic to high level
DCS1800 cells in lower layers through cell hierarchy and specifying different hierarchical cell
structures (HCS); the multiband traffic handover can be used to make traffic load more rational.

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The following describes in detail the cell selection, cell reselection, directed retry, cell hierarchy
and specifying HCS, and multiband handover.

Cell Selection and Cell Reselection

In idle mode, the system guides the traffic absorption by controlling the process of MS cell
selection and cell reselection.

When MS turns on, it first needs to select cell so that to confirm its serving cell. Principle of cell
selection: cells allowing to be accessed and cells with high priority are first selected; for the
cells with the same priorities, the cell with maximum C1 value is first selected. The C1 value of
selected cell should be greater than zero. C1 value is calculated as follows:

C1 = RxLEV − RxLEV _ Access _ MIN − MAX ((MS _ TxPWR _ MAX _ CCH − P ),0 )

RxLEV Access MIN range: 0–63, 0 is corresponding with -110 dBm, 63 is corresponding with
-47 dBm.

MS TxPWR MAX CCH value range:

z GSM900: 0–19 available, 0 is corresponding to 43 dBm, 1 is corresponding to 41 dBm.

The value of higher level is 2dB greater than that of lower level.
z DCS1800: 0–15 available, 0 is corresponding to 30 dBm, 1 is corresponding to 28 dBm.
Step is 2 dB.

In the multiband network, owing to the strong fading of signals in DCS1800 frequency band,
signals in GSM900 frequency band is stronger. In order to enable MS can be accessed to
DCS1800 system, the cell selection priority can be controlled by setting value of cell bar
qualify (CBQ) and cell bar access (CBA). The signals in DCS1800 cell are generally weaker
than that in GSM900 cell. To enable the multiband MS to select DCS1800 cell preferentially,
DCS1800 cell can be set as Normal and GSM900 cell as Low.

Table 8-2 Cell selection/reselection hierarchy

Case CBQ CBA Cell selection Cell reselection

1 0 0 Normal Normal
2 0 1 Barred Barred
3 1 0 Low Normal
4 1 1 Low Normal

When selecting cell, GSM900 cell is set as CBQ=1, CBA=0 and DCS1800 is set as CBQ=0,
CBA=0. This enables DCS1800 cell to have a higher priority.

After MS completes cell selection, it should reselect cell in standby state in order to select a
better serving cell. The parameter that decides cell reselection is C2. MS reselection principle is

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to select the cell with maximum C2 value as the serving cell. C2 depends on the following
factors:

z C2=C1+CRO-TO×H(PT-T) (PT<31)
z C2=C1-CRO (PT=31)

Where, the value Cell Reselection Offset (CRO) decides the difficulty of cell reselection and
Temporary Offset (TO) functions within penalty time (PT).

CRO value can be 0, 1, £ 63 with grade as unit, which are corresponding to 0=0 dB; 1=2 dB;
63=126 dB respectively.

TO value can be 0, 1, and 7, which are corresponding to 0=0 dB; 1=10 dB; 6=60 dB; 7=infinite
respectively.

PT value can be 0, 1, and. 31, which are corresponding to 0=20 s, 1=40 s, and 30=620 s
respectively.

H ( ) = 0 if PT-T<0

H ( ) = 1 if PT-T>0

C1 indicates the quality of radio channel. The greater C1 value, the better quality of channel. C2
is corrected manually. C2 value of each cell can be adjusted through CRO value. So the C2
value can be calculated according to CRO, TO, and PT so as to confirm the cell reselected for
MS. That is to say, C2 value of DCS1800 cell can be greater than that of GSM900 cell by setting
parameters that can affect C2 value, such as CRO. Therefore, though signals in DCS1800 cell
are weaker that of GSM900 cell, DCS1800 cell can still be reselected for MS by setting
parameters.

Parameters of cell selection and reselection can be flexibly used to control MS to select
DCS1800 network as required in network planning; under the precondition that network quality
is guaranteed, these parameters can be used to make MS establish calls in DCS1800 network so
as to share the load of GSM900 network.

Directed retry
Provided that the process to initiate a call by an MS has completed switching, connection,
control of some signaling and it is time to for SDCCH to assign TCH so as to connect the
speech channel of both parties. However, it is found that the TCH of this cell is full. In this case,
directed retry can be used to assign TCH of adjacent cells for MS from SDCCH thus to
guarantee the successful connection. At the same time, the traffic is shared.

Layers and levels of network

Under the connected state, traffic between frequency bands can be distributed rationally
through abundant Huawei multiband handover This is the core of multiband traffic guide and
control strategy.

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Huawei hierarchy handover algorithm divides a cell into 4 layers each layer with 16 levels. This
meets the need of complicated networking circumstances. The design concept of this hierarchy
has fully considered the collaboration with the current network equipment and the requirement
of future network development. The cell layers and levels are as shown in Figure 8-2.

Figure 8-2 Cell layers and levels

Umbrella GSM1800
Cell Layer4

GSM900 GSM900 GSM900

GSM900
Cell Layer3

GSM1800 GSM1800 GSM1800

GSM1800
Cell Layer2

GSM900 GSM900 GSM900 GSM900

Micro GSM1800 GSM1800 GSM1800 GSM1800
Cell Layer1

The GSM system covering the same area is divided into 4 layers. The high layer is the fourth
layer, i. e. umbrella-like cellular, which is generally is a GSM900 cell with wide coverage. It
has two functions: covering and quick connection of MS. The middle layer consists of GSM900
macro cells. These are the main cells of the system and most of subscribers gather in this layer.
The followed layer consists of DCS1800 micro cells with small coverage. This layer is the main
target for capacity expansion so as to solve the problem of short resource of frequencies. The
bottom layer consists of DCS1800 Pico cells, which is to meet the requirements of hot spot and
blind spot areas. For the priority, the cell in lower layer has a higher priority.

Considering the future network development, to make network planning and optimization more
detailed and more flexible, the layer should combine with level division, that is to say, each
layer should be divided into several levels. Each layer of these four layers is divided into 16
priorities.

For the description of handover, please refer to Figure 8-2.

8.4 Features of DCS1800

8.4.1 Propagation characteristics of DCS1800

The working frequency of DCS1800 is two times as that of GSM900. According to COST-231
model and practical experience, the propagation loss of DCS1800 inside stadia is 6 dB greater
than that of GSM900 and the propagation loss of DCS1800 outside stadia is 10 dB greater than
that of GSM900. The propagation loss inside buildings is 5–17 dB higher (it varies from

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material to material). The fast fading of DCS1800 is a disadvantage to realize the fine coverage
of DCS1800 and the condition of DCS1800 coverage is directly related with the performance of
network. Moreover, electromagnetic diffraction of DCS1800 is poorer that than of GSM900.

8.4.2 DCS1800 coverage requirements

z Outdoor coverage
The outdoor coverage can be easily realized if the distance between sites is not too far. If
necessary, besides the installation of DCS1800 equipment on the site of original GSM900
site, the new sites should be installed in proper places.
z Indoor coverage
In order to guarantee the fine indoor coverage of DCS1800, the distance between BTSs in
the city should not exceed 1000 m. In the city with buildings in reinforced concrete
structure, which penetration loss is very great, so it is recommended that the distance
between BTSs should be 500–800 m.

8.4.3 DCS1800 coverage mode

There are three coverage modes for DCS1800 network in multiband network: Fine continuous
coverage, continuous coverage of hot spot areas, scattered coverage of hot spot areas.

z Fine continuous coverage

This coverage mode has the following advantages: DCS1800 is easy to absorb traffic and
has less handovers and high quality of operation; the frequency planning and network
optimization is easy to be realized and the traffic distribution is easy to be controlled; after
sites are constructed, if capacity expansion is needed, it is only needs to configure carrier
instead of constructing new sites; and it is convenient to be constructed and maintained.
The disadvantage is that the investment is large and it is hard to select sites in one time.
z Continuous coverage of hot spot areas
This coverage mode has the following disadvantages: the traffic absorption of DCS1800 is
limited and there are frequent multiband handovers; strict requirement for locating traffic
hot spot; it is hard to plan frequencies and optimize network due to the irregular
distribution of DCS1800 BTSs. The construction and maintenance is complicated. The
advantage is that the site in highly intense areas can be gradual constructed so as to save
the investment.
z Scattered coverage of hot spot areas
This coverage mode has the following disadvantages: the traffic absorption of DCS1800 is
low and there are frequent multiband handovers; strict requirement for locating traffic hot
spot; it is hard to plan frequencies and optimize network due to the irregular distribution of
DCS1800 BTSs. The construction and maintenance is complicated. The advantage is that
the initial investment is small.

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8.5 Multiband Networking Modes

There are three modes for multiband networking: standalone MSC networking, shared
MSC/standalone BSC networking, and shared BSC. In general, the former two modes are
called standalone networking and shared BSC network is also known as mixed networking.

Standalone MSC networking

Standalone MSC networking refers to that GSM900 and DCS1800 use different MSCs for
networking respectively, as shown in Figure 8-3.

Figure 8-3 Standalone MSC networking mode

BTS
MS BSC MSC/VLR
BTS
EIR
OMC

SMC HLR/AUC

BTS
MS BSC MSC/VLR
BTS

GSM900 GSM1800

The standalone MSC networking has the following features:

z No impact on original network

z Clear network planning, clear network data configuration, and easy to construct.
z Satisfy the requirement of long-term capacity expansion.
z Convenient to manage the whole network and develop new services.
z The initial investment of network is relative large but the investment for each subscriber is
the smallest.
z Introduce competition so as to lower equipment investment and improve quality of
service.

Besides the above features, the standalone MSC networking increases the inter-office
handovers and position updates, thus the load of signaling link is increased. In addition, the
standalone MSC networking has the problem of collaboration of equipment of different
providers. In a long-term view, it is better than mixed networking.

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Shared MSC / standalone BSC networking

Shared MSC / standalone BSC network refers to GSM900 and DCS1800 network adopts the
same MSC and different BSCs for networking, as shown in Figure 8-4.

Figure 8-4 Shared MSC/standalone BSC networking

BTS
MS BSC
BTS
BTS
EIR
OMC
MSC/VLR
SMC
HLR/AUC
BTS
MS BSC
BTS

GSM900 DCS1800

Shared MSC/standalone BSC networking has the following features:

z Impact on the original network.

z Need to re-plan NSS and hard to be constructed.
z Hard for capacity expansion. As network develops, construction and maintenance might
become difficult.
z Relative small initial investment of network and of each subscriber.
z Introduce competition so as to lower equipment investment and improve quality of
service.
z Backup function for BSC to secure the network.

Shared BSC networking

Shared BSC networking refers to that BTSs of GSM900 and DCS1800 access the same BSC or
multiband mixed BTS accesses BSC, as shown in Figure 8-5.

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Figure 8-5 Shared BSC networking mode

BTS

MS BSC
BTS

BTS EIR
OMC
MSC/VLR
SMC
HLR/AUC
BTS

MS BTS BSC

BTS

GSM900 GSM1800 BTS GSM1800/GSM900

Shared BSC networking has the following features:

z Possible great impact on original network, especially when BSC has a small capacity.
z Need to re-plan NSS and BSS and hard to be constructed.
z Hard for capacity expansion. As network develops, construction and maintenance might
become difficult.
z Restricted new services.
z Cannot introduce competition thus it is hard to lower the cost and to improve service.
z The smallest initial investment of network and the largest investment for each subscriber.

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