1

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTIO

Background of the

Pesticides are widely used in the agricultural sectors to increase production

cutting costs and improving the quality of produce (Sengupta, 2009). The term

covers a wide range of compounds including insecticides, fungicides,

rodenticides, molluscicides, nematicides, plant growth regulators, and other (Aktar,

Pesticides are chemical substances that are meant to kill pests. In general, a pesticide is

chemical or a biological agent such as a virus, bacterium, antimicrobial, or disinfectant

deters, incapacitates, kills, pests. The term pesticide is often treated as synonymous

plant protection product. It is commonly used to eliminate or control a variety

agricultural pests that can damage crops and livestock and reduce farm

(BYJU,

Pesticide use is known since before 2000 BC. The first known pesticide

elemental sulfur dusting used in ancient Sumer about 4,500 years ago in

Mesopotamia (Pandya, 2018). The Rigveda, which is about 4,000 years old, mentions

use of poisonous plants for pest control. Moreover, pesticides nowadays are still used

control various pests and disease carriers, such as mosquitoes, ticks, rats, and mice

protect crops from these diseases and animals (Eldridge,

Efficient pesticide policies must consider farmers’ application behavior,

the effects of pesticide use on economic risk (Möhring, 2020). That when comparing

quality and intensity corrected Load Index to pesticide use measured in simple
 2

units (kilogram per hectare). This means, that farmers will use fewer herbicides in

but will raise the total toxicity of the items used as risk aversion rises (Johnson,

The requirements necessary for proper personal equipment (PPE) to be

during pest control operations are a face shield or full-face respirator; well-

respirators with spare cartridges; clean long-sleeved coveralls; washable hats; eye and

protection; chemical-resistant boots; aprons and gloves To ensure the safe use of

handlers must wear PPE as specified on the pesticide product labeling (Food

Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Health Organization, and

et al.,

In the study of Heinrichs (1998), with the advent of rice varieties that are

to a wide variety of insect and disease pressures, the importance of pesticides for

yield variability has declined. Showed that the yield gains through insecticide

are modest when using resistant varieties and that natural control or the “do nothing”

is the most profitable pest control strategy under normal circumstances.

according to Gill et al., (2014), the continued high and injudicious insecticide

lead to a frequent breakdown in varietal resistance. Moreover, argues that

pesticide use has led to larger pest-related yield losses than not applying pesticides at

Unsafe farming practices such as lack of respect for the

concentrations while applying pesticides and inadequate use of protective equipment

directly related to occupational poisoning rates and environmental pollution (Daniel et.

2017). Relative to heavy users such as South Korea and Japan, the total amount

pesticides used in the Philippines is small. Rice agrochemicals accounted for only 2

of the world market value in 1988 (Pingali,

 3

Furthermore, there are variable practices, methods, or ideas utilized

purchase, utilization (mixing and spraying), storage, and disposal. Similarly, the

observed in terms of pesticide handling of the sampled population were used as

for practice. These included the use of personal protective equipment during spraying,

method of pesticide mixing, as well as its storage (Jallow et. al.,

This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of

regarding pesticides. This will provide insight on misconceptions and gaps in

knowledge and practices that require clarification to improve their safety on the

Farmers in developing countries, the Philippines are usually known for having

knowledge and unsafe practices of pesticide usage on the farm. If these issues are

addressed, the misuse of pesticides will not only have health implications for the

but also for the environment, manifesting in terms of pollution and public

Statement of the

The study’s aim is to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of rice

in using pesticides. Specifically, this study attempted answer to the following

1 What is the socio-demographic profile of the

2 What are the practices of pesticides in Rogero, Bubong Lanao Del

3 What is the level of knowledge about pesticides in Rogero, Bubong Lanao Del

4 What are the opinions of respondents on how pesticide use in Barangay

Bubong Lanao Del

 4

Objectives of the

This study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practices of

farmers in the Barangay Rogero, Bubong Lanao del Sur. particularly concerned are

followin

1. Determine the socio-demographic profile of rice farmers in Bubong Lanao

Sur Barangay

2. Determine how the pesticides are used in Barangay Rogero, Bubong Lanao

Su

3. Determine the level of knowledge about the pesticides Rogero, Bubong

Del

4. Determine the respondents' views on pesticide use among the farmers

Rogero, Bubong Lanao Del

Significance of the

The researcher believes that the findings of the study would be beneficial for

followin

Department of Agriculture. The findings of the study may give possible

in rice farming to lessen the use of pesticides. They may also give seminars to the

for them to be aware of the possible outcome of using

 5

Farmers. The findings of the study may give additional insights into

pesticides. Hence, through seminars, they may be able to uplift their knowledge and

as well as earn innovative strategies in

Society. The findings of the study may serve as an input in making them aware

using pesticides in rice farming may cause health

Parents. The findings of the study may serve a as guide for them to watch out

maintaining the health of their

Future Researchers. The findings of the study may serve as a guide in

further to related aspects involved in using pesticides in rice farming as conducting

or similar

Scope and Limitation of the

This study was focused only on the rice farmers of Barangay Rogero,

Lanao del Sur. The respondents of the study were rice farmers who are currently

pesticides. This does not include those farmers who are using organic pesticides or

The researcher aims to know their knowledge, attitudes, and practices use of

among selected rice

 6

Conceptual

The socio-demographic variables and the rice farmers in Barangay

Bubong, Lanao del Sur. Influence knowledge, attitude, and practices of the rice farmers

the use of pesticide in their area. The knowledge of the rice farmers influences their

with respect to the use of pesticides. Consequently, their attitude influences their

on the use of

Knowledge of
farmers on using
pesticides

Socio- Attitude of farmers on

demographi using
c variable

Practices of farmers
on using
pesticides

Figure 1. The conceptual model of the

 7

Definition of

The following terms are conceptually and/or operationally defined in this

Agriculture- this refers to the practice of cultivating plants for subsistence. In this

it refers to the planting and cultivation of rice for subsistence and commercial purposes

the farmers in Barangay Rogero, Bubong, Lanao del

Attitudes- a settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something, typically

that is reflected in a person’s behavior. In this study it refers to how rice farmers

pesticide

Knowledge- facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through experience

education, the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. This study refers to

skills or information known by the rice farmers on how to use properly the

Pesticides- are substances that are meant to control the pest. This study refers to

substances used by the farmers to control the pest on their rice

Practices- the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to

relating to it. This study refers to the application of rice farmers in using pesticides on

farm

Gender- refer to reproductive biological differences between men and

(Annandale et al., 2011). In this study, it pertains to finding out what the gender of

farmers
 8

Age: It refers to the interval of time between the day, month, and year of birth and the

and year of occurrence of the event expressed in the largest completed unit of solar

such as years for adults and children and months, weeks, days, hours or minutes of life,

appropriate, for infants under one year of age (Gregorian, 2001). In this study, it

to what specific age of the

Highest educational attainment: refers to the highest grade or year completed in

college or university. In this study, it pertains to the educational background or

schooling of the

Best practices in rice field farming- is a method or technique that has been

accepted as superior to any alternatives because it produces results that are superior to

achieved by other means or because it has become a standard way of doing things. In

study, it pertains to the method or technique that has been generally used in the rice
 9

CHAPTER

REVIEW OF RELATED

This chapter deals with some discussion of related literature that is significant

the present investigation. Some related studies are presented here to support

investigatio

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of

Rice producers have the freedom to apply pesticides, but incorrect use can harm

communities, and the environment (Santaweesuk, 2020). People's long-term health may

harmed because of poor pesticide use and management Symptoms are

associated with rice farmers' agricultural chores in the paddy fields. Following the

and mixing of pesticides, farmers' main symptoms included a dry mouth and

However, due to inadequate data, the reported illness data was lower than the real

(Siriwong, 2020). Pesticides are commonly employed in Thailand's rice growing.

2007 to 2017, statistics reveal that pesticide imports into Thailand increased year after

(164,538 tons in 2007 to 198,317 tons in 2017). A survey of 150 rice farmers in

municipalities of the Ifugao Rice Terraces, Philippines, carried out in June 1998, aimed

assess the farmers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices of rice crop and pest

(Joshi, 2000). The survey revealed that: 54% of the farmers fall within a narrow age

(31-50 years), the majority having 11-30 years of rice farming experience; they are

average literacy, and they have large households (Matchoc, 2000). Non-farm activity

as woodcarving was the most common source of additional income. The majority

farmers planted a single crop of rice per year and followed traditional cultivation

(Bahatan, 2000). Major rice crop production constraints were drought due to the El
 1

phenomenon and insufficient irrigation infrastructure. Zinc deficiency was

Major, non-insect pests known to farmers were earthworms, rats, golden apple snails,

house sparrows. These pests damage either the rice plant or the terrace wall.

damage to the terrace wall is most obvious. Farmers had very little exposure to

pest management and new rice technologies (Peña,

Pesticid

Pesticides are often used to reduce insect pests and plant pathogens, but

can lead to insecticide resistance and secondary pest outbreaks, while misuse can harm

environment and human health (Tilman et al., 2002). Pesticides are widely used

agricultural production to boost productivity and quality, as well as to reduce losses

by the attacks of different biotic factors, pests, and crop diseases. (Popp,

The three most common types of insecticides are organophosphates,

and pyrethroids. Therefore, the three most important crops that use pesticides

vegetables, bananas, and rice (Lu,

Concept of

The risk factors for pesticide exposure were also identified in the reviewed

such as improper mixing and loading of pesticides and re-entering the previously

area. Pesticide residues were also found in vegetables, soil, and water samples (Popp et

2013). This points to environmental contamination due to pesticides. It is suggested

government agencies implement programs on monitoring, surveillance,

dissemination, and training on the proper use of pesticides, and seek alternative
 1

such as organically grown vegetables, or use of integrated pest management as well

good agricultural practices (Chowdhury,

Positive Use of

The primary benefits are the consequences of the pesticides' effects – the

gains expected from their use. For example, the effect of killing caterpillars feeding on

crop brings the primary benefit of higher yields and better quality of cabbage. The

main effects result in 26 primary benefits ranging from the protection of recreational

to saving human lives. The secondary benefits are the less immediate or less

benefits that result from the primary benefits. They may be subtle, less intuitively

or of the longer term. It follows that for secondary benefits it is, therefore, more

to establish cause and effect, but they can be powerful justifications for pesticide use.

example, the higher cabbage yield might bring additional revenue that could be put

children's education or medical care, leading to a healthier, better-educated

There are various secondary benefits identified, ranging from fitter people to

biodiversity (Chowdhury,

Negative Use of

Pesticides have been linked with both acute and chronic health effects. The

Health Organization and United Nations Environmental Program have estimated that

will be up to five million cases of pesticide poisoning among agricultural workers

year and that will include about 20,000 death cases. Pesticide exposure has been

by several studies with various kinds of chronic health consequences, e.g.,

 1

amyotrophic lateral scleral, asthma, diabetes, leukemia, Alzheimer’s, and

disease (Rosenthal,

The factors that could influence the risk of experiencing health problems

exposure to pesticides were the ingredient and compound of the pesticide and the

of exposure to the pesticide (Stamatis, 2014). Some symptoms may occur immediately,

after several hours and others might develop after several years. Pesticide

occurred in three stages, which were mild, moderate, and severe poisoning (Boedeker

al.,

Environmental concerns about pesticide use in Philippine

The use of pesticides in Philippine agriculture continues to increase despite

adoption and promotion of the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Program.

constitute approximately 55%, fungicides 22%, and herbicides 16% of the pesticides

in the country for rice, corn, vegetables, and plantation crops. The extensive use

pesticides and the risks they pose to human health and the environment are now the

of national concern and interest. Environmental problems to be addressed as a

of pesticide use are (a) pollution of ground and surface water: (b) increased resistance

pest populations to pesticides; and (c) impact on non-target organisms, i.e., reduction

beneficial insects, soil micro and macro-organisms; bio magnification, and

residue transmittal within the food web. Government efforts to reduce hazards

pesticides include pesticide regulation and monitoring, continuous development,

conduct of research, and improvement of the information delivery system (Corazon, et

1993
 1

Rice and Its Importance to Human

In Asia, Rice has shaped the cultures, diets, and economies of thousands of

of people and more than half of humanity rice is life (Gnanamanickam, 2009). Rice

more than half of the words (Belin,

Distribution of acute unintentional pesticide

Human poisoning by pesticides has long been seen as a severe public

problem. As early as 1990, a task force of the World Health Organization (WHO)

that about one million unintentional pesticide poisonings occur annually, leading

approximately 20,000 deaths. Thirty years on there is no up-to-date picture of

pesticide poisoning despite an increase in global pesticide use. We aimed to

review the prevalence of unintentional, acute pesticide poisoning (UAPP), and to

the annual global number of UAPP (Boedeker et. al,

 1

CHAPTER

METHODOLOG

This chapter contains a discussion of the methodological processes that

researchers applied to obtain the necessary data and information to attain the goal of

study. It also determines the knowledge, attitude, and practices of the rice farmers in

pesticide

Research

This study used a descriptive-survey research design that is to gather definite,

and recorded data from the respondents. To gain satisfactory answers from the

the researcher’s design used is descriptive type. A descriptive type of research design

illustrating and answering vividly how the respondents observe, understand, and

the knowledge, attitude, and practices of rice farmers in using pesticides. It is suitable

this type of study to gather information to suffice the results and implications that can

draw

Locale of the study

The study was conducted at Barangay Rogero, Bubong Lanao Del Sur.

municipality of Bubong is a 2 class municipality in the province of Lanao del

Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 26,514 people. And

of the barangays in Bubong is the Barangay Rogero where most of the residents were

farmer
 1

Figure 2. Location of the

Site Selection and Sampling

Barangay Rogero, Bubong, Lanao del Sur was selected for the survey because

area covers agricultural land that is one home to several rice farmers in the Lanao area.

such, the setting allows for the exploration of the knowledge, attitude, and practices

pesticide use of rice farmers. Considering their availability and time for the interview,

survey would like to know the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of the

rice farmer respondents and how these knowledge, attitude, and practices are helpful

terms of their rice

 1

Respondents of the

The respondents of the study were the rice farmers at Barangay Rogero,

Lanao del Sur. There were 50 farmers served as respondents in this study. These

chosen regardless of their age, gender, and educational

Research

The tool that was used in the study was a self-constructed questionnaire.

researcher made use of a structured form of questionnaire to save time and greatly

the process of facilitating and summarizing the data to be gathered. And as follows by

questions that require the respondents to think of their knowledge, attitude, and

in using pesticides. The questionnaire which is composed of four parts was the

used in the study. The researcher chose Likert scale ranging from neither agree/-disagree,

to strongly

Mapping and Data

The Barangay was mapped using coordinates through GIS. In gathering the data

analyzed using simple descriptive statistics such as mean and relative frequency to

the respondent’s age, gender, educational status, knowledge, attitude and practices

pesticide

The frequency was established by tallying the number of responses. As

software package, was used in the study. The distribution of the percentage was

using the formula below: Formula: P= 5 x 100 Where: f= frequency sample

 1

f
Formula: P X
n

Where f is frequency, n is sample size, and P is

A Five-point Likert Scale and Weighted Mean was used to determine

Perceptions. Choices in the questions correspond to certain value on the Likert “Scale,

strongly agree, 4 Slightly Agree, 3 neither Disagree nor 2 slightly 1

strongly

Table 1. Five-Point Likert Scale and Weighted Mean

Legend Scale Adjectival Meaning Verbal Interpretation

2.51-3.00 Agre Should not be fully supported

1.51-2.50 Neither Disagree Should not be supported

nor

1.00-1.50 Disagree Uncertai

2.51-3.00 Alwa Concer

1.51-2.50 Sometimes Neutr

1.00-1.50 Not at all Not concern

Weighted Mean (WM) was attained by the compounding Likert Scale value in

category is multiplied by its frequency. The products of each category was added

divided by the total number of respondents. Weighted mean was obtained using the

belo
 1

fxw
Formula: WM = Σ
N

Where f is frequency, N is total number of respondents, and w is

weight/

Statistical Tools

The following statistical tools were used to analyze and interpret the data of

stud

1. Frequency and Percentage Distribution. These were used to determine the

and percentage of respondents belonging to a particular profile

2. Mean. This was used to describe the responses of the respondent’s attitudes

knowledge of Rice farmers in using pesticides by computing the average

and interpreting them using a range

Mean (X) =
X
N
Where: The mean is read as “x bar”
x: the sum of the score or
measures
N: is the number of cases
Frequency and Percentage
P (%) = (f/N)*100
Where:
P=percenta
ge
f=frequenc
 1
9

Chapter

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF

This chapter presents the results of the data gathered, their analyses, and

interpretation according to the purpose of the study. The researcher made use of

structured form of questionnaire to save time and facilitate the process of tabulating

summarizing the data gathered, the researcher tallied all the quantitative responses of

50 respondents and provided a statistical analysis of the

Socio-Demographic of the

The respondents of this study were 50 rice farmers in Brgy. Rogero, Bubong

del Sur. The characteristics of the respondents in this study were explored

information associated with their socio-demographic profile and their rice farming.

data was statistically analyzed using frequency count and percentage

A percentage frequency distribution is a display of data that specifies the

of observations that exist for each data point or grouping of data points. It is a

useful method of expressing the relative frequency of survey responses and other data.

process of creating a percentage frequency distribution involves first identifying the

number of observations within each data point or grouping of data points; and then

the number of observations within each data point or grouping of data points

2008
 2

Ag
e

3 1

7
5

10

2
5

Figure 3. Age class of the respondents

This figure shows above, out of fifty (50) respondents, and this number,

five (25) or 50% belong to the below 21-29 years old age bracket, ten (10) or 20%

belong to the 30-39 years old and above age bracket, seven (7) or 14% are belong to

20 years old age bracket, five (5) or 10% are belong to 40-49 years old age bracket,

(3) or 6% are belong to 50-59 years old age bracket and only 1 or 2% belongs to 60

above years old age

The data implies that half of the respondents belong to the 21-29 years old

bracket which means that they are in their adulthood

 2

Gend

Sale
s

Figure 4.

This figure shows that all 50 of the respondents (100%) are male and there are

respondents under the female category. Although in natural settings, there are presence

rice farmers who are women, this study finding may be attributed to the fact that

traditional Meranao communities, women are expected to play a more domesticated

Nevertheless, according to Himatay (2003), the majority of rice farmers in the

in irrigated and rainfed farms, are male in their fifties, married and most are

graduate
 2

Educational

Educational
Status

1
7

5
0

2
6

Figure 5. Educational Status of the

This figure shows above, out of fifty (50) respondents, and this number, twenty-

(26) or 52% of the respondents are literate, seven-ten (17) or 34% can read and write

and seven (7) or 14% of the respondents are illiterate. It implies that more than half of

respondents have a formal

 2

Name of Pesticides
This figure shows below, out of fifty (50) respondents, all are using A-gro

(Liquefied) pesticides, thirty-five (35) of the respondents are using karate, thirty-two

of the respondents are using Machete, eight-teen (18) of the respondents are using

2,4-D Ester (Herbicide) and fifth teen (15) of the respondents are using bull’s

Pesticide
use
60

50

40

30

20

10

0
A-gro well Shell 2,4-D Ester Bulls eye Machete
Karate

Figure 6. Pesticides reported as used by farmers in Rogero, Bubong, Lanao del

In this figure shows, A-gro well has the highest farmer users because they said it
is
the most affordable and commonly available in their local. It has many uses like
controlling the formation and spreading of diseases, insects, and weeds, as well as
modifying growth
 2

PRACTICES OF THE FARMERS IN USING

In this Table shows below, out of fifty (50) respondents, and this number, all of

respondents used. Forty-three (43) or 86% of the respondents follow the instruction on

pesticide bottle's label, and all of the respondents are using PPE during using pesticides

locally prepared, boots, hats/d mask caps, and gloves. However, thirty-seven (37) or

are using

Table 1. Practices of using pesticides by the

Variabl ƒ %

Pesticide Yes 5 10
No
Duration of pesticide 3 years and 1 2
below 2 4
4-10 years 2 4
Follow the instruction on More than 10 8 6
the years 1 2
pesticides bottle's label Yes 0 0
No
Locally 5 10
prepared mask 0 0
Boot 5 10
Goggle 37 74
Multiple
 2

ATTITUDES OF FARMERS IN USING PESTICIDES

In this Table shows below, the respondents are concerned about the

statement: Taking a shower immediately after finishing spraying, using PPE when

pesticides, and washing hands after working on crops. Moreover, the respondents

neutral in the following statement: Throwing Empty pesticide containers immediately

attending a training program on safe pesticide handling. It implies that the respondents

concerned about using Pesticides with an Average Weighted Mean of

It was suggested by Schreinemachers et al., (2017). That one of the ways to

synthetic pesticide use is to increase awareness and accessibility of biopesticides and

pesticide alternatives. Likewise, the farmers in the study of Liem et., al (2021)

inadequate knowledge and practices about mixing and loading pesticides, which may

implications for spillage factors as shown in the cumulative exposure level study

Indonesi

Table 2. Attitudes of farmers toward using

Attitudes of farmers toward using AW Interpretatio Ra

Taking shower immediately after finishing spraying 2. Conce 2

86 rn
Using PPE when applying pesticides can protect you 1
from the effect of pesticides on Human Health
Throwing Empty pesticide containers immediately 2. Neutr 4
28 al
Washes hands after working on crops 3
2. Concer
Attend training program on safe pesticide handling. 66 n 5
Overall Average Weighted 2. Conce

Legen
d Adjectival Verbal
Scale Meaning Interpretation
2.51 – Always Concern
3.00 Sometim Neutral
 2

KNOWLEDGE OF FARMERS TOWARDS SAFE USE OF PESTICIDES

Table 3 shows the respondents are having a high knowledge of the

statemen

Pesticides can kill the natural enemy of pests to crops, Pesticides can produce

resulting to fire, Farmers should only drink and eat after washing hands, Leftover

used in farms should be taken home and stored properly, Examples of a natural enemy

pest to crops are other insects, birds, frogs, ants, and spiders, I understand the

directions on stickers of pesticides, Farmer who uses pesticide should rest if he is

feeling, Pesticide accumulates in the body of humans or animals when one happens

smell, splash, or handle pesticide. Moreover, the respondents are having

knowledge of the following statement: there’s a chemical reaction when fertilizer

pesticide mix those results in fire and Pesticides are safe to travel nearby humans,

and animals. The result implies that the respondents are having High knowledge of

pesticides with an average weighted mean of

Farmers’ knowledge level of the potential hazards of pesticides is very

in preventing pesticide exposure (Damalas, Georgiou, and Theodorou, 2006). In

and Cheke’s (2009) study, it was reported that efforts for training farmers are required

the proper use of pesticides. Perry and Layde’s (2003) study emphasizes the need

training interventions aimed at increasing the awareness of pesticide safety and health

In the study by Kalıpcı, Ozdemir, and H. Oztas (2011), it was stated that a serious

mobilization should be initiated immediately in cooperation with various institutions

educating farmers and raising their awareness regarding the

 2

Table 3. Knowledge of farmers toward safe use of

Knowledge of AW Adjectiv Inter Ran
Meaning etation
Pesticides can kill the natural enemies of 3. Agr Hig 1
pests
Pesticides can produce sparks resulting 2.9 Agr Hig 2
in fire
Farmers should only drink and eat 2. Agr Hig 3
after washing their hands
Leftover pesticides used on farms should 2.8 Agr Hig 4
be taken home and stored properly
Examples of natural enemies of pests 2. Agr Hig 5
to crops are other insects, birds, frogs,
ants, and spiders
I understand the written directions 2.7 Agr Hig 6
on stickers of pesticides
The farmer who uses pesticides should rest 2. Agr Hig 7
if he is not feeling.
Pesticide accumulates in the body of 2.6 Agr Hig 8
humans or animals when one happens to
smell, splash, or handle pesticide.
There’s a chemical reaction when fertilizer
2. Neith Moder 9
and pesticide mix that er at
results to fire. agrees/
Pesticides are safe to travel nearby disagre e
2. Moder 1
humans, food, and animals. Neither at
agrees/disag
Overall Average Weighted 2. Hi
Legen
d Adjectival Meaning Verbal
Scale Agree Interpretation
2.51 – Neither High
3.00 agrees/disagree Modera
 28

Chapter

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND

This chapter presents the summary, conclusion, and recommendations which

based on the findings of the study

Summar

Pesticides are widely used in the agricultural sectors to increase production

cutting costs and improving the quality of produce (Sengupta, 2009). The term

covers a wide range of compounds including insecticides, fungicides,

rodenticides, molluscicides, nematicides, plant growth regulators, and other (Aktar,

Pesticides are chemical substances that are meant to kill pests. In general, a pesticide is

chemical or a biological agent such as a virus, bacterium, antimicrobial, or disinfectant

deters, incapacitates, kills, pests. The term pesticide is often treated as synonymous

plant protection product. It is commonly used to eliminate or control a variety

agricultural pests that can damage crops and livestock and reduce farm

(BYJU,

The focus of this study is to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices

rice farmers in using pesticides at Brgy. Reogero, Bubong, Lanao del Sur. There were

farmers served as a respondent in this study. This study specifically sought to answer

following questions: What are the socio-demographic profile of the respondents in

of age, gender; educational status, and practices of pesticide use among respondents,

of knowledge of the respondents about the pesticide use, and the attitude of the

toward the use of

 2

The questionnaire which is composed of four parts was the instrument used

the study. After the data analysis, the following major findings emerged: Half of

respondents are belonging to the 21-29 years old age bracket. All of the respondents

Male. More than half of the respondents are Literate or attended formal education.

all of the respondents are using pesticides. The respondents are concerned about

pesticides with an average weighted mean of 2.58. The respondents are having

knowledge of using pesticides with an average weighted mean of

In data gathering, a validated self-constructed questionnaire was used.

approval was granted by the Barangay Chairman, the researcher distributed the survey

to all eligible study respondents. The results were then tabulated, statistically treated,

analyzed using measures of central tendency and weighted

Conclusio

 Pesticide use in the Philippines remains challenging in terms of safety for

and the environment. Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that

farmers did not have adequate knowledge of pesticides or the proper attitude

practices in several items relating to

 Inadequate information on the safe application of pesticides and deficiencies in

use of personal protective equipment can seriously weaken the ability of farmers

protect themselves against potential risks of

 3

 The education of farmers can be considered one of the most important methods

eliminating the unsafe use of pesticides. Education programs should target

where farmers’ knowledge is

 The rate of storing pesticides at home was found to be high, and this reveals

children and adolescents are at risk. In addition, it can be said that the

population is also at risk due to throwing empty pesticide containers into the

bin or leaving them on the field at a certain

 It had been revealed that most of the respondents, in terms of their

demographic profile, have conditions that are still less than outstanding. There

still the need to strengthen the provision of skills-learning and capacity

among rice farmers in the research locale because apparently, they are not

enough reinforcement on this

 Therefore, I conclude that the majority of the farmers are male within the 21-
years old of age bracket, and most are
 3

Recommendatio

Based on the finding of the study on the best practices and impacts of rice

the following recommendations are

 The farmers should make sure that they understand health hazards

with pesticides and use the most appropriate protective equipment,

personal hygiene precautions, and become aware of the side effects of

exposur

 Health education programs should be provided by the government to

attitudes and behaviours of the community specifically Barangay

Bubong, Lanao del

 Proper waste disposal specifically hazardous waste such as pesticide

should be imposed by the local

 There should be more sophisticated strategies and interventions to support

needs of rice farmers. For instance, there should be the regular conduct

training and seminars to capacitate rice farmers to learn adoptive,

farming, and right uses of

 3

REFERENCE

AKTAR, M. W., ET. AL. (2009). Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their
benefits

BOEDEKER, W., WATTS, ET. AL. (2020). The global distribution of acute
Unintentional pesticide poisoning: estimations based on a systematic review.
BMC

BOEDEKER, W., WATTS, M., CLAUSING, P. ET AL (2020). The global

distribution
of acute unintentional pesticide poisoning: Estimations based on a
systematic review. BMC Public Health 20, (2020), 1875.
BYJU’ (2022).Wh a pesticide Retrieve fro
https://byjus.com/chemistry/pesticides/ [June 8,

CHOWDHURY, A., ET. AL. (2009). ). Pesticide: environmental impacts

and

DAMALAS, C. A., ET. AL. (2011). Pesticide exposure, safety issues, and risk
assessment
indicators. International journal of environmental research and public health,

DAVIS, C. C. (1993). Environmental concerns about pesticide use in

Philippine

ELDRIDGE, B. F. (2008). Pesticide application and safety training for applicators

of

FISHEL, F., ET. AL (1999). Pesticide poisoning symptoms and first aid.
International

GILL, H. K. ET AL. (2014). Pesticide: environmental impacts and management

strategies. Pesticides-toxic aspects, 8, 187.
GIANESSI, L. P. (2014). Importance of pesticides for growing rice in South and
South

GNANAMANICKAM, S. S. (2009). Rice and its importance to human life. In

Biological
 3

HEINRICHS, E. (1998). Management of rice insect pests. Radcliffe’s IPM

World

JALLOW, M. F., ET. AL. (2017). Pesticide knowledge and safety practices among
farm
workers in KuwaitResultsts of a survey. International journal of

JOHNSON, M. P., ET AL. (2000). Personal Protective Equipment for pesticide

applicators. Cooperative Extension Service, University of Kentucky, College
of

LU, J. L. (2010). Analysis of trends of the types of pesticide used, residues and related
actors among farmers in the largest vegetable producing area in
the

LU, J. L. (2010). Analysis of trends of the types of pesticide used, residues and related
factors among farmers in the largest vegetable producing area in
the

LU, J. L. (2022). Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices on Pesticide among Farmers in

the

MOHRING, A.K. (2020). Efficient pesticide policies must take into account farmers
in

JOSHI, R. C., MATCHOC, O. R. O., BAHATAN, R. G., & PEÑA, F. D. (2000).

Farmers' knowledge, attitudes and practices of rice crop and pest management
at
Ifugao Rice Terraces, Philippines. International Journal of Pest

PANDYA, I. Y. (2018). Pesticides and their applications in agriculture. Asian J Appl

Sci

PINGALI, P. L., ET. AL. (2012). Impact of pesticides on farmer health and the
rice

POPP, J., ET. AL. (2013). "Pesticide productivity and food security.
A

ROSENTHAL, E. (2003). The tragedy of Tauccamarca: A human rights perspective

on
the pesticide poisoning deaths of 24 children in the Peruvian Andes.

SAPBAMRER, R., ET. AL. (2020). Factors affecting use of personal

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equipment and pesticide safety practices: A systematic review.

Environmental

SANTAWEESUK, S., B., P. AND SIRIWONG, W. (2020), "Knowledge, attitude and

practice of pesticide use and serum cholinesterase levels among rice farmers
in
Nakhon Nayok Province, Thailand", Journal of Health Research, Vol. 34 No. 5,
pp.
379-387. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHR-09-2019-0204.
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APPENDICE
 3

APPENDIX
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APPENDIX
B
“Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Pesticide Use Among Selected Rice

SURVEY

I Socio-demographic Profile of the respondents.

Name (Optional):
Ag
Gender: ( ) ( )
Educational Status: ( ) Illiterate ( ) Know how to read and write ( )

I Practices in using

Direction: Please put check (√) in the option that correspond to your choice.
Kindly

Variabl
es
Pestcides Use Yes
No
Duration of pesticide use 3 years and below
4-10 years
More than 10 years
Follow the instruction on Yes
pesticides bottle's label No
PPE use during pesticide Locally
prepared mask
Boot
Hat/cap
Glove
Goggle
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II Attitude in using

Direction: Please put check (√) in the option that correspond to your choice. Kindly
answer

3-Concern
2-Neutral
1-Not

3 2 1
Taking shower immediately after finishing spraying

Using PPE when applying pesticides

Throwing Empty pesticide containers immediately

Washes hands after working on crops
Attend training program on safe pesticide handling.

I Knowledge in using

Direction: Please put check (√) in the option that correspond to your choice. Kindly
answer
the entire items honestly and please do not leave any items unanswered.
3- Agree
2-Neither agree/disagree

3 2 1
Pesticides can produce spark resulting
to fire.
Farmers should only drink and eat
after washing hands.
Farmer who uses pesticide should rest if he
is not feeling.
Pesticide accumulates in the body of
humans or animals when one happens to
smell, splash, or handle pesticide.
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I understand the written directions on stickers

of pesticides.
Leftover pesticides used in farms should
be taken home and stored properly.
There’s a chemical reaction when fertilizer
and pesticide mixes that
results to fire.
Pesticides are safe to travel nearby
humans, food, and animals.
Examples of natural enemy of pest to
crops are other insects, birds, frogs, ants,
and spiders.
Pesticides can kill the natural enemy of
pests to crops.
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APPENDIX

Photo

Photo 1. An interviewee showing how he applied pesticide to his rice

Photo 2. Sample of farmer's pesticide (Karate

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Photo 3. With the

Photo 5. Another sample of farmer's pesticide (Machete

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Photo 6. A photo while interviewing one of the

Photo 7. A photo of pesticides

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