OER Practice Problems and Answers

Introduction to OER Practice Problems
The creation of these materials was made possible through a Maricopa Millions Grant.
The purpose of the grant was to develop open educational resources (OER) for courses
taught by the 10 Maricopa County Community College District campuses.
Our proposal outlined the development of an OER for Statistics in Psychology that
included a Workbook/Textbook, faculty resources and an interactive online platform to
promote student engagement with content.
The problems contained in this document have been compiled to meet the Core
Competencies for PSY 230 - Statistics in Psychology at Maricopa County Community
College District. These problems will correspond to most social science and psychology
statistics textbooks but there may be some areas that are missing. The problems have
been designed to be flexible and provide instructors with multiple formats (e.g., multiple
choice, short answer, demonstration, calculations) for assessing student learning.
These problems have been created by grant collaborators Lisa Degiorgio Worthy, Ilder
Betancourt Lopez and Bryan Olson. In addition, some problems have been modified
from other OER sources.
● Introduction to Statistics by Open Stax
● Introduction to Statistics by Saylor
Sources have been identified throughout the document.
Materials are currently formatted using Google Documents, Google Slides and Adobe
PDF. The problems contained herein will have a Creative Commons license and can be
revised and modified per license guidelines. Some of the problems will be included in
the interactive platform My Own Math (MOM) and available for students beginning
Spring semester 2017.
Table of Contents
1
Basic Statistical Terms ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 2
Frequency Distribution ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 9
Z-scores ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 20
Variance ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 30
Measures of Central Tendency -----------------------------------------------------------------------Page 35
Probability --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 47
Normal Curve and Standard Deviation ------------------------------------------------------------Page 52
Sampling Distribution ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 63
Hypothesis Testing --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 73
One Sample T-Tests ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 84
Independent T-Tests ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 97
Repeated Measures T-Tests ------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 113
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) -----------------------------------------------------------------------Page 129
2-Factor ANOVA -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 149
Chi-Square Analyses ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 172
Basic Statistical Terms

2
1. The relationship between population and parameter is the same as the relationship
between:
a. Sample and population
b. Statistic and parameter
c. Descriptive and inferential
d. Statistic and sample
2. Statistical methods that organize, summarize, or simplify data are called:

a. Descriptive
b. Inferential
c. Statistics
d. Variables
3. Which is an example of a continuous variable?

a. Gender
b. Reaction time on a visual spatial test
c. Type of operating system
d. Most popular color of car
A researcher measured the weight loss and gain of every student at a community college and
calculates the average change in weight.
4. The students in the study represent a:

a. Sample
b. Statistic
c. Parameter
d. Population
5. The average calculated in an example of:

a. Sample
b. Statistic
c. Parameter
d. Population
6. Which is an example of a discrete variable?

a. Weight of students
b. Time spent watching mobile devices
c. Commuting distance from home to work
d. Gender
Designs
7. English professor was interested in blogging and academic achievement. To study her
hypothesis, she decided to interview one student in her English 102 course, who has a
blog, several times over the semester, follow/read the blog, and measure the student’s
3
academic progress during the academic year. What type of research design is being
described:
a. Nonexeprimental
b. Correlation
c. Experimental
d. None of the above
8. English professor, Dr. Shakespeare is interested in the relationship between blogging

and academic achievement. To study her hypothesis she instructs her English 102
students to create a blog and contribute each week during the semester. She asks them
to track the number of hours spent blogging. At the end of the semester she collects the
number of hours spent per week spent blogging from each student and obtains the GPA
of each student from the registrar. She performs statistics to determine whether there is
a relationship between hours spent blogging and academic achievement. What type of
research design is being described:
a. Nonexeprimental
b. Correlation
c. Experimental
9. English professor, Dr. Poe wants to know whether blogging will improve student
academic achievement. He assigns his English 102 students to two groups. One group
is assigned to create a blog. Students in the blog group must contribute to weekly to the
blog. The other group of students, the traditional writing group, completes their weekly
writing assignments in the traditional format – paper/pencil and turning them in to be
graded by the instructor. At the end of the semester, Dr. Poe compares the final GPA of
students for the blog group and the traditional writing group. What type of research
design is being described:
a. Nonexeprimental
b. Correlation
c. Experimental
4
A psychology researcher investigated the impact of ‘positive self-talk’ on the athletic

performance of college athletes. For the study, a sample of n = 40 athletes were recruited from
a state college. Twenty students engaged in positive self-talk for 30 minutes a day for the entire
semester; the remaining 20 students did not engage in positive self-talk. At the end of the
semester the athletic performance of the athletes was compared. Answer the following 4 items
using the above scenario.
10. The 40 students are an example of:

a. Sample
b. Statistic
c. Parameter
d. Population
11. The independent variable in the study is:

a. Athletic performance
b. Student athletes
c. Positive self-talk
d. Students
12. The dependent variable in the study is:

a. Athletic performance
b. Student athletes
c. Positive self-talk
d. Students
13. The study described above is an example of what kind of research design:
a. Descriptive
b. Correlation
c. Case Study
d. Experimental
A sleep researcher investigated the relationship between sleep and college students’ academic
performance. Forty students from a state college were recruited to participate in a two-week
sleep study. The average number of hours of sleep per night was 6.8. Answer the following 4
items using the above scenario.
14. The average number of sleeping hours represents:

a. Sample
b. Statistic
c. Parameter
d. Population
15. The study described above is an example of what kind of research design:
5
a. Descriptive
b. Correlation
c. Case Study
d. Experimental
16. The independent variable in the study is:

a. Academic performance
b. Hours of sleep
c. Students
d. Not very clear
17. The dependent variable in the study is:

a. Academic performance
b. Hours of sleep
c. Students
d. Not very clear
Scales of Measurement
Select the correct scale of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio for the following
variables:
18. High self-esteem, medium self-esteem and low self-esteem
19. Personality – introvert and extrovert
20. Number of problems solved correctly
21. Cell phone service plan ratings - Good, Fair, Poor, Awful
22. Number of siblings in a family
23. Eye color - blue, brown, green, hazel and violet
24. Number of miles walked/ran during the week
25. Time spent completing a cognitive brain training activity
26. Miles commuting to campus each day
27. Sleep quality - Excellent, Good, Fair, Poor, Very Poor
28. Baking temperatures (in degrees)
29. Ticket prices for college athletics
30. Attendance at college events
31. Hair color of women on a high school tennis team

6
32. Numbers on the shirts of a girl’s soccer team
33. Ages of students in a statistics class
34. Temperatures of 22 selected refrigerators
35. Number of milligrams of tar in 28 cigarettes
36. Number of pages in your statistics book
37. Marriage status of the faculty at the local community college
38. List of 1247 social security numbers
39. The ratings of a movie ranging from “poor” to “good” to “excellent”
40. The final grades (A,B,C,D, and F) for students in a chemistry class
41. The annual salaries for all teachers in Arizona
42. List of zip codes for Chicago
43. Nationalities included in a recent survey
44. Amount of fat (in grams) in 44 cookies
45. Using the formulas below, calculate using the following scores from a population -
Scores 1, 3, 2, 4
∑x ∑x2 (∑x)2
a. 10 a. 10 a. 10
b. 12 b. 12 b. 12
c. 30 c. 30 c. 30
d. 100 d. 100 d. 100
7
46. Find the value of each expression using the following scores from a population 5, 2,
4, 2
∑x ∑x2 (∑x)2 ∑x -2 ∑(x-2)

a. 13 a. 13 a. 13 a. 5 a. 5
b. 18 b. 26 b. 26 b. 11 b. 11
c. 80 c. 49 c. 49 c. 24 c. 26
d. 11 d. 169 d. 169 d. 16 d. 169
47. Find the value of each expression using the following scores from a population 3, 4,
1, 2
∑x ∑x2 (∑x)2 ∑(x-1)

a.21 a.21 a.21 a. 6
b.10 b.10 b.10 b. 11
c. 30 c. 30 c. 30 c. 14
d.100 d.100 d.100 d. 16
48. For the following sets of scores find the value of each expression using the following
scores: 6, 0, 2, 4, 5, 3
a. ∑X
b. ∑X2
c. (∑X)2
d. ∑ (X – 1)
8
Answers
1. D 2. A 3. B
4. D 5. C 6. D
7. A 8. B 9. C
10. A 11. C 12. A
13. D 14. A 15. B
16. B 17. A 18. ORDINAL
19. NOMIAL 20. RATIO 21. ORDINAL
22. RATIO 23. NOMINAL 24. RATIO
25. RATIO 26. RATIO 27. ORDINAL
28. INTERVAL 29. RATIO 30. RATIO
31. NOMINAL 32. NOMIAL 33. RATIO
34. INTERVAL 35. RATIO 36. RATIO
37. NOMINAL 38. NOMINAL 39. ORDINAL
40. NOMINAL 41. RATIO 42. NOMINAL
43. NOMINAL 44. RATIO 45. A, C, D
46. A, C, D, B, A 47. B, C, D, A 48. 20, 90, 400, 14
Frequency Distributions
9
1. What graph (visual representation) is most appropriate for scores measured on a

nominal scale?
a. Bar graph
b. Histogram
c. Polygon
d. Scatterplot
2. A college bookstore is conducting inventory and needs to know the number of t-shirt
sizes for S, M, L, XL, and XXL. What type of graph should be used to present the
results?
a. Bar graph
b. Histogram
c. Polygon
d. Scatterplot
3. Scores from a quiz are recorded and are presented in a frequency table. What type of
graph should be used to present the quiz scores?
a. Bar graph
b. Histogram
c. Polygon
d. Scatterplot
4. The number of male and female professors at a state college are recorded and placed in
a frequency table. What type of graph should be used to present these data?
a. Bar graph
b. Histogram
c. Polygon
d. Scatterplot
5. What is the shape for the following distribution?

1122333
a. Symmetrical
b. Positive Skew
c. Negative Skew
6. What is the shape of the following distribution?

1223333445
a. Symmetrical
b. Positive Skew
c. Negative Skew
10
7. What is the shape of the following distribution?

12334445555
a. Symmetrical
b. Positive Skew
c. Negative Skew
8. Use the frequency distribution below to calculate the following:
x f
5 1
4 3
3 5
2 4
1 2
a. N =
b. ∑x =
c. ∑x2 =
11
9. Use the frequency distribution to calculate and answer the following:
x f
8 2
7 3
6 1
5 5
4 3
3 2
2 2
a. N=
b. ∑x =
c. ∑x2 =
d. How many had a score of 6?
e. How many had a score of 5?
f. How many had a score of less than 4?
10. Use the graph below to answer the following questions:
a. How many scores are represented?

b. What is the ∑x?

12

c. What is the shape of the distribution?


13

14. Put the following scores in a frequency table, draw a frequency distribution, and identify
the shape of the distribution.
23142533722633524432
15. Put the following scores in a frequency table, draw a frequency distribution, and identify
the shape of the distribution.
12 1 341 3 1 0 6 0 2 2 1 3 2 1 02 1
16. Create a frequency distribution table for the following variable:

X
Freshman
Freshman
Sophomore
Freshman
Junior
Senior
Senior
Freshman
Junior
Sophomore
Freshman
14
Sophomore
17. Convert the frequency distribution table below into individual variables (raw scores):
X f
6 2
5 1
4 4
3 0
2 0
1 3
15
18. Target takes inventory of its male t-shirts. The following frequency distribution table
presents the outcome.
Size (X) f
Small 25
Medium 20
Large 15
X Large 12
2X Large 15
a. Can you calculate Σf? If not, explain. If yes, calculate it and explain what this figure tells
you in the context of the inventory.
b. Can you calculate ΣfX? If not, explain. If yes, calculate it and explain what this figure
tells you in the context of the inventory.
19. A survey asked the following question to random individuals: “How many books have
you read in the previous month?” The data was converted to the frequency table below.
Number of Books (X) f
0 40
1 31
2 16
3 15
4 0
5 3
a. Can you calculate Σf? If not, explain. If yes, calculate it and explain what this figure tells
you in the context of the survey.
b. Can you calculate ΣfX? If not, explain. If yes, calculate it and explain what this figure
tells you in the context of the survey.
16
Size (X) f
Small 25
Medium 20
Large 15
X Large 12
2X Large 15
a. What percent of shirts in the inventory are small and medium?
b. What proportion of shirts in the inventory are X Large?
you read in the following month?” The data was converted to the frequency table below.
0 40
1 31
2 16
3 15
4 0
5 3
a. What percent of people reported reading 3 or more books?
b. What percent of people reported reading 0 books?

c. What percent of people reported reading 5 books?
d. What percent of people reported reading 4 books?
17
Size (X) f
Small 25
Medium 20
Large 15
X Large 12
2X Large 15
a. What type of frequency distribution graph could you create based on the data
from this inventory? Why?
b. Create a frequency distribution graph from this table.
0 40
1 31
2 16
3 15
4 0
5 3
a. Can you create a polygon for this frequency distribution graph? Why or why not?
If you can, create a polygon.
Answers
1. A 2. A 3. B 4. C
18
5. A 6. C 7. A 8.
a. 15
b. 40
c. 136
9. 10. 11. N = 10 12.

a. 18 a. 16 a. 15
b. 68 b. 105 b. 43
c. 450 c. positive
d. 1
e. 5
f. 6
13. 14. 15. 16.

a. 14 7 1 6 1 Freshman 5
b. 60 6 1 5 0 Sophomore 3
c. negative 5 2 4 1 Junior 2
4 3 3 3 Senior 2
3 6 2 5
2 6 1 7
1 1 0 3
17. 18. 19. 20.

6 a) Yes, you can a) Yes, you can a) a) 52%
calculate Σf. Σf = 87. calculate Σf. Σf =
6 b) 12/87 or .14
The inventory 105. There were a
5 counted a total of 87 total of 105
t-shirts. respondents to this
4 survey.
4 b) No, you cannot
calculate ΣfX b) Yes, you can
4 because X does not calculate ΣfX. ΣfX =
contain interval or 123. The
4
ratio data. Therefore, respondents of this
1 multiplying X * f is not survey read 123
mathematically books in the past
1 possible. month.
21. 22. 23.

a) 17% a) Yes, you can A bar graph can be
b) 38% create a polygon created because the
c) 3% because the date data under X (Size)
19
d) 0% under X (Number of is ordinal data.

Books) is ratio.
Z-scores
1. Suppose a distribution has a mean µ = 2 and standard deviation σ = 6. What is the value
of x if it is z = +3.00?
a. 20
b. 18
c. 6
d. 12
20
2. Suppose a distribution has a mean µ = 6 and standard deviation σ = 2. What is the value
of x if it is z = +3.00?
a. 20
b. 18
c. 6
d. 12
3. Suppose a distribution has a mean µ = 10 and standard deviation σ = 12. What is the
value of x if it is z = +1.50?
a. 22
b. 34
c. 12
d. 28
4. If you got a score of x = 76 on your statistics exam, which set of parameters

(circumstances) would give you the best grade on the exam?
a. µ = 70 and σ = 10
b. µ = 70 and σ = 3
c. µ = 80 and σ = 10
d. µ = 80 and σ = 3
5. Last week Kira had exams in math and English. On the Math exam she got a score of x
= 45. The exam had a µ = 40 and σ = 5. On the English exam she got a score of x =68.
The exam had a µ = 60 and σ = 8. In which class did she get the better grade?
a. English
b. Math
c. Grades should be about the same
d. Cannot be determined
6. A distribution with a µ = 55 and σ = 6 is standardized so that the new mean and

standard deviation will be µ = 50 and σ = 10. When the new distribution is standardized,
what value will be obtained for a score of x = 52 from the original distribution?
a. X = 45
b. X = 47
c. X = 52
d. X = 53
7. What is the z-score of x = 12 if it is two standard deviations to the right of the mean?
a. z = +2.00
b. z = - 2.00
c. z = 0
21
8. What is the z-score of x = 9 if it is 1.5 standard deviations to the left of the mean?
a. z = + 1.50
b. z = - 1.50
c. z = 0
d. z = None of the above
9. What is the z-score of x = 7 if it is 0 standard deviations to the left of the mean?

a. z = +1.00
b. z = -1.00
c. z = 0
d. z = None of the above
10. Under what circumstances would a score 12 points above the mean be considered an
extreme score?
a. When the population mean is larger than 15
b. When the population standard deviation is 15
c. When the population mean is much smaller than 15
d. When the population standard deviation is smaller than 15
11. Under what circumstances would a score 12 points above the mean be considered close
to the mean?
a. When the population mean is larger than 12
b. When the population mean is smaller than 12
c. When the standard deviation is much smaller than 12
d. When the standard deviation is greater than 12
12. Suppose a normal distribution has a normal distribution with a µ = 25 and a standard
deviation σ = 5. Between what values of x do 95% of the values lie?
a. 20 and 30
b. 35 and 45
c. 15 and 25
d. 15 and 35
13. Suppose a normal distribution has a normal distribution with a µ = 25 and a standard
deviation σ = 5. Between what values of x do 68% of the values lie?
a. 30 and 35
b. 25 and 35
c. 20 and 25
d. 20 and 30
14. In 2012, 1, 664, 479 students took the SAT exam. The distribution of scores for the
verbal section was normally distributed with a µ = 494 and a standard deviation σ = 116.
Let x = SAT exam verbal score section in 2012. (OpenStax - modified)
a. Find z – scores for X = 378
22
b. Find z – scores for X = 610
c. Find z scores for X = 552
d. Find z – scores for X = 784
e. Find z scores for X = 668
f. Find z – scores for X = 320
15. For a population µ = 48 and σ = 8, find the x value that corresponds to each of the
following z scores (hint: you may not need to make any calculations):
a. -.25
b. -1.50
c. +.50
d. +2.00
16. For a population For a population µ = 62 and σ = 12, find the x value the corresponds to
each of the following z scores (hint: you may not need to make any calculations):
a. -.25
b. -1.50
c. +.50
d. +2.00
17. Find the x value corresponding to z = .75 when:
a. 𝛍 = 50, σ = 4
b. 𝛍 = 50, σ = 8
c. 𝛍 = 50, σ = 12
d. 𝛍 = 50, σ = 16
23
18. Find the x value corresponding to z = - .5 when:
a. 𝛍 = 35, σ = 2
b. 𝛍 = 35, σ = 6
c. 𝛍 = 35, σ =8
d. 𝛍 = 35, σ = 12
19. Find the z - score when x = 30 and
a. M = 40, s = 20
b. M = 40, s = 8
c. M = 40, s = 5
20. Using s = 6 and M = 44, find z -scores for the following scores:
a. x = 26
b. x = 35
c. x = 41
d. x = 47
e. x = 50
f. x = 62
21. A score is 6 points below the mean results a z -score of -.50; what is the standard
deviation?
22. A score is 12 points above the mean results in a z -score of 3.00; what is the standard
deviation?
23. A score is 15 points above the mean results in a z - score of 1.50; what is the standard
deviation?
24. A sample has a standard deviation of s = 8, x = 50 and results in a z -score of -.50 - what
is the mean of the sample?
24
25. A population has a standard deviation of σ =8, x = 55 and results in a z-score of +1.50 -
what is the mean of the population?
26. A sample has a standard deviation of s =4, X = 23 and results in a z-score of -1.25 --
what is the mean of the sample?
27. Calculate the missing information from the following problems:

a. X = 80, μ = 67, σ = 10, z = ?
b. X = ?, μ = 55, σ = 7, z = -1.2
c. X = 75, μ = 74, σ = ?, z = +1
d. X = 10, μ = ?, z = 0
28. George received a 20 on a quiz, which gives him a z-score of +0.2. What was the class
average if the standard deviation is 2?
29. Jessie received a 35 on a test. If the class average was 40, what do we know about
Jessie’s z-score?
30. Lesley received a 79 on a test. If her z-score is 0, what do we know about the class
average?
31. The average ASU student is 22 years old. The standard deviation is 2 years. Find the z-
scores for the following students:
a. Jamie at age 21
b. Lori at age 25
c. Maria at age 16
d. Daniel at age 24
e. Robert at age 32
25
32. Review a sample list of workers below. Their salary is represented in terms of z-scores.
Worker Salary as a z-Score
David + 1.2
Erica + 0.5
Francisco - 1.5
George + 2.3
Hannah - 0.7
Isabela - 0.1
Jason +0.9
a. Which worker is making the least amount of money?

b. Which worker’s salary is abnormal? Identify if it’s abnormally high or abnormally
low.
c. Between David and Francisco, who makes the most money?
d. Between Jason and Erica, who makes the most money?
e. Which worker’s salary is most below average?
f. In terms of standard deviations, how far away is Hannah from the average
salary?
g. Which worker’s salary most represents the average salary at the company?
h. If the average annual salary at this company is $65,000, what do you know about
Francisco’s salary?
33. Below is the average and standard deviation of the salary of workers at a big company.
μ = $80,000
σ = $5,000
a. How much money does Layla make if she is two standard deviations above the
mean?
b. How much money does Miguel make if he is half a standard deviation below the
mean?
c. What is the salary at a z-score of -1?
d. Natalia makes $91,000. Is her salary normal or abnormal?
e. Peter makes $68,000 at this company. Describe his situation as it relates to his
salary.
34. Jacob and Joshua take Physics classes with two different professors. They want to
compare their final exams to each other. Jacob received an 83 in his final exam.
Joshua also received an 83 in his final exam. Jacob claims that they both did equally
26
well. Review the data of their respective classes below and determine if Jacob is correct
by comparing their z-scores.
Jacob’s Class
μ = 85
σ=5
Joshua’s Class
μ = 67
σ = 11
35. Below are the results of final exams of 3 different classes. All three tests were out of a
possible 100 points.
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3
Mean 80 Mean 65 Mean 73
SD 20 SD 10 SD 4
a. Max (from Class 1) received an 82. Jerry (from Class 2) received a 69. Who did
better in their respective class?
b. Tony (from Class 2) received a 60. Larry (from Class 3) received a 73. Who did
better in their respective class?
c. Sandra (from Class 3) received an 80. Marcos (from Class 1) received a 95.
Who did better in their respective class?
d. For whatever reason, Paul took all three classes. In Class 1, he received a final
exam score of 90. In Class 2, he received a final exam score of 80. In Class 3,
he received a final exam score of 80. In which class did Paul outperform the
most?
36. Because everyone is always driving above the speed limit, the police implement a new
policy: ticket anyone who drives 1.5 standard deviations above the average.
● At a major freeway, the average speed in the evening is 75 MPH. The standard
deviation is 7 MPH. Michael finds himself driving at 84 MPH during an evening
on this freeway.
● At a major street, the average speed is 43 MPH. The standard deviation is 4
MPH. Nico finds himself driving at 50 MPH.
Who will get a speeding ticket?
27
28
Answers
1. A 2.D 3.D 4.B
5.C 6.D 7.A 8.B
9.C 10.D 11.C 12.D
13.D 14. 15. 16.

A -1.00 A 46 A.59
B +1.00 B 36 B.44
C+.50 C 52 C.68
D 2.50 D 64 D.86
E 1.50
F - 1.50
17. 18. 19 20.

A. 53 A. 34 A. -.50 A. -3.00
B. 56 B. 32 B. -1.25 B. -1.50
C. 59 C. 31 C. -2.00 C. -.50
D. 62 D. 29 D. +.50
E. +1.00
F. +3.00
21. 12 22. 4 23. 10 POINTS 24. 54
25. 43 26. 28 27. 28

a. z = +1.3 Class Average = 19.6.
b. X = 46.6
c. σ = 1
d. μ = 10
29. 30. 31. 32.

Jessie’s z-score is Class Average = 79 a. z = -0.5 a. Francisco
negative b. z = +1.5 b. George’s score is
c. z = -3 abnormally high
d. z = +1 c. David
e. z = +5 d. Jason
e. Francisco
f. She is .7 standard
deviations below the
average
g. Isabela
h. Francisco makes
29
less than $65,000
33. 34 35 36.
a. $90,000 Jacob is incorrect. a. Jerry did better. Nico’s z-score is in the
b. $77,500 Jacob’s z-score (- Max z-score = +0.1 speeding ticket z-score
c. $75,000 0.4) is less than Jerry z-score = “zone.”
d. Abnormal Joshua’s z-score +0.4 Michael z-score =
e. z = -2.4. He is (+1.45) +1.29
earning an abnormally b. Larry did better. Nico z-score = +1.75
low salary Tony z-score = -
0.5
Larry z-score = 0
c. Sandra did
better. Sandra z-
score = +1.75
Marcos z-score =
+0.75
d. Paul
outperformed the
most in Class 3.
Class 1: Paul’s z-
score = +0.5
score = +1.5;
score = +1.75
Variance
30
1. Which set of scores has the least variance?

a. 80, 89, 98, 112
b. 57, 57, 59, 56
c. 20, 39, 43, 60
d. 17, 19, 23, 25
2. Which set of scores has the greatest variance?

a. 80, 89, 98, 112
b. 57, 57, 59, 56
c. 20, 39, 43, 60
d. 17, 19, 23, 25
3. What is the symbol for population variance?

a. σ
b. σ2
c. s
d. S2
4. What is the symbol for population standard deviation?

a. σ
b. σ2
c. s
d. S2
5. What is the symbol for sample variance?

a. σ
b. σ2
c. s
d. s2
6. What is the symbol for sample standard deviation?

a. σ
b. σ2
c. s
d. s2
7. In general, what is the relationship between standard deviation and variance?

a. Standard deviation equal variance
b. Variance is the square root of standard deviation
c. Standard deviation is the square root of variance
d. There is no relationship between them.
8. In a population with µ = 20, what is the deviation score for x = 28?

a. +8
31
b. -8
c. +4
d. -4
9. In a population with µ = 20, what is the deviation score for x =12?

a. +8
b. -8
c. +4
d. -4
10. A population of N = 80 scores, has µ = 20 and σ = 4. What is the population variance

(σ2)?
a. 16
b. 2
c. 5
11. A population of N = 50 scores, has µ = 14 and σ2 = 9. What is the population standard

deviation?
a. 81
b. 3
c. 5.5
12. A sample of n = 4 scores, has µ = 8 and SS = 9. What is the sample variance?

a. 2.25
b. 3
c. 36
13. A sample of n = 20 scores, has µ = 12 and s = 4. What is the sample variance (s2)?
a. 3
b. 16
c. 2
14. Calculate variance and standard deviation for the following sample of scores: 3 6 1 6 5 3
a. s = 2; s2 = 4
b. s = 3; s2 = 9
c. s = 4; s2 = 16
15. Calculate variance and standard deviation for the following sample of scores: 2 4 4 8
12
32
a. s = 2; s2 = 4
b. s = 3; s2 = 9
c. s = 4; s2 = 16
16. All students at a local community college enrolled in PSY 230 were asked to rate their
attitude about statistics before and after completing the class. A sample of n = 12
students (representative) were selected and change scores were calculated. A positive
score indicates a more positive attitude about statistics at the end of the semester.
1, 1,-1, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, -1, 3, 3, 4
a. Identify a score that is two standard deviations above the mean.
b. What can you conclude about students’ attitude about statistics at the end of the
semester?
17. Calculate variance and standard deviation for the following sample of scores
10 7 9 1 2 0 6
9 6 2 2 6
19. Calculate variance and standard deviation for the following population of scores
11 0 2 9 9 5
10 12 9 14 10
21. Researcher was interested in the effectiveness of a new weight loss supplement
for individuals with a BMI 25 or greater. Suppose the data below represent data
from a sample of male participants and a sample of female weight loss
participants.
a. Calculate the mean and the standard deviation for the sample of n = 6
females and for the sample n = 6 males.
b. Based on the means and the standard deviation, describe the differences
in weight loss for male and females.
33
Answers
1. B 2. B 3. B 4. A
5. D 6. C 7. C 8. A
9. B 10. A 11. B 12. B
13. B 14. C 15. C 16.
17. 18. 19. 20.

EX =35; EX2 = 271; SS EX =25; EX2 = EX =36; EX2 = 312; EX =55; EX2 = 621;
= 96; S2 = 16; S = 4 161; SS = 36; S2 = SS = 96; S2 = 16; S = SS = 16; S2=4; S=2
9; S = 3 4
21.
Male: M = 2; S2 = 10
S = 2; Female: M = 2;
S2 = 16; s = 3.2
Measures of Central Tendency

34
1. What is the mean for the following set of scores 4, 4, 1, 3

a. 12
b. 4
c. 3
2. What is the mean for the following set of population scores:
x f
7 1
6 1
5 2
4 3
3 6
2 6
1 1
a. 66
b. 3.3
c. 3.15
3. What is mean for the following set of population scores 8 7 10 3 6 1 15 10 5 5

a. 7
b. 35
c. 5
4. A population has a mean µ = 6 and ∑x = 48. How many scores are in the population?
a. 8
b. 54
c. 288
5. A population has a mean of µ = 5 and ∑x = 225. How many scores are in the population?
a. 5
b. 45
c. 1,125
35
6. A sample has a mean M = 12 and n = 10. What is the ∑x?

a. 22
b. 120
c. 12
7. A sample of n = 10 and has mean of M = 5. If each score is multiplied by 3, then the new
mean is:
a. 8
b. 30
c. 15
d. 5-there is no change
8. After 4 points have been added to every score in a distribution the mean is calculated
and found to be M = 24. What was the value before?
a. 28
b. 48
c. 20
d. 24-did not change
9. A population of N = 10 has a mean of µ = 5. If 3 points are added to each score the new
mean is µ =??
a. 13
b. 8
c. 24
d. 15
10. A population has N = 10 and a mean µ = 5. If 10 points is added to 1 score, what is the
new mean?
a. 11
b. 50
c. 6
11. A sample has a mean M = 72. If 1 person with a score of 58 is removed from the sample
what will happen to the sample mean?
a. Increase
b. Decrease
c. Stay the same
12. A sample has n = 7 scores and a mean of M = 8. One new score was added to the
sample and the new mean is M = 10. What is the value of the sum of scores (𝝨x)?
a. 56
36
b. 80
c. 10
d. 8
13. Which of the following statements accurately describes measures of central tendency?
a. Because the scores are whole numbers, the mean will be a whole number
b. Because the scores are whole numbers the median will be a whole number.
c. Because the scores are all whole numbers the mode will be a whole number.
d. All of the options are correct.
14. If a distribution is symmetrical with a mean M = 20, what is the mode?

a. Greater than 20
b. Less than 20
c. Equal to 20
15. If a distribution has a positive skew with mean M = 20, what is the median?
a. Greater than 20
b. Less than 20
c. Equal to 20
16. If a distribution has a negative skew with mean M = 20, what is the median?
a. Greater than 20
b. Less than 20
c. Equal to 20
17. A population of N = 25 scores has a mean of µ = 8. What is the value of ∑x for this population?
18. A sample of n = 9 scores has a mean of M = 16. If one new person with a score of X = 1
is added to the sample, what will the value of the new mean?
19. A sample of n =6 scores has mean of M = 10. If one score is changed from X = 14 to X
=2 what will be the value for the new sample mean?
20. For the following scores 1 1 2 2 2 2 4

a. Calculate Mean, Median, Mode .
b. A new person is added with x = 2; what happens to the Mean, Median and
Mode?
c. What happens when a x = 4 is change x = 11.
37
21. Find the mean for the following frequency distribution table:
x f
5 2
4 3
3 5
2 3
1 2
38
22. Find the mean for the following frequency distribution table:
X f
6 2
5 1
4 4
3 0
2 0
1 3
23. A class of 20 students has an average age of 24. Two students leave the class, and
both of the students are 20 years old. What is the new class average age?
24. A class of 20 students has an average age of 24. A new student, who is 35 years old,
enters the class. What is the new class average age?
25. A class of 20 students has an average age of 24. What was the class average age three
years ago?
26. Two studies were conducted to measure the distance that Phoenix residents drive to
work. On the first study, 550 participants reported driving an average of 18 miles to work
every day. On the second study, 400 participants reported driving a total sum of 8,800
miles to work every day. Calculate the weighted mean.
27. Two studies were conducted to measure the distance that Glendale residents drive to
work. On the first study, 1,000 participants reported driving an average of 25 miles to
work every day. On the second study, there were 800 participants. The weighted mean
of the two samples was 24 miles. What do you know about study 2’s average?
depicts the outcome.
Size (X) f
Small 25
Medium 20
39
Large 15
X Large 12
2X Large 15
a. Calculate the median t-shirt size.

b. Calculate the mode t-shirt size
0 40
1 31
2 16
3 15
4 0
5 3
a. Calculate the median Number of Books.

b. Calculate the mode Number of Books.
30. On their final exam, a class scored an average of 75. The distribution graph created a
right-leaning curve. What do you know about the median?
31. On their final exam, a class scored an average of 75. The distribution graph created a
right-leaning curve. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Statement 1: The majority of the class scored above 75
b. Statement 2: The majority of the class scored below 75
32. Review the graph below. Estimate the median.

40
Mode = Mean =
1 3.5
Directions: Select the measure of central tendency that is the most appropriate method- offers
the single best representation - to describe the data or distribution.
33. A State college records the city/town for each student who attends Fall semester.
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
34. A State college wanted to know the hourly wage for every employee - this would include
administrators (College President), faculty, staff and student workers who were earning
approximately minimum wage.
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
35. A State college uses a standardized math placement exam to evaluate math
comprehension for all incoming freshman.
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
36. A State college is interested in creating a ride-share program for students who travel 15
miles or more from main college campus. A survey is sent asking students to report the
number of miles they commute from home to college.
a. Mean
b. Median
41
c. Mode
37. The time recorded for a sample of rats trained to run a maze.
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
38. The number of problems correctly solved during participation in different treatment
settings.
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
39. In order to comply with federal mandates, a college must post the average amount of
debt that students accumulate at the time of their graduation on its website.
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
40. A survey was conducted with the following question: How many soda cans do you drink
on a daily basis? The frequency distribution table depicts the answers.
Number of Sodas (X) f
0 51
1 85
2 49
3 22
4 or More 31
a. Is it possible to calculate the mean number of sodas? If not, give the reason. If
yes, calculate it.
b. Is it possible to calculate the median number of sodas? If not, give the reason. If
yes, calculate it.
42
c. Is it possible to calculate the mode number of sodas? If not, give the reason. If
yes, calculate it.
41. The following dataset depicts 7 brothers. It includes an age variable and a weight
variable.
Person Age Weight
1 22 155
2 22 158
3 20 160
4 19 152
5 17 148
6 15 140
7 1 22
a. Is it possible to calculate the mean age? If not, give the reason. If yes, calculate
it.
b. Is it possible to calculate the median age? If not, give the reason. If yes,
calculate it.
c. Is it possible to calculate the mode age? If not, give the reason. If yes, calculate
it.
d. Which central tendency measure (mean, median, or mode) would best provide
us a snapshot of the group’s weight? Why? Calculate it.
43
Answers
1. B 2. B 3. A 4. A
5. B 6. B 7. C 8. C
9. B 10. C 11. B 12. C
13. C 14. C 15. A 16. B
17. 200 18. 14.5 19. 8 20.
21. Mean = 3 22. Mean= 3.6 23. New Mean= 24. New Mean=
24.4 24.5
25. 26. 27. 28.

Three Years Ago Weighted Mean= The mean of study a) Median= Medium
Mean= 21 19.7 miles two is less than 23. b) Mode= Small
Study one has more
participants, and
therefore more
weight. The first
study’s mean (25) is
1 mile greater than
the weighted mean
(24). Therefore, the
second study’s mean
must be less than the
weighted mean (24).
29. 30. 31. 32.

a) Median= 1 The median is greater Statement 1 is true The median lies
b) Mode= 0 than 75 somewhere between
1 and 3.5
33. C 34. B 35. B 36. B
37. A 38. A 39. B 40.

a) Cannot calculate
mean because “4 or
more” is an open-
ended option.
b) Median= 1
44
c) Mode= 1
41.
a) Mean= 16.6
b) Median= 19
c) Mode= 22
d) Median is the best

choice. Because of
the extreme score
(the 1 year old’s
extremely low weight
compared to others),
this variable benefits
mostly from a median
calculation. Median =
152
Probability
45
1. A jar contains 20 red marbles, of which 10 are large and 10 are small, and 30 blue all of
which 10 are large and 20 are small. If 1 marble is randomly selected from the jar.
a. What is the probability of obtaining a blue marble?
b. What is the probability of obtaining a large marble?
c. What is the probability of obtaining a large a blue marble?
2. The table below shows the number of athletes who stretch before exercising and how
many had injuries within the past year. Using the information complete the five
questions below.
Injury No Injury Total
Stretches 55 295 350
Does not stretch 450
Total 514
a. Complete the table.
b. What is the total number of athletes who participated in the study (N)?
c. What is the total number of athletes who reported having an injury in the past
year?
d. What is the probability P of athletes who stretch before exercising?
e. What is the probability P of athletes who stretches before exercising and

reported an injury.
3. Using the information provided in the table complete the six questions.
Tall Medium Short Totals
Obese 18 28 8
46
Normal 20 52 28
Underweight 12 25 9
Total
a. Find the total for each row and column.
b. Find the probability that a randomly chosen individual from this group is Tall.
c. Find the probability that a randomly chosen individual from this group is Obese.
d. Find the probability that a randomly chosen individual from this group is Normal
and Medium.
e. Find the probability that a randomly chosen individual from this group is Obese
and Tall.
f. Find the probability a randomly chosen individual from this group is Tall and
Underweight.
4. Use the following information to answer the next 6 questions. A jar of N = 150 jellybeans
contains 22 red jellybeans, 38 yellow jellybeans, 20 green jellybeans, 28 purple
jellybeans, 26 blue jellybeans and the rest are orange jellybeans. Find the probability of
selecting (with replacement):
a. Blue jellybean
b. Green jellybean
c. Purple jellybean
d. Red jellybean
e. Yellow jellybean
f. Orange jellybean
47
5. For a normal distribution, identify the z-score location that would separate the
distribution into two sections so that there is:
a. 10% in the tail on the right side b. 20% in the tail on the left side
c. 20% in the tail on the right side d. 30% in the tail on the left side
e. 15% in the tail on the right side f. 5% in the tail on the left side
6. What proportion of a normal distribution is located:
a. Between z = 0.50 and z = -0.50 b. Between z = 1.00 and z= – 1.00
c. Between z = 0 and z = -1.50 d. Between z = -1.75 and z = -0.25
e. Between z = -0.50 and z = 1.50 f. Between z = 0.50 and z = -1.50
7. Information from the Department of Motor Vehicles indicates that the average age of
licensed drivers is µ = 39.7 years with a standard deviation of σ = 12.5 years. Assuming
the distribution of drivers’ ages is approximately normal
a. What proportion of licensed drivers are more than 50 years old?
b. What proportion of licensed drivers are less than 30 years old?
c. What is proportion of licensed drivers between 30 and 50 years old?

48
8. The distribution of scores on the SAT is approximately normal with a mean of µ = 500
and standard deviation of ơ = 100. For the population of students who take the SAT,
a. What proportion have SAT scores greater than 700?
b. What proportion have SAT scores greater than 550?
c. What is the minimum SAT score need to be in the highest 10% of the
population?
d. If the state college only accepts students from the top 60% of the SAT
distribution, what is the minimum SAT score needed to be accepted?
9. Based on data from the National Health Survey, women between the ages of 18 and 24
have an average systolic blood pressure (in mmHg) of 115 with a standard deviation of
12. Systolic blood pressure for this age group follows a normal distribution. If one
woman from this population is randomly selected:
a. What is the probability that her systolic blood pressure is greater than 121 (x >
121)?
b. What is the probability that her systolic blood pressure is below 139 (x > 139)?
c. What is the probability that her systolic blood pressure is between 103 and 127?
10. Using the scenario above answer the following questions:
a. What blood pressure reading separates the top 40% from the distribution?
b. What readings form the boundaries for the middle 30% of blood pressure
readings in the distribution?
49
Answers
1. 2. 3. 4.
a. 30/50 a. 800 a. a. 26/150
b. 20/50 b. 286 b. 50/200 b. 20/150
c. 10/50 c. 350/800 c. 54/200 c. 28/150
d. 55/800 d. 52/200 d. 22/150
e. 18/200 e. 38/150
f. 12/200 f. 16/150
5. 6. 7. 8.
a. 1.28 a. .1915 + .1915 A. .824 = .2061 A. .0228
b. -.84 = .3830 B. .776 = .2177 B. .3085
c. .84 b. .3413 + .3413 C. .776 +.824 C. 628
d. -.54 =.6826 = .5762 D. 475
e. 1.05 c. .4332
f. -1.65 d. .0987 - .4599
= .3612
e. .1914 + .4332
+ .6246
f. .1914 +.4332
= .6246
9. 10.
a. .6915 A. 118
b. .4772 B. 110 - 120
c. .68
Normal Curve and Standard Deviations

50
1. What proportion of the normal distribution is beyond the tail at +2.00?

a. .0227
b. .1587
c. .9772
d. .3412
2. What proportion of the normal distribution is beyond the tail at +1.50?

a. .0668
b. .9332
c. .4332
d. .1587
3. What z-score represents the top 10% of the distribution from the rest?
a. Z =.25
b. Z = 1.28
c. Z = .10
d. Z = 2.20
4. What z-score represents the top 25% of the distribution from the rest?
a. Z =.67
b. Z =.25
c. Z =1.00
d. Z = 1.50
5. About what percentage (%) of x values lie in between the mean and 3 standard
deviations (hint one side)?
a. About 34%
b. About 68%
c. About 50%
6. About what percentage (%) of x values lie in between mean and 1 standard deviation
(hint one side)?
a. About 34%
b. About 68%
c. About 50%
7. About what percentage (%) of x values lie in between the first and second standard
deviation from the mean (hint both side)?
a. About 34%
b. About 68%
c. About 50%
51
8. In a normal distribution, x = 5 and z = - 1.25. This score tells you that x = 5 is ? standard
deviations to .
a. – 1.25 to the right
b. – 1.25 to the left
c. + 1.25 to the right
d. +1. 25 to the left
9. In a normal distribution, x = 3 and z = .67. This score tells you that x = 3 is ? standard
deviations to .
a. – .67 to the right
b. – .67 to the left
c. + .67 to the right
d. + .67 to the left
10. A colleague at work tells you that his systolic blood pressure is 2.5 standard deviations
above the mean but believes it is still within normal limits (100 - 140). If systolic blood
pressure of males has an approximately normal distribution, and a μ = 125 and σ = 12
what is your colleague’s systolic blood pressure?
a. 135
b. 145
c. 155
d. 90
11. A colleague at work tells you that her systolic blood pressure is .5 standard deviations
below the mean but believes it is still within normal limits (100 - 140). If systolic blood
pressure of females has an approximately normal distribution, and a μ = 120 and σ = 12
what is your colleague’s systolic blood pressure?
a. 126
b. 136
c. 114
d. 104
OpenStax
12. Final exam scores in a statistics class were normally distributed with a μ = 65 and a
standard deviation σ = 5. What is the probability that a randomly selected student will
score 70 or higher?
52
13. Final exam scores in a statistics class were normally distributed with a μ = 65 and a
standard deviation σ = 5. What is the probability that a randomly selected student score
70 or below?
14. The systolic blood pressure (given in millimeters) of males has an approximately normal
distribution with μ = 125 and σ = 15. What is the z-score for a blood pressure of 100
millimeters?
15. The systolic blood pressure (given in millimeters) of males has an approximately normal
distribution with μ = 125 and σ = 15. What is the z-score for a blood pressure of 150
millimeters?
16. Use the simple percentage information (68% and 95%) to calculate the percent of the
areas listed below:
a. The percent covered by B
b. The percent covered by C and D
c. The percent covered by E
d. The percent covered by A and D
e. The percent covered by D and F
f. The percent covered by B and E
g. What percent is covered between a z-score of -1 and 0?
h. What percent is covered between -2 and +1?

53
i. What percent is covered from +1 and above?
j. What percent is covered between 0 and +2?
17. What percent of the bell curve is below a z-score of -1.2?
18. What percent of the bell curve is above a z-score of +0.88?
19. What percent of the bell curve is below a z-score of +2.1?
20. What percent of the bell curve is above a z-score of -0.43?
21. What percent of the bell curve is between z = -1.3 and z = 0?
22. What percent of the bell curve is between z = 0 and z = +0.75?

54
23. Determine the Column from the Unit Normal Table that is being represented in the
shade of red on
the bell curve below:
shade of
red on the
bell curve
below:
shade of red on the bell curve below:
55
26. Shade the

bottom 60% of
the bell curve
below:
27. Shade the top 45% of the bell curve below:
28. Shade the middle 40% of the bell curve below:

56
29. Shade
between the
0th percentile
and the 35th
percentile on
the bell curve
below:
30. Shade between the 20th percentile and the 60th percentile on the bell curve below:
31. The red shade on the bell curve below best represents which of the following options:
57
a. The top 25%

b. The bottom 25%
c. The red shade starts at the 0 percentile and ends at the 50th percentile
d. The red shade starts at the 0 percentile and ends at the 75th percentile
32. The shade on the bell curve below best represents which of the following options:
a. The bottom 50%
b. The top 70%
c. The red shade starts at the 0 percentile and ends at the 25th percentile
d. The red shade starts at the 0 percentile and ends at the 75th percentile
33. The average birthweight of babies is μ = 8 lbs. with a standard deviation of σ = 1 lbs.
Use this information to find the following:
a. What is the cut-off weight (X) for the top 35% of babies born?
b. What is the cut-off weight (X) for the bottom 55% of babies born?
c. What is the cut-off weight (X) for the bottom 20% of babies born?
d. What are the two cut-off weights for the middle 40% of babies born?
e. How much does a baby weigh if he is at the 40th percentile?
f. How much does a baby weigh if she is at the 10th percentile?
g. What percent of babies weigh more than 8.5 lbs?
h. What percent of babies weigh less than 6.5 lbs?
i. What percent of babies weigh between 7 lbs and 8 lbs?

58
34. A study states that people sleep an average of μ = 7 hours with a standard deviation of σ
= 1.2 hours. Use this information to find the following:
a. What is the cut-off time (X) for the bottom 33% of sleepers?
b. What is the cut-off time (X) for the bottom 10% of sleepers?
c. What is the cut-off time (X) for the top 15% of sleepers?
d. What are the two cut-off times for the middle 50% of sleepers?
e. How much time does someone spend sleeping if he is at the 65th percentile?
f. How much time does someone spend sleeping if she is at the 95th percentile?
g. What percent of people sleep more than 10 hours?
h. What percent of people sleep less than 8 hours?
i. What percent of people sleep less than 6 hours?

59
Answer Key
1. A 2. A 3. B
4. A 5. C 6. A
7. B 8. B 9. C
10. C 11. C 12.
13. 14. 15.
16. 17. 11.51% 18. 18.94%

a. 95%
b. 27%
c. 2.5%
d. 81.5%
e. 16%
f. 97.5%
g. 34%
h. 81.5%
i. 16%
j. 47.5%
19. 98.21% 20. 66.64% 21. 40.32%
22. 27.34% 23. Column C 24. Column B
25. Column D 26.
27.
60
29. 30.
28.
31. b 32. d 33.

a. 8.39 lbs
b. 8.13 lbs
c. 7.16 lbs
d. 7.48 lbs to 8.52 lbs
e. 7.75 lbs
f. 6.72 lbs
g. 30.85%
h. 6.68%
i. 34.13%
34.
a. 6.47 hours
b. 5.46 hours
c. 8.25 hours
d. 6.2 hours to 7.8 hours
e. 7.47 hours
f. 8.97 hours
g. 0.62%
h. 79.67%
i. 20.33%
61
Sampling Distribution
1. A sample of n = 36 from a population of μ = 50 and σ = 18 has a mean M = 47. What is

the σm for the sample means.
a. 2
b. 3
c. 6
d. 18

the z-score for the sample means.
a. +1.00
b. -1.00
c. +2.00
d. -2.00

the σm for the sample means.
a. 2
b. 3
c. 6
d. 18

the z-score for the sample means.
a. -.50
b. +.50
c. -1.00
d. +1.00
5. A random sample of n = 36 scores is obtained from a population with a σ = 12. If the

sample mean is 4 points above the mean, what is the z-score for the sample mean?
a. +1.00
b. -1.00
c. +2.00
d. -2.00
6. For a population, a sample of n = 25 scores has a standard error of 4. For the same
population, a sample of n = 16 would have standard error of what?
62
a. 20
b. 4
c. 5
d. 2
7. For a population, a sample of n = 36 scores has a standard error of 3. For the same
population, a sample of n = 81 would have standard error of what?
a. 18
b. 3
c. 2
d. 1
8. A sample, from a population has a μ = 45 and σ = 10, has M = 49. If the sample
corresponds to a z-score of +2.00 how many scores were in the sample?
a. n =9
b. n =16
c. n =25
d. n =36
9. A sample, from a population that with a μ = 80 and σ = 12, has M = 77. If the sample
corresponds to a z-score of -1.50, how many scores were in the sample?
a. n = 9
b. n =16
c. n = 25
d. n = 36
10. A sample of n = 16 scores, from a normal population that has a μ = 80 and σ = 12 is

selected. If the sample mean corresponds to a z-score of +1.00, what is the value of the
sample mean (M).
a. 83
b. 85
c. 77
d. 75
11. A sample of n = 81 scores, from a normal population that has a μ = 80 and σ = 18 is

selected. If the sample mean corresponds to a z-score of - 2.00, what is the value of the
sample mean (M).
a. 84
b. 86
63
c. 74
d. 76
SAYLOR
12. What is the expected value of M and the standard error of M if a random sample, n = 4,
is selected from a population with a μ = 60 with σ = 12?
a. μ = 60 with σ = 12
b. μ = 60 with σ = 3
c. μ = 0 with σ = 12
d. μ = 0 with σ = 3
13. What is the expected value of M and the standard error of M if a random sample, n = 81,
is selected from a population with a 𝛍 = 148 with σ = 18?
a. μ = 148 with σ = 18
b. μ = 148 with σ = 2
c. μ = 0 with σ = 18
d. μ = 0 with σ = 2
14. A population of scores forms a normal distribution with a μ = 80 with σ = 12. For a
sample of n =4, what proportion of scores is between 74 and 86?
a. about 19%
b. about 38%
c. about 68%
d. about 95%
15. A random sample is selected from a normal population that has a μ = 40 with σ = 8 and
has a mean of M = 43. Using a sample size n=4 - can you conclude that this result is
reasonable or typical or does it represent an extreme mean?
a. This sample can be considered typical - the z-score is close to the population
mean.
b. This sample can be considered extreme - the z-score is far from the population
mean
c. This sample can be considered typical - the z-score is far from the population
mean
d. This sample can be considered extreme - the z-score is close to the population
mean.
64
16. A random sample is selected from a normal population that has a μ = 40 with σ = 8 and
has a mean of M = 43. Using a sample size n = 64 - can you conclude that this result is
reasonable or typical or does it represent an extreme mean?
a. This sample can be considered typical - the z-score is close to the population
mean.
b. This sample can be considered extreme - the z-score is far from the population
mean
c. This sample can be considered typical - the z-score is far from the population
mean
d. This sample can be considered extreme - the z-score is close to the population
mean.
17. A random sample of n = 81 from a population with a normal distribution that has a μ = 64
with σ = 22.5. What is the probability that the sample is between 62 - 66?
a. about 19%
b. about 38%
c. about 68%
d. about 95%
OPENSTAX
18. Information from the Secretary of State indicates that the average age (µ) of registered
voters is 39.5 with a standard deviation (σ) of 10 years. The distribution is normal.
a. What is the probability of obtaining a random sample n = 25 with mean (M) age
greater than 42.5?
b. What is the probability of obtaining a sample n = 100 with a mean (M) greater
than 42.5?
c. What is the probability of obtaining a sample n = 25 with a mean (M) less than
37?
d. What is the probability of obtaining a sample n = 100 with mean (M) less than
37?
e. What proportion of the samples will have means between 41.5 and 37?
f. What scores form the boundary for the middle 30%?
19. A population has a μ = 90 and σ = 15. A random sample of n = 25 is selected. Calculate

the standard error of mean.
65
20. A population has a μ = 30 and σ = 12. A random sample of n =36 is selected. Calculate
the standard error of the mean.

the standard error the mean.




26. A sample of n = 36 from a population with a μ = 125 and σ = 22 was randomly selected.
Find the probability that the sample is between 118 and 128.
27. A sample of n = 25 from a population with a μ = 73.5 and σ = 2.5 was randomly
selected. Find the probability that the sample is greater than 72.
28. A sample of n = 100 from a population with a μ = 45 and σ = 15 was randomly selected.
Find the probability that the sample is between 42 and 48.
SAYLOR
29. A population of scores forms a normal distribution with a μ = 80 with σ = 12. For a
sample of n = 16, what proportion of scores is between 77 and 87?
OpenStax (31 - 34)

30. Assume the attention span of two-year old toddlers follows a normal distribution with a μ
= 12 minutes and σ = 4. What is the probability that a randomly selected sample of n =
16 toddlers will have an attention span greater than 14 minutes?
31. Suppose that the average time to complete the SAT has a μ = 2.5 and σ =.25. A sample
of n = 25 is randomly selected. Assume that scores are normally distributed. Find the
probability that the sample mean is between 2 and 3 hours.
66
32. Suppose that the average time to complete the SAT has a μ = 2.5 and σ =.25 - scores
are normally distributed. A sample of n = 16 is randomly selected. Find the probability
that the sample mean is between 2 and 3 hours.
33. A population has a mean IQ of μ = 100 with σ = 15 with a normal distribution. For a
randomly selected sample of n = 25 adults, calculate the probability that the sample
mean score will be between 85 and 115?
34. The distribution of results from a cholesterol test has a mean (µ) = 180 and standard
deviation (σ) = 20.
a. What is the probability of obtaining a sample n = 25 with mean (M) greater than
184?
b. What is the probability of obtaining a sample n = 100 with a mean (M) greater
than 184?
SAYLOR
35. The SAT has normal distribution and a 𝛍 = 500 with σ = 100. For a randomly selected
sample of n = 25 college students, calculate the probability that the sample mean score
will be between 480 and 520.
36. One reason for using the Central Limit Theorem is (choose one):
a. To determine the possible mean of a potential sample
b. To determine the possible number of people in a sample
37. Which of the following best describes the purpose of a distribution of sample means?
a. It shows all possible means from a given population, making it easier to predict
the likelihood of a given sample mean
b. It shows if an individual score is an expected or unexpected score, making it

easier to determine abnormality of that score
38. John is taking PSY 230 and he wants to compare his test score to the rest of his class.
Should he use population data or distribution of sample means data?
39. John is taking PSY 230 and he wants to compare the class average to all PSY 230
classes. Should he use population data or distribution of sample means data?
67
40. Which of the following is an example of random sampling with replacement?
a. In a class, the professor calls out on students randomly every day. Once a
student is called, that student can no longer be picked for the day.
b. In a class, the professor calls out on students randomly every day. It is known
that as a student you can be called on multiple times in one day.
41. Which of the following is the best example of random sampling with replacement?
a. At an Arizona Cardinals game, t-shirts are randomly given away by throwing

them to those in attendance
b. At an Arizona Cardinals game, t-shirts are randomly given away by placing every
seat number into a computer and having the computer choose seat numbers
without duplication
42. Distribution of Sample Means is made up of which of the following:

a. Individual X scores
b. Group Mean values
43. Americans watch television for an average of 8 hours a week with a standard deviation
of 1.5 hours
a. Create a distribution of sample means for the following sample sizes:
i. n = 25
ii. n = 81
iii. n = 144
iv. n = 900
b. What will the mean likely be (95% of the time) if we have a sample size of 144?
44. Americans listen to the radio for an average of 2 hours a week with a standard deviation
of 0.5 hours. This is a normal distribution.
a. Create a distribution of sample means for the following sample sizes:
i. n = 16
ii. n = 64
iii. n = 100
iv. n = 1600
b. What will the mean likely be (95% of the time) if we have a sample size of 64?
68
45. Americans watch television for an average of 8 hours a week with a standard deviation
of 1.5 hours.
a. A sample of 64 Americans watch television for an average of 8.1 hours a week.
Find their z-score. Is this an expected (normal) or unexpected (abnormal) result?
b. A sample of 64 Americans watch television for an average of 9 hours a week.

c. A sample of 64 Americans has a z-score of -1.45. Find the mean.
d. A sample of 64 Americans has a z-score of -3. Find the mean.
46. Americans listen to the radio for an average of 2 hours a week with a standard deviation
of 0.5 hours. This is a normal distribution.
a. A sample of 81 Americans listen to the radio for an average of 2 hours a week.
b. A sample of 81 Americans listen to the radio for an average of 0.5 hours a week.
c. A sample of 81 Americans has a z-score of +0.5. Find the mean.
d. A sample of 81 Americans has a z-score of -1. Find the mean.
47. A study with an n = 46 had a standard error of 142. The researcher wants to decrease
the standard error. What should the researcher do?
69
Answers
1. B 2. B 3. A
4. B 5. C 6. C
7. C 8. C 9. D
10. A 11. D 12. D
13. D 14. C 15. A
16. B 17. 18.

a. σM= 2, z = 1.50;
b. σM= 1, z = 3.00;
c. σM= 2, z = 1.25;
d. σM= 1, z = 2.50;
e.
f.
19. σM= 3 20. σM= 2 21. σM= 2
22. σM= 5 23. σM= 2 24. σM= .625
25. σM= 1 26. σM= .75 27. σM= .5
28. 29. 30.
31. 32. 33.
34. 35. 36. A
37. A 38. POPULATION DATA 39. DISTRIBUTION OF

SAMPLE MEANS
40. B 41. B 42. B
Question 43:
a. Cannot use Central Limit Theorem
QUESTION 44
70
e. The mean will likely fall between 7.74 and 8.26
e. The mean will likely fall between 1.88 and 2.12
QUESTION 45 QUESTION 46 QUESTION 47

a. z = +.53. Expected a. z = 0. Expected Increase the n
b. z = +5.26. Unexpected b. z = -25. Unexpected
c. Mean = 7.72 hours c. Mean = 2.03 hours
d. Mean = 7.43 hours d. Mean = 1.94 hours
Hypothesis Testing
71
1. The purpose of a hypothesis testing is to determine:

a. Whether the sample is different from known population
b. Whether the sample is different from unknown population
c. To determine what would happen to known population after treatment
d. To determine whether there were changes in the sample
2. Critical boundaries are set by:

a. Null hypothesis
b. Alternative hypothesis
c. Sample size
d. Alpha level
3. The alternative hypothesis states:

a. The population mean after treatment is the same as it was before treatment
b. The sample mean after treatment is the same as it was before treatment
c. The population mean after treatment is not the same as it was before treatment
d. The sample mean after treatment is not the same as it was before treatment
4. The null hypothesis states:

a. The population mean after treatment is the same as it was before treatment
b. The sample mean after treatment is the same as it was before treatment
c. The population mean after treatment is not the same as it was before treatment
d. The sample mean after treatment is not the same as it was before treatment
5. Critical region can be described as:

a. Outcomes that are expected if the null is true
b. Outcomes that are very unlikely if null is true
c. The difference between the sample mean and population mean
d. Another way of saying alpha level
6. Which of the following changes will increase the power of a statistics test:
a. Change alpha from .05 - .01
b. Change sample size from 20 participants to 80 participants
c. Change from a one-tailed test to a two-tailed test
d. None of this items will increase the power
7. A child development researcher administered a new tutoring program to a sample of

toddlers. The population mean µ = 65. What combination of factors will most likely result
in rejecting null hypothesis:
a. M = 70 and σ = 10
b. M = 70 and σ = 20
c. M = 75 and σ = 10
d. M = 75 and σ = 20
72
8. From the list below, what is a potential consequence of committing a Type 1 error:
a. Conclude that the treatment has had an effect when it really does
b. Conclude that the treatment has no effect when it actually does
c. Conclude that the treatment has not had an effect when it actually does
d. Concluding a treatment has an effect when does not have an effect
9. A consequence of committing a Type II error:

a. Conclude that the treatment has had an effect when it really does
b. Conclude that the treatment has no effect when it actually does
c. Conclude that the treatment has not had an effect when it actually does
d. Concluding a treatment has an effect when does not have an effect
10. The critical boundary for a hypothesis test was ± 1.96. The z-score was – 1.90. What
should the researcher do:
a. Reject H1 – alternative hypothesis
b. Reject H0 – null hypothesis
c. Fail to reject H1 – alternative hypothesis
d. Fail to reject H0 – null hypothesis
11. The critical boundary for a hypothesis test was ±1.96. The z-score was +2.02. What
12. The critical boundary for a hypothesis test was ±1.96. The z-score was +3.67. What
13. The critical boundary for a hypothesis test was ±1.96. The z-score was -2.98. What
14. An educational psychology researcher administers a study skills intervention to a

sample of college students from a population with 𝛍 = 22. It the students’ sample mean
M = 27, which combination of factors is most likely to result in rejecting the null
hypothesis?
a. σ = 5 and n = 16
73
b. σ = 5 and n = 50
c. σ = 10 and n = 16
d. σ = 10 and n = 50
15. A nursing department adds a clinical simulation at the end of the semester to determine
whether it improves nursing students scores on the national preparatory licensing exam
with a 𝛍 = 80. The students’ mean is M = 85. Which combination of factors is most
likely to result in rejecting the null hypothesis?
a. σ = 2 and n = 16
b. σ = 5 and n = 50
c. σ = 10 and n = 50
d. σ = 2 and n = 50
16. A medical researcher thinks that she has discovered a medical to cure statisticitis (the
fear of statistics). If the researcher makes a Type 1 error she has concluded that:
a. H0 is true but rejected it as false, thus accepting the alternative.
b. H0 is false and rejected it false thus rejecting the null hypothesis.
c. H0 is true and is not rejected as false; thus accepting the alternative hypothesis
d. None of these represents a Type 1 error
17. A psychologist is examining compliance and marketing using a series of advertisements.

She records her results. If the researcher makes a Type 1 error she has concluded that:
a. the sample is different from the population but it is not.
b. the sample is different from the population and it is different.
c. the sample and the population are the same - and there is no significant
difference
d. None of these represents a Type 1 error
A public health researcher wants to know whether a new tax that was placed on soda has had
any impact on people’s behavior. Before the new tax, convenience stores in the city sold an
average of µ = 410, sugar filled beverages per day with σ = 60. The distribution was normal.
Following the new tax, data were collected for a sample of n = 9 days and the new mean was M
= 386 from the same convenience stores.
18. What is the standard error (σM) for the above scenario?
a. 60
b. 30
c. 20
d. Cannot determine
19. What is the z-score for the above scenario?

a. - 1.50
b. + 1.50
c. -.80
d. .80
74
20. Using a two-tailed test with a .05 significance level, can you conclude there was a
significant change in people’s behavior?
a. Yes
b. No
c. Cannot determine
A health coach tested the effectiveness of a new behavioral therapy for weight loss among
college students. A sample of n = 36 college students participated in the study and each student
participated in the study for 6 weeks. At the end of the study the mean difference was 5 pounds
with a σ = 12.
21. State the null and alternative hypothesis
a. 10
b. 5
c. 2
d. Cannot determine

a. - 1.50
b. + 1.50
c. -2.50
d. +2.50
a. Yes
b. No
c. Cannot determine
How satisfied one is with his or her life often depends on several factors and can change across
the lifespan. Diener created the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) to try and measure
satisfaction. A researcher tests the effectiveness of mindfulness training on perception of life
satisfaction. A sample of 36 (n=36) was randomly selected from a normal distribution and the
participants engaged in 12-weeks of mindfulness training. At the end of 12-weeks students
complete the SWLS and the mean is found to be M = 27 (which corresponds to high satisfied).
Assume that the SWLS has a mean µ = 24 σ = 6.
25. What is the independent variable?
26. What is the dependent variable?

75
27. What is the sample error for the sample?

a. 9
b. 3
c. 1
d. None of the above.
28. Using the above information, what is the obtained z-score?

a. 3.00
b. 22.00
c. 1.00
29. Using a one-tailed test, with α = .05, with a critical boundary 1.65, an obtained z-score of
3.00, what can you conclude about the sample and mindfulness training and life
satisfaction?
a. Fail to reject the null hypothesis. The SWLS scores of the sample were not
significantly different from the larger population.
b. Fail to reject the null hypothesis. The SWLS scores from the sample were
c. Reject the null hypothesis. The SWLS scores from the sample were significantly
different from the larger population.
d. Reject the null hypothesis, the SWLS scores from the sample were not
30. Cohen’s d for this sample is can be considered:

a. A small effect
b. Medium effect
c. Large effect
d. No effect
Saylor
29. Attorney General and team of medical researchers is investigating price gouging of a
particular medication in a large metropolitan county. The average cost of the medication
in the State is 𝛍 = $75.00 for a 30-day supply, with a σ = $10.50. A random sample of n
= 49 prescriptions (30-day supply) are purchased from the county in question and the
average cost was M = $81.00.
a. Is the result sufficient enough to conclude that there is a statistically significant

difference between the average statewide cost of the medication and the
average of the sample? Use a .05 two-tailed test to determine.
b. Calculate Cohen’s d for this scenario and interpret the result.
Saylor
30. It is hoped that a newly developed pain reliever will more quickly produce perceptible
reduction in pain to patients after minor surgeries than a standard pain reliever. Assume
that the standard pain reliever is known to bring relief in an average of 15.5 minutes (𝛍 =
15.5) with standard deviation 2.1 minutes (𝞂 = 2.1).To test whether the new pain
76
reliever works more quickly than the standard treatment, 49 patients (n=49) with minor
surgeries were given the new pain reliever and the time they identified relief was
recorded. The experiment yielded a mean difference of -3.1 minutes. Is there sufficient
evidence in the sample to indicate at the 5% level of significance (𝛂 = .05) that the newly
developed pain reliever does deliver perceptible relief more quickly. (Hint - what is the
hypothesis - this will guide which type of test you select).
a. State the hypothesis (null and alternative).
b. Calculate the standard error of M for the above scenario.
c. Calculate the z-score for the above scenario.
d. Using a one-tailed test, with α = .05, with a critical boundary 1.65,and the
obtained z-score, is your decision about the new medication’s impact on reducing
pain after minor surgery?
Saylor
31. Find the rejection region for the standardized test statistic for each hypothesis test.
a. H0:µ = 27; H1: µ< 27 at the α=0.05 level of significance.
b. H0:µ = 52; H1: µ≠52 at the α=0.05 level of significance.
c. H0:µ = 105; H1: µ > 105 at the α=0.01 level of significance.
d. H0:µ = 78.8; H1: µ ≠ 78.8 at the α=0.01 level of significance
e. H0:µ = 17; H1:µ < 17 at the α=0.01 level of significance.
f. H0:µ = 880; H1:µ ≠ 880 at the α=0.01 level of significance.
g. H0:µ = 12; H1:µ > 12 at the α=0.05 level of significance.
h. H0:µ = 21.1; H1:µ ≠ 21 at the α=0.05 level of significance.
A researcher predicts that a new treatment will increase performance. Using the following
information, calculate the test statistic using α=0.05 level of significance. Assume a normal
distribution. H0:µ =72 H1: µ> 72 σ = 9 n = 81 M = 75
a. 9
b. 3
c. 1

a. + 1.50
77
b. +2.50
c. +3.00
a. Yes
b. No
c. Cannot determine
A researcher believes that a new study skills program will increase student scores on a
standardized test for graduate school admission. Scores follow a normal distribution. A sample
of n = 25 students are recruited to participate. Using the following information, calculate the test
statistic using using α=0.05 level of significance. H0:µ =158 H1: µ >158 σ =15 n = 25 M = 161
a. 5
b. 3
c. 2

a. - 1.00
b. + 1.00
c. -2.00
d. +2.00
a. Yes
b. No
c. Cannot determine
38. A researcher believes that a new biofeedback technique will significantly reduce patient
pain. She a recruits a sample of n = 36 patients for her study and asks them to rate their
pain after the new biofeedback technique. Assume that the biofeedback scores are
normally distributed. Using the information below, calculate the test statistics using
α=0.01 level of significance. Testing H0:µ = 6 H1: µ < 6 σ =4.5 n =36 M = 8
a. Using the steps of hypothesis testing determine whether there was sufficient
evidence to conclude that there was a significant increase? Explain your answer.
39. A researcher believes that a new study skills program will impact student scores on a
standardized test for graduate school admission. Using the following information,
78
calculate the test statistic using using α=0.05 level of significance. H0:µ=805 H1: µ ≠ 805
σ = 40 n =100 M = 818
a. Using the steps of hypothesis testing determine whether there was sufficient
evidence to conclude that there was a significant increase? Explain your answer.
A cognitive psychologist believes that a specific treatment will reduce the time it takes to
complete a test that measures problem-solving ability. A random sample of n = 49 college
students is selected from a normally distributed population. The mean of the test is µ=342
seconds with standard deviation of σ =21 seconds. After the treatment is administered, the
sample mean is found to be M = 339.
40. State the null and alternative hypothesis (in words or in notation).
a. 3
b. 6
c. 21
d. 11.5

a. .95
b. 1.00
c. 1.33
d. 1.97
43. Using a two-tailed test, with α = .05, what is your decision about the new treatment’s
impact on reducing the time it takes to complete the problem-solving test?
a. Fail to reject the null hypothesis. The effect on problem solving time was not
significantly different from the population mean.
b. Fail to reject the null hypothesis. The effect on problem solving time was
c. Reject the null hypothesis. The effect on problem solving time was not
d. Reject the null hypothesis. The effect on problem solving time was significantly
different from the population mean.
44. Calculate the value for Cohen’s d.

a. .1
b. .2
c. .3
d. .4

79
a. A small effect
b. Medium effect
c. Large effect
d. No effect
46. A random sample is selected from a normally distributed population with population
mean of µ=105 and standard deviation of σ =18. After treatment is administered, the
sample mean is found to be M = 109.
a. If the sample mean is n = 36, is the sample mean sufficient to conclude that the
treatment had a significant effect? Use a two-tailed α=0.05 level of significance.
b. If the sample mean is n = 81, is the sample mean sufficient to conclude that the
treatment had a significant effect? Use a two-tailed α=0.05 level of significance.
47. A researcher predicts that a ginseng supplement will impact endurance as measured by
Vo2 Maximum (a standardized measure). A sample of n = 25 athletes are recruited to
participate in the experiment and take the supplement over a 12-week period. Assume
that endurance is normally distributed in the population and has a µ =22.5 and σ = 2.5.
The sample mean after treatment was M = 24.
a. State the null and alternative hypothesis (hint: is this a directional hypothesis?)
b. Calculate the test statistic using a Use a two-tailed α=0.05 level of significance.
c. Based on the results, what decision can the researcher make about the
supplement and endurance.
48. Everyone knows that adhering to dietary guidelines and engaging in about 30-minutes of
invigorating activity each day contributes to heart health and weight loss. A researcher
believes that adhering to the above guidelines and adding 10 minutes of meditation will
significantly increase weight loss. Assume that the average weight loss per week is µ =
2 lbs with a standard deviation σ = .75. A sample of n = 100 individuals interested in
weight loss were recruited for the study. After participating in the study , the mean
sample was M = 3.15.
a. State the null and alternative hypothesis (hint: is this a directional hypothesis?)
b. Calculate the test statistic using a one-tailed test, α=0.01 level of significance.
c. Based on the results, what decision can the researcher make about the
supplement and increased weight loss?
d. Calculate and interpret Cohen’s d
Answers
80
1. A 2. D 3. C 4. A
5. B 6. B 7. C 8. D
9. B 10. D 11. B 12. B
13. B 14. B 15. D 16. C
17. A 18. C 19. A 20. B
21. 22. C 23. D 24. A

H0: POPULATION =
SAMPLE;
H1: POPULATION ≠
SAMPLE
25. 26. 27. C 28. A

MINDFULNESS SATISFACTION
TRAINING
29. C 30. B 31. 32. C

A. 1.65
B. ∓1.96
C. 2.33
D. ∓2.58
E. 2.33
F. ∓2.58
G. 1.65
H. ∓1.96
33. C 34. A 35. B 36. B
37. B 38. 39. 40.

.75 4 H0:µ=342 H1: µ < 342
2.67 3.25
Yes the difference is Yes the difference is
statistically statistically
significant. significant.
41. A 42. B 43. A 44. A

81
45. A 46. 47. 48.

A. 1.33; NOT
STAT SIG.
B. 2.00; STAT
SIG
One Sample T-test
1. One reason a researcher would choose to conduct a t-Test over z-Test would be
because the following is missing:
a. The sample’s standard deviation
b. The population’s mean
c. SM
d. σ
2. SM tries to estimate which of the following:

a. The population mean
b. The population standard deviation
c. The Distribution of Sample Mean’s standard error
d. The Distribution of Sample Mean’s critical region
3. 3. A t-value tries to estimate which of the following:

a. z-score
b. df
c. α
d. probability
4. A sample has a df of 103. What is the n of this sample?
5. A sample has an n of 99. What is the df of this sample?
6. Which of the following df values would make it so that the t Distribution looks most like
the real Distribution of Sample Means?
a. df = 8
b. df = 20
c. df = 30
82
d. df = 60
7. Variance and standard deviation are to descriptive statistics as estimated standard error
is to:
a. Inferential statistics
b. Samples
c. Population
d. T-tests
8. A sample of n = 15 scores has SS = 350. What is the variance for the sample?
a. 21.9
b. 25
c. 5
d. 4.7
9. A sample of n = 36 has SS = 315. What is the variance for the sample?

a. 9
b. 8.8
c. 3
d. 4.7
10. A sample of n = 16 scores has SS = 350. What is the standard deviation for the sample?
a. 21.9
b. 25
c. 5
d. 4.7
11. A sample of n = 36 has SS = 315. What is the standard deviation for the sample?
a. 9
b. 8.8
c. 3
d. 4.7
12. A sample of n= 9 has SS = 72. What is the estimated standard error?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
83
13. A sample of n = 25 has a M = 50 and SS = 2400. What is the estimated standard error?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
14. A sample with variance s2 = 63 has an estimated standard error sM of 3 points. How
many scores are in the sample?
a. 7
b. 9
c. 25
d. 36
15. A sample with variance s2 = 100, has M = 65 and has an estimated standard error sM of
2 points. How many scores are in the sample?
a. 9
b. 10
c. 25
d. 36
16. A sample has n = 9 scores, a mean of M = 80 and has an estimated standard sM error
of 1 point. What is the sample variance s2?
a. 72
b. 91
c. 100
d. 2400
17. A sample has n = 16 scores, a mean of M = 45 and has an estimated standard error sM
of 5 points. What is the sample variance?
a. 100
b. 400
c. 2400
d. 3600
18. A researcher conducts a hypothesis test with sample of n = 36 from an unknown

population. What is the value of df for the t statistic?
a. 35
b. 36
c. 37
d. 40
84
How satisfied one is with his or her life often depends on several factors and can change
across the lifespan. Diener created the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) to try and
measure satisfaction. He confirmed that as people age they report lower satisfaction
than when they are young. The following scores represent hypothetical data from
individuals who were 62 years or older. The SWLS has a mean µ = 26. The n = 9 scores
for the sample are: 18, 23, 24, 22, 19, 27, 23, 26, 25
Using the scenario above, answer questions 19-26.
19. What is the mean for the sample?

a. 207
b. 18
c. 23
d. 230
20. What is the standard deviation for the sample?

a. 19.12
b. 4.37
c. 207
d. 3
21. What is the sample error for the sample?

a. 9
b. 3
c. 1
22. Using a sample of n = 9, what is the critical boundary for t, using a one-tailed test, with α
= .05?
a. 2.89
b. 2.30
c. 1.83
d. 3.25
23. Using the above information, what is the obtained t-score?

a. 3
b. 22
c. 1
85
24. Using a one-tailed test, with α = .05, a critical boundary 1.83, and a t-score of 3.00, what
can you conclude about the sample of individuals, age 62 and older, SWLS?
a. Fail to reject the null hypothesis. The SWLS scores of the sample were not
b. Fail to reject the null hypothesis. The SWLS scores from the sample were
c. Reject the null hypothesis. The SWLS scores from the sample were significantly
different from the larger population.
d. Reject the null hypothesis, the SWLS scores from the sample were not

a. A small effect
b. Medium effect
c. Large effect
d. No effect
26. The size or magnitude of estimated standard error sm is calculated using:

a. n and s2
b. n and s
c. M and s2
d. M, n, and s all contribute to the calculation.
A researcher was interested in knowing whether a visible facial piercing would negatively impact
perceived competence of job applicants when applying and interviewing for a job. To study this,
a researcher asked an HR manager to complete the Acme Employability Scale which as a
mean µ = 10 for several applicants. A sample of n = 9 job applicants with visible facial
piercings were interviewed and their scores on the Employability Scale were as follows: 6, 8, 10,
6, 7, 13, 5, 5, 3
Using the above scenario complete the following 7 questions –
27. What is the mean for the sample?

a. 6
b. 7
c. 8
d. 9
86
28. What is the standard deviation for the sample?

a. 9
b. 3
c. 4
d. 2
29. What is the estimated standard error for the sample?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 5
30. Using a sample of n = 9, what is the critical boundary for t, using a one-tailed test, with α
= .01?
a. 2.89
b. 2.30
c. 1.83
d. 3.35
31. Using the above information, what is the obtained t-score?

a. 3
b. 22
c. 1
32. Using a one-tailed test, with α = .01, with a critical boundary ±3.35, an obtained t-score
of 3.00, what can you conclude about the impact of facial piercings on perceived
competence of job applicants?
a. Fail to reject the null hypothesis. The scores were not significantly different from
the larger population – facial piercings do not appear to impact perceived
competence of job applicants.
b. Fail to reject the null hypothesis. The scores were significantly different from the
larger population – facial piercings appear to impact perceived competence of job
applicants.
c. Reject the null hypothesis. The cores were significantly different from the larger
population – facial piercings appear to impact perceived competence of job
applicants.
87
d. Reject the null hypothesis, the scores were not significantly different from the
larger population - facial piercings do not appear to impact perceived
competence of job applicants.

a. A small effect
b. Medium effect
c. Large effect
d. No effect
Saylor: One sample - t-test examples
34. The mean score on a 25-point placement exam in mathematics used for the past two
years at a large state university is 14.3.The placement coordinator wishes to test
whether the mean score on a revised version of the exam differs from 14.3. She gives
the revised exam to n = 30 entering freshmen early in the summer; the mean score is
14.6 with sample standard deviation 2.4.
a. Perform the test at the 10% level of significance using the critical value
approach.
b. Compute the observed significance of the test.
Dr. Yazzie has been teaching statistics for 10 years and his classes have consistently scored an
average of 𝛍 = 67 on his cumulative final exam. This year Dr. Yazzie created an online tutoring
program and required students to spend at least 3 hours using the program before the final
exam. At the end of the academic year Dr. Yazzie calculated the results for a sample of n = 144
students, M = 72 and s = 8. Determine whether the data are sufficient to conclude that the
sample mean is significantly higher when the online tutoring system is used.
35. Identify the correct null and alternative hypothesis:

a. H0:𝛍 = M; H1: 𝛍 ≠ M
b. H0:𝛍 > 67; H1: 𝛍 ≠ 67
c. H0:𝛍 = 67; H1: 𝛍 > 67
d. A and C are correct
36. What is the critical boundary for n = 144?

a. 2.617
b. 2.358
c. 1.984
d. 1.645
37. What is the estimated standard error for the sample?

88
a. 16
b. 4
c. 1
d. .67
38. What is the obtained t-score?

a. 5.00
b. 7.46
c. 1.25
d. 3.13
39. Using a one-tailed test, with α = .01, with a critical boundary 2.358, an obtained t-score
of 7.46, what can you conclude about the impact of 3 hours of tutoring on students’ final
exam scores in Dr. Yazzie’s statistics course?
a. Fail to reject the null hypothesis. The scores were not significantly different from
the original final exam scores – 3 hours of online tutoring did not help students.
b. Fail to reject the null hypothesis. The scores were significantly different from the
original final exam scores – 3 hours of online tutoring did help students.
c. Reject the null hypothesis. The scores were significantly different from the
original scores– 3 hours of online tutoring appears to have helped students
d. Reject the null hypothesis, the scores were not significantly different from the
original final exam scores - 3 hours of online tutoring did not help students.
40. Cohen’s d for the sample was:

a. .23
b. .63
c. .75
d. 1.10
41. Cohen’s d for this sample is can be considered a:

a. Small effect
b. Medium effect
c. Large effect
d. No effect
A public health researcher is concerned that the pH level of the city’s water is not at the average
𝛍 = 7.3 and may be contributing to health-related complaints. If there is evidence of a
significant change in the pH immediate steps will be taken to address the problem. To evaluate
the concern n = 25 water samples were collected from across the city and the results indicated
89
an average reading of M = 7.5 with a s = .5. Using α = .01 level of significance determine
whether there is significant evidence that the pH is not 7.2.
42. Identify the correct null and alternative hypothesis:

a. H0:𝛍 = M; H1: 𝛍 ≠ M
b. H0:𝛍 > 7.3; H1: 𝛍 ≠ 7.3
c. H0:𝛍 = 7.3; H1: 𝛍 ≠ 7.3
d. A and C are correct
43. What is the critical boundary for n = 25?

a. 1.711
b. 2.064
c. 2.492
d. 2.797
44. What is the estimated standard error?

a. 1
b. .01
c. .1
d. .5
45. What is the obtained t-score?

a. 2.00
b. 20.00
c. 4.00
d. .4
46. Using a one-tailed test, with α = .01, with a critical boundary ±2.797, and a t-score of
2.00, what can you conclude about the pH of the city’s water supply?
a. Fail to reject the null hypothesis; the pH was not significantly different from 7.3
b. Fail to reject the null hypothesis; the pH was significantly different from 7.3
c. Reject the null hypothesis; the pH was significantly different from 7.3
d. Reject the null hypothesis; the pH was not significantly different from 7.3
47. Cohen’s d for the sample was:

a. .2
b. .4
c. .6
d. .8
90
48. Cohen’s d for this sample could be considered a:

a. Small effect
b. Medium effect
c. Large effect
d. No effect
49. Create t Distributions and label critical t values for each:

a. df = 30, two tail, α = .05
b. n = 100, two tail, α = .01
c. A study is looking to see if the treatment would create an increase from the
original mean. It recruits 41 participants and uses an alpha of .05.
50. The population of Phoenix exercises for an average of 30 minutes per week. The city
chooses a random sample of 45 residents to learn the benefits of exercising more. At the
end of workshop, the 45 residents averaged 37 minutes of exercise per week with a
standard deviation of 20 minutes. The city wants to know if this workshop changes
exercising habits.
a. Write a null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis as notations and sentences
b. Create a t Distribution using an alpha of .01. Locate critical t value.
c. Find the estimated standard error and the sample’s t value.
d. Do you accept or reject the null hypothesis?
e. Write a final notation for the study.
f. What does the final notation tell you about the effectiveness of the workshop?
g. If the alpha level changed to .05, would you still accept the null hypothesis?
51. A population of college students sleeps for 4.5 hours a night.In an effort to help its
students, a college recruits a sample of 36 students to take a sleeping class. After the
class, these students are sleeping for an average of 4.9 hours a night with a standard
deviation of 1.4 hours.
a. Determine the final notation and decide whether this significantly increased the
the hours of sleep at an alpha of .01.
52. Home Depot stores sale an average of 25 Christmas trees a week during the holiday
season. A sample of 10 Home Depot stores offers a free set of Christmas lights with the
purchase of a Christmas tree with the hope of increasing their sales of the trees. Their
sample’s t value is t = +2.05.
a. Would you accept or reject the null hypothesis at an alpha level of .01?
b. Would you accept or reject the null hypothesis at an alpha level of .05?
c. What is the Mean of the sample if sM = 2.1?
91
53. A study tested to see if listening to Mozart regularly increases the IQ of 7 year olds. The
study reports the following final notation: t (36) = +1.34, p > .05
a. How many participants were involved in this study?
b. Which hypothesis do you accept?
c. According to this study, does listening to Mozart increase a child’s IQ?
d. Would this study show significance with an alpha of .01?
54. A study finds the following final notation: t (64) 2.1, p > .001. Should the study calculate
Cohen’s d?
55. A study on a weight loss pill reports an estimated Cohen’s d of 0.49.

a. Did this study accept or reject the null hypothesis?
b. What is the effect size of the weight loss pill?
92
56. Twenty years ago, the population of a city averaged 45 car accidents per day. This
year, a sample indicates that on average there are 64 car accidents per day with a
standard deviation of 20. It is suggested that texting is the reason for the increase in car
accidents.
a. Calculate the estimated Cohen’s d.
b. What effect size does the texting have on accidents?
Answers
1. D 2. C 3. A 4. n =104
5. df = 98 6. D 7. A 8. B
9. A 10. C 11. C 12. A
13. B 14. A 15. C 16.
17. B 18. A 19. C 20. D
21. C 22. C 23. A 24. C
25. A 26. D 27. B 28. B
29. B 30. D 31. D 32. A
33. A 34. 35. C 36. B

a. b.
37. B 38. D 39. B 40. C
41. B 42. B 43. D 44. D
45. A 47. A 48. B 49. B

46. A
50.
a.
c.
- +2
2. .0
04 42 b.
2
+1
+2. .6
- 84
2.6 617
17
93
51. A. Null - H0: μworkshop = 30; If everyone in Phoenix took this 52.
workshop, the new average exercise time would still be 30 t (35) = +1.74, p
minutes per week or No, the workshop will not change the > .01; No, the
average exercise time of 30 minutes per week sleeping class does
not significantly
Alternative - H1: μworkshop ≠ 30; If everyone in Phoenix took this workshop,
increase the hours of
the new average exercise time would no longer be 30 minutes per week or
sleep for college
Yes, the workshop will change the average exercise time of 30 minutes per
students
week
b. Bell curve with critical t values of -2.66 and +2.66
c. sM = 2.98; Sample’s t value = +2.35
d. Accept the null hypothesis
e. t(44) = +2.35, p > .01
f. With an alpha of .01, we cannot conclude that the workshop would
make a difference in exercise times of Phoenix residents
g. Critical t values now change to -2.00 and +2.00. The sample’s t
value of +2.35 now lands in the critical region. Therefore, we would
now reject the null hypothesis.
53. 54. 55. 56.

a. Accept the null a. n = 37 No, we are accepting a. Rejected the null
b. Reject the null b. Null the null b. Medium effect
c. M = 29.3 c. No, Mozart does
not increase a child’s
IQ
d. If it’s not significant
at an alpha level
of .05, then it’s not
significant at an alpha
level of .01
57. d = .95; large

effect
Independent t-tests
1. Which of the following is most likely to use independent measures design?

94
a. Evaluate the effectiveness of biofeedback on reducing pain before and after

treatment
b. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication improving memory for a sample of
adults 65 and older
c. Evaluate resiliency between student and non-student athletes
d. Evaluate executive functioning in a sample of girls age 16-18.
2. Which of the following is most likely to use independent measures design?

a. Compare moral development between school-aged boys and girls
b. Compare pre and post test scores for statistics students
c. Compare ratings of pain before and after participating in biofeedback treatment
d. Compare ratings of attention/concentration in a sample of adolescent boys
3. An independent measures study has two samples, each with n = 30, in order to compare
methods for reducing negative stereotypes. What is the df value for the t-statistic in this
study?
a. 60
b. 58
c. 28
d. There is not enough information to answer.
4. An independent measures study has df = 48. How many total participants were in the
study?
a. 24
b. 46
c. 50
d. There is not enough information to answer.
5. If one sample has n = 5 with SS = 49 and a second sample has n = 5 with SS = 23, what
is the pooled variance?
a. 7.2
b. 14.4
c. 9
d. There is not enough information to answer
95
6. If one sample has n = 12 with SS = 157 and a second sample has n = 12 with SS = 129,
what is the pooled variance?
a. 11.91
b. 23.83
c. 13
7. Two samples, each with n = 15 participants, produce a pooled variance of 30. Using this
information, what is the value of the standard error for the sample mean difference?
a. 2
b. 4.28
c. 2.06
8. Two samples, each with n = 20 participants, produce a pooled variance of 90. Using this
information, what is the value of the standard error for the sample mean difference?
a. 9
b. 3
c. 2
9. An independent measures study recruited 30 participants, n = 15 in each group, to

compare two treatment methods for weight loss. If the results are evaluated using a 2-
tailed α = .05, what is the critical boundary?
a. ±2.151
b. ±2.042
c. ± 2.048
d. ± 1.701
10. An independent measures study recruited 30 participants, n = 15 in each group, to

compare two treatment methods for weight loss and the data produced t = 2.50, then
which is the right decision when using a two-tailed test:
a. Reject the null hypothesis at .05 but fail to reject at .01
b. Reject the null hypothesis at .05 and at .01
c. Fail to reject at .05 and reject at .01
d. Fail to reject at .05 and fail to reject at .01
An independent measures study compared resiliency between violent offenders and non-violent
offenders. A total of 42 participants were recruited, n = 21 in each group. Use the following
scenario to answer the four questions below:
11. What is the df value for the t-statistic for the study?
a. 21
96
b. 20
c. 40
12. If the results are evaluated using a one-tailed α = .05, what is the critical boundary?
a. ±2.080
b. ±2.086
c. ± 2.021
d. ± 2.000
13. If the results are evaluated using a two-tailed α = .05, what is the critical boundary?
a. ±2.080
b. ±2.086
c. ± 2.042
d. ± 2.021
14. Should the data produce a result of t = 2.13, then which is the right decision when using
a two-tailed test of significance:
c. Fail to reject at .05 but reject at .01
15. A Human Resources Director wants to determine whether employees with disabilities
use more time off than employees without disabilities at a statistically significant level.
Employee timesheet information for a calendar year was randomly selected and a
sample of N = 30, with n = 15 in each group, was generated and the yearly average
number of paid time off (in hours) was calculated for each group. Data were as follows:
97
With Disabilities Without Disabilities

n=15 n=15
SS = 400 SS = 440
M = 15.65 M = 20.65
a. Using a 2-tailed α = .05 determine whether there is sufficient support to conclude the
groups use different amounts of paid time off.
a. t(30) = 2.50 p < .05
b. t(28) = 2.50 p > .05
c. t(28) = 2.50 p < .05
d. t(14) = 2.50 p < .05
b. Calculate Cohen’s d
.9 - a large effect
16. An instructor wants to determine whether using a mindfulness strategy before a quiz will
improve performance for students with test anxiety. Two groups of students are
recruited, n = 6. Both groups have test anxiety. Group one takes the quiz as they
normally would and group two participates in a mindfulness activity before the quiz. The
data are summarized below:
Group 1 Group 2
n=12 n=12
SS = 62 SS = 70
M = 20 M = 22
Using the information above answer the following questions:

a. Provide the hypotheses for this study.
b. What is the df value for this study?
c. What is the critical boundary using 2-tailed α = .05?
d. What is the pooled variance?
e. What is the standard error of the mean?
f. Calculate t-statistic
g. What can you conclude about mindfulness and its impact on performance for students
with test anxiety?
98
17. A researcher was interested in the effect of acupuncture on the athletic performance
(bench press) of female powerlifters. The researcher was able to recruit n = 18
individuals to participate. One group of athletes n = 9 received acupuncture treatment
one time per week for a 6-week prior to competition. The remaining participants served
as the control group and did not receive the treatment. Use a two-tailed test, with a .05
level of significance to determine whether there was a statistically significant difference
between the groups.
Acupuncture No Treatment
n=9 n=9
M = 150 M = 140
SS = 656.70 SS =495.30

g. Decision?
99
18. A neuropsychologist and physical therapist believe that patients with brain injury who
begin physical therapy very early have better cognitive outcomes that patients who do
not engage in physical therapy. They design a study using two groups of patients on the
rehabilitation unit (n = 8). One group of patients begins physical therapy within two hours
of their transfer to the unit. Physical therapy involves sitting up, moving to the edge of
the bed, placing feet on the floor and standing (with assistance) three times per day. The
other group receives current treatment practices. After 3-weeks on the unit, a cognitive
test of attention was administered; results are presented below.
Treatment No Treatment
n=4 n=4
M = 63 seconds M = 57 seconds
SS = 28 SS =20
Using a two-tailed test with a .05 level of significance determine whether the new treatment
program impacts cognitive functioning of the patients.

g. Decision?
100
19. A psychologist examines the impact of color on attention/concentration of online

consumers. Twenty-four shoppers are recruited to participate and assigned to two
groups. Group 1 participants are directed to a shopping website with a white background
on the main content page. Group 2 participants are directed the same shopping website
but the main content page has been altered and now the background color is a pale lilac.
The number of seconds consumer participants spend on the main content page is
recorded.
Lilac Background White Background
n = 13 n = 13
M = 31 M = 35
SS = 330 SS = 294
Using a two-tailed test with a .05 level of significance determine whether consumers spent more
time on the main content page when the background color was modified.
d. Calculate the pooled variance?
e. Calculate the standard error of the mean?
g. Decision?
101
20. Research suggests that African American males have higher cholesterols levels than
European American males. A researcher has developed a new treatment that he
believes will be as effective as traditional pharmaceutical treatments but costs 1/10 the
price. He recruits n = 100 African American males to participate. One group n = 50
currently receives a standard pharmaceutical treatment for high cholesterol; this group
will serve as the control group. The second group receives the new treatment. At the
end of 90 days, cholesterol levels were collected. Results are presented below. Using
the information provided, determine whether there is sufficient evidence to conclude that
the new treatment is as effective as the standard medical treatment for African American
males.
Standard New
M = 225.3 M = 210.3
SS = 104, 225 SS = 94, 225

g. Decision?
102
Saylor Example
21. A marriage counselor administered a test designed measure overall contentment to n =
60 randomly selected individuals. Half of the individuals reported they were married and
the other half reported they were single. Using 𝛂 = .05, two-tailed test, determine
whether marital status has an impact on overall contentment.
Married Single
M = 43.5 M = 44.5
SS = 500 SS = 370

g. Decision?
h. Calculate Cohen’s d and describe the magnitude of the independent variable.
i. Calculate r2 and describe the magnitude of effect marital status has on contentment.
103
22. Children in two elementary school classrooms were given two versions of a quiz that
covered the same content but Version A ordered the questions from easiest to more
difficult and the reverse order for Version B. Students from the two classrooms were
randomly assigned to complete Version A (n = 20) and the remaining students were
given Version B (n = 20) to complete.
Version A Version B
M = 83 M = 78
SS = 860 SS = 660

g. Decision?
h. Calculate Cohen’s d and describe the magnitude of the independent variable.
i. Calculate r2 and describe the magnitude of test item ordering on student scores.
23. Use the following information to determine whether there is a statistically significant
difference between group means using ɑ = .05, two-tailed test.
H0: μ1 - μ2 = 0
H1: μ1 - μ2 ≠ 0
Group 1 Group 2
n=12 n=12
M = 551 M = 637
SS = 500 SS = 700
104
H0: μ1 - μ2 = 0
H1: μ1 - μ2 ≠ 0
Group 1 Group 2
n=30 n=30
M = 72 M = 86
SS = 1620 SS = 1860
H0: μ1 - μ2 = 0
H1: μ1 - μ2 ≠ 0
Group 1 Group 2
n=16 n=16
M = 8.5 M = 5.5
SS = 105 SS = 135
26. In which scenario below should a two independent samples t test be conducted?
a. Scenario 1: A study looks at the effect of Proactiv (an anti-acne cream). It
recruits individuals with acne. The researchers first measure the amount of acne
on each individual. The individuals then utilize Proactiv for a month. At that time,
the researchers measure the amount of acne on each individual one more time.
b. Scenario 2: A study looks at the effect of Proactiv (an anti-acne cream). It recruits
individuals with acne. The researchers break up participants into two groups.
The first group applies Proactiv daily. The second group only washes with soap
daily.
27. A two independent samples t test was conducted to compare the effects of alcohol on
memory compared to a control group. Group 1 drank alcohol while studying for a test
while Group 2 did not drink alcohol. Group 1 (with 20 participants) answered an average
of M1 = 8 answers correct on the test while Group 2 (with 25 participants) answered an
average of M2 = 12 answers correct on the test.
a. Did alcohol help or impair performance in the test?
105
b. What is the dftotal value?
28. A psychologist is interested in the effect that no sleep has on individuals’ abilities to
perform motor tasks (physical abilities). She selects n=25 college students (Group 1) to
stay up all night and she selects another n=25 students (Group 2) to sleep. The
students attempt to make 20 free throw shots with a basketball. Group 1 makes an
average of M1 = 8 shots with SS=920 while Group 2 makes an average of M2 = 12 shots
with SS =620.
b. Create a t Distribution using an alpha of .05. Locate critical t values.
c. Find the estimated standard error and the t value.
f. What does the final notation tell you about sleep deprivation and motor tasks?
g. Should r2 be calculated? If so, calculate it. If not, explain.
h. If the alpha level changed to .01, would you still reject the null hypothesis?
29. A mall company wants to decide whether or not to offer free Santa photos in an effort to
increase sale revenues throughout the mall. In Mall A, for n = 25 days it allows kids to
take a free picture with Santa Claus. In Mall B, for n = 25 days, there is no Santa Claus.
Mall A had a daily average revenue of M1 = $65,000 with SS=$1,300,000 while Mall B
had a daily average revenue of M2 = $57,000 with SS=$1,500,000. Determine the final
notation and decide whether a free Santa photo significantly impacts revenue at an
alpha of .01.
30. A two independent samples t test was conducted to compare those who drink Gatorade
(Group 1) compared to those who drink Powerade (Group 2) and their workout stamina
(the researchers measured how long in minutes the participants lasted with a set of
workouts). A total of 120 participants were recruited. The study ended with a t value of -
2.3.
a. Which group lasted the longest in their workout?
b. Would you accept or reject the null hypothesis at an alpha level of .01? Write a
final notation.
c. Would you accept or reject the null hypothesis at an alpha level of .05? Write a
final notation
d. Should you calculate r2 for either of the previous two scenarios? If so, which
ones? Calculate it.
106
107
Answers
1. C 2. A 3. C 4. C
5. C 6. C 7. A 8. B
9. D 10. A 11. C 12.
13. C 14. A 15. 16.

a. C n=24
b. .9 df = 22
n=30 α = .05(two-tailed) = 2.074
df= 28 S2p = 6
S2p =30 Error = 1
Error = 2
17. 18. 19. 20.

n =18 n=8 n = 26 n = 100
df = 16 df = 6 df = 24 df = 98
α = .05(two-tailed) = α = .05(two-tailed) = α = .05(two- α = .05(two-tailed) =
S2p = 72 2.447 tailed) = SS = 198, 450
Error = 4 S2p = 4 S2p = 26 S2p = 2025
Error = 2 Error = 2 Error = 9
21. 22. 23. 24.

n=60 n=40 n=24 n=60
df = 58 df = 38 df = 22 df = 58
α = .05(two-tailed) = α = .05(two-tailed) = α = .05(two- α = .05(two-tailed)
2.000 2.000 tailed) SS = 3480
SS =870 SS =1520 SS =1520 S2p = 60
S2p = 15 S2p = 40 S2p = 54 Error = 2
Error = .5 Error = 2 Error = 3
25. 26. Scenario 2 27. 28.

n=32 a. Impair H0: μno sleep - μsleep = 0
df = 30 b. dftotal = 43 Sleep deprivation compared
α = .05(two-tailed) to sleep will cause no
SS = 3480 difference in motor task
S2p = 8 skills
Error = 1 H1: μno sleep - μsleep ≠ 0
Sleep deprivation compared
to sleep will cause a
difference in motor task
skills
b. Critical t = 2.00
c. s(M1-M2) = 1.6; t = -2.5
d. Reject the null hypothesis
e. t(48) = -2.5, p < .05
f. Sleep deprivation affects
(negatively) motor task skills
g. Yes, r2 should be
108
calculated because the

alternative hypothesis was
accepted. r2= .12, medium
effect
h. Critical t = 2.66, retain the
null hypothesis
29. t(48) = 30.

+117, p a. Group 2
< .01. Yes, a b. Accept null
free Santa hypothesis. t(118)=-
photo will 2.3, p > .01
(positively) c. Reject the null
impact hypothesis. t(118)=-
revenue. 2.3, p < .05
d. Calculate for
alpha of .05. r2 = .04
(small effect)
Repeated Measures t-Tests
1. Which of the following is most likely to use repeated measures design?

109
a. Evaluate the effectiveness of biofeedback on reducing pain before and after

treatment
b. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication improving memory for a sample of
adults 65 and older
c. Evaluate resiliency between student and non-student athletes
d. Evaluate executive functioning in a sample of girls age 16-18.
2. Which of the following is NOT a study that would use a repeated measures design?
a. Compare moral development between school-aged boys and girls
b. Compare pre and post test scores for statistics students
c. Compare ratings of pain before and after participating in biofeedback treatment
d. Compare two ratings of attention/concentration in a sample of adolescent boys
3. A repeated measures t-test uses n = 24 participants. What are the df for this t-statistic?
a. df =25
b. df =24
c. df =23
d. df =22
4. A repeated measures t-test uses n = 16 participants. What are the df for this t-statistic?
a. df= 17
b. df=16
c. df=15
d. df=14
5. A repeated measures t-test has a sample of n = 9 participants with ΣD = 36. What is the
mean (MD) for this sample?
a. 4
b. -4
c. 2
6. A repeated measures t-test has a sample of n = 14 participants with ΣD = -56. What is

the mean (MD) for this sample?
a. -4
b. 4
c. -2
110
7. A repeated measures t-test has a sample of n = 10, with ΣD = 40 and Σ2D = 340. What is
the SS (Sum of Squares) for this sample?
a. 120
b. 160
c. 180
the SS (Sum of Squares) for this sample?
a. 2704
b. 207
c. 23
9. A repeated measures t-test has a sample of n = 24 participants with MD = -2.25 and SS

= 368. What is the variance (s2) for this sample?
a. 15.33
b. 16
c. 15.5
10. A repeated measures t-test has a sample of n = 36 participants with MD = 4.10 and SS =
560. What is the variance (s2) for this sample?
a. 15.56
b. 16
c. 16.5
the variance (s2) for this sample?
a. 20
b. 60
c. 80
the variance (s2) for this sample?
a. 207
b. 23
111
c. 9
13. A repeated measures t-test has a sample of n = 24 participants with MD = -2.25 and
variance (s2) = 6. What is the estimated standard error (sMD) for this sample?
a. 6
b. .25
c. .26
d. .5
14. A repeated measures t-test has a sample of n = 36 participants with MD = -1.75 and
variance (s2) =36. What is the estimated standard error (sMD) for this sample?
a. 36
b. 1
c. .5
d. 1.02
15. A repeated measures t-test has a sample of n = 16 participants with MD = 3.25 and SS
=360. What is the estimated standard error (sMD) for this sample?
a. 24
b. 1.5
c. 1.22
d. 1
16. A repeated measures t-test has a sample of n = 12 participants with MD = 1.96 and SS
=132. What is the estimated standard error (sMD) for this sample?
a. 12
b. 1
c. .5
d. .25
17. A researcher conducted a study with a sample n =9 and results revealed t=2.12. Given
this information, which is the right decision when using a two-tailed:
112
18. A researcher conducted a study with a sample n =24 and results revealed t=2.86. Given
this information, which is the right decision when using a two-tailed:
19. For which scenario below should a two related samples t test be conducted?
a. Scenario 1: A study looks at the effect of Proactiv (an anti-acne cream). It
recruits individuals with acne. The researchers first measure the amount of acne
on each individual. The individuals then utilize Proactiv for a month. At that time,
the researchers measure the amount of acne on each individual one more time.
b. Scenario 2: A study looks at the effect of Proactiv (an anti-acne cream). It recruits
individuals with acne. The individuals utilize Proactiv for a month. The
individuals then rate how good they feel about themselves.
20. A two related samples t test was conducted for SlimFast (a weight loss shake). A total
of 40 participants were recruited. The study ended with a MD = -10. What does this tell
you about the study?
a. SlimFast has a large effect
b. SlimFast has no effect
c. The participants lost weight
d. The participants gained weight
21. A two related samples t test was conducted with SlimFast (a weight loss shake). A total
of 81 participants were recruited. The study ended with a t value of -2.3.
a. Did the participants gain or lose weight on average?
b. What is the df value?
22. A psychologist is interested in the effect that no sleep has on individuals’ abilities to
perform motor tasks. She selects n=25 college students. On the first day, the students
attempt to make 20 free throw shots with a basketball. Then, the students are not
permitted to sleep that night so that on the second day, again students attempt to make
20 free throw shots with a basketball. The average difference (MD) between the two days
was -4.7 with sD=8.
b. Create a t Distribution using an alpha of .05. Locate critical t values.
c. Find the estimated standard error and the t value.
113
f. What does the final notation tell you about sleep deprivation and motor tasks?
g. Should Cohen’s d be calculated? If so, calculate it. If not, explain.
h. If the alpha level changed to .01, would you still reject the null hypothesis?
23. A math teacher tries to address math anxiety by teaching meditation. In his class of 35
students, he gives them all a math test. After a couple of weeks of meditation training,
he gives them the math test again.The result shows a MD = +4.2 with a sD = 3.1.
a. Determine the final notation and decide whether meditation significantly
increases tests scores at an alpha of .01.
24. A two related samples t test was conducted with SlimFast (a weight loss shake). A total
a. Would you accept or reject the null hypothesis at an alpha level of .01?
b. Would you accept or reject the null hypothesis at an alpha level of .05?
c. What is the MD of the sample if sMD = 2.1?
114
25. A two related samples t test was conducted with SlimFast (a weight lose shake). A total
a. Did the participants gain or lose weight on average?
b. Write a final statistical notation if using a two-tail test with an alpha level of .05.
c. Write a final statistical notation if using a one-tail test with an alpha level of .01
(assuming we want to see a decrease in weight).
d. Should you calculate Cohen’s d for either of the previous two scenarios? If so,
which ones?
26. A clinical researcher examined the effectiveness of a relaxation techniques for long term
reductions in blood pressure. Six patients were recruited to participate in the study and
their systolic blood pressure was measured and recorded. The patients then practiced
relaxation techniques every day for 3 months and their systolic blood pressure was
measured again. The results are below. Using a two tailed .05 significance level
determine whether the treatment had any effect on long term reduction in blood
pressure.
Patient Before After

A 161 158
B 162 159
C 165 166
D 162 160
E 166 163
F 171 169

g. Decision?
Saylor
115
27. Eight golfers were asked to submit the latest score of their favorite golf courses. These
golfers were each given a set of newly designed golf clubs and asked to play a round of
golf at their favorite course. After playing with the new clubs, golfers were asked to
submit their score. The results are presented below. Use ɑ = .05, one-tailed test to
determine whether the new clubs improved the golfer scores.
Golfer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Old Clubs 77 80 69 73 73 72 75 77
New Clubs 72 81 68 73 75 70 73 75

g. Decision?
28. A researcher is interested in the recent findings that women prefer males with “Dad
Bods” over males considered to have a fit body type or average body type. To test the
hypothesis, 12 pictures of males with average body type, fit body type and the ‘dad bod’
were shown to a sample of n = 9 females, who were asked to rate the image on a scale
of 1 - 10. A higher score is considered more attractive. An image of male with an
average body type was digitally enhanced to reflect the ‘dad bod’. The ratings for the
average body type and ‘dad bod’ are presented below. Using a two-tailed .05
significance level to determine whether there is enough support to conclude that females
prefered the ‘dad bod’.
Participant Average Dad Bod

A 7 3
B 8 6
C 9 5
D 6 4
E 6 3
F 6 3
G 7 6
H 5 3
I 4 7
116

g. Decision?
29. A sample of n = 8 were asked to participate in a cognitive task to evaluate analytic

versus holistic perception. Participants were asked to view a computer screen that
displayed a scene with several items (focal and background). Participants viewed the
screen for 30 seconds and were then asked to recall as many items as they could. After
a 10 minute rest period, participants were asked to view the same scene but the
background color had been changed. The experiment was repeated.
Using the data below, and a .05 level of significance determine whether changing the
background impact participant recall.
Participant Trial 1 Trial 2

A 5 1
B 6 5
C 4 2
D 2 0
E 5 1
F 8 1
G 2 2
H 6 2

g. Decision?
30. A special education researcher implemented an applied behavior analysis plan for n = 6
students in order to reduce distractive and disruptive behaviors in the classroom. In
order to evaluate the effectiveness of positive reinforcement, distracting behaviors were
recorded for one week; these measurements served as phase 1. At the end of the
intervention phase (end of week 2) disruptive behaviors were recorded. Using a one-
117
tailed test, with a .05 level of significance, determine whether the intervention decreased
disruptive behaviors in the classroom.
Students Phase 1 Phase 2

A 13 5
B 12 7
C 10 8
D 10 6
E 12 6
F 9 10

g. Decision?
31. Disability researchers were interested in whether latent discrimination in hiring persists
for individuals with disabilities 25 years after the Americans with Disabilities Act and
2008 Amendments. Researchers sent 6 resumes to n = 8 hiring managers asking them
to rate the qualifications of the applicants using a 20-point scale. Within the six
submissions, the researchers included two resumes that were exactly the same except
for one difference in leadership experience. Under the heading of Leadership, resume 1
listed, Vice President of College Green Club; resume 2 listed Vice President, County
Commission on Disability Issues. Education, work experience, GPA and skills were
exactly the same.
Using a two-tailed test, with .05 significance level determine whether a reference to disability on
a resume impacts rating of applicant qualifications.
Manager Resume 1 Resume 2

A 18 19
B 16 13
C 10 7
D 10 10
E 14 16
F 16 16
118
G 18 16
H 10 7

g. Decision?
OpenStax
32. A study was conducted to explore the effectiveness of a new diet in lowering cholesterol.
A sample of n = 10 patients were recruited and provided a blood sample prior to
beginning the medically supervised diet plan. At the end of four months a second blood
sample was collected. Results are listed below. Using a two-tailed test with a .05 level of
significance determine whether the diet plan impacted cholesterol readings.
Patients Reading 1 Reading 2

A 209 199
B 210 207
C 205 189
D 198 207
E 216 215
F 317 302
G 302 292
H 238 223
I 257 245
J 291 294

g. Decision?
Open Stax
119
33. A study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of hypnotism to reduce pain in a
sample of n =9 pain management patients. Subjects were asked to rate pain before
hypnosis session and again after the hypnosis session. Using a one-tailed test, with
a .05 level of significance determine whether hypnotism was effective at reducing pain.
Patient Before After

A 6 8
B 7 3
C 9 4
D 10 7
E 9 10
F 8 8
G 6 5
H 10 5
I 7 4

g. Decision?
120
34. Research has demonstrated that highly skilled marksmen shoot much better if they fire
between heartbeats rather than firing during a heartbeat.. The small vibration appears to
be sufficient to affect the marksman’s aim. The following hypothetical data examines
whether the hypothesis is true for highly skilled archers. A sample of n = 8 archers a
series of arrows while the researcher records heartbeat. For each archer a score is
recorded for arrows fired during heartbeats and for arrows fired between heartbeats.
Using a two-tailed test with α = .05, determine whether the data suggest a significant
difference.
Participant During Between

Heartbeat Heartbeats
A 3 8
B 0 4
C 1 2
D 2 1
E 5 7
F 1 6
G 2 5
H 5 3
I 3 4

g. Decision?
35. Dr. Ramos is interested in increasing the participation of her psychology students. She
decides on a positive reinforcement strategy to award student 2 extra credit points for
every 6 times a student raises his or her hand to participate in class discussion. She
collects participation data for n = 24 students for two class periods and then implements
her strategy over two additional class periods. Analyses revealed mean difference MD =
2.5 and SS = 138. Does the data indicate that offering extra credit has increased
student participation? Use a one-tailed test with .05 level of significance.
36. Research suggests that individuals who adhere to FDA dietary guidelines and engage in
about 30-minutes of invigorating activity each day improve their heart health and
121
experience weight loss. A researcher believes that adhering to the above guidelines and
adding 10 minutes of meditation will significantly increase weight loss and recruits a
sample of n = 36 participants to participate in a study. For the sample, the mean weight
loss (before and after mindfulness training) difference MD = 2.75 and SS = 1260. Do the
data indicate that mindfulness significantly improves weight loss? Use a one-tailed test
with .05 level of significance.
37. A nursing department adds a clinical simulation at the end of the semester to determine
whether it improves nursing students’ scores on the national preparatory licensing exam.
A sample of n = 31 students were administered Version A of a national exam and their
scores were recorded. Students then complete the clinical simulation. To guard against
practice effects, Version B of the national exam was administered to the sample and
scores were recorded. For the sample, the mean difference (before and after the clinical
simulation) was MD = 6 and SS = 3720. Do the data indicate that participating in a
clinical simulation increased student scores on the national exam? Use a one-tailed test
with .05 level of significance.
38. A health coach tested the effectiveness of a new harm reduction behavioral therapy for
nicotine cessation among college students. A sample of n = 16 college students
participated in the 6-week study and at the end of the study the mean difference in
number of times students used cigarettes or e-cigarettes was MD= - 1.25 with a SS =
60. Use a two-tailed test at .05 level of significance to determine whether the new harm
reduction strategy impacted smoking cessation.
39. A researcher believes that a new biofeedback technique that uses virtual reality will
significantly reduce patient pain. She a recruits a sample of n = 9 patients for her study
and asks them to rate their pain before and after the new biofeedback technique.
Assume that the biofeedback scores are normally distributed, with a M = -2.25 and SS =
72, determine whether the virtual reality approach significantly impacted patient pain.
Use a two-tailed test with a .05 level of significance.
122
Answers
1. A 2. A 3. C 4. C
5. A 6. A 7. C 8. B
9. B 10. B 11. A 12. C
13. D 14. B 15. C 16. B
17. D 18. B 19. Scenario 1 20. c
21. 22. 23. t(34) = +8.01, 24.

a. Lost weight a.H0: μD = 0 p < .01. Yes, a. Accept null
b. df = 80 Sleep deprivation will meditation hypothesis
significantly
cause no difference in b. Reject the null
increases test
motor task skills scores. hypothesis
H1: μD ≠ 0
c. MD = -4.83
Sleep deprivation will
cause a difference in
motor task skills
b. Critical t = 2.064
c. sMD = 1.6; t = -2.94
d. Reject the null
hypothesis
e. t(24) = -2.94, p < .05
f. Sleep deprivation
affects (negatively)
motor task skills
g. Yes, Cohen’s d should
be calculated because
the null hypothesis was
rejected. Cohen’s d
= .59, medium effect
h. Critical t = 2.797,
retain the null hypothesis
25. 26. 27. 28.

a. Lose weight n= 6 n=6 n=9
b. t(99) = -2.1, p < .05 df = 5 df = 5 df = 8
α = .05(two-tailed) α = .05(two-tailed) α = .05(two-tailed)
c. t(99) = -2.1, p > .01
ΣD =12 ΣD = -8 ΣD = -18
7d. Calculate Cohen’s
MD = 2 MD = -1 MD = -2
d for alpha of .05.
123
ΣD2 = 54 ΣD2 = 34 ΣD2 = 72

SS = 30 SS = 26 SS = 36
S2 = 6 S2 = 3.71 S2 = 4.5
Error = 1 Error = .69 Error = .71
t= t= t=
29. 30. 31. 32.

n=8 n=6 n=8 n=10
df = 7 df = 5 df = 7 df = 9
α = .05(two-tailed) α = .05(two-tailed) α = .05(two-tailed) α = .05(two-tailed)
ΣD = 24 ΣD = 24 ΣD = -8 ΣD = -80
MD = 3 MD = 4 MD = -1 MD = 8
ΣD2 = 106 ΣD2 = 146 ΣD2 = 36 ΣD2 = 1450
SS = 34 SS = 50 SS = 28 SS = 810
S2 = 4.8 S2 = 10 S2 = 4.00 S2 = 90
Error = .78 Error = 1.67 Error = .71 Error = 3
t= t= t= t=
33. 34. 35. 36.

n=9 n= 9 n=24 n=36
df = 8 df = 8 df = 23 df = 35
α = .05(two-tailed) α = .05(two-tailed) α = .05(two-tailed) α = .05(one-tailed)
ΣD = -18 ΣD = 18 MD = 2.5 2.042
MD = -2 MD = 2.00 SS = 138 MD = 2.75
ΣD2 = 90 ΣD2 = 86 S2 = 6 SS = 1260
SS = 54 SS = 45.5 Error = .5 S2 = 36
S2 = 6.75 S2 = 6.50 t= Error = 1
Error = .87 Error = .90 t=1.75
t= t=
37. 38. 39.

n=31 n=16 n=9
df = 30 df = 15 df = 8
α = .05(one-tailed) α = .05(two-tailed) α = .05(two-tailed)
2.042 MD = 4.5 2.306
MD = 6 SS = 60 MD = 2.25
SS =3720 S2 =4 SS = 72
S2 =124 Error = .5 S2 =9
Error = 2 t= 2.50 Error = 1
t=3.00 t= 2.25
124
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
1. The purpose of ANOVA is to:

a. Compare mean differences for 2 or more groups using averages
b. Compare mean differences for 2 or more using variance
c. Compare mean differences using standard error
2. Null hypothesis (H0) for ANOVA states:

a. There are no differences among sample means
b. There are no differences among population means
c. There are differences between population means
3. Alternative hypothesis (H1) for ANOVA states:

a. There are no differences among sample means
b. There are no differences among population means
c. There are differences between population means
4. Why would a researcher use an ANOVA analysis versus a t-test?

a. Too much work to calculate three t-tests
b. Conducting multiple t-tests can cause experimentwise error
c. Increase risk of Type II error
5. Variables used to label groups (factor) should be scale of measurement:

a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval or ratio
d. It does not matter
6. Data used to compare groups should be in which scale of measurement

a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval or ratio
d. It does not matter
125
7. If the null hypothesis is true what is the expected value of F?

a. 1.00
b. -1.00
c. 0
8. Between treatment variability is comprised of:

a. Systematic and unsystematic error
b. Unsystematic and random error
c. Unsystematic error only
9. Within treatment variability is comprised of:

a. Systematic and unsystematic error
b. Unsystematic and random error
c. Unsystematic error only
10. A study contained four groups with n = 5 participants in each group. What is the total
number (N) of participants in the study?
a. N = 15
b. N = 16
c. N = 20
11. A study contained three groups with n = 10 participants in each treatment condition.
What is the total number (N) of participants in the study?
a. N = 3
b. N = 10
c. N = 30
12. A study contained four treatment conditions with n = 5 participants in each group. What
is the value of k for this study?
a. k = 2
b. k = 3
c. k = 5
126
13. A study contained three groups with n = 10 participants in each treatment condition.
What is the value of k for this study?
a. k = 2
b. k = 3
c. k = 5
14. Results from an ANOVA produced dfbetween = 3 and dfwithin =36. What is the dftotal for this
study?
a. 4
b. 37
c. 39
15. Results from an ANOVA produced dfbetween = 3 and dfwithin =36. What is the N for this
study?
a. 4
b. 37
c. 40
16. Results from an ANOVA produced dftotal= 24 and dfwithin = 21. What is the k (number of
treatment conditions) value for this study?
a. 25
b. 12
c. 3
17. Results from an ANOVA produced dftotal= 35 and dfwithin = 31. What is the k value
(number of treatment conditions) for this study?
a. 36
b. 8
c. 4
18. An ANOVA produced dfbetween = 2 and dftotal = 23 what is the value for the dfwithin?
a. 2
b. 12
c. 21
127
19. An ANOVA produced dfbetween = 2, dfwithin = 31 and dftotal = 35. If the sample sizes are all
the same for each condition, how many participants are in each sample?
a. 2
b. 12
c. 21
20. An ANOVA compared four treatment conditions and produced dfwithin= 20. If the sample
sizes are all the same for each condition, how many participants are in each sample?
a. 6
b. 12
c. 24
21. Suppose an ANOVA has three treatment conditions, and n = 12 in each condition, which
pair of values correctly identify the df for the F-ratio?
a. 3, 36
b. 2, 33
c. 2, 12
22. Suppose an ANOVA has four treatment conditions, and n = 9 in each condition, which
pair of values correctly identify the df for the F-ratio?
a. 4, 36
b. 3, 32
c. 3, 9
128
23. Results of an ANOVA are F(3, 21) = 4.86. Which of the following is the correct statistical
decision?
a. Reject the null hypothesis at .05 but not at.01
c. Fail to reject the null hypothesis at .05 but not at .01
d. Fail to reject the null hypothesis at .05 and at .01
24. Results of a study were F(3, 32) = 5.72. Which of the following is the correct statistical
decision?
a. Reject the null hypothesis at .05 but not at.01
c. Fail to reject the null hypothesis at .05 but not at .01
d. Fail to reject the null hypothesis at .05 and at .01
25. Results of a study were F(2 ,16) = 4.72; using a .01 significance level, select the correct
critical boundary.
a. 3. 63
b. 6.23
c. 4.49
d. 8.53
26. Results of a study were F(2, 27) = 3.92; using .05 level of significance, select the correct
critical boundary.
a. 4.21
b. 7.68
c. 3.35
d. 5.49
27. Using a significance level of .05, what are the correct critical boundaries for F(5, 46) =
9.71?
a. 4.05
b. 7.21
c. 2.42
d. 3.44
28. For which scenario below should a one way ANOVA be conducted?
Scenario 1: A study looks at the effect that smartphones have on classroom learning.
Two samples of students were selected. The first sample was allowed to use their
smartphones during lecture while the other was not allowed. At the end of the class,
their learning was measured.
129
Scenario 2: A study looks at the effect that smartphones have on classroom learning.
Three samples of students were selected. The first sample was allowed to use their
smartphones during lecture. The second sample was allowed a smartphone break
halfway through each class. And the third sample was not allowed to use their
smartphone. At the end of the class, their learning was measured.
29. A researcher is interested in studying shampoos. He recruits a sample to use Panteen,

another sample to use Herbal Essence, and a third sample to use Head and Shoulders.
a. What are the levels and the factor?
30. An economist compares consumer confidence in three different cities: Phoenix, Los
Angeles, and Las Vegas.
a. What are the levels and the factor?
31. A study looks at the effect that smartphones have on classroom learning. Three
samples of students were selected. The first sample was allowed to use their
smartphones during lecture. The second sample was allowed a smartphone break
halfway through each class. And the third sample was not allowed to use their
smartphone. At the end of the class, their learning was measured.
a. Write a null and an alternative hypothesis in notation.
32. A researcher is interested in studying shampoos. He recruits a sample to use Panteen,

another sample to use Herbal Essence, and a third sample to use Head and Shoulders.
a. Write a null and an alternative hypothesis in notation.
130
33. Find T values, k, N, G, and ΣX2 for the following data.

Factor
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
5 4 1
4 4 1
3 1 3
1 0 4
2 6 1
M1 = 3 M2 = 3 M3 = 2
SS1 = 10 SS2 = 24 SS3 = 8
n1 = 5 n2 = 5 n3 = 5

Factor
4 2 7
1 2 8
8 9 3
2 3 10
1 2 4
2 6 4
M1 = 3 M2 = 4 M3 = 6
SS1 = 36 SS2 = 48 SS3 = 134
n1 = 6 n2 = 6 n3 = 6
131

Factor
4 2 7
1 6 8
1 2 4
2 6 1
M1 = 2 M2 = 4 M3 = 5
SS1 = 10 SS2 = 20 SS3 = 66
n1 = 4 n2 = 4 n3 = 4
36. Assuming that everything else was equal, in which of the following studies are we most
likely to find a significant F-ratio?
Study A Study B Study C
MSbetween = 30 MSbetween = 2 MSbetween = 15
37. Assuming that everything else was equal, in which of the following studies are we most
likely to find a significant F-ratio?
Study A Study B Study C
MSwithin = 30 MSwithin = 2 MSwithin = 15
38. In a study, a researcher calculated a final F of 8.0 with a dfbetween = 3 and a dfwithin = 20. Is
this result significant at an alpha of .01?
39. A study reports the following final notation: F (2, 57) = 3.1, p > .01
a. How many samples were involved in this study?
b. How many total participants were involved in this study?
c. If MSwithin is 10, what is MSbetween?
132
40. A researcher studies the average number of children per household in three different
cities. He studies Seattle, Phoenix, and Los Angeles with 10 families from each of these
cities (data below). Use an ANOVA to determine if these cities are statistically different
from each other in terms of children per household. Use an alpha of .01.
City
Seattle Phoenix Los Angeles
M1 = 1 M2 = 2 M3 = 3
SS1 = 27 SS2 = 16 SS3 = 23
n1 = 10 n2 = 10 n3 = 10
T1 = 10 T2 = 20 T3 = 30
k=3 N = 30 G = 60 ΣX2 = 206
a. Write a null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis as notations

b. Create an ANOVA Summary table and fill it out.
c. Create an F Distribution graph and label the critical region with a critical F (alpha = .01).
f. What does the final notation tell you about the three cities?
41. A study looked at Kindergarteners, 4th Graders, and 8th Graders to look at how much
they enjoy school on a scale from 1 to 8 (8 indicating great enjoyment). Data is below.
Use an ANOVA to determine if these cities are statistically different from each other in
terms of enjoyment of school. Use an alpha of .05.
Grade
Kindergarteners 4th Graders 8th Graders
M1 = 7 M2 = 6 M3 = 4
SS1 = 4 SS2 = 10 SS3 = 16
n1 = 5 n2 = 5 n3 = 5
T1 = 35 T2 = 30 T3 = 20
k=3 N = 15 G = 85
a. Write a null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis as notations

b. Create an ANOVA Summary table and fill it out.
c. Create an F Distribution graph and label the critical region with a critical F (alpha = .05).
f. What does the final notation tell you about the students’ enjoyment of school?
133
42. A researcher is interested in whether classical music impacts performance on an

assessment. The data below represent the number of errors on the assessment.
Determine whether there is a significant difference between types of music and

performance, use a .05 level of significance. Create an ANOVA table in order to receive
full credit, include final notation and an explanation of the results - provide your decision.
Baroque Romantic Contemporary

G = 60
5 4 1
Ex2 = 288
5 3 5
N = 15
3 2 4
4 4 3
8 7 2
T =25 T=20 T=15
M =5 M=4 M=3
SS = 14 SS =14 SS =10
n=5 n=5 n=5
134
43. A researcher is interested the best diet someone should follow to facilitate weight loss.
Three different types of diets are compared. The data in the table below represent the
number of pounds lost for each participant over an 8-week study.
Determine whether there is a significant difference between types of diet and weight
loss, use a .05 level of significance. Create an ANOVA table in order to receive full
credit, include final notation and an explanation of the results - provide your decision.
Junk Food Food Pyramid Mediterranean

G = 384
16 19 25
Ex2 = 6758
16 22 24
N = 24
12 20 22
10 13 19
10 16 19
6 19 19
10 10 17
8 17 15
T =88 T=136 T=160
M =11 M=17 M=20
SS = 88 SS =108 SS =82
n=5 n=5 n=5
135
44. Using the data below determine whether there are differences among the treatment
conditions. Use a .05 level of significance. Create an ANOVA table in order to receive
Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3

G = 120
5 9 12
Ex2 = 1000
2 4 6
N = 18
5 5 12
4 9 10
2 6 7
6 3 13
T =24 T=36 T=60

M =4 M=6 M=10
SS = 14 SS =32 SS =42
n=6 n=6 n=6
136
45. Using the data below determine whether there are differences among the treatment
conditions. Use a .05 level of significance. Create an ANOVA table in order to receive
Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3

G = 225
13 19 18
Ex2 = 3559
10 17 20 N = 15
15 17 15
10 10 20
12 12 17
T =60 T=75 T=90
M =12 M=15 M=18
SS = 18 SS =58 SS =18
n=5 n=5 n=5
46. Completely fill the following ANOVA Summary Table

Source SS df MS
Between 3 150 F( , ) = 10
Within 15
Total 45
47. An ANOVA compared three treatment conditions, there were n = 9 individuals in each
treatment condition. Using this information complete the table below:
137
Source SS df MS
Between 2 9 F (2, 24) =
Within 24 2.5
Total 78
48. An ANOVA compared four treatment conditions, there were n = 12 individuals in each
Source SS df MS
Between 45 15 F( , ) = 5.00
Within 3
Total 177 47
138
49. An ANOVA compared four treatment conditions, there were n = 10 individuals in each
Source SS df MS
Between 21 F
Within 5
Total 243 39
50. An ANOVA compared three treatment conditions, there were n = 5 individuals in each
Source SS df MS
Between 50 F
Within 13
Total 256 14
139
Answer Sheet
1. B 2. B 3. C 4. B
5. A 6. C 7. A 8. A
9. B 10. C 11. C 12. D
13. B 14. C 15. C 16. C
17. C 18. C 19. B 20.
21. B 22. B 23. A 24. B
25. B 26. C 27. C 28. Scenario 2
29. Factor = 30. Factor = 31. 32.

Shampoos. Cities. Levels Null Null
Levels = = Phoenix,
Panteen, Herbal H0: μPanteen = μHerbal H0: μsmartphone = μlimited
Essence, Head Los Angeles,
and Shoulders Las Vegas Essence = μHead and Shoulders smartphone = μno smartphone
Alternative Alternative
H1: There is at least H1: There is at least
one mean difference one mean difference
33. 34. 35. 36. Study A

T1 = 15, T2 = 15, T3 = T1 = 18, T2 = 24, T3 = T1 = 8, T2 = 16, T3 = 37. Study B
10, k = 3, N = 15, G = 36, k = 3, N = 18, G = 20, k = 3 38. Yes
40, ΣX2 =152 78, ΣX2 =482 39. a. 3 samples
(k = 3); b. N =
60; c. MSbetween
= 31
140
Answers
40.
Null H0: μSeattle = μPhoenix = μLos Angeles; Alternative H1: There is at least one mean difference
SS df MS
Between 20 2 10 F = 4.1
Within 66 27 2.44
Total 86 29
c. image; d. Accept the null hypothesis; e. F (2, 27) = 4.1, p > .01; f. The number of children per
household is not affected by city of residence.
41.
a.Null -H0: μKindergarteners = μ4th Graders = μ8th Graders; Alternative H1: There is at least one mean
difference; c. Image; d. Reject the null hypothesis; e. F (2, 12) = 4.7, p < .05; f. The enjoyment
of school differs by grade level;
SS df MS
Between 23.33 2 11.67 F = 4.7
Within 30 12 2.5
Total 53.33 14
42.
Source SS df MS F
Between 10 2 5 (2, 12) 1.58
Within 38 12 3.17
Total 48 14
Fail to reject the null hypothesis, there is no difference in the type of classical music played and
performance on an assessment.
141
43.
Source SS df MS F
Between 336 2 168 (2, 21) 12.69
Within 278 21 13.24
Total 614 23
Reject the null hypothesis. The there is a significant difference in the amount of weight loss
depending the type of diet. The difference is 12 times greater than would be expected if the null
were true.
44.
Source SS df MS F
Between 112 2 56 (2, 15) 9.55
Within 88 15 5.87
Total 200 17
Reject the null hypothesis, there is a significant difference among the treatments. The result is
almost 10 times greater than would be expected if the null were true.
45.
Source SS df MS
Between 90 2 45 F(2,12)=5.74
Within 94 12 7.83
Total 184 14
Reject the null hypothesis, there is a significant difference among the treatments. The
result is almost 6 times greater than would be expected if the null were true.
46.
Source SS df MS
Between 450 3 150 F (3, 45) = 10
Within 630 42 15
Total 1080 45
47.
Source SS df MS
142
Between 18 2 9 F(2, 24) = 3.6
Within 60 24 2.5
Total 78 26
48.
Source SS df MS
Between 45 3 15 F(3,44) = 5.00
Within 132 44 3
Total 177 47
49.
Source SS df MS
Between 63 3 21 F(3, 36)=4.2
Within 180 36 5
Total 243 39
50.
Source SS df MS
Between 100 2 50 F(2,12)=3.85
Within 156 12 13
Total 256 14
2 -Factor ANOVA
1. A 2-factor ANOVA is a two-stage process. What is the purpose of the second stage?
143
a. To evaluate specific mean differences between treatment conditions

b. To evaluate specific individual differences of the sample
c. To compare two groups with three or more groups
d. None of these explains the purpose.
2. In a 2-factor ANOVA, what happens to the variability associated between treatments?

a. It is separated into two components, Between Subjects and Error
b. It is separated into three components, Main Effect A, Main Effect B and A x B
c. It is combined to create the total variance for the study
d. None of these explains what happens.
3. In a 2 -factor ANOVA what is the denominator of the F-value?

a. Between treatment variance
b. Within treatment variance
c. Total variance
d. None of these are the denominator
4. A 2 x 3 ANOVA included n = 36 participants, assuming equal numbers of participants,

what is the n of the study?
a. 3
b. 6
c. 12
5. A 2 x 3 ANOVA included n = 24 participants, assuming equal numbers of participants,

what is the n of the study
a. 4
b. 8
c. 12
6. A 2x2 ANOVA included n = 10 participants in each condition. What is the value of N for
this study?
a. 10
b. 20
c. 40
144
7. A 2 x 3 ANOVA included n = 5 participants in each condition. What is the value of N for

this study?
a. 15
b. 20
c. 30
8. A 2 x 3 study included n = 5 participants to evaluate the differences between three

conditions. What is the value of dfbetween treatments for this study?
a. 5
b. 6
c. 15
9. A 2 x 2 study included n = 8 participants to evaluate the differences between two

conditions. What is the dfwithin of this study?
a. 16
b. 28
c. 32
10. Advantages of a 2-factor ANOVA include:

a. Requires fewer subjects
b. Relatively simple to calculate
c. No pretesting or baseline assessment is required
d. All could be considered advantages.
11. For a 2 x 2 ANOVA with a sample of n = 4, what is the value for dfbetween treatment?
a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
12. For a 2 x 2 ANOVA with a sample of n = 4, what is the value for dfwithin?
a. 16
b. 15
c. 12
145
13. For a 2 x 2 ANOVA with a sample of n = 6, what is the value for dfA?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 4
14. For a 2 x 2 ANOVA with a sample of n = 6, what is the value for dfB?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 4
15. For a 2 x 2 ANOVA with a sample of n = 6, what is the value for dfA x B?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 4
16. The statistical notation (symbol) 2-factor ANOVA effect size is:
a. d
b. r2
c. η
146
Exercise No Exercise
No Change M=5 M=3
T = 25 T = 15
Diet SS = 11 SS = 6 40
n=5 n=5
With
Mindfulness M=8 M=4
T = 20 T = 20
SS = 15 SS = 8 40
n=5 n=5
45 35
The above 2 x 2 two-factor ANOVA examined weight loss in a sample of clients. The
independent variables were exercise and mindfulness.
17. Which of the following describes the results produced above?

a. No Main Effect A, No Main Effect B and No Interaction
b. Main Effect A, No Main Effect B and No Interaction
c. No Main Effect A, Main Effect B and No Interaction
d. No Main Effect A, Main Effect B and Interaction
18. The above study produced a G (Grand Total) of:

a. 20
b. 40
c. 60
d. 80
19. What was the N of the study?

a. 5
b. 10
c. 20
d. 25
Phobia Treatment
147
No Counseling Counseling
No Medication M = 7.5 M = 6.5
T = 30 T = 26 56
SS = 13 SS = 9
n=4 n=4
Medication M = 4.5 M = 5.5

T = 18 T = 22 40
SS = 15 SS = 11
n=4 n=4
48 48
The above 2 x 2 two-factor ANOVA examined treatment effectiveness in a sample of patients.

The independent variables were medication and counseling.

d. Main Effect A, No Main Effect B and Interaction

a. 16
b. 40
c. 60
d. 96

a. 4
b. 8
c. 16
d. 20
Biofeedback and Medical Condition
Migraines Back Pain Fibromyalgia

No Feedback M=6 M=5 M=7
148
T = 36 T = 30 T = 42 108
Treatment SS = 63 SS = 58 SS = 42
n=6 n=6 n=6
Feedback M=4 M=2 M=3

T = 24 T = 12 T = 18 54
SS = 50 SS = 23 SS = 34
n=6 n=6 n=6
60 42 60
The above 2 x 3 two-factor ANOVA examined treatment effectiveness in a sample of patients.

The independent variables were feedback and pain conditions.

c. Main Effect A, Main Effect B and No Interaction
d. Main Effect A, Main Effect B and Interaction

a. 162
b. 100
c. 60
d. 54

a. 6
b. 12
c. 18
d. 36
Disability and HR Ratings
Manager 1 Manager 2 Manager 3

No Disability M = 18 M = 17 M = 17
T = 108 T = 102 T = 102 312
SS = 36 SS = 35 SS = 32
149
n=6 n=6 n=6
Disability M = 18 M = 15 M = 19
T = 108 T = 90 T = 114 312
SS = 41 SS = 26 SS = 37
n=6 n=6 n=6
216 192 216
The above 2 x 3 two-factor ANOVA examined resume ratings for a sample of job applicants.
The independent variables were disability and hiring managers.

b. Main Effect A, No Main Effect B and Interaction
d. No Main Effect A, Main Effect B and Interaction

a. 312
b. 216
c. 624
d. 832

a. 6
b. 12
c. 18
d. 36
150
Source SS DF MS F
Between
A 20 20 8
B 45 1 18
AxB 155 62
Within 16 2.5
Total 260 19
29. Using the 2-Factor ANOVA results above, what is the value for SSBetween?
a. 220
b. 155
c. 260
30. Using the 2-Factor ANOVA results above, what is the value for SSwithin?
a. 30
b. 40
c. 50
31. Using the 2-Factor ANOVA results above, what is the value for dfA?
a. 3
b. 2
c. 1
32. Using the 2-Factor ANOVA results above, what is the value for dfA X B?
a. 3
b. 2
c. 1
33. Using the 2-Factor ANOVA results above, what is the value for MSA?
a. 5
b. 3.5
c. 2.5
151
Source SS DF MS F
Between 5
A 81 1 9
B 18 1
AxB 2 9
Within 270 9
Total 531 35
a. 220
b. 155
c. 261
35. Using the 2-Factor ANOVA results above, what is the value for SSA x B?
a. 99
b. 129
c. 162
36. Using the 2-Factor ANOVA results above, what is the value for dfB?
a. 3
b. 2
c. 1
37. Using the 2-Factor ANOVA results above, what is the value for dfwithin?
a. 30
b. 20
c. 10
38. Using the 2-Factor ANOVA results above, what is the value for MSB?
a. 9
b. 3
c. 2
Source SS DF MS F
152
Between 3
A 36 1 36 9
B 16 4
AxB 124 1 31
Within 4
Total 224 15
a. 176
b. 155
c. 52
a. 36
b. 48
c. 60
41. Using the 2-Factor ANOVA results above, what is the value for dfB?
a. 3
b. 2
c. 1
a. 20
b. 16
c. 12
43. Using the 2-Factor ANOVA results above, what is the value for MSB?
a. 8
b. 4
c. 2
Source SS DF MS F
Between 5
153
A 16 16 2.29
B 128 2 9.14
AxB 308 2 154 22.00
Within
Total 662 35
a. 144
b. 220
c. 452
a. 80
b. 150
c. 210
46. Using the 2-Factor ANOVA results above, what is the value for dfA?
a. 3
b. 2
c. 1
a. 30
b. 20
c. 10
48. Using the 2-Factor ANOVA results above, what is the value for MSWithin?
a. 7
b. 5
c. 3
49. For which scenario below should a two way ANOVA be conducted?
a. Scenario 1: A study looks at the effects of eating fast food and the effects of
exercising. The researchers recruit a sample to eat fast food while exercising, a
154
sample to eat fast food while not exercising, a sample to avoid fast food while
exercising, and a sample to avoid fast food while not exercising. Vital signs are
measured at the end of the study.
b. Scenario 2: A study looks at the effects of eating fast food. The researchers
recruit a sample to eat fast food for five days in a week, a sample to eat fast food
two days in a week, and a sample to eat fast food one day in a week. Vital signs
are measured at the end of the study.
50. How many samples will be required in each of the following two way ANOVA scenarios?
a. 2 X 2 Design
b. 3 X 4 Design
c. Factor A contains three levels while Factor B contains two levels
155
51. Using the data below, determine whether there are statistically significance differences
in appearance management between men and women and the context when it occurs.
Use a .05 significance level. Create an ANOVA table in order to receive full credit,
include final notation and an explanation of the results - provide your decision.
Situational Context
Romantic
Group Date Friends
Date
Male 7 5 7 Ex2 = 2406
4 4 4 G = 258
6 4 5 N = 36
6 5 3 n =6
9 8 3 k=6
10 10 2
T =42 T = 36 T = 24
M =7 M=6 M=4
SS=24 SS = 30 SS = 16
Female 9 12 6
7 15 3
6 10 4
8 8 6
10 14 4
14 19 1
T = 54 T = 78 T = 24
M=9 M = 13 M=4
SS = 40 SS = 76 SS = 18
156
in weight loss between participants who exercise and the calories consumed daily. Use
a .05 significance level. Create an ANOVA table in order to receive full credit, include
final notation and an explanation of the results - provide your decision.
Diet
1200 1600 2000
10 7 6 Ex2 = 2538
8 6 5 G = 294
6 5 3 N = 42
No Exercise 4 5 4 n=7
4 3 3
k=6
3 3 5
SSwithin = 242
7 6 2
T = 42 T = 35 T = 28
M=6 M=5 M=4
SS = 38 SS = 14 SS = 12
18 10 10
14 12 6
10 8 6
30 minutes 8 8 10
7 10 6
6 9 8
14 6 3
T = 77 T = 63 T = 49
M = 11 M=9 M=7
SS = 118 SS = 22 SS = 38
157
in performance (using errors) between male and female students depending on the
specific conditions to examine stereotype threat . Use a .05 significance level. Create an
ANOVA table in order to receive full credit, include final notation and an explanation of
the results - provide your decision.
Stereotype Threat
Control Prompt Digits

1 2 3
0 0 1
1 2 3
Males 2 0 0 Ex2 = 182
0 2 1 G = 60
2 0 1 N = 36
T=6 T=6 T=9 n=6
M=1 M=1 M = 1.50 k=6
SS = 4 SS = 6 SS = 7.50 SSW =41
1 3 0
1 5 3
0 3 1
Females 2 7 2
2 3 2
0 3 1
T=6 T = 24 T=9
M=1 M=4 M = 150
SS = 4 SS = 14 SS = 5.50
158
in test performance (using errors) between students with and without learning disabilities
depending on the color of paper the test is printed on . Use a .05 significance level;
Create an ANOVA table in order to receive full credit, include final notation and an
explanation of the results - provide your decision.
Colored Paper
White Yellow Blue

4 3 1 Ex2 = 184
4 4 4 G = 60
Learning Disability 5 3 2 36 N = 24
3 2 1 n=4
T = 16 T = 12 T=8 k=6
M=4 M=3 M=2 SSW = 18
SS = 2 SS = 2 SS = 6
2 3 1
3 4 2 24
No Disability 2 1 2
1 2 1
T=8 T = 10 T=6
M=2 M = 2.5 M = 1.50
SS = 2 SS = 5 SS = 1
24 22 14
159
in the number of people who visit a dating website profile between male and female
students depending on how the person is facing in the picture. Use a .05 significance
level. Create an ANOVA table in order to receive full credit, include final notation and an
explanation of the results - provide your decision.
Dating Profile Pictures
Front R-side L-side

3 3 4
Male 1 1 2 24
2 1 1
2 1 3
T=8 T=6 T = 10
M=2 M = 1.5 M = 2.50
SS = 2 SS = 3 SS = 5
3 3 7
Female 1 4 6 36
2 2 4
0 3 1
T=6 T = 12 T = 18
M = 1.5 M=3 M = 4.5
SS = 5 SS = 2 SS = 21
14 18 28
160
56. A study looks at GPA for GCC students and MCC students. It is also interested in the
student’s gender. Below are the data.
College
GCC MCC
Gender Male M = 2.5 M = 2.5
Female M=3 M=3
a. Does a Main Effect of College exist?

b. Does a Main Effect of Gender exist?
c. Does an Interaction between College and Gender exist?
57. Review the graphs below.
a. Does a Main Effect of Factor A exist?
b. Does a Main Effect of Factor B exist?
c. Does an Interaction exist?

161
58. Complete the following ANOVA Summary Table for a two way ANOVA:
Source SS df MS
Between 3
A 1 F=8
B 75 F=
AXB 25 1 F=
Within 6.25
Total 500 59
162
59. Complete the following ANOVA Summary Table for a two way ANOVA:
Source SS df MS
Between
A 1 F = 9.23
B 1 2 F=
AXB 1 F=
Within 65
Total 80 53
a. Determine if the Main Effect of Factor A is significant at alpha of .01. Write a final
notation.
b. Determine if the Main Effect of Factor B is significant at alpha of .01. Write a final
notation.
c. Determine if the Interaction Factor A and Factor B is significant at alpha of .01. Write a
final notation.
163
Answer Sheet
1. A 2. B 3. B 4. B
5. A 6. C 7. C 8. A
9. B 10. D 11. A 12. C
13. A 14. A 15. A 16. C
17. D 18. B 19. C 20. D
21. D 22. D 23. C 24. A
25. D 26. D 27. C 28. D
29. A 30. B 31. A 32. C
33. C 34. C 35. C 36. B
37. A 38. A 39. A 40. B
41. C 42. C 43. B 44. C
45. C 46. C 47. A 48. A
49. Scenario 1 50.

a. 4 samples
b. 12 Samples
c. 6 samples
51.
Source SS df MS F
Between 353 5
A 81.00 1 81 11.91
B 194.00 2 97 14.26
AxB 78.00 2 39 5.74
Within 204 30 6.8
Total 557 35
164
52.
Source SS df MS F
Between 238.00 5
A 168.00 1 168 24.99
B 63.00 2 31.5 4.69
AxB 7.00 2 3.5 0.52
Within 242 36 6.72
Total 480.00 41
53.
Source SS df MS F
Between 41 5
A 9 1 9.00 6.59
B 14 2 7.00 5.12
AxB 18 2 9.00 6.59
Within 41 30 1.37
Total 82.00 35
54.
Source SS df MS F
Between 16.00 5.00
A 6.00 1.00 6.00 6.00
B 7.00 2.00 3.50 3.50
AxB 3.00 2.00 1.50 1.50
Within 18.00 18.00 1.00
Total 34.00 23.00
55.
Source SS df MS F
Between 26.00 5.00
A 6.00 1.00 6.00 2.84
B 13.00 2.00 6.50 3.08
AxB 7.00 2.00 3.50 1.66
Within 38.00 18.00 2.11
Total 64.00 23.00
56. a. No Main Effect exists for College; b. A Main Effect exists for Gender; C. No Interaction
exists between College and Gender
165
57. A. Yes; B. no, C., Yes
58.
SS df MS
Between 150 3
A 50 1 50 F=8
B 75 1 75 F = 12
AXB 25 1 25 F=4
Within 350 56 6.25
Total 500 59
59.
SS df MS
Between 15 3
A 12 1 12 F = 9.23
B 2 1 2 F = 1.54
AXB 1 1 1 F = 0.77
Within 65 50 1.3
Total 80 53
21b. Significant. F (1, 50) = 9.23, p < .01

21c. Not significant. F (1, 50) = 1.54, p > .01
21d. Not significant. F (1, 50) = 0.77, p > .01
Chi-Square Analyses
1. Degrees of freedom for chi-square analysis is:

a. C – 1
166
b. N – 1
c. C – N
2. The expected frequencies for goodness of fit tests are determined by:
a. fn
b. pn
c. fp
3. Chi-square distribution has the following characteristics:

a. Positively skewed, shape determined by degree of freedom, begins at 0
b. Normal distribution with mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1
c. Negatively skewed, shape determined by degrees of freedom begins at 0
d. Positively skewed with a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1
4. Chi-square is non-parametric test, which means that it can only be used for which scales
of measurement:
a. Interval and nominal
b. Interval and ratio
c. Nominal and ordinal
d. Ordinal and interval
5. Chi-square is considered a distribution-free test because:

a. It only deals with categories and not numbers
b. Hypothesis are not stated in terms of parameters (population characteristics)
c. It makes few assumptions about characteristics in a population
d. Both b and c are correct
6. Chi-square is a hypothesis test that compares:

a. Population percentages
b. Population proportions
c. Population means
d. It does not deal with populations at all.
The Director of College Advancement at a state college is responsible for promoting the Alumni
All Star Game and wants to know which graphic design students prefer. Students were asked to
167
participate. Each student examined three graphic designs and selected his or her favorite. The
distribution looked like this:
Design A Design B Design C
40 26 24
7. The null hypothesis for this example would state:

a. There are real preferences in the population
b. 1/3 of the sample will prefer each brand
c. 1/3 of the population will prefer each brand
d. In the population, at least one brand is preferred.
8. How many students participated in selecting a graphic design:

a. 90
b. 100
c. 120
9. Using the above scenario, what is the critical value using α = .05?
a. 3.84
b. 5.99
c. 7.81
10. What is the expected frequency for each category?

a. 30
b. 40
c. 50
168
11. Using your earlier answers, what is chi-square x2?

a. .66
b. 4.06
c. 5.06
12. Based on your earlier answers, is there a significant preference in the graphic designs?
Test at .05 level of significance.
a. Fail to reject the null hypothesis because there is a preference in brand.
b. Fail to reject the null hypothesis because there is no preference in brand.
c. Reject the null hypothesis because there is a preference in brand.
d. Reject the null hypothesis because there is no preference in brand.
A food manufacturing is running a promotion and asks consumers to create a new flavor of
potato chip. Winners can receive $100,000 and the company will produce the winning flavor for
year. A group of food tasters were recruited and asked to select his or her favorite flavor. Food
tasters could only vote for one flavor. The results were as follows:
Flavor A Flavor B Flavor C Flavor D
15 32 30 43

b. 1/4 of the sample will prefer each brand
c. 1/4 of the population will prefer each brand
d. In the population, at least one brand is preferred.
14. How many students participated in selecting taste test:

a. 90
b. 100
c. 120
169
a. 3.84
b. 5.99
c. 7.81

a. 30
b. 40
c. 50

a. .99
b. 13.26
c. 8.06
18. Based on your earlier answers, is there a significant preference in the flavor selections?
a. Fail to reject the null hypothesis because there is a preference in flavor.
b. Fail to reject the null hypothesis because there is no preference in flavor.
c. Reject the null hypothesis because there is a preference in flavor.
d. Reject the null hypothesis because there is no preference in flavor.
A state college wants to develop a new App for students to access important resources or
information but the budget is limited and they can only develop one app per operating system
(OS) at a time. Administers decide to ask students their preference. The survey results were:
A B C
49 61 40
170

b. 1/3 of the sample will prefer each OS
c. 1/3 of the population will prefer each OS
d. In the population, at least one OS is preferred.
20. How many students participated in the survey:

a. 90
b. 100
c. 150
a. 3.84
b. 5.99
c. 7.81

a. 30
b. 40
c. 50

a. 3.64
b. 5.62
c. 4.44
24. Based on your earlier answers, is there a significant preference in the graphic designs?
a. Fail to reject the null hypothesis because there is a preference in OS.
b. Fail to reject the null hypothesis because there is no preference in OS.
c. Reject the null hypothesis because there is a preference in OS.
d. Reject the null hypothesis because there is no preference in OS.
171
25. A public health researcher believes that political affiliation is related to support for a
proposed ‘junk food tax’ and recruits a random sample of n = 300 citizens to test her
theory. The known affiliation for three political parties is 40% Independent/Other, 35%
Democrats and 25% Republican. Her findings were as follows:
Independent Democrat Republican
160 60 80
Do the data indicate that the distribution of the support for the ‘junk food tax’ is significantly
differently from the known affiliation distribution? Test at the .05 level of significance and include
hypotheses, critical boundaries and an explanation of your results.
26. Voting Rights advocates are interested in promoting alternative systems of voting to
increase voter participation. Advocates randomly sampled n = 400 voters from a large
geographical area and asked them about their preferences for voting alternatives. The
Secretary of State indicates that 35% of registered voters are between 18 and 29 years
old and 65% of voters are 30 years or older.
Traditional Voting Alternative Voting
155 245
Do the data indicate that the distribution of alternative voting support is significantly differently
from the known voter distribution? Test at the .05 level of significance and include hypotheses,
critical boundaries and an explanation of your results.
172
27. Houston, Texas, is holding an election for Mayor. The two candidates are Linda Lin and
Billy Bird. The Houston Herald, a local newspaper, wants to publish a prediction so it
conducts a survey of 1,000 Houston residents to find out for whom they will vote for.
The results of this survey are below (this is the Observed Table). The newspaper
decides to compare the results to a known breakdown -- Candidate 1: 48%; Candidate
2: 48% and Unsure: 4%. Use this as your null hypothesis
Linda Lin Billy Bird Unsure
460 420 120
a. Fill in the Expected Table below.
Linda Lin Billy Bird Unsure
b. Conduct a χ² test for goodness of fit to determine if there are statistically differences (you
should find significance). Use an alpha level of .01. Write the statistical notation.
c. Because of the significance, one editor believes that the newspaper should call the election
for the candidate in the lead. Another editor believes that the newspaper should withhold
predicting a winner because the test proves something else. Compare the Observed counts
and the Expected counts (look for the category with the biggest discrepancy). What else might
this test prove?
28. The Houston Herald decides to look at candidate preference by gender. An editor at the
newspaper believes that women have a bias towards female candidates (in this case,
Linda Lin) while men have a bias towards male candidates (in this case, Billy Bird). The
table below shows who voters prefer based on gender.
a. Conduct a chi-square test for independence to test if there is a significant

relationship between gender of voter and gender of candidate. Write out the
statistical notation using an alpha of .05.
173
b. Can you conclude that female voters are biased toward female candidates?
Explain by referring back to distribution of female votes.
c. Can you conclude that male voters are biased toward male candidates? Explain
by referring back to distribution of male votes
Linda Lin Billy Bird
Male 230 240
Female 230 180
.
174
Answer Sheet
1. A 2. B 3. A
4. C 5. D 6. B
7. C 8. A 9. B
10. A 11. C 12. B
13. C 14. C 15. C
16. A 17. B 18. C
19. D 20. C 21. B
22. C 23. C 24. B
25. 26. 27.

χ² (2, n = 300) = 48.13 Linda = 480,
Reject the null hypothesis Billy = 480, Unsure = 40
χ² (2, n = 1,000) = 168.33, p

< .01
It appears that the largest

discrepancy is in the unsure
votes. Cannot call the
election.
28.
χ² (1, n = 880) = 11.85, p
< .01
There appears to be a large

discrepancy between the
expected female vote for Billy
Bird and the observed vote
for Billy Bird
There does not appear to be

any large discrepancies
between the expected male
votes the observed male
votes

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Introduction to OER Practice Problems

Sources have been identified throughout the document.

Basic Statistical Terms ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 2

Frequency Distribution ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 9

Measures of Central Tendency -----------------------------------------------------------------------Page 35

Normal Curve and Standard Deviation ------------------------------------------------------------Page 52

Sampling Distribution ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 63

Hypothesis Testing --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 73

One Sample T-Tests ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 84

Independent T-Tests ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 97

Repeated Measures T-Tests ------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 113

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) -----------------------------------------------------------------------Page 129

2-Factor ANOVA -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 149

Chi-Square Analyses ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 172

Basic Statistical Terms

2. Statistical methods that organize, summarize, or simplify data are called:

3. Which is an example of a continuous variable?

4. The students in the study represent a:

5. The average calculated in an example of:

6. Which is an example of a discrete variable?

8. English professor, Dr. Shakespeare is interested in the relationship between blogging

A psychology researcher investigated the impact of ‘positive self-talk’ on the athletic

10. The 40 students are an example of:

11. The independent variable in the study is:

12. The dependent variable in the study is:

14. The average number of sleeping hours represents:

16. The independent variable in the study is:

17. The dependent variable in the study is:

18. High self-esteem, medium self-esteem and low self-esteem

19. Personality – introvert and extrovert

20. Number of problems solved correctly

22. Number of siblings in a family

23. Eye color - blue, brown, green, hazel and violet

24. Number of miles walked/ran during the week

25. Time spent completing a cognitive brain training activity

26. Miles commuting to campus each day

27. Sleep quality - Excellent, Good, Fair, Poor, Very Poor

28. Baking temperatures (in degrees)

29. Ticket prices for college athletics

30. Attendance at college events

31. Hair color of women on a high school tennis team

32. Numbers on the shirts of a girl’s soccer team

33. Ages of students in a statistics class

34. Temperatures of 22 selected refrigerators

35. Number of milligrams of tar in 28 cigarettes

36. Number of pages in your statistics book

37. Marriage status of the faculty at the local community college

38. List of 1247 social security numbers

39. The ratings of a movie ranging from “poor” to “good” to “excellent”

41. The annual salaries for all teachers in Arizona

42. List of zip codes for Chicago

43. Nationalities included in a recent survey

44. Amount of fat (in grams) in 44 cookies

∑x ∑x2 (∑x)2 ∑x -2 ∑(x-2)

∑x ∑x2 (∑x)2 ∑(x-1)

10. A 11. C 12. A

13. D 14. A 15. B

16. B 17. A 18. ORDINAL