DR.

ZAINAL
ABIDIN ALI Phasor Diagram, Phase
ROOM 44,
TINGKAT 3 Angle & Concept
BANGUNAN of Leading & Lagging
PASUM
 Current(A)/Voltage(V)

Yesterday we
learned about
Graph of V and I together with their
instantaneous equations

Time(s)
𝐼 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑜 sin(𝜔𝑡)

V 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑜 sin(𝜔𝑡)
 Instantaneous current and voltage can also be
represented by PHASOR DIAGRAM(rotating vector)

A
B
𝜔3 𝜔2
𝜔4 𝜔1

𝜔1
D

THESE BLACK, BLUE, RED AND GREEN ARROWS

ARE CALLED PHASORS
 Example 1: How to Draw Phasor Diagram

Equivalent to
the length
𝜔1 Q1 Q2
of Phasor

Q3 Q4

Radius of the circle = Amplitude = Length of the Phasor

Example 2: Let's Us Try to Draw Phasor Diagram

𝜔2
Example 3: Now it's Your Turn to Draw Phasor Diagram

𝜔3
Example 4: Draw the Phasor Diagram
Phasor Diagram: Summary of ‘How to
draw’
Phase Constant/Phase
Angle

Symbol: ∅
P𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑝ℎ𝑖(𝑓𝑎𝑖)
 What happens if
Phase
angle
the value at t=0
is not ZERO?
∅ Shifted to the
right?
Then our instantaneous
equation becomes:
𝜋 𝐼 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑜 sin(𝜔𝑡 − ∅)
𝐼𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒, ∅ =
2 𝜋
Therefore we say the phase angle,∅ =
𝝅
−𝟐 𝐼 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑜 sin(𝜔𝑡 − )
2
 Imagine if we
shifted the graph
to the left
Then our instantaneous
equation becomes:

𝐼 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑜 sin(𝜔𝑡 + Ø)

𝜋 𝜋
𝐼𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ∅ = 𝐼 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑜 sin(𝜔𝑡 + )
2 2
𝝅
Therefore we say the phase angle,∅ = +𝟐
Phase Difference, Concept
of Leading and Lagging

The wave that reaches the maximum value earlier is the

leading wave.

The wave that reaches the maximum value later is the

lagging wave.
Concept of Leading and Lagging
D A is leading B
C C A AA B BB
B B is lagging A
C A
C is leading A
and B
A is leading B
but lagging to C
C and D are
leading A and B
 Now if we
V
plot graphs of
I current and voltage
in the same
graph(like this):

We say they are

in-phase to each
other
Equivalent Phasor Diagram
V
V
I

I
Equivalent Phasor Diagram(at t=0)
V

I
V
 Phase Difference
The GREEN wave
V 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑜 sin(𝜔𝑡 + ∅) leads the BLUE wave
by Ø
𝐼 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑜 sin(𝜔𝑡)
The BLUE wave lags
the GREEN wave by
Ø
Ø
The voltage leads the
current by Ø
The current lags the
voltage by Ø
Equivalent Phasor Diagram(at = 0)
V V

0
 Phase Difference
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 sin(𝜔𝑡 − ∅) The BLUE wave leads
the RED wave by Ø
𝐼 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑜 sin(𝜔𝑡)
The ORANGE wave lags
the BLUE wave by Ø

The current leads the

voltage by Ø

The voltage lags the

current by Ø
Equivalent Phasor Diagram(at t=0)
V

V
 Example 5: Determine the phase difference between
V = 25 sin (50πt + 20°) and I = 25 sin (50πt - 40°)

Solution
V = 25 sin (50πt + 20°)
I = 25 sin (50πt - 40°)
Always make sure
that the equation
must both be in
|20°| 40°
Sine.

𝜋
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒: 20° + 40° = 60° =
3
Example 6: Changing Cosine to Sine

cos 𝜔𝑡 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 + 90°

I = 25 cos (50πt − 40°)

=25sin(50𝝅𝒕 − 𝟒𝟎° + 𝟗𝟎°)
=25sin(50𝝅𝒕 − 𝟒𝟎° + 𝟗𝟎°)
Things you have learned:
➢Phasor diagram
➢How to draw Phasor Diagram at any point
➢Phase Difference
➢Writing equation of lagging and leading
➢Leading & Lagging