a 3 basic elements- cells intracellular substances & body fluids. These cells are & mesoderm). These cells continue to divide & a The body is composed of derived from three cellular layers( ectoderm, endoderm sradually specialize structurally & funetionally. Definition: ‘A tissue is a grouping of like cells working together in a specialized function. Organs are form from these basic tissues & generally 4 basic tissues are there in every organism. a. Tissues make up organs. An organ is a structure performing a particular function. An organ is composed of several different tissues. Examples of organs are the lungs and the heart, Classification: Epithelium Connective Muscle Nervous tissue Pepe EPITHELIAL TISSUES: Epithelial tissue is tissue that covers surfaces and lines cavities. Here, it may protect, absorb, and/or secrete. Epithelial tissue covers the outer surface of the body. It lines the intestines, the lungs, and other hollow organs. Meaning: EPI= above, Thelos= nipple i.e. covering of nipple this term generally means covering of nipple. ENDOYHELIUM: It is the lining of blood vessels & lymphatics. ‘TYPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS (BY SHAPE) Figure 1 illustrates the basic types of epithelial cells by shape. The three basic shapes are squamous (flat), cuboidal (cubes), and columnar (columns).By Layers. Inepithelial tissues, the cells are in single or multiple layers, If there is only one layer, the tissue is called a simple or unilaminar epithelium. If there is more than one layer, the tissue is called a stratified or multilaminar epithelium. a. SIMPLE b. STRATIFIED Naming; Epithelial tissues are named by the number of layers and the type of cell in its outermost layer. For example, if there are several layers and if the outermost layer consists of squamous (flat) cells, then the tissue is called a stratified squamous epithelium. St | aypesor Tissue | _ SITES OF OCCURRENCE FUNCTIONS - Rapid diffusion of gas | Simple squamous . . & water. 1 ra Alveoli, Bowman's capsule of kidney | ive yanspor of ___ molecules. ———}“Fiiyroid follicles, proximal & distal | Large absorptive area 2 | Cuiboidal epithelium convoluted tubule helps in metabolism. 3 Columnar epithelium Respiratory as tract, Uterine [4 Pseudostratified | Ciliated lining of respiratory tract. _|/ CONNECTIVE TISSUES: Connective tissue is tissue that suy Outside the cells of the connectiv the connective tissue cells, Each pithelium (simpie cok re Sem ure cells lunar epithelium SOY epithelium of olfactory area. | damaged mature cells. ere nuclei lies in Pats of male urethra. different levels) Sen; i fa SOTY epithelia Olfactory, gustatory & \estibulocochlear cells (ee IpPorts other tissues, holds tissues together, or fills spaces. Among and € tissues, there is a material called matrix. The matrix is manufactured by type of connective tissue has its own particular type of matrix. Classification: Fibers of connective Two types: General & specific General includes areolar, adipose & reticular tissue in adults. Special includes cartilage, bone, blood. To provide tensile strength & support for the tissue. 3 types of fibers: White fibrous tissue: collagen fibers Yellow clastic tissue- Elastic fibers Adipose tissue Collagen Fibers (One which yields jelly or glue) Characteristic Features * Found in all connective tissues « Made up of a polypeptide, collagen Extremely tough «In the fresh state, white in color; so, they are also called 'white fibers’ + Fibers are transparent, wavy. soft and flexible. + On boiling, collagen fibers are denatured, become soft and become ‘gelatin’ Reticular Fibers Reticular fibers are very fine collagen fibers, aranged to form a netlike supporting framework or iculum. ; Seis! Occur as fine network around muscle fibers, nerve fibers and fat cells, in the fine partitions of lung and lymphoid tissues. Elastic FibersCells of Connective Tissue 1. Fibroblasts-most . + Midbiangs numerous cells of connective tissue © Mast cells * Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells 2. Fat cells 3. Blood leukocytes Pigment cells Fibroblasts nae ae large numbers in the connective tissue. They are responsible for the production of fibers and 3 inces, They are large, flat, branching cells ( when viewed from the surface) or spindle-shaped when viewed from a side (profile). Macrophages ‘They are also called histiocytes, seen in highly vascular areas. Two types-fixed or wandering (free) macrophages. These are the two functional phases of the cells of same origin. When stimulated, the fixed cells become free cells. Example of fixed macrophages and Kupfer cells of liver. Wandering macrophages are found in blood. ‘Macrophages are irregularly shaped, capable of free amoeboid movement and phagocytosis. Mast Cells These cells occur in groups in relation to blood vessels. They are irregularly oval, with cytoplasmic granules. ‘These granules secrete heparin, histamine and serotonin. These chemical mediators promote allergic reactions (immediate hypersensitivity reaction). Undifferentiated Mesenchymal Cells ‘They are developed from mesoderm. They are pluripotent cells ( capable of developing into different types of cells, when required). They are seen around blood vessels. Fat Cells ‘They are large cells seen in groups. When seen in large groups, the tissue is called an adipose tissue. Each cell has a large glistening droplet of fat, surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm. Nucleus is pushed to one side and it is flattened. Blood Leukocytes/ ) J they perform their functions outside the blood stream, most frequently seen cells are cocytes are transported by the blood: ed within connective tissue. The two Although leuk ‘vessels. That is why they are encounter lymphocytes and eosinophils. Pigment Cells pia mater. The main pigment found in skin, the choroid coat of the eye and ultraviolet radiation, e.g., skin. Prevention Pigment cells are seen in the tissues from. these cells is melanin, Functions Protection of deeper of light from reaching deeper tissues, ¢.8., choroid of eye. ‘Types of Connective Tissue Penending on tte Proportion of cells, ground substance and fibers, different . mnnective tissue formed, The ose conestive ae asf ber ‘and more cells. The dense connect types of connective tissues are tive tissue has abundant, Adipose Tissue Adipose tissue i 1¢ is made up of fat cells, reticular fibers and large number of blood vessels. Distribution «Inthe subcutaneous tiss paar ey sue all over the body, except eyelids, scrotum and penis Hollow spaces like ‘© Bone marrow cavities of long bones * Around abdominal organs, e.g., Peritoneal folds, mesentery. Functions Store house of energy © Mechanical support for organs. # Italso acts as a shock absorber Insulation. Reticular Tissue + lymphoid organs, bone marrow and liver. Dense irregular connective Reticular tissue forms a framework for dermis of skin and capsule of organs. Dense regular connective tissue tissue is found in fasciae, periosteum, is found in tendons and ligaments. Fibers are dense and parallel Functions of Conneetive Tissue ssuie holds together structures like skin, t forms the capsule for some organs. deep fascia provides a tight covering for deeper struct The loose connective ti muscles and vessels. It binds together different layers of hollow organs. I In the limbs the connective tissue 0 helps to maintain the shape ofthe limbs. ‘The ligaments hold the bone ends together ato direction. Deep fascia form retinacula that hold the tendons in place at the ‘The tough dura mater provides support to the brain and spinal cord. Macrophages and plasma cells help the body fight against microorganisms jures and nts and prevent excess movements in unwanted e wrist and ankle.«Fibroblasts help in repair of wounds ty laying down collage fibers and ground substance. " Unifferentited mesenchymal cell pel in the regeneration oF HSSUES like cartilage and bone by providing ells. Deep fascia facilitates venous return from limbs by OF MUSCLE. Tis the muscles are special ized motion. enabling muscles to act as PUMPS: ni SSUES + ability to shorten (contract) B DEFINITION 2, Muscle tissues and U to contract. Because of thelt muscles are able to produce TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUES The three types of muscle tissues are a. Skeletal Muscle Tissue. Fhe cells (muscle fibers) of skeletal muscle tissue art ong and cylindrical and have numerous nuclei. The arrangement of the cellular contents is very specific and results in @ striated appearance when ‘viewed with the microscope. This tyPe ‘of muscle tissue is found mainly in the skeletal muscles. Ty TT aT al} yee at i us @, SKELETAL MUSCLE 1b, CARDIAC MUSCLE and are striated. Cardiac Muscle Tissue. branched, contain one nucleus, The cells (muscle fibers) of cardiac m This tissue makes up the myocardium usele tissue are short, (wall) of the heart. yed, contain one nucleus, and are not uch as the organs of the Smooth Muscle Tissue. urethra, and reproductive ‘The cells (muscle fibers) of smooth muscle tissu spindle-shap cnerally found in the walls of hollow organs © urinary bladder, striated, Smooth muscle tissue is 8 digestive and respiratory systems, the blood vessels, the ureters, ducts. DEFINITION OF NERVOUS T! collection of cells that respond to stimuli and transmit information. Nervous tissue is ISSUErg x sth el of the ervous tissu th stl pisks up and ans signal rom one nerve cel, ‘Aneuron ot int at which a signal passes from one né the next, The isthe point at which a signal passe euron to the next. The part ofthe body 2 a ae up ofthe supporting cel ofthe nervous system (glial el), europa also known = ~s souTON Glands sh addition to protection and absorption, many cells ofthe epithelium secrets materials. Such cells, Present singly or in groups are called glands. 0 Endocrine slands discharge their secretions directly into the bloodstream, i.e. they are ductless a la ‘There are some unicellular endocrine cels, e.g. the entero endocrine cells in the mucosa of Exocrine glands discharge their secretions via a duct. They may be mucous or serous glands. Unicellular glands lie among other cells of columnar or pseudo stratified epithelium. For example, goblet cells, which secrete mucus, are situated between non-secretary epithelial cells. ‘Simple glands-when all the secretary cells of an exocrine gland discharge into one duet, the gland is, called a simple gland. Compound glands have a branching duct system. A group of secretary cells open into a small duct. These ducts unite to form larger ducts, which ultimately open on an epithelial surface Based on the arrangement of secretory cells the glands can be classified into different types: © Secretory unit may be tubular. The tube be straight colloid branched. © The cells may form rounded sacs or acani. © The may form flask shaped structures like alveoli. © Glands which have greatly distended secretory elements are called saccular glands. Endocrine Glands ‘Two types of arrangement of cells are seen. In some glands, the cells are arranged in " soids which come in contact with these cells, so that, thei secretions rds or clumps. There are large numbers of capillaries or sinu are discharged directly into the bloodstream.{n some endocrine glands, as in thyroid gland, the cells form a rounded vesicle or follicle having a cavity. The secretions are stored in this cavity; when required, they are released into the bloodstream. ‘Yhere are some glands having both exocrine and endocrine functions, e.g., pancreas. Classification of glands based on the manner in which the secretions are poured out of the cells. i ¢ Merocrine: The secretions are thrown out of the cells by a process of exocytosis. The cell remains . intact: i e Apocrine: Apical parts of the cells axe shed of to discharge the secretions. ¢ Holocrine: The entire cell disintegrates to release the secretions.