Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Learning Module-Edu05 Module 3
Learning Module-Edu05 Module 3
Units 3
Date Developed:
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John Lexber B. Paltao, LPT
College for Research & Technology of Cabanatuan
This module was prepared to help you achieve the required learning competency in
this subject. This will be the source of information for you to acquire your strengths and
limitations in particular lessons independently and at your own pace, with minimum
supervision of help from your instructor.
Talk to your online instructor and agree on how you will both organize the
activities of this unit. Read each through the module carefully. It is divided into
lessons, which cover all the strengths and limitations you need to successfully
complete this module.
Work through all the information and complete the activities in each lessons.
Read the modules and complete and have a self-check at the end. Suggested
references are included to supplement the needed information provided in this
module.
Most probably your instructor will be your supervisor or manager. Your online
instructor will support and correct you.
Your online instructor will tell you about the important things you need consider
when you are completing activities and it is important that you listen and take
notes.
You will be given plenty of opportunity to ask questions and practice to know
yourself. Make sure you are learned by this module.
Date Developed:
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John Lexber B. Paltao, LPT
Kindly do the self-check questions at the LMS - Edmodo App to test your own
progress.
School as an
Educational Organization Module 2.3
Reforms in the
Department of Education Module 2.4
Date Developed:
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John Lexber B. Paltao, LPT
MODULE CONTENT
MODULE DESCRIPTOR:
NUMBER OF HOURS:
80
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Discuss various organizational leadership and management
theories.
2. Discuss the organizational structure and current education reform
in the Department of Education.
3. Discuss the function of school as an educational organization.
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Module 2.1
Organizational Theories
Introduction
Organizational Theories
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John Lexber B. Paltao, LPT
According to Kashyap (n.d.), ever since the dawn of civilization,
people have always formed organizations to combine effort for
accomplishment of their common goal. Some examples are the Emperors
of China who use to construct irrigation system, the First Pope who created
a universal church to serve as religion, and the Egyptians who constructed
the great pyramids. In simple words, Kashyap (n.d.) define it as a group of
persons formed to seek certain goals.
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companies. "Scientific Management was based on idea of systematization
where attempts were made to enhance efficiency of procedures to be best
via scientific analyses and experiments" (Lagaard, 2006, p. 14).
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During the same time when Taylor developed the theory of Scientific
Management, Henri Fayol also developed another approach called the
Administrative Theory. According to Laagard (2006), contrary to Taylor's
scientific approach which is categorized as bottom up approach, Fayol's
administrative principles is in the form of the management's hierarchical
pyramid structure which is considered as top down approach and its focus
is on administrative process rather than technical processes.
Van (2009) emphasized that Fayol laid the first foundation for
modern scientific management in the early 1900 which serve as guidelines
for decision-making and management actions. Van (209) further articulated
that this management concept which is known as the 14 principles of
management is considered as the underlying factors for successful
management:
Date Developed:
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6. Subordinate of Individual Interest - is about prioritization of
organization's interest over personal interest which applies to all
members of the organization.
7. Remuneration - is about rewards and compensations to efforts
that have been made which could be in a form of monetary or
non-monetary that keeps employees motivated and productive.
8. The Degree of Centralization - this implies the concentration of
decision-making authority at the top management.
9. Scalar Chain - is about the hierarchical structure that is always
present at any type organization. There should be a clear line of in
the area of authority from the top management down to the
lowest level.
10. Order - this pertains to the order and safety of employees in
order to function properly at work.
11. Equity - this implies equal treatment among members of the
organization.
12. Stability of Tenure of Personnel - this is about the proper
deployment and management of personnel by providing
employees the opportunity to be considered for tenured position
based on their performance.
13. Initiative - this allows employees to express ideas that will
help benefit the company.
14. Esprit de Corps - this promotes unity among employees,
develops morale in the workplace, and creates atmosphere of
mutual trust and understanding.
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better than the traditional structure. Bureaucracy is an organizational
structure that is characterized by many rules, standardized process,
procedures and requirements, number of desks, meticulous division of
labor and responsibility, clear hierarchies and professional, almost
impersonal interaction between employees" (Mulder, 2017).
Mulder (2017) and Lagaard (2006) highlighted the three types of power
that can be found in an organization based on Weber's Bureaucratic model
and these are the following:
Mulder (2017) also articulated the following elements that support Fayol's
bureaucratic management:
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hierarchy, rules and impersonal relationship.” The following are the salient
features of Max Weber's Bureaucratic Theory highlighted by Mulder (2017):
Date Developed:
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what is expected of them. In a bureaucratic form of organization
like the educational institutions, the operation is governed by
specific policies, standards and guidelines which can be in a form
of a memo or an order. It serves as a guide for the members of
the organization to follow.
5. Impersonal Regulations and clear requirements create distant
and impersonal relationships between employees, with the
additional advantage of preventing nepotism or involvement from
outsiders or politics. Decisions must be based on rational factors
rather than personal factors.
6. Career orientation Employees of a bureaucratic organization are
selected on the basis of their expertise. This helps in the
deployment of the right people in the right positions and thereby
optimally utilizing human capital. Professional growth and career
development is encourage to support employees become experts
in their own field and significantly improve their performance.
Taylor's, Weber's and Fayol's work are some of the many theories that
have significantly contributed in the management of organizations which
also became the foundation of other succeeding organizational theories
that are being adopted by many organizations.
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John Lexber B. Paltao, LPT
Module 2.2
School Leadership
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appropriate strategies in curriculum delivery that will suit the
learning styles of students
3. Developing the ability to transform schools into more
effective organization to foster powerful teaching and
learning for all students transformational leadership is one of
the leadership theories that requires leaders to have passion and
energy to achieve great things. Leaders should have in-depth
understanding of powerful teaching and learning through the use
of brain-based instruction that promotes active-inquiry, in-depth
learning, and performance assessment including culture of
excellence that will lead to the effective teaching and learning.
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Curriculum and Assessment Specialist - leads teachers to follow
curriculum standards and develop appropriate assessment
Mentor/Coach - serves as mentor for co-teachers
Facilitator – facilitates professional development
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School leaders involved various leadership styles which include
transformational, instructional, and distributed leadership.
Instructional Leadership
Transformational Leadership
Distributed Leadership
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Distributed leadership is considered as a shared effort by more than one
person. "It serves interests of systemic thrivability by promoting patterns of
joint optimization of shared visions, values, and individuals among groups
rather than the maximization of any subset of particular individual interest”
(Chatwani, 2018)." In education setting, distributed leadership draws from
different perspectives to supports the instructional leadership team by
establishing a system of improving curriculum and instruction through
collaboration. It is believed that leadership can be more effective when it is
distributed among group of individuals with different competencies but a
shared mission and vision to foster culture of learning.
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Module 2.3
When you hear the word school, perhaps you think of the physical
structure, teachers, students, library, or maybe even a playground. Most of
us are familiar with schools and more often than not, what we only see are
perceived images of the things that what see inside a school.
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delegating tasks and teaching assignments, and maintaining a
positive relationship with parents, community and other stakeholders.
Teaching Personnel/ Faculty Members – they are the licensed
teachers assigned to teach in different subject areas in different
grade levels and are responsible for managing classroom
environment, facilitating instruction and assessment of student
learning. They work with school administrators, parents and the
community to improve student learning and to promote school
programs and projects.
Academic Non-teaching Personnel - they are the non-teaching
personnel assigned to support to help maintain a positive learning
environment and to keep the school clean and safe from harm. They
work as teacher aids, librarians, guidance counselors, office
personnel, and security and maintenance staff.
Students - they are the primary stakeholders that benefits from the
school. They come from different age groups, cultures, and
backgrounds whose ultimate goal is to be trained and educated. They
make teaching profession a challenging work for teachers and serve
as bridge in connecting with parents and the community.
Community - it is the location where the school is situated. It plays a
very important role in creating a positive learning environment. The
partnership between the school and the community help strengthens
the relationship of teachers with parents, government officials, and
private organizations that help promote school programs and
projects.
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Assistant Principal are the Head Teachers, Teachers, Head Teachers,
and the Teachers. Under the teachers are the students, support staff,
Barangay Officials, Local Government Units (LGUs) and Private
Organizations.
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John Lexber B. Paltao, LPT
The organizational structure of a school involves various theories which
include formalization of school procedures, centralization/decentralization
of decision making, and specialization of tasks and roles within the
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organization. The formalization of procedures involves development of
written policies that serve as a guide for members of the organization to
follow which may also include plans, vision, mission, goals, and objectives.
Centralization /decentralization of decision making on the other and is the
division of tasks in decision making from the top management or the
Administrator/School Principal down to middle managers or the Assistant
Principal and Instructional Leaders/Head Teachers known as top down
approach or in some cases uses the bottom up approach where middle
managers make decision and relay to the top management for approval.
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Module 2.4
Date Developed:
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Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA). Sports competition was also
transferred to the Philippine Sports Commission while programs for school
sports and physical fitness activities remained under DepEd.
Given its mandate, DepEd has initiated many reforms that have
significantly contributed in the improvement of the Philippine basic
education system to provide every Filipinos with education they need to
compete in global context.
The following are the issues that influenced the implementation of the K to
12 programs highlighted by SECO (2011):
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4. The results of Functional Literacy, Education and Mass Media
Survey (FLEMMS) showed that out-of-school with ages 6 to 15
years old do not attend classes mainly due to lack of personal
interest, high cost of education, too young to go to school.
5. Low score in the country's national assessment test.
6. The result of international test such as Trends in International
Mathematics and Science Study (TIMMS) shows that Philippines is
among the worst participating countries.
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Finally, in 2012, RA No. 10533 otherwise known as the "Enhanced Basic
Education Act" was passed institutionalizing the K to 12 curriculum which
added Kindergarten and two more years of Senior High School in the basic
education program. The K to 12 Program have brought development
opportunities to the basic education system to address issues and concerns
in quality basic education. The following are the salient features of the K to
12 highlighted by DepEd:
Institutionalization of Kindergarten
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of 1990,” has mandated the local government units in coordination with
Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) to establish a day-
care center in every community covering kindergarten program. The
implementation of early childhood education was then strengthened by the
passage of RA 8980 known as the "Early Childhood Care and Development
Council (ECCD) Act 2001” which mandated the ECCD through DSWD to
provide programs needed by young children that will promote their
optimum growth and development.
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Consistent with the policy of the state to make education learner-
oriented and responsive to the needs, cognitive and cultural capacity, the
circumstances and diversity of learners per RA 10517, the mother tongue-
based multilingual education (MTB-MLE) was made as medium of
instruction for teaching and learning in the kindergarten level by virtue of
DepEd Order No.32, series of 2012.
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and attitudes through continuity and consistency across all levels and
subjects (K12 Official Gazette, n.d.).
Academic Track
Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM)
Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS)
Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM)
Pre-baccalaureate Maritime
Technical-Vocational-Livelihood
Agri-Fishery
Home Economics
Information and Communications Technology
TVL Maritime
Sports
Arts and Design
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John Lexber B. Paltao, LPT