Sister Callista Roy: Adaptation Model WEEK 6

NCM 100 | Theoretical Foundations of Nursing Date (11/--/2022) | Atty. Dedal

I. Credentials and Backgrounds  Received both a master’s degree in sociology

II. Theoretical Sources
in 1973 and a doctorate degree in sociology
III. Major Concepts and Definition
in 1977 from the University of California.
 System
 Adaptation Level  Roy was challenged in a seminar with
 Adaptation Problems Dorothy E. Johnson to develop a conceptual
 Focal Stimulus
model for nursing.
 Contextual Stimulus
 Residual Stimulus  While working as a pediatric staff nurse, Roy
 Coping Processes had noticed the great resiliency of children
 Innate Coping Mechanisms and their ability to adapt in response to
 Acquired Coping Mechanisms
major physical and psychological changes.
 Regulator Subsystem
 Cognator Subsystem  The Roy adaptation model was first
 Adaptive Responses presented in the literature in an article
 Ineffective Responses published in Nursing Outlook in 1970 titled
 Integrated Life Process “Adaptation: A Conceptual Framework for
 Physiological-Physical Mode
Nursing”
 Self-Concept-Group Identity Mode
 Role Function Mode
Theoretical Sources
 Primary Role
Derivation of the Roy adaptation model for
 Secondary Roles
nursing included a citation of Harry Helson’s work
 Tertiary Roles
 Interdependent Mode in psychophysics that extended to social and
 Perception behavioral sciences. In Helson’s adaptation
IV. Major Assumptions theory, adaptive responses are a function of the
 Adaptation incoming stimulus and the adaptive level.
V. Metaparadigms of Sister Callista Roy
A stimulus is any factor that provokes a response.
 Nursing
 Person Stimuli may arise from the internal or the
 Health external environment. The adaptation level is
 Environment made up of the pooled effect of three classes of
VI. Theoretical Assertions stimuli:
VII. Acceptance by the Nursing
Community 1. Focal stimuli immediately confront the
VIII. Reference individual.
Legend: Black for Alligood 10th Edition, Note: No audio lecture notes
2. Contextual stimuli are all other stimuli
present that contribute to the effect of the focal
stimulus.
Credentials and Backgrounds
3. Residual stimuli are environmental factors of
which the effects are unclear in a given situation.
 Born on October 14, 1939, in Los Angeles,
California.
Major Concepts and Definition
 She received a bachelor degree in nursing in
1963 from Mount Saint Mary’s College in Los
System
Angeles and a master’s degree in nursing
from the University of California, Los Angeles,  A set of parts connected to function as a
in 1966. whole for some purposes and that does so by
virtue of the interdependence of its parts.

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 Sister Callista Roy: Adaptation Model WEEK 6
NCM 100 | Theoretical Foundations of Nursing Date (11/--/2022) | Atty. Dedal

 Systems have inputs, outputs, and control Innate Coping Mechanisms

and feedback processes.
 Genetically determined or common to the
Adaptation Level species and are generally viewed as
automatic processes; humans do not have to
 Represents the condition of the life processes
think about them; it is within you.
described on three levels:
Acquired Coping Mechanisms
 Integrated
 Developed through strategies such as
 Compensatory
learning. The experiences encountered
 Comprised throughout life contribute to customary
responses to particular stimuli.
 A person’s adaptation level is “a constantly
changing point, made up of focal, Regulator Subsystem
contextual,and residual stimuli, which
 A major coping process involving the neural,
represent the person’s own standard of the
chemical, and endocrine system.
range of stimuli to which one can respond
with ordinary adaptive responses”. Cognator Subsystem

Adaptation Problems  Involving 4 cognitive-emotive channels:

 Adaptation problems are “broad areas of  Perceptual and information processing

concern related to adaptation”. These
 Learning
describe the difficulties related to the
indicators of positive adaptation.  Judgement
 It can be noted that there is a distinction  Emotion
being made between adaptation problems
and nursing diagnosis. Adaptation problems Adaptive Responses
are seen not as nursing diagnosis, but as
 Promote integrity in terms of the goals of
areas of concern for the nurse related to
human systems.
adapting a person or group.
Ineffective Responses
Focal Stimulus
 Do not contribute to integrity in terms of the
 Internal or external stimulus most
goals of the human system.
immediately confronting the human system.
Integrated Life Process
Contextual Stimuli
 Adaptation level at which the structures and
 All other stimuli present in the situation that
functions of a life process are working as a
contribute to the effect of the focal stimulus.
whole to meet human needs.
Residual Stimuli
Physiological-Physical Mode
 Environmental factors within or without the
 Is associated with the physical and chemical
human system with effects in the current
processes involved in the function and
situation that are unclear.
activities of living organisms.
Coping Processes
 Five basic needs of physiological integrity:
 Innate or acquired ways of interacting with
1. Oxygenation
the changing environment.
2. Nutrition

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 Sister Callista Roy: Adaptation Model
NCM 100 | Theoretical Foundations of Nursing
3. Elimination
4. Activity and Rest
5. Protection
Self-Concept-Group Identity Mode
 It focuses specifically on the psychological
and spiritual aspects of the human system.
 Self-concept is defined as the composite of
beliefs and feelings about oneself at the
given time and is formed from internal
perception and perceptions of others reaction.
 Components of Self-Concept:
 Physical self - involves sensation and
body image.
 Personal self - made up of self-
consistency, self-ideal or expectancy and
the moral-ethical-spiritual self.
Role-Function Mode
 Is one of two social modes and focuses on
the roles the person occupies in society.
 The basic need underlying the role function
mode has been identified as social integrity
(the need to know who one is in relation to
others so that one can act).
 Persons perform primary, secondary, and
tertiary roles. These roles are carried out
with both instrumental and expressive
behaviors. Instrumental behavior is “the
actual physical performance of a behavior”.
Expressive behaviors are “the feelings,
attitudes, like or dislikes that a person has
about a role or about the performance of a
role”.
 Primary Role - determines the majority
of behavior engaged in by the person
during a particular period of life. It is
determined by age, sex, and
developmental stage.
 Secondary Role - are those that a
person assumes to complete the task
associated with a developmental stage
and primary role.
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WEEK 6
Date (11/--/2022) | Atty. Dedal
 Tertiary Role - are related primarily to
secondary roles and represent ways in
which individuals meet their role
associated obligations.
 Tertiary roles are normally
temporary in nature, freely chosen
by the individual, and may include
activities such as clubs or hobbies.
Interdependence Mode
 Focuses on close relationships of people
(individually and collectively) and their
purpose, structure, and development.
 The basic need of this mode is termed
relational integrity.
 Two specific relationships are the focus of
the interdependence mode as it applies to
individuals.
1. With significant others, persons who are
the most important to the individual.
2. With support systems, others contributing
to meeting interdependence needs.
 Two major areas of interdependence
behavior:
 Receptive behavior
 Contributed behavior
 These behaviors apply, respectively to the
receiving and giving of love, respect, and
value in interdependent relationships.
Perception
 It is the interpretation of a stimulus and the
conscious appreciation of it.
Major Assumptions
Human adaptive systems are complex and
multifaceted and respond to myriad
environmental stimuli to achieve adaptation. Roy
combined the assumptions of humanism and
veritivity into a single set of philosophical
assumptions. These scientific and philosophical
assumptions have been refined for use of the
model in the 21st century.
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 Sister Callista Roy: Adaptation Model WEEK 6
NCM 100 | Theoretical Foundations of Nursing Date (11/--/2022) | Atty. Dedal

is a reflection of adaptation, that is, the

interaction of the person and the
environment.

4. Environment

 All the conditions, circumstances, and

influences surrounding and affecting the
development and behavior of persons or
groups, with particular consideration of the
mutuality of person and earth resources that
includes focal, contextual, and residual
stimuli.
Adaptation

 Refers to “the process and outcome whereby

thinking and feeling persons, as individuals
or in groups, use conscious awareness and
choice to create human and environmental
integration”.
Metaparadigms of Sister Callista Roy
1. Nursing.
 Health care profession that focuses on
human life processes and patterns and
emphasizes promotion of health
individuals, families, groups, and society as a
whole.
 Roy defines nursing according to her model
as the science and practice that expands
adaptive abilities and enhances person and
environmental transformation.
Theoretical Assertions
 Roy’s model focuses on the concept of
adaptation of the person. Her concepts of
nursing person, health, and environment are
all interrelated to this central concept.
 There are two interrelated subsystems in
Roy’s model.
1. The primary, functional, or control
processes subsystem consists of the
regular and the cognator.
for
2. The secondary, effector subsystem
consists of four adaptive modes: (1)
physiological needs, (2) self-concept, (3)
role function, and (4) interdependence.

 Nursing acts to enhance the interaction of

the person with the environment - to
promote adaptation.

2. Person.

 As an adaptive system, the human system is

described as a whole with parts that function
as unity for some purpose. Human systems
include people as individuals or in groups,  The purpose of the four adaptive modes is to
including families, organizations, achieve physiological, psychological, and
communities, and society as a whole. social integrity. The four adaptive modes are
interrelated through perception.
3. Health

 Health is a state and a process of being and

becoming integrated and a whole person. It

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 Sister Callista Roy: Adaptation Model WEEK 6
NCM 100 | Theoretical Foundations of Nursing Date (11/--/2022) | Atty. Dedal

health-illness continuum with the goal of

causing movement along the continuum.

3. Research

 Theory development and the testing of

developed theories are the highest priorities
for nursing.

 The Roy adaptation model has been used

extensively to guide knowledge development
through nursing research.

 Roy identified a set of concepts that form a

model from which the process of observation
and classification of facts would lead to
postulates. These postulates concern the
occurrence of adaptation problems, coping
mechanisms, and interventions based on
laws derived from factors that make up the
response potential of focal, contextual, and
residual stimuli.
Acceptance by the Nursing Community
Reference
1. Practice.

 It remains one of the most frequently used Nursing Theorists and Their Work. Martha Raile
conceptual frameworks to guide nursing Alligood. 10th Edition.
practice, and is used nationally and
internationally.

 It is useful for nursing practice because it

outlines the features of the discipline and
provides direction of practice, education, and
research. The model considers goals, values,
the patient, and practitioner interventions.

 It aims for activity and a prescription for

activities to realize the goal. The goal of
nursing and of the model is adaptation in
four adaptive modes in health and illness.

2. Education

 Defines the distinct purpose of nursing for

students, which is to promote the adaptation
of persons in each of the adaptive modes in
situations of health and illness.

 To help the patient put his or her energy into

getting well, whereas the medical student
focuses on the patient’s position on the

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