Dispay types explained

Savastre Andrei

Screens dominate our lives, and we’re looking at them more and more.
Between the screens on phones, TVs, computers, and even fridges, you
probably rely on looking at a screen for many aspects of your life. But those
displays can actually be made in a number of different ways. And different
display types offer different advantages and disadvantages.

Confused by all the different display names, and what they mean for your
devices? Here’s a brief explainer of display technologies, and what makes them
great.

Display types explained: LCD displays

By far the most common display type today is the LCD, or Liquid Crystal Display
(so yes, the title LCD display is redundant). LCDs basically use a thin crystal
solution layer sandwiched between two polarized glass panels. A grid of
millions of transistors then supplies power to the crystals, causing them to open
or close, and ultimately filtering the light that can pass through the polarized
layer in a way that creates an image. LCDs can let through or block light on a
per-pixel basis. When you have millions of pixels, that can make for a relatively
detailed image.

Of course, you might be wondering how these displays can produce color, and
for a long time they didn’t — and still don’t on many LCDs. This is done by
dividing each pixel into three sub-pixels, which is an individually controlled LCD
segment. And, each sub-pixel has a red, green, or blue (RGB) color filter, and
combining these can effectively create any color.

There’s one final component to LCD technology — a backlight. The backlight

supplies the light that is ultimately filtered to create an image. Traditionally,
LCDs have used CCFL backlights, which contain mercury. But recently,
manufacturers have instead turned to a different type of backlight — the LED.

Display types explained: LED displays

Figură 1

By now you’ve probably caught on to the fact that LED displays aren’t different
from LCDs. In fact, LED displays are a type of LCD. But what defines an LED
display has less to do with how the display filters light, and more to do with the
source of that light in the first place.

LED stands for Light-Emitting Diode, and it basically works by passing a current
through a semiconductor material. For the purposes of this guide, it doesn’t
really matter how LEDs work though — just that they produce light.

But there are different types of LED displays — and the different types largely
have to do with how many LEDs there are, and where they’re located.

Edge-lit LED displays

Most older LED displays are edge-lit, which basically means that there’s a series
of LEDs placed around the edges of the display. The light created by these LEDs
is scattered with a light diffuser, creating a more uniform image. That’s why you
don’t only see an image around the edges of the screen. But the downside is
that these displays aren’t as bright as other types of LED displays.

Direct-lit LED displays

Direct-lit LED displays do away with edge-lighting and instead place a few LEDs
throughout the back of the screen, meaning that more light is supplied, and
light is more uniform across the display. This allows for a brighter image as a
whole. This technology is usually only found on low-end to midrange TVs.
Full-array LED displays

Full-array LED displays are similar to direct-lit LED displays in that they have LED
lights throughout the back of the screen. But instead of a few LEDs, full-array
LED displays have a few dozen LEDs. And, those LEDs can be individually turned
on and off.

There are some serious advantages to this. The filters on offer by LCD displays
are pretty good at blocking light, but they can’t block all of it. Some light still
gets through — and the result is that when there’s something black on the
screen, it’s not true black. But when you can turn off and dim a segment of the
backlight, there’s no light to be let through in the first place, creating a deeper
black. Recently, full-array LED TVs have been getting more and more lights, also
known as “dimming zones.”

Mini-LED displays

As the name suggests, mini-LED technology shrinks down the size of each

individual LED behind a display — and the result is that more of them can be
included. With mini-LED technology, displays can go from having a few dozen
backlights to hundreds of them, each of which can be individually controlled.
This allows for more detailed dimming, meaning that even smaller areas of
black on the display can be turned off. On average, mini-LEDs measure around
0.008 inches. That’s around one-fifth of the size of a traditional LED.

Micro-LED displays

Smaller is better right? That’s where micro-LED displays come in. There are very
few micro-LED displays on the market right now, but they’re widely considered
to be the future — and we expect more and more of them will start coming out
soon. Mini-LEDs measure in at around 0.002 inches, essentially meaning that
there could be a single LED for each pixel on a display. When each of these
mini-LEDs can be individually controlled, you can’t do much better.

Of course, that doesn’t mean that LEDs won’t get smaller. In fact, they might
have to. As we head towards a world with higher-resolution displays, pixels
continue to get smaller and smaller, and LEDs will have to follow as long as the
LCD display is the prominent type of display.

Display types explained: QLED displays

Figură 2

QLED, or quantum dot light-emitting diode displays, are also a type of LCD.
“True” quantum light-emitting diodes emit their own light, but most
of Samsung’s QLED TVs actually combine the concepts and still include
backlighting.

What really defines a QLED TV is the use of a quantum dot filter, which is a film
of tiny molecules that emit their own differently colored light when hit by light.
These quantum dots can essentially produce a brighter image and deeper
colors. And, because of how efficient they are, very little light is lost. Usually,
because the backlight is a bright blue, the quantum dots are green and red.

Recent Samsung QLED TVs combine the best backlighting tech with this
quantum dot approach. These TVs, called Neo QLED TVs, offer quantum dot
tech with a mini-LED backlight to make for deep black levels. Eventually, QLED
TVs may offer micro-LED backlighting.

Companies other than Samsung may use quantum dot technology without
referring to it as a QLED display.

Display types explained: OLED displays

Figură 3

So far, all the display types we have gone over are built on LCD technology. But
OLED (organic light-emitting diode) displays do away with it altogether. This
tech is found on many high-end TVs, especially from LG, but may be challenged
by micro-LED displays in the near future.

OLED displays don’t have polarizing layers or fancy crystals. Instead, when
voltage is applied, each sub-pixel in an OLED display lights up. Each sub-pixel
contains a different molecule that reacts differently to the applied voltage. As a
result, different colors are produced.

You might have noticed that I said that sub-pixels “light up” when voltage is
applied — and it’s true. That means that a backlight isn’t needed on OLED
displays. Voltage can also just not be applied to a pixel when there’s black on
the image, making for true black levels.

There are some major disadvantages to OLED displays. Notably, OLED displays
just aren’t as bright as LCD displays, because they don’t have a backlight. Also,
the materials used to create them are more expensive.

Display types explained: QD-OLED displays

What happens when you combine the best TV technologies around? You get
QD-OLED displays. These displays are basically hybrids of quantum dot and
OLED displays, offering the advantages of each.
The basic gist of a QD-OLED display is that it takes the OLED tech, and improves
on its brightness and color with quantum dot technology. This means that you
can get the same deep black levels of OLED displays, with the impressive
brightness of QLED TVs.

There are a few TVs with QD-OLED displays coming out now, but they’re still
very expensive. Eventually, the technology will get more common.

So which display technology is best?

Well, it depends. QLED TVs can get a fair bit brighter than OLED TVs, but most
agree that OLED TVs can still get bright enough for most uses. And the
advantage of the true black levels on offer by OLED still make for high contrast.
For now, the best OLED TVs offer a better overall image quality than the best
QLED TVs. As Samsung continues to refine QLED tech, that could change.

The advantages of OLED TVs are that they produce true blacks, and as a result,
higher contrast, and that they have better off-angle viewing. The advantage of
QLED displays is that they’re brighter and cheaper than OLED panels.

Calculating an LED resistor value

Figură 4

An LED must have a resistor connected in series to limit the current through
the LED, otherwise it will burn out almost instantly.
The resistor value, R is given by:
R=( V s−V L ) / I

R = resistor value in ohms ( ).

VS = supply voltage.
VL = LED voltage (2V, or 4V for blue and white LEDs).
I = LED current in amps (A)
 The LED current must be less than the maximum permitted for your LED. For
standard 5mm diameter LEDs the maximum current is usually 20mA, so
10mA or 15mA are suitable values for many circuits. The current must be in
amps (A) for the calculation, to convert from mA to A divide the current in mA
by 1000.
If the calculated value is not available choose the nearest standard resistor
value which is greater, so that the current will be a little less than you chose.
In fact you may wish to choose a greater resistor value to reduce the current
(to increase battery life for example) but this will make the LED less bright.
For example
If the supply voltage VS = 9V, and you have a red LED (VL = 2V), requiring a
current I = 20mA = 0.020A,
( 9 V −2V )
R= =350 Ω ,so choose 390  (the nearest standard value which is
0.02 A
greater).

References
https://bgr.com/guides/display-types-explained/

https://electronicsclub.info/leds.htm#:~:text=A%20red%2C%20a
%20yellow%20and,three%20LED%20voltages%20added%20up).