CPA-2022 Module

FIRST QUARTER
CHAPTER I
INTEGRATIVE ART AS APPLIED TO CONTEMPORARY ART
Overview:
This chapter presents lessons that discuss the characteristics of
contemporary arts, and how it is different from the traditional arts. It is also
presenting lessons that discuss the combination of different contemporary
artforms.
Learning Competencies:
At the end of this chapter, the students can:
a. identifies various contemporary artforms and their practices from the
various regions; and
b. classifies various artforms found in the Philippines.
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LESSON 1
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE ARTS
Overview:
This lesson shines a beam of light on the contexts of contemporary art.
Context is not just background or backdrop; it is intricately wedded to form—
what is art is made of, and how it is made. Art is shaped by and draws
inspiration from the society and at the same time, art is honed by the specific
conditions that engendered its production. In this lesson, under contemporary
arts, we will learn the different elements and principles of arts, nature and
importance of arts.
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, the students can:
a. define art;
b. create a composition of art using its elements and principles; and
c. identify the subject matter and form in a painting.
Lesson Content:
UNDERSTANDING THE ARTS
According to Marcos (2006), the word art supplies various meanings,
including ability - human capacity to create things of beauty and things that
stir us; process - art encompasses acts, such as drawing, painting, sculpture,
designing buildings and using the camera to create, and product - completed
work or the final product.
To understand better the meaning of art, the book entitled The Arts: An
Introduction to the Humanities (Cerbo et al, 2010) provided the following
definitions of art:
• Art as a skill or mastery

The term art is used to simply refer to any skill or mastery that is
manifested in the outstanding product of an endeavour which is an expression
of man's ideas and emotions.
• Art as a process or a product of a creative skill

Art is a process because it involves arranging the aesthetic elements in
an artistically interesting and appealing manner.
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• Art as a universal language
The language of art is diverse. Each artform has its own artistic
elements. Literature uses colorful words, imagery, figurative language, and
other literary devices; music uses melody, harmony, dynamics, and other
elements; dance make use of graceful movements and choreography; theater
uses most, if not all, of the elements of the other art forms; painting, sculpture
and architecture share the visual elements of color, line, shape, form, space,
and texture. By exploring the different artistic elements of the art forms, the
artists create works of art that appeal to the senses, evoking appreciation
from the perceivers. Art expresses feelings and ideas shared by all individuals
regardless of culture. Thus, it could be understood by everyone.
• Art as a representation of reality

According to Aristotle, art is a reflection or a mirror of reality. The
traditional idea of art as imitation of life had been widely accepted throughout
the ages. Thus, fidelity of art to the existing physical reality had been the aim
of creating. However, the notion of `reality' evolved. Adhering to the idea of
Plato that the essence of a thing is more 'real' than the thing itself, some
advocated that reality is not what the physical make-up of it but what it stands
for, its essence, the reality.
• Art reflects the characteristics of a period

During the medieval period, the dominance of the church initiated the
expression of spiritual truths depicted in all the artworks of the time. For
instance, in the visual arts, figures were presented in idealized 'flat' forms to
signify a lack of focus on the material world.
During the renaissance period, the value ascribed to the material world
was the shown in the more defined and realistic rendition of the world human
body in the visual arts.
The modern period characterizes the idealistic search for truth and the
realization that it is not attainable; thus, relativity is accepted as an avoidable
truth. This is manifested by the varied experimentations of artistic
expressions.
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• Art shows the manner of existence of the people
Through art, we gain awareness that the people during the Old Stone
Age lived in caves and that they manifested their artistry by drawing and
sketching. People used to hunt animals for food. The drawing could also be
their way of showing their goals and aspirations in life, considering that not all
the animals depicted in their paintings existed in their vicinity during those
times. Our generation could consider them the earliest visual artists.
Composition of Art
Subject Matter. Every creation or work of art has a subject. In fact, the
subject or topic can be any person, animal, thing, or issue that is described or
depicted in an artwork (Benavidez-Perez, 2016).
There are two types of subject matter, the representational art and the
non-representational art.
• In representational art or objective art, we can easily see identifiable

figures or objects. Even abstract art depicts recognizable objects.
However, in abstract art, the appearance of objects is not realistically
presented. Below are the possible subjects of representational art:
✓ Interesting Person/s or Animal/s
✓ The Human Form
✓ Human Activities
✓ Commemorative Events
✓ Common Objects
✓ Nature
✓ Deity
• Non-representational art or non-objective art does not depict

recognizable objects. Neither it has stories to tell nor descriptions to
give. Art’s power to communicate rests on the language of art itself.
Form. It is the specific quality of an artistic expressions which includes all the
visual aspects of the work that can be isolated and described. It is the surface
feature of an artwork that has nothing to do with the art’s in-depth meaning.
Content. It is what the artwork is about. It contains the message that the artist
is trying to express or communicate. Through the content, the attitude and the
personality of the artist towards his subject is revealed, and the artistic value
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of his artwork can be measured by its originality, its imaginative quality, its
sincerity, and its truth.
Medium. It is the instrument of the artist in translating his feelings and

thoughts into form. It could be the substance the artwork is made from.
Technique. It is how well an artist knows and uses his medium in achieving
what he wants in his creation. It is how he selects and arranges his materials
to achieve a specific effect. Every artist has his own technique in creating a
work of art. Despite using the same medium while working on similar subjects,
he accomplishes unique effects because of employing his own technique.
Elements of Art
1. Line. It is the most fundamental of all the elements. It is an identifiable
path traced by moving point. A line can be horizontal - suggests a feeling
of rest, infinity, and perfect stability because objects parallel to the earth
are at rest; vertical - gives an impression of height and dominance or
power as they are pointing or extending towards the sky; diagonal –
convey a feeling of action, movement, unrest, or uncertainty. A line can
also be curved that creates a sense of smoothness, softness, and
continuity.
2. Shape and Form. Shape is a two-dimensional figure (Length and Width)

formed when the ends of a line meet. Hence, lines usually define shapes
such as circles, square triangle and rectangle. On the other hand, form
exist in three dimensions (length, width, and height) and can be viewed
from more than one side or perspective. It could either be geometric
(circles, squares, rectangles, cubes, and cylinders) or organic (irregular or
asymmetrical and complex). Geometric shapes and forms can commonly
be seen in buildings, chairs, tables, and other common items, while
organic ones are often found in nature.
3. Value or Tone. It refers to the relative lightness or darkness in anything

that is visible. It has to do with the amount of light in an artwork. It is an
essential tool in creating an illusion of depth. Chiaroscuro, an Italian term
in an art for the contrast between light and dark, is a technique that
intensifies the emotion in a painting and also presents a strong emphasis
on the subject.
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4. Color. It refers to the product of light of different wavelengths reflected off
objects. In short, color relies on light. This is why it is harder to see colors
when the light is dim. In fact, color is what the eyes see when light is
reflected off an object. Color has three properties: hue, value, and intensity.
Hue refers to the quality by which we distinguished colors. When people
are talking about the color of something, they are actually referring to the
hue of that object. The relationships of colors can be clearly seen in a color
wheel. Value as mentioned earlier, refers to the lightness or darkness of a
hue. Intensity, or saturation, refers to the brightness or dullness of a hue, or
the relative purity or strength of a color.
5. Space. It is an element of art that refers to the distance between, around,

above, below, and within things. The space occupied by the shape is called
positive space, and the space around is called negative space.
6. Texture. It refers to the surface quality. It refers to the way things feel, or
look as though they might feel, if touched. The physical property of objects
is called actual texture. This is first known by actually touching objects.
Visual texture influences our perception in viewing an artwork. Even before
touching a surface, we may be sure how the texture feels just by observing.
Principles of Design
1. Balance. It is principle of art concerned with arranging elements so no part
of work overpowers, or seems heavier than any other part. There are two
types of balance: symmetrical or formal balance and asymmetrical or
informal balance. Formal balance, or symmetrical balance, refers to two
sides that are identical to each other, and has equal visual weight. Informal
balance or asymmetrical balance, refers to two sides that are not identical
each other yet equal in visual weight.
2. Proportion. It is a principle of art concerned with the relationship of one

part to another and of the parts to the whole. It is a belief that a well-
proportioned shape is pleasing to the eye.
3. Rhythm. Similar alternation to musical rhythm, visual rhythm is

characterized by the repetition or alternation of elements in an artwork to
create a sense of movement, unite a composition, and establish a pattern
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or texture. The presence of rhythm creates order or development in an
artwork. There are four kinds of rhythm - regular, flowing, progressive, and
alternating. Regular rhythm occurs when the intervals between the
elements, and the elements themselves, are similar in size or length. A
flowing rhythm signifies directional movement. A progressive rhythm shows
a developing sequence of forms. An alternating rhythm displays alternation
of elements and may be applied to all kinds of rhythms.
4. Emphasis and Subordination. Emphasis is the principle that makes a

creation stand out by giving more attention to certain parts and giving
importance or dominance to a unit or area. To give less importance, and to
purposely make other areas of the composition less visually interesting is
subordination.
5. Unity and Variety. Unity, also called harmony, refers to the coherence of
the elements of a work to the whole. It is when achieved when all the
design elements and principles work harmoniously together, giving the
viewers a satisfying sense of belonging and relationship. On the other
hand, variety refers to the diversity of a work of art. Violations are produced
to prevent monotony and uniformity in the design.
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LESSON 2
TRADITIONAL ART AND CONTEMPORARY ART
Overview:
Hundreds of years have passed, and art has gone a long way. We can
say that the art we are experiencing nowadays is so different form the art
where artists perfected their craft the traditional way- practicing “mimesis” in
imitating the model exactly as it is. After World War II, emerged the newest for
of art called contemporary art. This lesson describes the characteristics of
contemporary art. How does it differ from traditional art.
Learning Outcomes:
a. define traditional art and contemporary art;
b. develop an idea how to promote traditional and contemporary art in the
region;
c. create a presentation promoting the region’s traditional and contemporary
art; and
d. explain the difference between contemporary art and traditional art.
Lesson Content:
Traditional Arts
The Philippines is home to various traditional arts. These are the arts
that have been handed or passed down from the master craftsmen to their
apprentices. Most are learned informally and usually produced in indigenous
communities, reflecting history and culture.
The terms "traditional" and "folk" may be used interchangeably to refer

to those aspects of learned behaviour (culture) that are transferred through
word of mouth and/or by following an example set within a cultural group.
Traditional art is learned from family or community members and is passed
along through generations, with each artist remaining true to time-honored
methods or techniques, yet free to add personal creativity to the process. Folk
or tradition artists are highly trained, and it is the manner of their training that
earns them the designation of “folk.”
Animism is the usual theme of traditional arts. To depict something of
the people’s gods and goddesses is the main intention, thus, resulting in the
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creation of abstract symbols of animistic figures. One best example of this is
the Bulul of Ifugaos. Other examples are the woven basketry of the
Mangyans, the t'nalak of tapestry woven by the T’bolis in South Cotabato, the
pissiyabit (head cloth) of Mindanao, and the embroided jusi and pina cloth of
Lumban, Laguna.
Contemporary Art
Traditional art is different from contemporary art. Traditional art is
culture bound, while contemporary art is not bounded by any rule or standard.
Contemporary art revolves around the feelings and thoughts of the artist, and
messages to his/her audience. It uses a wide variety of materials, media,
techniques, and styles. It is characterized by being conceptual, innovative,
expressive, and experimental compared to traditional art. In addition, it allows
the viewers to participate in the experience and urges them to validate their
own beliefs.
As mentioned earlier, contemporary art emerged after World War II.

Some experts say that its emergence took place sometime during the start of
postmodernism in the West, at around late 1970s. This was the time when
artists reacted to the previous period of art called modernism. It was the time
that gave birth to the idea that "less is more," and the time when artists
adored the idea of purity and simplicity. A stream-lined form and style was
fundamental in creating something new at that time.
Contemporary art challenges tradition. If traditional artists' art consisted

of portraits, landscapes, still life and human interest, mostly as naturally as
possible, the contemporary artists' artistic works are expressions of freedom,
experimentation and exploration of patterns, figures, objects, and a
combination of mixed styles, materials, techniques, and concepts.
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LESSON 3
CONTEMPORARY ART APPRECIATION
Overview:
Truly, art is important in human existence. It is for everyone to
experience and enjoy. Its expression and appreciation are not limited to the
wealthy or to the elite. However, the viewers of art can only appreciate
artworks if they can fully understand ang grasp the meaning of the artwork.
When viewing a particular work of art, you should always bring with you the
knowledge of art, and judgement of beauty, because, when the viewers are
educated enough in art, or have been exposed to various works of art in
different contexts, they can appreciate the physical qualities of the artwork,
interpret its content and meaning, and make a judgement whether it is
beautiful or not.
Learning Outcomes:
a. describe contemporary artworks;
b. explain the importance of contemporary art appreciation;
c. compose a song that explains the importance of art appreciation.
Lesson Content:
Describing Contemporary Art
To be able to appreciate artworks that are in the contemporary style,

you need to learn how to describe contemporary art by discussing its subject
matter, medium, form, and style. Contemporary art requires your knowledge
of the elements and principles of design which is very essential to description.
What you see that is depicted in the artwork is the subject matter.
Questions like, "What is the main figure in the artwork?" "How is it placed
within the artistic frame?" and "How do the other figures in the art work relate
to the main figure?" will surely help you in discussing the subject matter. What
the artwork is made of is the material. It can be a combination of objects used
in the artwork. Questions like, "What are the material or objects used by the
artist?" "Do these materials bring out the intended effect of the artist?" "If the
artist chose another material, do you think the same effect will be achieved?"
will lead you to the appropriate description of materials. Art elements and
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principles refer to physical qualities of the artwork. To guide you in describing
the contemporary artworks considering its elements and principles, you may
ask yourself questions like, "What are the dominant elements in the artwork?"
"How are these used in the artwork?" "How are line, shape, or volume used
within the artistic frame?" "How are texture, movement, or space used within
the artistic frame?" "What are the unifying features in the artistic
composition?" "Are there any variations among the repeated elements?" and
lastly, "How does the art form appeal to the visual sense?"
These are the many things to consider before you can fully appreciate
art. If you are able to answer all the questions, you can say that you are
already appreciating the arts. When you keep questioning yourself about a
specific thing, it is an indication that you are interested in that particular thing
which also means, you are appreciating it.
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LESSON 4
CONTEMPORARY ART FORMS
Overview:
Lesson 4 will discuss about various contemporary art forms and
practices found in the region. It will help students to reflect on the artforms
found in their own community.
Learning Outcomes:
a. identify various contemporary artforms and their practices from the various
regions;
b. reflect on the art forms found in your community; and
c. plan and present a group mini presentation.
Lesson Content:
According to Perez (2016), the arts are classified in distinct forms:
music, dance, theatre, visual arts, literature, film and broadcast arts, and
architecture, design and allied arts. However, the arts in the regions have
evolved and taken a new form. The arts have combined to create integrative
art. There is now an interconnection among the arts, resulting in the
combination of arts.
Contemporary art forms in the regions now include choreography,

musical instruments, literary and music composition, visual design, theatrical
performance, and cinema.
Choreography is an arrangement or design for dance movements usually

accompanied by music. It is the art of dancing that is composed of a series of
dance steps and movements to create a story. It has become in integrated art
because it incorporates both dance and music.
Musical Instruments. A musical instrument is any tool or device that

produces sound. It consists of an array of shapes and styles from simple to
the complex. Integration of arts is seen through the intricate designs of
musical instruments, representing visual arts; and their function, which is
primarily to create music. A musical instrument is an example of integrative
art.
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Literary and Musical Compositions. Literary works are written works meant
to be read, sung, or delivered in a play. Musical compositions, on the other
hand, are not written but notated, represented by musical symbols. These two
types of compositions are some of the easiest art forms to integrate with
another form. Literary pieces, such as novels, short stories, and epics are the
most common bases of their forms like theater and cinema. A theater without
a playwright is nothing; so is a cinema without a scriptwriter.
Visual Design. It is a composition or layout of lines, shapes, and color to form

patterns on paper, textile, or any piece for that matter. It can be found in either
two-dimensional works like painting and drawing; or three-dimensional works
like installation and sculpture.
Theatrical Performance. It refers to the staging and execution of a

production, like drama, opera, festivals, and the like. It pertains to a public
presentation of a dramatic or musical entertainment. It is interdisciplinary
because it goes beyond theatre, and other art forms, like puppetry, cinema,
and sculpture. It also goes out to the other disciplines like psychology, and the
social and political sciences.
Cinema. It is the most popular of the art forms, it is similar to the theatre,
except that it is not a live performance and the action is seen on a flat screen.
Although, it appeared only in the early 1900s in Manila and later spread in the
regions, it has gained public acceptance.
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CHAPTER II
CONTEMPORARY ARTS IN THE PHILIPPINES
Overview:
This chapter presents lessons that discuss the characteristics of an
authentic contemporary Philippine art, and the effects of colonization to the
Philippines’ cultural identity. It also discusses the importance of art centers in
the Philippines, and the roles of the artists and their significant contributions to
the promotion and preservation of our country’s cultural heritage.
a. define contemporary arts in the Philippines;
b. researches on various contemporary artforms;
c. explains Filipino artists’ role and identify their contribution to
contemporary arts;
d. evaluates contemporary artforms based on the elements and
principles;
e. compares forms of arts from the different regions;
f. interprets and relates the significance of art forms from the regions;
and
g. promotes arts from the region.
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LESSON 5
PHILIPPINE ART
Overview:
The Philippine is undeniably rich in culture and the arts. However,
many professional art critics still question the authenticity of the Fillipino-ness
of the artworks produced by Filipinos.
With regards to subject matter, the most common themes in the

Philippine contemporary art scene responses to social, economic, and
political issues, ethnic and indigenous concerns, and current events.
Philippine folklore, mythology and philosophical thoughts are also considered
as subject matter. In addition, subjects like landscapes, still life, genre scenes,
portraits, and Philippine fiestas and landmarks are mostly used in visual arts,
as well as, those concerning superstitions and the supernatural. We can say
that all these subjects have helped developed our sense of national identity.
Learning Outcomes:
a. discuss the characteristics of Philippine art;
b. explain the effect of colonization to our country’s national identity; and
c. compose a rap song that reflects on the authenticity of the Filipino-ness in
Philippine art.
Lesson Content:
“What is Philippine About Philippine Art”
Leo Benesa
What makes Philippine Art Filipino? To what extent is Philippine art

derivative of Western art? Is there anything "Filipino" about, for example, the
Manila Wyeth school, the so-called magic realists? How about the paintings of
Fernando Amorsolo, Carlos Francisco and Hemando R. Ocampo, all of whom
have been identified in a big way with the native sensibility?
The questions above are merely a rephrasing of the old problem of

national identity in the visual or plastic arts. Admittedly, the issue is not as hot
as it used to be, say, in the 1950s and 1960s. But it is a question that will
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always haunt art watchers hereabouts, and which usually surfaces in art
forums.
Genre used to be a major consideration in determining the "Filipino-

ness" of a work of art at least in painting. The idea was that the depiction of
scenes of everyday life and the surroundings without idealizing them was
closest in spirit to the Filipino soul and native soil. (What saves the local
magic realists from being completely derivative is their sense of genre.)
Thus, the pastoral or rural paintings of Amorsolo for a long time were
considered to be most expressive of the ethos of the race and the
predominantly agricultural countryside. On the other hand, the Filipino-ness of
Francisco's paintings inheres in his heroic-epic feeling for history and myth.
It is true that the Angono painter also did genre subjects, as in his
paintings of festivals and other town or poblacion happenings. But he was
most at home doing subjects dealing with the history of the race, as well as its
prehistory redolent with the musk of myth and legend.
Because of the abstract language or imagery used, it is not as easy

pinpointing the reason why some critics have described Ocampo as “the most
Filipino” painter ever. We have to shift from content to style here, to Ocampo’s
unique painterly approach which is the most original hereabouts in spite of its
surrealistic and cubistic beginnings and underpinnings.
We know for a fact that Ocampo was no espouser of "nationalistic"

causes insofar as art was concerned. As the lately departed painter from
Maypajo used to tell us, whatever you are painting or sculpting, if you are a
good artist, your work will automatically be Filipino.
Indeed Amorsolo, Francisco and Ocampo were very Filipino in their art
because they felt strongly about what they were doing and painted well and
memorably. In other words, insofar as the critics and historians are
concerned, the three were painters first and bearers of messages second, or
painters and message-bearers in equal measure.
A great deal of the confusion in cultural identity stems from the fact that
Philippine art belongs to the western tradition in its use of paint and canvas
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and other materials, as well as in such influences as impressionism,
expressionism, surrealism, cubism, pop, minimalism and so on.
The fact is that all the modern art movements in the ASEAN region
were inspired by Western models. Indonesia's pioneering contemporary
painters, Sudjojono and Affandi (the equivalents of our Edades and Ocampo),
used easel and canvas and are no less Indonesian thereby. Malaysia's
Mohidin and Thailand's Srisouta are also west-oriented, but they have not lost
their Asian, and national identities because of it.
How about our expatriates? Can the Spoliarium, executed by Juan

Luna while in Europe, be considered a Filipino painting? Is Macario Vitalis
less, or no longer, Filipino, living and painting in a village by the Breton sea for
the last 40 to 50 years? Hasn't Bencab become more "Filipino" living and
painting in London? Is Tabuena in San Miguel de Allende now to be
considered a Mexican painter? Choose your wild.
Fernando Amorsolo Palay Maiden Leonardo da Vinci La Gioconda
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LESSON 6
PHILIPPINE POPULAR ART
Overview:
The art of the Philippines refers to the works of art that have developed
and accumulated in the Philippines from the beginning of civilization in the
country up to the present era. It reflects to its society and non-Filipinos the
wide range of cultural influences on the country’s culture and how these
influences honed the country’s arts. The most common art forms of pop art
culture are Philippine Popular Literature, Philippine Popular Music, Philippine
Popular Dance, and Philippine Popular Movie.
Learning Outcomes:
a. define Philippine Popular Art;
b. discuss the characteristics of Philippine Popular Art; and
c. enumerate the forms of popular art in the Philippines.
Lesson Content:
Pop art is short for popular art. It refers to works of art that are
generally recognized, consumed and enjoyed by the majority of the Filipino
people or the so-called “masang Pilipino.” They are the most often trendy,
representing or playing upon current interests while at the same time building
upon previous working formulas. Their popularity may not last but their
influence is quite strong while they are popular.
In the Philippines, the most common art forms of pop art culture are
Philippine Popular Literature, Philippine Popular Music, Philippine Popular
Dance, and Philippine Popular Movie.
In literature, one of the most notable people nowadays is Bob Ong, a
contemporary Filipino author known for using conversational writing technique
to create humorous and reflective depictions of Philippine life. Ong was able
to write and publish his best-selling books such as ABNKKBSNPLAKo?!,
Bakit Baliktad Magbasa ng Libro Ang Mga Pilipino?, Macarthur, etc. It is with
no doubt that the Filipino masses really patronize Bob Ong's works because,
while most of his books may have an element of comedy in them, this is
presented in a manner that replicates Filipino culture and traditions. This is
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likely the reason why his first book - and those that followed it, can be
considered true Pinoy classics.
Meanwhile, in the Philippine music industry, Original Pinoy Music

(OPM) or Pinoy pop has been regularly showcased in the live band scene.
Groups such as Neocolours, Side A, Introvoys, The Teeth, Yano, True Faith,
Passage and Freestyle popularized songs that clearly reflect the sentimental
character of OPM pop. In the new millennium up to the 2010s, famous Filipino
pop music artists include Sarah Geronimo, Erik Santos, Yeng Constantino,
among others.
Philippines is the home of world-class talent. In the field of dancing,

Filipinos still ranked up and holds the title for being the best. Some of the
most famous dance groups in the Philippines nowadays are Philippine All Star
Dance crew, ATeam, XB Gensan, El Gamma Penumbra, etc.
In the movie industry, it is good to know that there are more indie films
that are being produced nowadays than mainstream movies. Some examples
of them are Heneral Luna, Ang Babae sa Septic Tank, Die Beautiful, and
many more.
Usually, media influences play a large role in popularizing of these pop

art forms. Its consumers are the general public of the masa (masses). In the
Philippines, these people comprise 95 percent of the population, so Philippine
culture is actually dominated by pop.
Many of the elite see pop culture as lowbrow and look down on it. Love
of pop culture is often stereotyped as a sign of poor taste and cheapness but
in fact, within the general category of pop culture there are still degrees of
quality. There are types of pop culture that are so much a part of Philippine
life that all Filipinos have an attachment to these. There are those loved by
particular groups, such as hip-hop or rock. There are those that seem lacking
in value and quality but attract the uneducated.
Philippine the pop culture is easily recognized. Pinoy pop culture is an

urban phenomenon. Often, imitative, it is a fusion of folk, ethnic, foreign, and
the masa. Most of all it is about the Pinoys.
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LESSON 7
ARTS PROMOTION AND PRESERVATION
Overview:
Arts and culture are integral to nation building. To promote and
propagate the arts and cultural heritage of the country and its different
regions, the state created the NCAA. Its six agencies (CCP, NLP, the NHCP,
National Museum, National Archives, and the KWF) ensure the promotion and
preservation of the country’s heritage in culture and the arts.
Learning Outcomes:
a. promotes arts from the region;
b. explain how the Philippine government and its people value art, culture,
and heritage.; and
c. make a proposal for an establishment or creation of a new government
agency or institution that would promote and preserve the arts and culture
in your region.
Lesson Content:
Arts Promotion and Preservation
Art is a national heritage that is essential in building the nation and
ensuring democracy. Paintings, sculptures, songs, dances, poetry, and other
art forms remind people of the origins, histories, struggles, and triumphs of the
nation. When people, for example, look at the monument in Luneta or sing the
national anthem, they are participating in the expression country's nationhood.
When citizens are conscious and proud of their cultural heritage, became
active agents in nation building. As part of the democratic thrust of Corazon
Aquino administration, Executive Order No. 118 created the Presidential
Commission on Culture and the Arts in 1987. Five years later, Republic Act
7356 established the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA).
National Commission for Culture and the Arts

The NCCA is the country's "overall policy making body, coordinating,
and grants giving agency for the preservation, development, and promotion of
Philippine arts and culture." The creation of the NCCA serves as the state's
initiative to promote and develop art and culture awareness in the country.
The need for a government institution for culture and arts dissemination is
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imperative because the Philippines is composed of many regions. The NCCA,
through its committees and subcommittees, ensures that the interests of the
various regions are represented. There are six arts and cultural government
agencies under the NCCA.
National Commission for Culture and the Arts
Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP)

For almost 50 years, CCP has been serving as the premier venue in
the Philippines for culture and the arts. It has hosted numerous shows and
exhibitions on both performance and visual arts. CCP is also responsible for
bringing together the different arts from the region to the entire and the whole
world. It is home to nine artistic resident companies such as National Music
Competition for Young Artists Foundation (NAMCYA), Ballet Philippines,
Philippine Madrigal Singers, Philippine Ballet Folk Theater, UST Symphony
and Ramon Obusan Folkloric Group. These companies regularly stage
productions, conduct workshops, and provide outreach to the community.
Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP)
National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP)

The NHCP was created with a vision of
"a Filipino society with citizens informed of their
history, who love their country and are proud of
their cultural heritage." The NHCP carries out
its mandate by promoting "Philippine history
and cultural heritage through research,
dissemination, conservation, sites management, and heraldry works." Much of
21
the work done by the NHCP is the identification, conservation, and restoration
of historical sites around the different regions of the country. Through the
efforts of the NHCP, Filipinos may have "awareness and appreciation of the
noble deeds and ideals of our heroes and other illustrious Filipinos, to instill
pride in the Filipino race and to rekindle the Filipino spirit through the lesson of
history,” to have a nation whose people value the past looking into the future.
Recently, the NHCP erected and dedicated a monument in Parang,

Maguindanao in honor of Salipada K. Pendatun, to honor his invaluable
contribution in Philippine History. Here is the marker that stands on-site:
SALIPADA K. PENDATUN
(1921-1985)
ISINILANG SA PIKIT, COTABATO, 3 DISYEMBRE 1912. NAGTAPOS
NG ABOGASYA SA UNIBERSIDAD NG PILIPINAS AT PUMASA SA
PHILIPPINE BAR, 1938. HINIRANG BILANG KASAPI NG LUPONG
PANLALAWIGAN NG COTABATO, 1938; NAHALAL, 1940. NAKOMISYON
BILANG 3RD LIEUTENTANT, PHILIPPINE ARMY RESERVE FORCE AT
NAPABILANG SA USAFFE BAGO SUMIKLAB AND IKALAWANG
DIGMAANG PANDAIGDIG. KASAMA SI UDTONG MATALAM, NAGTATAG
NG ISANG PUWERSANG GERILYA LABAN SA MGA HAPON SA
COTABATO. HINIRANG BILANG GOBERNADOR NG COTABATO
PAGKATAPOS NG DIGMAAN. NAHALAL BILANG SENADOR, 1946-1949;
TAGAPAYO, ADMINISTRASYONG QUIRINO,1950-1953; KINATAWAN NG
LALAWIGAN NG COTABATO SA KONGRESO, 1958-1961; 1962-1965;
1966-1969; 1970-1972; SPEAKER PRO TEMPORE, 1962-1967;
KINATAWAN NG MANGUINDANAO SA REGULAR BATASANG PAMBANSA
AT SPEAKER PRO TEMPORE, 1984-1985. YUMAO, 27 ENERO 1985.
National Museum of the Philippines

Located in the heart of Manila, the
National Museum of the Philippines in the
country’s repository of archaeological
artifacts, national treasures, and rare
specimens found and produced in the
country. The main task of this institution is
to solicit, document, preserve, exhibit, and promote the natural and artificial
wonders of the Philippines. The National Museum is also responsible for
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putting up a network of museums around the country to serve as a local
destination of the diverse natural and cultural heritage of the country. The
National Museum has two main divisions- the Natural History Museum and
the National Art Gallery.
Perhaps the most valuable artwork housed in the National Museum is

Juan Luna's opus, Spoliarium. It is the largest painting in the Philippines (4.22
meters x 7.675 meters); it is a winning masterpiece at the Exposicion de
Bellas Artes Madrid, Spain, in 1884.
National Library of the Philippines (NLP)

Established in 1901, the NLP was then called
the American Circulating Library to serve as
“memorial to American serviceman who died in the
Philippine soil.” Today, the NLP has the mandate of
serving as a "repository of the printed and recorded
cultural heritage of the country and other intellectual literary and
information sources” and providing "access to these resources for our
people's intellectual growth, citizenship building, lifelong learning and
enlightenment.” The NLP is home to rare books and documents such as Acta
de la Proclamacion de la Independencia del Pueblo Filipino and the
manuscript of the trial of Andres Bonifacio.
The cover page of the document Acta de la

Proclamacion de la Independencia del Pueblo Filipino
The National Archives of the Philippines

The history of the National Archives goes
back to the Treaty of Paris in 1898 "which of the
stipulated the relinquishment or cession of
documents from Spanish to American authorities and
provided for the preservation of documents.” Today,
the National Archives of the Philippines is guardian to over 400 documents
from the Spanish era dating 1551-1900 and various records form the
American period to the Republic.
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Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (KWF)
The KWF or the Commission on the Filipino
Language Act No. 7104: "Congress shall establish
a national language commission composed of
representatives of various regions and disciplines
which shall undertake, coordinate and promote
researches for the development, propagation, and
preservation of Filipino and other Philippine languages.” To promote and
develop our national language, the KWF has annually given the Talaang
Ginto: Makata ng Taon for Filipino poetry, Aklat ng Bayan, and other grants or
programs on fundings, awards, and projects.
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LESSON 8
NATIONAL ARTISTS OF THE PHILIPPINES
Overview:
Contemporary Filipino artists play an important role in enlightening the
people. The contribution of exemplary artists in nation building is duly
recognized through the Order of National Artists. Conferment of the award is
the country’s highest honor given to outstanding individuals in the arts. The
NCCA and the CCP are the government institutions that are tasked to
facilitate the process of nomination and selection of national artists. Since
1972, the award has recognized Filipinos who have dedicated their lives in the
production and promotion of Philippine Arts.
Learning Outcomes:
a. explain the Filipino artist’s roles and identity their contributions to
contemporary arts;
b. identify the Filipinos who are honored the Order of National Artists;
c. explain the criteria and qualifications for naming the national artist;
d. appreciate efforts of individuals in pursuit of the development of arts and
letters; and
e. draw a design incorporating the arts and motifs from different regions in
the country.
Lesson Content:
The Artist and the Contemporary Arts
According to esteemed critic and scholar Dr. Nicanor Tiongson, there is
a vital role played by contemporary artists in “creating art that will contribute to
social change by enlightening viewers and audiences about the nature and
causes of the problems they face as Filipinos today.” It is with this
“enlightenment” that gives the artists responsibility in their craft. Dr. Tiongson
challenges the artist to create art that has social and political relevance, a kind
of art that will contribute to an awareness of present realities and conditions of
society.
An Artist for the Nation

1972, the Philippines named its first national artist-world-class painter
Fernando Amorsolo. The national artist award is a great honor given to the
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Filipino whose life and works have contributed to the advancement of the
country's arts and letters.
The national artist then became part of the prestigious roster of the
Order of National Artists. NCCA and CCP jointly administer the nomination
and selection of the chosen exemplary artists, who are conferred by the
President of the country.
In 1972, Presidential Proclamation No. 1001, s. 1972 created and

established "the Award and Decoration of National Artist." This law enabled
the government "to give appropriate recognition and prestige to Filipinos who
have distinguished themselves and made outstanding contributions to
Philippine arts and letters.”
What Does It Take to Be a National Artist?

The National Artist award is the country's highest honor given to an
artist who, to the NCCA, "embodies the nation's highest ideals in the
humanities and aesthetic expression through the distinct achievements of
individual citizens."
The qualifications for a Filipino citizen and selected are very stringent.
Here are the qualifications for a Filipino to be nominated for the National Artist
award.
1. Living artists who are natural-born Filipino citizens at the time of

nomination, as well as those who died after the establishment of the award
in 1972 but were Filipino citizens at the time of their death. Filipinos who
have lost and reacquired Filipino citizenship, through dual citizenship status
for at least the minimum period of five years, eligible for nomination.
2. Artists who through the content and form of their works have contributed in
Filipino sense of nationhood.
3. Artists who have pioneered in a mode of creative expression or style, thus
earning distinction and making an impact on succeeding generations of
artists.
4. Artists who have created a substantial and significant body of works and/or
displayed excellence in the practice of their art form thus enriching artistic
style.
26
5. Artists who enjoy broad acceptance through the following:
5.1 Prestigious national and/or international recognition, such as the
Gawad CCP para sa Sining, CCP Thirteen Artists Award, and
NCCA Alab ng Haraya
5.2 Critical acclaim and/or reviews of their works
5.3 Respect and esteem from peers
What Does the Award Give?

As national artist of the Philippines, the individual is recognized for his
or her contribution to Philippine arts. According to the NCCA, the national
artist will be given the following:
1. The rank and title of National Artist, as proclaimed by the President of the
Philippines
2. The National Artist gold-plated medallion minted by the Bangko Sentral ng
Pilipinas (BSP) and citation
3. Lifetime emolument and material and physical benefits comparable in value
to those received by the highest officers of the land such as the following:
3.1 A minimum cash award of two hundred thousand pesos (P200
000.00), net of taxes for living awardees, and a minimum cash
award of one hundred fifty thousand pesos (P150 000.00), net of
taxes for posthumous awardees, payable to legal heir(s)
3.2 A minimum lifetime personal monthly stipend of thirty thousand
pesos (P30 000.00)
3.3 Life insurance coverage for awardees who are still insurable
3.4 A state funeral benefit not exceeding P500 000.00
3.5 A place of honor, in line with protocular precedence, in state
functions, national commemoration ceremonies, and all other
cultural presentations
The National Artist Insignia

On the right is the insignia of the Order of National Artists. It is a Grand
Collar adorned by circular links representing the arts. The main medallion
commemorates the sun and the colors of the Philippine flag. The highly
stylized three letters Ks stand for “katotohanan, kabutihan, at kagandahan”
(the true, the good, and the beautiful)
27
Who are named National Artists of the Philippines?
The following are the talented Filipino artists in the fields of music,
dance, theatre, visual arts, literature, film, broadcast arts, and architecture
given the honor of being part of the Order of National Artists:
Year Awardee Category Notes

1972 Fernando C. Amorsolo Visual Arts- Painting Posthumous
Conferment
1973 Francisca Reyes Aquino Dance
Carlos “Botong”Francisco Visual Arts- Painting Posthumous
Conferment
Amado V. Fernandez Literature Posthumous
Conferment
Antonio J. Molina Music
Juan Nakpil Architecture
Guillermo E. Tolentino Visual Arts-Sculpture
Jose Garcia Villa Literature
1976 Napoleon V. Abueva Visual Arts-Sculpture
Leonor Orosa- Goquingco Dance
Nick Joaquin Literature
Jovita Fuentes Music
Victorio Edades Visual Arts- Painting
Pablo Antonio Architecture Posthumous
Conferment
1981 Vicente Manansala Visual Arts- Painting Posthumous
Conferment
1982 Carlos P. Romulo Literature
Gerardo de Leon Film Posthumous
Conferment
1987 Honorata “Atang” de la Theater and Music
Rama
1988 Antonio Buenaventura Music
Lucrecia Reyes Urtula Dance
1989 Lucrecia R. Kasilag Music
1990 Francisco Arcellana Literature
Cesar Legaspi Visual Arts- Painting
Leandro V. Locsin Architecture
1991 Hernando R. Ocampo Visual Arts- Painting
Lucio D. San Pedro Music
1997 Lino Brocka Film Posthumous
Conferment
Felipe Padilla de Leon Music Posthumous
Conferment
Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero Theater Posthumous
Conferment
Rolando S. Tinio Theater and Literature Posthumous
Conferment
N.V.M Gonzalez Literature Posthumous
Conferment
Levi Celerio Music and Literature
Arturo R. Luz Visual Arts- Painting
Jose Maceda Music
Carlos Quirino Historical Literature
1999 J. Elizalde Navarro Visual Arts-Painting Posthumous
Conferment
Ernani Joson Cuenco Music Posthumous
Conferment
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Andrea O. Veneracion Music
Edith L. Tiempo Literature
Daisy Avellana Theater
2001 Ishmael Bernal Film Posthumous
Conferment
Severino Montano Theater Posthumous
Conferment
F. Sionil Jose Literature
Ang Kiukok Visual Arts- Painting
2003 Jose T. Joya Visual Arts- Painting Posthumous
Conferment
Virgilio S. Almario Literature
Alejandro R. Roces Literature
Eddie S. Romero Film and Broadcast
Art
Salvador F. Bernal Theater and Design
2006 BenCab Visual Arts- Painting
Abdulmari Asia Imao Visual Arts- Sculpture
Bienvenido Lumbera Literature
Ramon Obusan Dance
I.P. Santos Architecture-
Landscape
Fernando Poe Jr. Film Posthumous
Conferment
Ramon Valera Architecture Posthumous
Conferment
2009 Manuel Conde Film and Broadcast Posthumous
Arts Conferment
Lazaro Francisco Literature Posthumous
Conferment
Federico Aguilar Alcuaz Visual Arts- Painting, Posthumous
Sculpture and Mixed Conferment
Media
2014 Alice Reyes Dance
Francisco Coching Visual Arts Posthumous
Conferment
Cirilo F. Bautista Literature
Francisco Feleciano Music
Ramon Santos Music
Jose Maria Zaragoza Architecture
*Conferment was delayed due to controversy. Order was later bestowed to the candidates in
Malacañang Palace in November 2013.
29
LESSON 9
MUSIC
Overview:
In this lesson, you will learn how Filipino contemporary musicians have
developed music in terms of lyrics and instrumentation, sometimes
experimenting and combining instruments to make raw sounds. You will also
be guided on appreciation of music as a performing art genre.
Learning Outcomes:
a. identify to contemporary music composers in the different regions;
b. perform a contemporary musical piece; and
c. apply the appreciation of music in the song.
Lesson Content:
MUSIC
The power of music goes beyond

words. It can penetrate thinking, change our
mood, stimulate ideas, create space around
man or affect in a positive or negative way.
Composing music or simply listening does
not do anything practical for man. Nevertheless, it is a human activity that
satisfies man’s psychological and emotional needs. We respond to music
physically, emotionally, Intellectually, as it affects our brain functions, moods,
disposition, our character and thinking.
Music Production
Elements of music
• Rhythm- refers to the placement of the duration of notes and rests in time,
creating a pattern.
• Melody- is produced through to the succession of single tones that hang
together to produce the musical sound.
• Harmony- refers to the simultaneous sounding of tones, chords, and
vertical movement.
• Texture- refers to a weather of piece of music is conceived more in terms of
melodic lines or in a sense of simultaneous sounds or chords.
30
Contemporary Philippine music of the 2000’s
• OPM (Original Pilipino Music)
• EMO (Emotional Expression)
• POP (Popular Music)
• POST- HARDCORE (Punk Rock Music)
• POST-ROCK (Rock Instrumentation)
Traditional Composers
a. Antonio J. Molina (1894-1980) (Figure A)- a music educator and 20th
century traditional composer. He was the first National Artist for Music,
date conferred in 1973. His sample works were Misa Antoniana
Grand Festival Mass and Batingaw.
Figure A, Antonio J. Molina Figure B, Antonino R. Buenaventura
a. Antonino Buenaventura (1904-1996) (Figure B)- a conductor who

was named National Artist for Music in 1988. His sample works are the
Triumphal March and Echoes of the Past.
Figure C, Lucio San Pedro Figure D, Felipe Padilla de Leon
c. Lucio San Pedro (1913-1996) (Figure C)- a traditional composer and

conductor who was named National Artist in 1991. His sample works are
The Devil’s Bride and the Malakas and Maganda Overture.
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d. Felipe Padilla de Leon (1912- 1992) (Figure D)- a national artist for Music
posthumously in 1997. His sample works are Mariang Makiling Overture
and Roca Encantada.
SINGERS
e. Jovita Fuentes (1895- 1978) (Figure E)- a broadway singer, date
conferred in 1976. She sang the roles of Liu Yu in Puccini’s Turnadot
and Mimi in Puccini’s La Boheme.
f. Honorota “Atang” Dela Rama (1902-1991) (Figure F)- a kundiman singer
who was named National Artist for Music and stheatre in 1987. His sample
works are Dalagang Bukid and Pangarap ni Rosa
Figure E, Jovita Fuentes Figure F, Honorata “Atang” Dela Rama
Contemporary Filipino Music Composers

1. George Masangkay Canseco (Figure G)
A cavite music composer who has written songs that brought many Filipino
singers fame: Freddie Aguilar, Sharon Cuneta, and Basil Valdez, and his
songs was recorded by Regine Velasquez, Zsa Zsa Padilla, Pilita Corrales,
Martin Nieverra, Kuh Ledesma, and Rey Valera, who has a lyricist of two
Canseco’s song. Canseco was elected President of the Filipino Society of
Composers, Authors, and publishers, Inc. in 1973. His top composition
includes Dito Ba? Ako ay Pilipino; Pagputi ng Uwak.
Figure G, George Masangkay Canseco Figure H, Ryan Cayabyab
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2. Raymundo Cipriano Pujante “Ryan” Cayabyab (Figure G)
He is the music composer for full- length ballets, theater musicals, choral
pieces, orchestral pieces, commercial recordings of popular music, film
scores, and television specials. His top composition includes Limang Dipang
Tao; Maalaala Mo Kaya; Minamahal, (theme song of the movie, Sinasamba
Kita); Hindi Kita Malimot; Kumukutikutitap; Bakya Mo Neneng; Saan Ka Man
Naroroon; Kay GAnda ng Ating MUsika; Heto na NAman; and Pasko na Sinta
ko.
Also known as Mr. C. He is the most famous Filipino

composer,musician and conductor in recent history and named as Natinal
Artist of the Philippines in 2018. He has composed musical scores for award
winning films, 10 full lengths. Filipino musicals, full length ballets, a major
opera, and a plethora of songs, including beloved classics like “Tuwing
umuulan at Kapiling Ka” and “Da Coconut Nut.” A force to original Filipino
Music, he has spreaded the Philippine Popular Music Festival and served as
judge in talent shows, like Philippine Idol and Philippine Dream Academy. He
leads the 7- member Ryan Cayabyab Singers. He became the chairman of
the board of judges for GMA Network’s musical reality show to the top. A
director of the Philpop MusicFest Foundation INC., the organization behind
the Philippine Popular Music Festival. Cayabyab was recognized for being a
“moving force” in the local music industry from promoting original Filipino
music to mentoring young artists.
Ryan Cayabyab is 2004’s Gawad CCP para sa Sining in Music. On

February 2, 1999, he was selected as one of the 100 awardees of CCP
Centennial Honors for the Arts. He became the first recipient of the Antonio C,
Barreiro Achievement Award on May 4, 1996 for significant and lasting
contributions to the growth and development of Filipino Music. Likewise, on
June 18, 1996, Awit Awards, the recording industry awards, awarded him a
lifetime achievement award for “invaluable contribution and outstanding
achievements in the promotion and development of Filipino Music.” The
University of the Philippines Alumni Association has conferred upon him the
Professional Award in music for the year 1998. In 2012, Ryan won the
prestigious MYX Magna Award in the MYX Music Awards 2012 for his
achievements in music and in the OPM industry.
33
3. Francisco Feliciano
He produced more than 30 major

works that include operas and music
dramas including La Loba Negra, Ashen
Wings, Sikhay sa Kabila ng Paalam
(Beyond the Farewell), and the life of
wartime Filipino Hero, Jose Abad Santos.
He also composed hundreds of liturgical
pieces, mass settings, hymns, and songs for workship. His latest choral
works, Pamugan and Restless, have been performed by Filipino Choirs in
various choral festivals in Europe. In 1977, Dr. Feliciano was given John D.
Rockefeller III Award in music compostion.
Famous Contemporary Music Singers

Pinoy rock, pop, and original Pilipino Music (OPM) flourished in the
1970s and to this date, are the most popular music forms in the Philippines.
They usually acoustic or folk, in ballad form, promoting nationalism,
possessing easy- listening chord progressions, and written in Filipino, English,
or Taglish (Tagalog- English). The big names under this category are:
a. Freddie Aguilar
Freddie Aguilar’s debut record, ANAK, has achieved incomparable
success, so popular, it was translated to many languages in Asia and
Europe and sang by different singers worldwide. The song is about family
where the parents take good care of their child from birth. As a grown up,
the person goes astray but asks forgiveness from his parents. Eventually,
he marries and is blessed with a child of his own. The father says to his
son, “Now you know how it feels.”
b. Apo Hiking Society
It is composed of the three Ateneo de Manila Graduates: Boboy Garovillo,
Jim Paredes, and Danny Javier. Their famous song, American Junk,
seems intended to break the Filipino thinking that anything American is
superior. It enumerates the negative effects of technology, wrong use of
natural resources, and other practices of Americans in the Philippines.
The Lyrics are amusing and tend to be funny but satirical, sometimes
exaggerated.
34
c. Edgardo Jose Martin Santiago “Gary” Valenciano
He is known for his energetic dance moves, forceful voice and religious
songs. He has released 26 albums, and had won the Awit Award for “Best
Male Performer” 11 times. In his song, he prays, “Teach me to trust You.”
d. Tessy Alfonso
She is btter known as “Sampaguita” and was a pock pop rock singer. Her
famous song is Laguna which speaks of the beauty of nature in Laguna
province, where Laguna is a picture of happiness. It is a mother nature
that resides in the hearts of man.
e. Mike Hanopol
He is a Leyte born rock singer, guitarist, and recording artist who was
former bass guitarist for the Juan Dela Cruz Band. Some of his famous
rock and roll songs were: Katawan; No Touch; Laki sa Layaw Jeproks;
Buhay Musikero; and Awiting Pinoy.
f. Maria Socorro “Kuh” Ledesma
She was born and raised in Bacolod City, Negros. Her more than 35
years in the music industry encompasses more than 1000 concerts all
over the world, numerous awards in the Philippines, and 20 albums in the
Philippine recording industry. She was the first Filipino singer to become a
recipient of Salem Music Awards in London in March 1989. Her famous
songs are Bulaklak; Till I Met You; Paano Kita Mapapasalamatan; Home;
and Sino ang Baliw, among others. Her song, Dito Ba? Is a philosophical
inquiry into the meaning into the meaning of human life on earth.
g. Sharon Gamboa Cuneta- Pangilinan
She is a famous for singing movie theme songs and love songs such as
Bituing Walang Ningning; To Love Again (from the movie Sinasamba
KIta); Kahit Konting Pagtingin; and Ikaw. Sharon is a singer, actress, and
TV host. She has starred in 53 films, 10 television shows, and recorded
40 albums.
There are Filipino contemporary composers and singers who have

brought fame to our country through their style and advocacies. They are;
i. Maria Lea Carmen Imutan Salonga Chien

A Manila- born lady and a Tony Award- winning Filipino singer and
performer. She is also famous for her performance as Kim in the prestigious
musical, Miss Saigon. Among her popular songs are My Journey; On my
Own; A whole New World (theme song of the movie Aladdin); The Journey;
35
Reflection (theme song of the movie, Mulan); One Voice; and I am but a
Small Voice.
ii. Jose Inigo Lacambra “Joey” Ayala
He was born in Bukidnon, Region 10. He is a singer, composer,
environmentalist, and proponent of Philippine ethnic and alternative music.
He founded the Filipino alternative Folk Band, Ang Bagong Lumad. He
combines Filipino ethnic instruments- two stringed Hegalong, the bamboo
jaw harp Kubing, and the 8- piece gong set Kulintang- with modern pop
music that makes use of the electric guitar, bass guitar, synthesizer, and
drums. Many of his songs are metaphorical and philosophical, such as
Walang Hanggang Paalam; Tungo sa Liwanag; Magkabilaan; Awit ng
Mortal; Classroom 101; Sugatand Langit (about the Ozone Layer);
Pasasalamat; and Kung Kaya Mong Isipin.
iii. Francis Durango Magalona
Also known as “Francis M,””Master Rapper,” “The Mouth,” and “The Man
From Manila,” was a Filipino rapper, enterprenuer, songwriter, producer,
actor, director, and photographer. His famous songs are Kaleidoscope
World; Pikon; Bahala Na; Cold Summer Nights; Three Stars and a Sun;
Where the Boys are; Old Man; Suckin’ on Helium; and Halalan.
Sculptural Assemblage and Sound Art
Lirio Salvador is best known his

sculptural assemblage turned musical
instruments called Sandata (Weapon). He
utilizes materials that are for everyday use
such as bowls, stainless steel pipes,
utensils, and discards such as bicycle
gears, to make musical instruments that
make raw sounds. He was an influential figure in the experimental Philippine
music scene and has played solo or with His Band, Elemento. Unfortunately,
on December 10, 2011, while crossing a street in Cavite to go to his soon to
be opened art exhibition, he became victim of hit- and- run by a motorcycle
that left him in a vegetative state up to time this book is being written.
Music Appreciation
Richard Abeles
He is a music educator who suggested the three aspects of music
appreciation; form, context, and expression.
36
a) Form- refers to the musical elements in the song. Is there a distinct
rhythm? What tempo is used? What instrumental timbres can be heard? Is
it written in a particular style? Does it identify with a specific genre of music-
such as rock, folk, ballad, blues, rap, pop, ethnic, among many others?
b) Context- refers to the events surrounding the song. Ay to determine this is
by knowing when the song was composed. It also helps to find out about
the composer’s world view. What is her/ his perception of life and
humankind? What is his character? What philosophical beliefs does he/she
espouse?
c) Expression- refers to the meaning of the song. What message is the
composer trying to convey? What values are held by the singer? What
attitudes and ideas does the song elicit?
Analysis of Musical Piece

Form
What are the dominant The melody of the song is
elements? simple and the tempo is slow
How are they used in as the song is intended to
musical piece? make man reflect on the value
What instruments are of life. The female lead singer
used in the musical of Ang Bagong Lumad sings
piece? the first lines of the song in
How does the use of slow tempo. She is joined by
these instruments Joey Ayala and the other
enhance the beauty of members on the singing
the music? group. The main musical
instruments used are the
guitar. The lyrics of the song
blends with its melody that
brings the mind to an
experience of space and
grandeur.
Context The singer/ composer reflects
What is the perception of on man and his morality. He
life and mankind, as asks the question, “why is the
expressed in the musical measure of a life’s value?” He
piece? took at life as something short
What human character is and temporary; the body and
revealed in the musical mind will fade and man will
piece? one day die.
Expression Man should not expect reward
What message is the for the right and just things he
composer trying to does. He should simple
convey? endeavour to achieve
What values are held by greatness that is yet to come
the singer? in the future.
What attitudes and ideas
does the song elicit?
37
LESSON 10
DANCE
Overview:
Dance is a type of Performing Arts. Filipinos love to dance. We dance
at weddings, fiesta or any occasion. We have dance nights at the town
pavilion or at Junior and Senior High School. In the north, we dance around
bonfire. In the south, we dance gracefully in elaborate costumes and props.
All these show that dancing is a big part of the life of Filipinos.
Dance in the Philippine Regions is dominated by new creative

interpretations of traditional and folk dances which are performed by members
of the community during festivals such as the Cebu Sinulog and Iloilo
Dinagyang. These dances are inspired by the folk dances and are blended
with modern costume design, masks, props, choreography, carriages,
higantes (paper mache giants) and music.
This lesson discusses the different trends in contemporary dance and

illustrates their characteristics. It also cites the important individuals and group
of dancers who have contributed to the development of dance in the
Philippine Regions.
Learning Outcomes:
a. identify the individuals and group of dancers in the different regions;
b. describe the characteristics of contemporary dance in the different regions;
c. perform a contemporary dance number; and
d. explain their roles and identify their contributions to contemporary arts.
Learning Content:
Dance: The Power of Movement
Dance Production
Contemporary dancing is performing arts that involve rhythmic body
movement within a given space, choreographed based on musical beat. It is
performed either by dance performers in front of an audience or by everyone
on the dance floor. Wherever it is performed, it is an expression of idea or
38
emotion, releasing energy, or simply taking delight in music and the dance
movement itself.
Three Big Names in Philippine Dance

a. Alice Reyes
1942-
Year of Conferment: 2014
In February 1970, the multi- talented

dancer, choreographer, artistic director known as
“The Mother of Contemporary Dance,” Alice
Reyes established the Modern Dance Company
with dancers from the Bayanihan Dance Company, U.E Dance Troupe and
Dance Theater Philippines. In the same year, the first summer dance
workshop at the CCP was conducted among 400 students. This was the
beginning of the CCP Dance Company. Alice Reyes also initiated the
professionalization of dance arts in the country, with her persistence in raising
funds for the company, so that performers can become full-time dancers with
decent earnings. On 2014, Alice Reyes was proclaimed National Artist for
Dance.
Truly deserving of the highest award in local Art and Dance, Alice
Reyes has the following achievements:
She showed how the universal language modern dance can express
Filipino themes in such works as At Maranao Gathering, Dugso, Bungkos
Suite, Rajah Sulayman, and Bayanihan Revisited. As a strong- willed woman,
she instilled her heroines with an independent spirit: the governor- general’s
widow who avenges the assassination of her husband in Itim Asu (Onyx
Wolf); and Dona Lupeng, and the female cultists who make men subservient
in Amada. Her strength as a storyteller also came out in Carmen, which was
told in the viewpoint of Don Jose, the jilted lover. Reyes’ musicality was brouth
to the fore in Carmina Burana and in Company, a fun piece set of Bach Music,
about dancers warming up in class and dressing onstage for a full production.
b. Francisca R. Aquino
1899-1983
39
Francisca Reyes Aquino is one of the
pioneers of Filipino folk dances. She is a teacher,
nationalist, and the first Filipina to be awarded of
the Order of the National Artists for Dance. In the
1920s, Aquino conducted research on Filipino
dances by visiting secluded districts and
neighbourhoods in the island of Luzon. Her 1926 thesis entitled "Philippine
Folk Dances and Games" has been a thorough guide to many educators
and students in understanding the different dances in the country. She
received several other awards, which include the Republic Award of Merit
awarded by the former President Ramon Magsaysay and a Cultural Award
from United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO).
c. Leonor O. Goquingco
1917-2005
Leonor Orosa Goquingco, also known as Cristina
Luna, has been dubbed as the Trailblazer,
Mother of Philippine Theater Dance, and Dean of
Filipino Performing Arts Critics. Goquingco is a
National Artist for Dance. Goquingco was gifted with
many talents that included piano playing, scene and
costume design, sculpture, acting, direction, dance, and choreography. She
has pioneered the blending of folk dance and ballet, making the latter more
viable. Her famous choreographies include the following: The Firebirds, The
Clowns, and Noli Dance Suite. Inspired by dances of the Igorots, the Moros,
and Christians, she produced Filipinescas: Philippine Life, Legend and Lore in
Dance in 1960. Her book The Dances of the Emerald Isles: A Great Philippine
Heritage published in 1980 covers a comprehensive cross section of the
inestimable music and dance tradition of the Filipinos.
d. Ramon Obusan
1938-2006
National artist Ramon Obusan is a dancer,
choreographer, stage designer, and artistic director.
In 1972, equipped with value amount of research and
40
artifacts, Obusan established the Ramon Obusan Folkloric Group (ROFG), a
dance company that reflects the culture of Filipinos in dance and music. The
ROFG performed dance productions and rituals from ethnolinguistic and
indigenous groups including those from the natives of Cordillera, the Bagobo,
the Aeta, the Meranaw (or Maranao), and the T’boli.
e. Lucrecia Reyes-Urtula
1929-1999
Laurecia Reyes- Urtual was the dance director of
the Bayanihan Philippine National Folk Dance Company
(Now the Bayanihan Dance Company), which is
considered as the oldest dance company in the country.
She choreographed creative dances based on her
impressive research on cultural dances. Some of her
more recognized dances are the Singkil, Vinta, Tagabili, Padiwata and
Salidsid.
f. Lisa Teresita Pacheco Macuja- Elizalde
A woman who deserves credit for bringing

ballet to the ordinary people and a founder of
ballet Manila. In 1984, she was recognized in
Europe and became a Prima Ballerina of Kirov
Ballet, in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg,
Russia). Ballet Manila has reached in 20th year
during and during its celebration, Lisa Macuja affirmed:
Our commitment to the highest standard of classical ballet, our pride
with our alumni making waves internationally, our intention of going global
through international choreographers, our fulfilment or our mission of ballet to
the people through our OPM/ Pinoy choreographies, and of course, our belief
in nurturing the Filipino talent through our School.
g. Douglas Nierras
He is the prominent in jazz. He has

more than two decades of involvement in
41
dance through choreography, pedagogy, and production. He is famous for his
Metanoia, in which he collaborated with musician Ryan Cayabyab to create a
34- minute ballet set to the five general parts of the Latin Mass- the Kyrie,
Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei.
Contemporary Dancing Styles

• Disco Dancing
A dance style popularized during the 1970’s. Disco dancing is usually
associated with John Travolta’s dance style in the movie Saturday Night
Fever. It is characterized by movement in the hip and pelvic and raising of
arms to the beat of the disco music. Its music production involved mixing
engineers because it required many tracks of vocals and instruments that
are compiled into a composition of disco sound with its distinctive disco
mix. The rise of disco came with the use of records to create continuous
mix songs which was operated by the Disc Jockey.
• Hiphop
It is originated in America, refers to street dance styles performed to hippo
music. It includes dance styles such as breaking, locking, and popping. A
number of movies and televisions shows have stories evolving around
hiphop, such as The Grind, Rize, Street Dane, Saigon Electric, and Step
Up. What distinguishes hiphop from other dance styles is that it is often
“freestyle” or improvisation. Filipinos join world hiphop competitions in
different countries.
Before Gangnam style as a dance craze, there were Top 10 dance

styles that went hit the Philippines. These are described below:
1. Nobody Dance- this was popularized by the Korean group of five girls: The
Wonder Girls, who aired this dance through MTV in 2008. The dance
involved synchronized participants clapping their hands, shaking their
shoulders, and swaying their hips to the catchy chorus.
2. Spaghetti Dance- was popularized by the Sexbomb Dancers in 2003.
Inspired by the Italian food, spaghetti, the dancers twist their chest, belly,
and hips upward and downward.
3. Chocolate Dance- was a dance craze by the Soul Control duo that
became famous through GMA-7’s reality-based talent search, Starstruck.
This is the way it is done: Tap both of your hands on your lap, then cross
42
them over to your arms, wiggle them in the air, then lightly punch your
armpit.
4. Papaya dance- was started by Pilipinas: Game KNB? TV hosts Edu
Manzano in 2007 who regularly danced to the 1970’s song by singer
Urszula Dudziak. The dance is done playing both hands near the right thigh
followed by the left. Point up, then down, then slowly bring your pointed
fingers back up by drawing imaginary waves in the air.
5. Shalala Lala Dance- was a dance floor hit in the 1990’s through the group
Dreamhouse. The steps are as follows: Hop from the left to right with hands
doing circular motion at the side. Once you hear the clapping sound, clap
your hands thrice upward and then slowly move your arms in three counts
to the right, then to the left.
6. Otso- Otso Dance- was popularized by comedian Bayani Agbayani in
2003. Position your knees together, slightly bend forward then place your
palms above your knee cap. In this position, lower your back a bit then
continue arching your back forming the number 8 until the chorus finishes.
7. Always Dance- was popularized by Wowie de Guzman with his eight- man
dance group, Universal Motion Dancers (UMD) IN the early 1990’s to the
tune of the song Always. Here are the steps; Caress your own chest and
do some dips with knees bent. At chorus, straighten your arms then move
them from center- left- center- right, then some more dips. This dance is
also called Butterfly Dance.
8. Shake Body Dancer Dance was popularized by Maricel Soriano during
the 1980s, dance to the tune of Magic Fire. The Dance Steps are as
follows: bring one of your legs forward, stretch out your arms and shake
your body.
9. Asereje Dance- was introduced by the Spanish pop group Las Ketchup.
The dance is done by shuffling your hands with palms down alternately
then slowly bringing them upward to the head by daring small spirals in the
air, then end by briskly shaking your bent knees.
10. Macarena Dance- was made popular by the Spanish music duo Los Del
Rio. The dance is done in 16 steps with criss- crossing of hands to different
parts of the body.
Contemporary dance in the Philippine Regions

Traditional and folk dances abound the different regions in the
Philippines. Most notable contemporary dancer in Nobert Dela Cruz III of
43
Region 2 Bayombong, Neuva Viscaya. He has innovated movement in order
to “transcend progressive change in our world of dance.”
Aspects Dance Appreciation
ASPECTS OF DANCE SAMPLE EVALUATION

Knowledge of Choreography Demonstrates excellent knowledge of
Memory of the routine and the choreography and does it well.
execution of the moves looks true
to the moves that were
choreographed.
Technical Skills Dance was performed with great
Pointing toes, back straight, arm attention to quality of movement, body
placement is not sloppy, moves position, placement on stage and other
are executed smoothly. details of dance. Also demonstrates an
excellent understanding of dance style.
Performing Skills The draw the judge in to want to watch
Projection of eye contact and them and are able to engage the
cheerful facial expressions with audience completely through their
the judges. The dancer is performance. A true joy to watch.
confident with movements.
Rhythm/ Tempo Shows a complete understanding of
Staying on count and with the tempo and beat and stays on rhythm
beats of the music. throughout the dance.
44
SECOND QUARTER
LESSON 11
THEATER AND PERFORMANCE ARTS
Overview:
Performance, whether on theatre stage, on the street or other spaces,
reflects human life and different patterns of human behaviour. It reveals
human strengths, weaknesses, decisions and consequences, and everything
else human. It can serve as entertainment, warning, reminder, propaganda, or
a window to human thoughts, great or disastrous.
Performing arts include performance art, theatre, dance, and music,

where artist perform in front of an audience. They organize their performances
with the support of songwriters, choreographers, visual designers, stage light
engineers, and actors/actresses. They alter their appearance through the use
of facial make up and costumes. They also make use of props and light
effects. In this case of music, there are audio technologies that enhance voice
and musical sound.
Learning Outcomes:
a. describe performance art and theatre art a performing art in the Philippine
regions;
b. identify the contemporary performance and theatre artist and determine
their contribution to the development of performing arts;
c. write a plot of a theatre play cited in the lesson; and
d. appreciate performance and theatre arts guided by the typology of forms.
Learning Content:
Performance Art
Artist engaged in performance art conceptualizes their act in relation to
the minimal props needed to get a concept, an idea, or an advocacy across.
They use the basic elements of time, space, the performer’s body, and the
audience who will randomly witness their performance. Their act can take
place anywhere at any length of time. The purpose is not to entertain but to
convey a message in a dramatic sense. It is not the same as theatrical play in
45
the sense that it does not depict a set of fictitious character following a script.
The performance can include action or spoken words or sounds imitating
something that is essential to the idea they are communicating.
Contemporary performance artists challenge the audience to think

about an issue. The performance may be satire or a commentary, a position
on an issue.
Example:
• Sam Penaso’s (Figure A) visual art performance at Manila Doctors
Hospital on March 28, 2015 in celebration of Earth Hour. For one hour, the
use of electricity was kept at minimum use or none at all as people
participated in the nationwide effort to raise awareness of environmental
preservations of resources. During this one hour, Sam Penaso performed
contemporary painting on stage.
Figure A, Sam Penaso’s Painting

‘s Figure B,NicolasAca’sStreet Performance
• Nicolas Aca (Figure B), a Cagayan De Oro Artist, for him a

performance art on street was dedicated to the second anniversary of typhoon
Yolanda, the cyclone that was the strongest to make a landfall at Cagayan De
Oro on the night of December 17, 2011. Nicolas Aca led a dozen of volunteer
students from Capitol University Dance Troupe and the Cagayan de Oro
(CdeO) Arts Guild and walked mud- soaked from the University campus gate
at Corrales Extension through the Provincial Capitol Grounds and towards
Divisoria on October 8, 2012. This was part of the Performances in Solidarity
for Yolanda which was synchronized in the three different places in the
country. Sining Bugkos at plaza Miranda, Quiapo, Mataas na Lupa Riles in
Lipa Batangas and Nicolas Aca in Cagayan de Oro. On February 23, 2015,
Nicolas Aca led a group of artists covered with mud and walked the streets
and corners of the University of the Philippines, Diliman campus carrying a
fish net with canned sardines and garbage as their “catch.”
46
After the mud walk, the “taong putik” proceeded to C.P Garcia Offsite/
Out of Site Community art exhibition at the UP Stud Farm to merge with the
Talaandig Tribe of Bukidnon in their musical performance. Michelle Hollanes
Lua presented a video on “Kalig-on” mud walk performed in Cagayan De Oro.
As the sound of the Kubing echoed, a ritual dance was performed by the
Talaandig, and then they handed out seedlings to the audience, encouraging
everybody to start planting. A fusion of modern and tribal influences of
Mindanao sound followed where the children were taught how to dance like
birds. Song and dances that are not usually heard nor seen in a busy urban
life were performed, on cooperation with artists from different parts of the
country: Wire Tuanzo and Boyet De Mesa of Neo Angono, the Talaandig
Tribe of Bukidnon headed by Waway Lisahay Saway I and Poonon, Raul
Bendit, Leo Angelo Chatto, Rj Sumingsang, Borja Saway, Buhat Lasang,
and Donald Ballanco, Curatos Chito and Eileen Ramirez, ever active in the
arts, were also in support of the Performance Art.
Theatre Arts Production

Theatre, as a form of art, uniquely employs a specific language that
applies to visual and auditory elements, media, techniques, and conventions.
Its elements are varied and complex, and may include the physical presence
of the actors, the colors and shapes of the costumes and scenery, sound and
music, drama, and the ideas and emotions expressed by the playwright,
among other things, that dynamically interplay with each other within specific
temporal and spatial frames at each point of the performance.
All can take place simultaneously in space and time. A performance is

based on dramatic text staged using techniques of theatre production and
enacted and interpreted by artists, directors, designers and other personnel
before audiences who are situated in the site of performance. The dramatic
text is an interpretation of a literary piece narrating a story with a conflict that
develops into a series of crisis and ultimately, a climax. The story can either
reach a happy or unhappy ending.
The Elements of Dramatic Theatrical Performance

• Plot- refers to arrangement of events which has a beginning, middle, and
end.
• Character- is the principal material of the performance, the central focus of
the plot.
47
• Thought- refers to the main idea or concept that the characters dramatize.
To convey these three elements, the playwright utilizes diction, sound,

and spectacle.
• Language/ Diction- is the expression of meaning through the use of
words. It uses formal language to convey meaning, establish mood, tempo,
and rhythm and internal logic. It should be appropriate to the role of the
character.
• Song/ Music- refers to the speaking, dancing, and singing part in the
performance, which includes sound of actors’ voices, incidental songs and
background music, and instrumental accompaniment.
• Spectacle- pertains to the visual elements of production that include
characters’ movement and spatial relations, lighting, settings, costumes,
and properties or props. All visual aspects of dance production are
composed of basic elements such as line, shape, space, color, texture, and
ornament. In applying these elements, certain principles are used such as
harmony, variety, balance, proportion, emphasis, and rhythm.
➢ The Director puts together a variety of elements so that the audience

can sit and view a coherent theatre performance.
➢ The Playwright writes the story in a dramatic format.
➢ The theatre space is usually set on stage, which had four basic types.
Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages, and uniquely
provides different viewing experiences.
The four basic theatre stages are the following:

1. Proscenium or picture frame stage (Figure C), the action takes place
behind the proscenium opening or frame in this type of stage, the seats in
the auditorium face the stage like the seats in a movie theatre facing the
screen.
2. Arena or circle stage (Figure D), the stage may either be raised a few feet
above the floor with seats rising from the floor level or it may be on the floor
with seats raised on levels around it.
3. Thrust Stage is with three quarter seating arranged in a semi-circle that
encloses the stage protruding the center.
4. Created and Found Stage, space can be any kind of structure that
maintains its original architectural elements intact such as lofts,
warehouses, gyms, etc.
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Figure C, Proscenium Stage Figure D, Arena Stage
Figure E, Thrust Stage Figure F, Created and Found Stage
Style in Philippine Theatre Arts

Theatre, as the performing art that consist of acting in front of an
audience, uses a combination of gesture, music, dance, sound, speech, or a
narrative. Theatre takes many forms, such as plays, musical, opera, ballet, or
a combination of contemporary forms.
Outstanding Directors who have contributed to the development of

modern Philippine theatre are Lamberto V. Avellana, Henry Lee Irwin SJ,
Severino Montano, Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero, Onofre Pagsanghan, Rolando
S. Tinio, Zenaida Amador (founder of Repertory Philippines), Antonio
Mabesa, Behn Cervantes, Nonon Padilla, Anton Juan Jr., Lutgardo
Labad, Soxy Topacio, Joel Lamangan, and Tony Espejo- all based in
Manila. Leo Rimando, Joonee Gamboa, Nestor Horfilla, Steven Patrick
Fernandez, Frank Rivera, Rodulfo Galenzoga, Karl Gaspar, Edward
Defensor, and Orlando Magno, are based in the regions.
There are styles that dominate Philippine theatre: realism, social

realism, the combination of realistic and non- realistic styles and the Brechtian
style. Likewise, the other theatre forms, such as musical performances,
documentary, and short plays.
1. Realism
49
The Filipino playwrights adopted realism as a style in theatre arts.
Realism in the contemporary modern theatre follows two tendencies: the
psychological, which focuses on the problems of individuals; and the social,
which situates and roots individual problems within the larger framework of
a class society.
✓ Psychological Realism
Outstanding psychological studies of

character are found in some English plays,
such as Wilfredo Ma. Guerrero’s Three Rats
(1948), which is about the affair between a
woman and her husband’s bestfriend.
Nick Joaquin’s A Portrait of the Artist

as Filipino (1955), depicts the tragedy of two
unmarried sisters in the Spanish City of
Intramorous, who are slowly being devoured
by the new, growing commercialism and
pragmatism under America, but who
stubbornly cling to the genteel, albeit
impractical, world of hispanized culture.
Orlando Nadre’s Paraisong Parisukat (A

square Piece of Paradise, 1974) shows how a
young girl decides to sacrifice love and idealism to
the banality of a stockroom assistant’s life.
Bienvenido Noriega Jr.’s Bayan-

bayanan (Little Country, 1975) exposes the
personal dreams and heartaches of Filipino
expatriates in Switzerland
50
Rene O. Villanueva’s Hiblang Abo
(Strands of Gray, 1980), is about an aging
sarswela star who pathetically “relives” the glory
days of the sarswela.
Tony Perez’s Biyaheng Timog (Trip to the

South, 1984), shows how an autocratic patriarch
meddles in and destroys the lives of his children
and how after his death, his children finally
become whole as persons.
Elza Martinez- Coscoluella’s In MY

Father’s House (1987), depicts the slow
destruction of an Ilongo Family and the
personal disintegration of its members during
the Japanese Occupation of Negros Island in
the 1940s.
2. Social Realism
Social Realism in the contemporary Philippine theatre stage was a
reaction to the socio- economic- political issues that confronted the Filipinos.
Below are the playwrights and their theatre shows that embodied the
ideologies of social realism.
Albert Florentino’s plays The World in

an Apple (1954), shows how a poor man steals to
buy medicine for his child. Play such as this
became more popular only in the 1970s and
1980s.
51
Reuel Molina Aguila’s In This Korner (In
This Corner,1978), tells of a boxer who sacrifices
his personal and family interests in order to buck
the system of “fixing” which exploits boxers like
him.
Paul Dumol’s historical play, Francisco

Maniago (1987), presents the painful realization
of Francisco Maniago that absolute and
unquestioning fidelity to the King of Spain is
possible only with his betrayal of his own
community, family, and self.
Chris Millado’s Buwan at BAril sa Eb

Major (Moon and Gun in Eb Major, 1985),
shows in dialogue that politization of two
brothers (a farmer and worker), a socialite, a
priest and tribal woman, a student activist,
and a teacher.
Combination of Realistic and Non- Realistic Styles

Some plays combine realistic and no- realistic styles, with the following
as examples:
Malou Jacob’s Juan Tamban (1978),

focuses on an upper middle- class social worker
who gets politicized while studying her thesis
subject, the street urchin Juan Tamban, who eats
roaches and lizards. In this play, the playwright
uses a chorus as narrator and commenter to tie
together as a series of highly realistic and moving
episodes.
52
Tony Peres’s Sa North Diversion Road (On
the North Diversion Road, 1988), has two actors
acting out the roles of different married couples
and their various reactions to the problem of
marital infidelity.
Anton Juan Jr.’s Death in the Form of a

Rose (1992), intersperses realistic scenes with
passages using masks and symbols, in order to
dramatize the “execution” of Paolo Psolini in the
hands of the establishment.
Floy Quintos’ Fili (1991),

“deconstructs” Rizal’s novel, El Filibusterismo
(Subversion), and creates a fictitious friend of
Rizal whose frivolity becomes parallel to the
apathy of the Fili’s protagonist, Simon. There are
also ethnic performances in reaction to the
problems of Mindano, such as insurgency,
militarization, landlordism, exploitation of the ethnic communities, and
landgrabbing. Some examples are Rodulfo Galenzoga’s Maranatha which
uses an old Lanao tale about a big, black, predatory bird, to expose corruption
of politicians and the growing militarization in Mindanao; Halik sa Kampilan,
which uses the bayok (debate in chant) tradition, the kapamalong- malong
(dance with the tubular skirt called malong) and the Pilandok character of
Maranao culture, among others; Ranaw: Isang Alamat, which creatively
combines the pangalay, ethnic martial arts movements and chants with
contemporary musical idioms.
3. The Brechtian Style

Following are the different ways the Brechtian style found its way into
Philippine contemporary theatre:
The Brechtian style with touches of absurdism is evident in Paul

Dumol’s Paglilitis ni Mang Serapio (The Trial of Old Serapio, 1968), one of
53
the most performed modern plays in the last two decades. In the play,
Serapio’s eyes are gouged out- a punishment considered “Humane” because
it will make him a better beggar.
A similar style is used in Al Santos’ Ang Sistema ni Propesor Tuko

(Professor Gecko’s Way, 1980), which pokes fun at the authoritarian rule of a
fascistic professor to comment on Philippine society under the Marcos
Regime; and Rolando S. Tinio’s May Katwiran ang Katwiran (Reason has its
Reason, 1972), which shows how a landlord manipulates a peasant’s simple
mind to accept the laandlord’s “superiority.”
There are other performances such as musical performances, which

employ music and dance heavily, documentaries, and short plays. There are
also those that combine realistic and non- realistic styles.
MUSICAL PERFORMANCES
Fe Remotigue and Don Pagusara’s Sinalimba uses Bagobo musical
materials and instruments for contemporary artistic expression. There are also
performances in the form of dance drama with ethnic music and movements
in order to dramatize both traditional folklore and contemporary myths. These
are the most recent developments of the presentational style. Some examples
are Denisa Reyes’ Diablos, using a Bagobo tale about the evil bird
Minokowa, which narrates the epic of Labaw Donggon and his brothers,
Humadapnon and Dumalapdap.
THEATRE APPRECIATION
Based on Feldman’s (1981) typology of cinematic forms, we formulate
a Typology of Performing Arts to assist the audience in describing and
analyzing a theatre play experience before proceeding to interpretation and
judgment. The audience can use the elements under three components: the
visual, the dramatic, and the literary.
54
Example of Application of Typology of Performing Arts on a theatre play;
Title of Theatre Play: St. Louis Dem Filipinos

Director: Alexander Cortez
Composer/ Arranger: Antonio Africa
Playwright: Floy Quintos
Main Character: Bulan (Arnold Reyes/ Miguel Castro)
Performing Group: Dulaang UP
Venue/ Year: Wilfrido MA. Guerrero Theatre, University of the Philippines,
Diliman/2005
Plot: A high ranking warrior and datu of Bagobo tribe and his wife, together
with hundreds of Filipinos from different parts of the country, joined the St.
Louis Exposition in Missouuri, USA in 1904 where they were part of the Great
Exposition. He dreamed to something great and bring home something to his
tribe that they can be proud of. However, through the journey, he lost his wife,
Momayon, when she caught smallpox. He also lost his individuality, his roots,
his native clothes, and succumbed to depression. When all the other Filipinos
who went with him to America decided to go back home, Bulan remained in
America and lived with Maude, an American woman who trapped him in a
circus where he portrayed an ape for 10 years. This was his life until Bulan
grew old, became a drunkard and lived his life in the streets and dark alleys of
America.
TYPOLOGY OF PERFORMING ARTS

Theatre Play (medium)
Title: St. Louis Loves Dem Filipinos
I. Visual Component The theatre play featured Bulan, the datu- turned-
What are the dominant “natives on exhibition” who are native clothing
theatrical elements? from their ethnic tribe to the time they were in the
How are these employed ship that sailed America and during the St. Louis
in the performances? Exposition in Missouri, USA in the cold months of
How do the dominant 1904.
elements affect you? It was a musical with the songs all written for the
What are the dominant play and was sung with powerful voices.
principles, conventions, Although the actors were Filipinos, those who
or techniques that are played roles as Americans acted like real
used in the play or Americans.
performance? The backdrop changed through the use of curtains
and props rolled down as needed.
The events were juxtaposed with Alfredo who was
55
telling the story of the migrant Filipino workers in
the late 1920 and the 1930s. He talked about the
hardships they encountered in seeking greener
pasture in the land of the free. He was narrating it
to the Old Bulan who gave him advice to live
through it and take it on it.
II. Dramatic Component This play reminds us of the first wave of Filipinos
What is the significance who went overseas in search of something great,
of the central theme to no matter how undefined circumstances were. It
you in terms of personal, also serves as a warning to millions of OFWs who
historical, social, or leave their family and our country in search for a
political value? better life.
III. Literary Component In his dream to become a great man who brings
What is the theme of the pride to his ethnic tribe, Bulan fell into the trap of
theatre play? the American colonizers who wanted to show their
What are the other sub- power over the native Filipinos by exhibiting them
themes that affect the at the St. Louis Exposition in Missouri, USA in
central theme? 1904 as dog- eaters wearing their native clothes in
the cold winter months. Despite losing everything
he owned, he decided not to go home, still giving
himself another chance to become great but
again, falling into another trap called “love”.
Unfortunately, his love has forsaken him and put
him in another exhibition, this time, as an ape in a
circus show.
Idea (meaning)
The Play is a story of wasted greatness because of ambition and pride. A
person can wish to bring home something great for his fellowmen but in the
face of defeat, he/she should drop ambition and dreams and face reality with
humility and will power to move on and make things better. Otherwise, there
is a danger of falling another time until no strength to fight is left in man.
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LESSON 12
VISUAL ARTS
Overview:
Visual art is another group of art genres is seen by the eye and
perceived by the mind. Unmoving, as well as moving images, appeal to visual
perception and this makes the scope of visual art very broad. For purposes of
classification, we group under visual arts the art forms that make use of new
media; installation art, public art, mixed media, photography and digital arts.
This is what chapter is all about.
Learning Outcomes:
a. define visual arts;
b. identify the contributions of these national artist;
c. make a poster to advertise the exhibition of the installation art in your
region;
d. plan a mural painting showing the different historic events and people;
e. create a mixed media art using the mediums and materials around; and
f. make a digital art using photography and mobile cell phone image-
alteration techniques.
Learning Content:
What is Visual Arts?
Visual art is a modern but imprecise umbrella term for a broad category
of art which includes a number of artistic disciplines from various sub-
categories. Its wide ambit renders meaningless any attempt at definition, so
rather than define or compose some diluted meaning for it, here is a list of its
constituent disciplines.
What Does Visual Art Include?
Definitions of visual art usually encompass the following:
1. Fine Arts
All fine art belongs to the general category of visual arts. These include
activities such as: Drawing, Painting, Printmaking and Sculpture, along with
associated activities like Graphic art, Manuscript Illumination, Book
Illustration, Calligraphy and Architecture.
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2.Contemporary Arts
The visual arts also include a number of modern art forms, such
as: Assemblage, Collage,Mixed-media, Conceptual
Art, Installation, Happenings and Performance art, along with film-based
disciplines such as Photography, Video and Animation, or any combination
thereof. This group of activities also includes high tech disciplines like
computer graphics and gale prints. Another modern visual art, is the new
environmental or Land art, which also includes transitory forms like ice/snow
sculpture, and (presumably) graffiti art.
3.Decorative Arts & Crafts

In addition, the general category of visual arts encompasses a number
of decorative art disciplines and crafts, including: ceramics and studio pottery,
mosaic, mobiles, tapestry, glass art (including stained glass), and others.
4. Other Wider definitions of visual art sometimes include applied art areas
such as graphic design, fashion design, and interior design. In addition, new
types of Body art may also fall under the general heading of visual arts. These
include: tattoo art, face painting, and body painting.
New media art forms

Three main Types of Techniques
1. Representational Art- shows actual objects or subjects from nature or
reality.
Joey Labrador, a bohol artist of

Tatlong Persona is an example of a visual art that
depicts personalities inspired by the Holy Bible
and interpreted by the Artist to express his ideas
through visual narrative.
2. Abstract Art- takes subjects from reality and nature but the artist present
them in ways different from the way they are seen in everyday life. The artists
use elements of art, such as lines, colors, shapes, texture, etc., and organize
them observing some or combination of the principle of design. Oscar
Floirendo, a Cagay-anon artist of He Said, She said that shows dialogue
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bubbles which the viewer can easily relate to because this image is seen in
pop and comic art.
3. Non- Objective Art- also uses the elements of art and principles of design
but the artworks do not represent or depict a person, place or thing in the
natural world. Usually, the content of the work is its shapes, colors,
brushstrokes, size, scale, and in some cases the process by which it is made
NATIONAL ARTISTS FOR VISUAL ARTS

1. Napoleon Abueva
1930-
Transfiguration at the Eternal Gardens

Napoleon Abueva
Memorial Park
Born in Tagbiliran, Bohol, Napoleon Abueva is considered the Father of

Modern Philippine Sculpture. Abueva is also the youngest awardee to receive
the National Artist award. His works used varied materials ranging from
hardwood to coral and adobe. He is the man behind famous artworks such as
Transfiguration at the Eternal Gardens Memorial Park, the Water Buffalo and
the bronze image of Teodoro M. Kalaw found in the façade of the National
Library. The death masks of famous personalities such as Benigno Aquino, Jr.
and Fernando Poe, Jr. are also credited to this talented national artist.
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2. Ang Kiukok
1931- 2005
Ang Kiukok was the one responsible

for the paintings Pieta
National artist Ang Kiukok was born to immigrant Chinese parents

Vicente Ang and Chin Lim he is one of the most talented and energetic figures
who began his flourishing career during the 1960s. His works continue to
inspire and influence Filipinos. Looking at his works, you will be captivated by
visual intensity and also be overwhelmed by its meaning. Art critics praise
Ang Kiukok for works which are, as cited by the NCCA, “imbued with
nationalist fervor and sociological agenda.”
3. Victorio Edades
1895- 1985
Victorio Edades The Sketch
National artist Victorio C. Edades is the Father of Modernism in

Philippine Art. Edades showed his attraction towards the style of
impressionists such as Cezanne and Paul Gauguin early in his career. As
compared with Amorsolo who liked to use bright and vivid hues, Edade’s
colors were dark and gloomy. Most of the subjects found in the works of
Edades are Filipino laborers in their everyday situations. His paintings,
according to NCCA, depict the working class in “rough, bod impasto strokes,
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and standing tall and singular in his advocacy and practice.” Some of his
remarkable works of art by Victorio C. Edades are The Sketch, Poinsettia Girl,
The Wrestlers, Portrait of the Professor, and Japanese Girl.
4. Cesar Legaspi
1917- 1994
Cesar Legaspi Tree Planting
National artist Cesar Legaspi was recognized as the pioneer of the

Neorealist movement in the country. Legaspi’s art is said to have paid the way
to the birth of modern art in the Philippines. Although he worked on his
paintings as he was operating as a magazine illustrator and as artistic director
in advertising agencies, he was able to create masterpieces that made “use of
the geometric fragmentation technique, weaving social comment and
juxtaposing the mythical and modern into his overlapping, interacting forms
with disturbing power and intensity.” Tree Planting, Man and Woman,
Reclining Nude, and Gadgets are some of his notable paintings.
5. Vicente S. Manansala
1910- 1981
Vicente S. Manansala Birdman
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National artist Vicente S. Manansala was an extraordinary illustrator
and cubist painter. Born in Macabebe, Pampanga, Manansala’s paintings
depicted the barrio and the city together and were often characterized,
according to NCCA, as “visions of reality teetering on the edge of abstraction.”
Manansala trained in Paris and at the Otis School of drawing in Los Angeles.
His famous masterpiece, the Madonna of the Slums represents a mother and
child from the country. In his other canvasses such as the Jeepney and
Birdman, he combined the elements of provincial folk culture with the busy
streets of the city.
INSTALLATION ART: NEW MEDIA ART

Installation Art- is an art form consisting of three- dimensional works that are
often site- specific and designed to transform interior or exterior spaces to
achieve an effect. They are designed and installed only in the space for which
they were created. Such are the installation art put on display at UP Stud
Farm, converting what used to house horses into art installations.
Art Production
Installation art is often identified with sculpture because of its three-
dimensional forms and the techniques employed in it. The tremendous
change in sculptural attitude has influenced installation artists. Installation art
is also a visual art form.
There are different types of installation art:

1. Technology- aided
Installation art consist of an installation art
piece on which light. Video film is projected. In Ohm
David’s installation art, he made a series of wire
mesh that forms a box structure and projected light
onto it from different angles. The light projections
differ in intensity, thus allowing the interplay of light
and shadow and producing interesting rhythmic patterns throughout the
installation. This is best appreciated in a dark room where the light contrasts
with dark environment.
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2. Performance installation art
Combined with theatre and dance. Lights and
sound are part of the design and performance is
made under a specific span of time. This type of
installation requires careful planning not only for a
placement of the material s but more importantly, to
achieve the desired effect when combined with lights,
sounds, and the performer’s movement. The installation is best appreciated
when all of these elements interact in the light- controlled space. Mona
Alcudia employed techniques in several events, including the stage design
for the Soak Music and Arts Festival and the 2nd Annual Eerie Ball, both
events in Cebu.
3.Conceptual Installation Art

Places emphasis on an idea or concept rather
than in a tangible art object. It may include a written
text, instruction, or a question that leads the viewer to
think about an idea. It follows the notion that art
should examine its own nature. The role of the artist,
therefore, is to make people think and reflect through
the use of an art piece as stimulus. Toym Imao’s
installation art is an example of conceptual installation exhibited at the
University of the Philippines, Diliman from February to March 2015. It is a
satirical representation of abuse of past government administrations and
colonizers of the Philippines. Since it is installed outside the UP Arts and
Science Building, it is visible to everyone on the academic community, as well
as passers-by.
4. Interactive Installation Art

Allows the viewer to touch, walk in or
through, listen to or interact with the installation
pieces. In some cases, the viewer is given pieces
of fabric or paper to write on in which are attach
to the artwork. Their contribution completes the
meaning of the installation.
An example is the Mandala Food Art
which was done by Quezon City environmental activists., health advocates,
organic consumers, and traders in celebration of the Philippine’s rich and
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diverse agricultural heritage. It is also a call to promote organic agriculture
instead of the genetically modified organisms which van pose threat to human
health.
5. Environmental Installation
Encompasses ecological concerns and is
a celebration of an artist’s connection with the
beauty of nature, the natural world, and
environment. There are also artists who educate
people about environmental degradation or
directly address environmental issues or react to
natural disasters and calamities. Earth sculpture
is classified as installation art. It is made n
terrestrial environment such as land, air, and water outside heavily populated
places. Natural space is the “container art” and is the material that an artist
uses. They are referred to as “earthworks,” “skyworks,” or “waterworks.”
Roger Tibon’s Echoes Within is an example of installation at Baguio City’s
Burnhan Park. His series of bamboo trumpets seems to be blowing their
mighty sound towards infinite space.
PUBLIC ART: ART IN OUTDOOR SPACE

Public Art was dominated by monuments to heroes and religious
landmarks. In the contemporary world, however, the demand for artworks
that reflect the modern technology and design s that appeal to global taste
has increased. This poses a challenge to artist who should expand their
knowledge, skills, artistic integrity, and creativeness. To cope with the diverse
demands of the contemporary culture, they need to expand their choice of
materials and methods and become aware of design that appeals to the
global taste of public art patrons.
Public Art requires collaborative work and engages the services of

different types of people, such as artists, architects, engineers, plumber, civic
leaders, community residents design professionals, funding agencies and
construction teams. It is a communal process that can enhance the artist’s
creativity.
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Types of Public Art
1. Community –based art refers to artistic activity based in community
setting. Works of this type can be of any medium, such as found objects,
objects from nature like logs or leaves that are found in the community in
interaction or dialogue with the artist.
In the Philippines, we take pride of

Alma Quinto, Pangasinan-born artist,
who has dedicated her life to art-making in
different communities of women, children,
urban poor, rural people, and many other
types of communities. During arts month
in February 2015, she had collaborative project with the C.P Garcia
community in Quezon City.
2. Municipal art is typically located in squares, plaza, or in front of

government buildings, law courts, airports, public museums, or academic
institutions. The purpose of this of public art is to in still patriotism among
the community members. It also serves as a historical landmark to
educate the young and inform visitors and tourists.
National Artist for Sculpture, Eduardo

Castrillo’s “The heritage of Misamis
Oriental Monument” in Cagayan da
Oro is an example of Municipal art. It is
located infront of the Provincial Capitol
of Misamis Oriental at the Vicente da
Lara Park (McArthur Park), a popular jogging area with age-old mahogany
and the Press Freedom Monument.
3. Land art includes monumental earthwork that interact with nature and
the environment.
Reg Yuson’s artwork, Specific
Gravity is an awesome display of
balance and engineering ingenuity. It is
a suspended boulder fountain that
highlights the connection between the
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audience as a mobile participant and their primordial affinity to gravity-a
seemingly weak though strong force which defines the visible world as we
know it. He uses site and space as the primary material for his work. With
his skill in engineering and installation, he is able to make heavy material
stand on light foundation without projecting instability.
Juan Sahid Imao’s Kasaysayan

Bawat Oras is a 16-meter interactive
sundial and educational playground. It is
surrounded by seven paper-like dolls
representing the 7,100 islands in the
Philippines. This sundial, which is an
accurate time guide, serves as a metaphor for Philippine history, a
veritable guide for the youth. This is one of the public art pieces found in
Bonifacio Global City, Taguig, Makati.
4. Architectural Art decorates the façade, orchad or enclosed concrete

structure where large number of people converges. It forms part of an
architectural structure or compound.
In the case of Seb Chua’s Eastwood

Modern Heroes, it occupies the center
part of Eastwood City Cyber Park and is
surrounded by skyscrapers that serve as
residential units as well as Business
Process Outsourcing and Call Center
offices.
5. Commemorative Monuments, these are sculptures, whether individual or

group of people who are honoured for heroism or for participation in historic
events. An example of this is the People Power Monument by Eduardo
Castrillo, a group sculpture commemorating the People Power Revolution by
1986. It is located at the corner of Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA) and
White Plains Avenue in Brgy. Camp Aguinaldo, Quezon City.
Some of Commemorative Monuments are;
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Cry of Pugad Lawin Shrine Melchora Aquino Shrine
Boy Scouts Rotonda Monuments of Jose Rizal, Andres

Bonifacio, Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino Jr.,
President Manuel Roxas, and General
Licerio Geronimo.
6. Design- based Public Art is decorative and is usually located in parks or

commercial centers. The design or theme matches the buildings and its
surroundings to achieve unity because the artwork is viewed in relation to its
natural and man- made surroundings. Contemporary artists who engage in
this type of public art design their artworks considering its interaction with
sunlight and wind and its position it in harmony with its surroundings.
Leo Gerardo Leonardo’s

Balanghai, is like a vessel with masts and
sails that represent Luzon, Visayas and
Mindanao. It is kinetic sculpture that moves
with the wind when it blows. Its design
complements the buildings in the
background and the commercial area where it is located.
7. Campaign- inspired Public Art

This public art promotes an idea by making visible reminders to the
public. An example is the Boysen KNOxOUT Project:EDSA series on the San
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Lorenzo Wall between Ayala and Pasay
Road, Makati by Jose Tence Ruiz; the
pylons and parapets of the MRT on
Ortigas, Pasig by B+C; the Aurora Cubao
underpass, Quezon City by Tapio
Snellman; and under the soundbound
flyover on Tromo, Pasay by Erika Tan.
MIXED MEDIA ART: COMBINING ART FORMS

Mixed Media refers to an artwork that is made from a combination of
mediums or materials. It can be a combination of photograph and painting, or
stones embedded on wood, for example. Ink can combine with pastel, or
layers of textile painted with acrylic. Instead of using seeds, shell, stones, and
fiber as raw material for the artwork, some modern artists employ commercial
garbage-especially the abundant rubbish of the technology, digital, and print
industries.
Mixed media art be used to express political views, social statements

or a reaction to an issue. The thing put together in an artwork can represent
something: an idea, protest, bias, a position, a challenge. In mixed media art,
the theme is as good as any other. This means the artists are not controlled
by conventions of doing art. The artist experiments and reintroduces things in
new context. Something that used to be a table can be made into a flying
machine or a bed of plastics shaped into some form that is unimaginable and
unidentifiable. In Juan Alcarazen’s Marine Life, what are usually found
underwater: seaweed, fish, etc., are represented in a mural made of cut-out
aluminium composite panels in several layers, a giant “collage” covering an
atrium area of several floors of BE Hotel in Panglao, Bohol
Techniques used in mixed media

1. Collage is an artistic composition of materials and objects pasted over a
flat surface and are usually hung on the wall. Batanes artist, Pacita Abad finds
joy in putting together in a creative way thing that arte usually neglected, such
as buttons, mirror, shells and many other thing. Her collages constitute an
unconscious return to tribal mode of artistry, particularly in the equation of the
tactile with visual.
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Another example is Bacolod artist, Anita Feria, who gathers pieces
from her family-owned factory and makes a collage of ceramics of different
shapes, sizes, and colors affixed on canvas. In her Secret Garden, she put
together ceramics of different shape, sizes, and colors in a harmonious way.
Gazing at her artwork, the viewer can get sense of standing amidst Anita’s
colourful and rich garden.
Cagayan de Oro artist Nicolas Aca

painstakingly cut Small Square from used cloth
and put them together to make portrait that can
fool the eye as they look like that form the image
of Corazon Aquino entitled People’s Flower.
Iloilo artist, Christian Efren G. Lozaren ,

uses photography and combines it with paint to
express his views of social reality. He goes around the town and keenly
observes life as it is lived by human beings. He delights at the sight of random
scenes and activities of people.
2. Assemblage. As the word implies, it is putting together objects and

combining them in new contexts. Assemblage employs any method of joining
or fastening to make a three-dimension object. For example, cell phone
batteries or computer parts that are no longer in use are usually disposed of.
But artist can pick up the parts, assemble and transform these into an artwork.
Thus, the object ceases to function as they originally did. They become
artworks.
In three-dimension mixed media artwork such as assemblage, some

artists stuff the object, including birds, pillow or other things whose internal
parts can be replaced and transformed creatively into an artwork. “The
purpose they serve is internal to art: to get away from abstraction, calculation,
and deliberate design and cerebral form- to re-establish the status of things as
things.”
Tagbiliranan artist Omar Dagdayan combines painting and sculpture in

his assemblage entitled John Lennon. He used a real guitar and sculpted the
hands, setting them like real ones playing guitar. The effect us a natural look
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of the musician John Lennon. Another example is Saranggani Artist, Benie
Tagum who combined wood and deer hornin his B’langa.
Sam Penaso is one of the assemblage artist in

Bohol. He goes to junk shops to gather used
metals of all sorts. After a process of welding,
hammering, painting, twisting, and doing
creative assemblage, the junk is transformed to
an artwork deserving to decorate a 5- star hotel.
Mel Araneta, a Bacolod artist who gathers

seashells and other objects found along the
shore, puts them together in a playful and
creative way and produces an assemblage of
musical instrument.
Sam and Mel are examples of practitioners of assemblage with

imaginative and technical fertility. For these artists, there seems to be delight
in re-using garbage or junk from industrial world as they are, waiting to be
transformed into artworks. There is another artist who made musical
instruments out of spoons and forks, designed for interactive music jamming.
PHOTOGRAPHY AND DIGITAL ART: TECHNOLOGY-AIDED ART

Photography
Contemporary photography is of different types: (a) Nature
Photography; (b) Photography that depicts reality; (c) photography alternative;
(d) mobile photography; and (e) photojournalism, to name some.
A. Nature Photography
Photography enables us to view landscapes, places and objects that
we may never encounter in our lifetime. Nature can be captured in its pure
form, just like the photography which Way by Roger Rishab Tibon.
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B. Photography and reality
Photography can also present reality

in its true form. If words can describe a
scene, photography has the power to show
it. We have a glimpse of the mode of
transportation In Compostella Valley and
Manila.
Erwin Mascarinas’ photograph shows the public transportation,

Habal-Habal (Motorcycle) or more commonly known as “Skylab”. It is fully
loaded with adults and children, a total of 9 passengers. There are extension
seat consisting of wooden planks across the motorcycle. It cruises along the
streets of the town of New Bataan in Compostella Valley, on its way to one of
the villages in the mountains.
Is the city version of the Habal-Habal, although not a public

transportation, it provides the family a convenient mode of transport. The
photograph entitled The Family that travels together, was taken by Jimmy
Hilario using his cell phone, which he converted to black and white through
the mobile phone setting.
Romina Diaz also uses photography to depict children’s life. Although

not taken in their habitat, Romina made Creative representation of children
living in the city.
Aside from exhibition, Romina

Diaz and Ann Wizer conducted
workshops where children made
“treasure boxes filled with childhood
dreams, putting inside these colourful
boxes things that they dream and wish
for. With hopes that in envisioning their
dreams, a certain confidence inside them
pushes them to change their life”. Romina add, “Like toy cars made of bottles
and necklaces made of plastic pieces and other things that a child’s hands
and mind can create. “Living on Luring” is an experience that must be passed
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on, not just from artist to student but from person to person. It is an example
of society working together in order to create a better world.
C. Photography alternation
Photography can also offer an
illusion and this challenge the standpoint
of fidelity of appearance. This creates,
according to Feldman, “an illusion of
objectivity and factual authenticity that
established photography, [including digital
art] as the most powerful instrument of
information and education the world has ever seen. Photographic devices can
be used for entertainment, documentation, reporting but as these devices
offer instant technology that can convert and edit images at one touch. Hence,
what is natural becomes an interpretation that can hide whatever the
photographer wishes to conceal, and add what is desired to be present, even
when it is actually not.
An example of photographic alternative is Lorenzo Gabutina’s portrait

of Nicolas Aca. In this photograph, the photography took a portrait that was
uploaded digitally and made a creative composition out of it. The effect is a
surrealistic portrait where two set of expressive eyes depict human emotion.
D. Mobile Photography
Mobile photography is taking pictures using a mobile phone.
Depending on the cell phone camera quality and image resolution, photos can
be printed as big 8”x 10.” However, If it is printed bigger, the photograph looks
blurry and pixelated because of the limited image resolution.
The photograph, Posing with Cap and

Shades by Janjan Ramirez, is based on a
photograph on which editing was applied.
Through the use of mobile phone effects, the
photo was turned into a negative image. Added
to this were digital images of shades and cap
which are also available in the mobile phone at the touch of a finger.
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E. Photojournalism
There are photos that accompany
narratives in the newspapers, magazines, and
digital media to give the reader the view of
persons, places, and events. An example is to
photo of Pope Francis. Never in human history
has a Roman Catholic Pope been seen wearing
a raincoat cheerfully waiving at the crowd under
heavy rainfall. This happened during his apostolic visit to the Philippines. On
January 17, 2015, the amazing moment was captured by Johannes Eisele.
The photo was published in Rappler online news. It is a good example of
photojournalism where the image is used by media to inform the public of an
event.
Digital Art
Digital art is an art form uses digital technology as an essential part of
the creative or presentation process. We have seen these in cartoons show
on television and lately, in movies with digital intervention. Digital artwork can
be posted online through the Internet and distributed electronically in a split of
a second and can be viewed by anyone who is hooked by cyberspace.
Types of Digital Art

a. Electronic- aided Digital Art
Digital art was raised a step higher by Yuchengo Museum in
collaboration with Samsung Electronics, Philippines, a leading Korean
electronics company, when they collaborated with artists on an exhibition of
art with the intervention of technology. An example is the relief sculpture by
Leeroy New, Study on Monstrosity which is made of fiber glass, resin, acrylic
paint. Aided by Samsung’s Ultra High-Definition Smart TV, cellphone and
tablet, and supplemented by a mobile application called FACETS, which uses
augmented reality technology, the relief sculpture is transformed into digital
art.
b. Non- figurative Digital Art

Contemporary artists who engage in non- figurative digital art disregard
figures and any semblance to nature, naturalism, and realism. They use
geometric shapes, lines, spaces, movement, color in their art composition. Ed
Coscolluela articulates what his non- figurative digital artwork means in his
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statement. “My artwork is like life, some have sharp edges and some are
blurred. My intention is to create works that have no resemblance to nature.
My works are pure abstract, non-realistic or non-figurative. They have no
reference to nature. I use digital art as a medium because it is the most
convenient in terms of ease of use, portability, and handiness and not so
messy.”
c. Fantasy Digital Art

If non- figurative art avoids figures; fantasy digital artists have many
figures, landscapes, objects and other things that are not seen in the real
world. They create worlds, universe, imaginary creatures and combine colors
that transport the viewer to another world that seem boundless and
immensely broad. They take inspiration from myths. Legends, fantasy stories
or created their own visual narrative.
An example that depicts enchantment and

dreamland is Ferdinand Ladera’s Enchanted.
His control of light leads the viewer’s eye from the
foreground to the middle ground then disappears
in the background. Light is also reflected against
the silhouette of trees appear to the twinkling
stars. There are deer’s and other friendly animals
jumping around like it was their playtime under the silvery moon. The artist
specializes in fantasy and science fiction illustration.
d. Digital Art as Design

There are demand for digital art from the business and commercial
industry, leisure and recreation, airline and shipping industry, communication
and media. Contemporary art design is popular among people in urban
places. Because of its digital form, these designs are easily spread and
shared electronically. There is also a growing need for artistic environment to
complement the lifestyle of the growing number of professionals.
A sample of digital art as design is Bacolod

artist Daryl Feril’s Leopard. He combines
watercolour and digital art to make a floral design
surrounding a leopard. This makes the leopard look
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harmless and tamed. The composition id diagonal and there is a blend of soft
and heavy lines that distinguish the main subject, the leopard, form the Flora
and Fauna that surround it.
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LESSON 13
LITERATURE
Overview:
Philippine literature is rich storehouse of narratives and texts
that date back from the precolonial times to the contemporary. It will
continue to evolve as writers continue to write about the realities and
conditions of the country. Exceptional literary artists such as Amado V.
Hernandez, Jose Garcia Villa, Nick Joaquin, Carlos P. Romulo, Francisco
Arcellano, Edith Tiempo, F. Sionil Jose, Virgilio Almario, Alejandro Roces,
Bienvenido Lumbera, Lazaro Francsico, and Cirilo Bautista have immensely
enriched Philippine literature through their timeless narratives of the Filipino
spirit.
Learning Outcomes:
a. define Contemporary Literature;
b. explain the contribution of each artist in the field of literary arts; and
c. construct an original poem based on contemporary situation.
Lesson Content:
What is Contemporary Literature?
Literature came from a Latin word “litera” which means letter. This is a
body of literary productions, either oral, written or visual.
Two Major Types of Literature

1. Prose- came from the word “Prosa.” It contains of written words within the
common flow of conversation presented in a straightforward manner.
Types of Prose
✓ Novel- a long narrative divided into chapters.

✓ Short Story- a narrative involving one or more characters, one plot, and
single impression.
✓ Plays- it is presented on stage and divided into acts and each act has
many scenes.
✓ Legends- are fictitious narratives usually about origins.
✓ Folktales- a traditional narrative, usually anonymous, and handed down
orally.
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✓ Fables- there are also fictitious and they deal with animal’s inanimate
things who speak and act like people.
✓ Myths- a traditional sacred story, typically revolving around the activities
of gods and heroes.
✓ Anecdotes- a product of imagination and the main aim is to bring out
lesson to the readers.
✓ Essay- this expresses the viewpoint of opinion of the writer about a
particular problem or event.
✓ Biography- deals with the life of a person which may be about himself.
✓ Oration- this is a formal treatment of a subject and is intended to be
spoken in public.
2. Poetry- is an imaginative awareness of experience expressed through

meaning, sound and rhythmic language choices as to evoke emotional
response.
Types of Poetry
✓ Narrative Poetry- this form describes important events in life either real or
imaginary.
a. Epic- it is an extended narrative about heroic exploits under
supernatural control.
Kinds of Epic Poetry
i. Popular or Ancient Epic

ii. Modern Epic
b. Metrical Tales- this is a narrative which is written in verse and can be

classified either as ballad or metrical romance.
c. Ballads- this is considered as the shortest and simplest of the narrative
poems.
✓ Lyric Poetry- originally, this refers to the kind of poetry meant to be sung
accompaniment by lyre, but now this applies to a type of poetry that
expresses emotional and feeling of the poet.
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Types of Lyric Poetry
✓ Folk Songs- these are short poems intended to be sung.

✓ Sonnets- this is a lyric poem of 14 lines dealing with an emotion, a
feeling or an idea.
✓ Elegy- this is a lyric poem which expresses feelings of grief and whose
theme is death.
✓ Ode- this is a poem of noble feeling, expressed with dignity, with no
definite number of syllables or definite number of lines in stanza.
✓ Psalm- this is a song of praise to God and containing a philosophy in
life.
✓ Awit- these have measures of twelve syllables and slowly sung to the
accompaniment of a guitar or bandura.
✓ Corridos- these have measure of 8 syllables and recited to a martial
beat.
✓ Dramatic Poetry- this is an emotional piece of literature which includes
a story which is recited or sung.
Types of Dramatic Poetry
✓ Comedy- “kumos” meaning festivity or revelry.

✓ Melodrama- this is usually seen in musical play with the opera.
✓ Tragedy- this involves the hero struggling mightly against dynamic
forces.
✓ Farce- this is an exaggerated comedy.
✓ Social Poems- this form is either purely comic or tragic and it pictures
the life of today.
National Artist for Literature

1. Francisco Arcellana
1916 –2002
Writer, poet, essayist, critic, journalist and

teacher, and one of the most important progenitors of
the modern Filipino short story in English. He
pioneered the development of the short story as a
lyrical prose-poetic form. For Arcellana, the pride of
fiction is “that it is able to render truth, that is able to
present reality”. A brilliant craftsman, his works are now an indispensable
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part of a tertiary-level-syllabi all over the country. Arcellana’s published
books are Selected Stories (1962), Poetry and Politics: The State of
Original Writing in English in the Philippines Today (1977), The Francisco
Arcellana Sampler (1990). Some of his short stories are:
• Frankie
• The Man Who Would Be Poe
• Death in a Factory
• Lina
• A Clown Remembers
• Divided by Two
• The Mats
His poems are:

• The Other Woman
• This Being the Third Poem This Poem is for Mathilda
• To Touch You and I Touched Her
2. N.V.M Gonzales- Nestor Vicente Gonzales

1915- 1999
He was born on September 8, 1915 in

Romblon. Received a Rocketfeller Foundation
Fellowship, which allowed him to study in
Standford University and Columbia University.
He is a fame poet, story writer, essayist, professor and recipient of
different awards. Two years before his death, he was proclaimed as a
National Artist of Literature. Some of his works Include: The Winds of
April (1941); A Season of Grace (1956); The Bamboo dancers (1988).
His works have been published in different languages.
Major works of N.V.M Gonzalez include the following:
• The Winds of April

• Seven Hills Away
• Children of the Ash-Covered Loam and Other Stories
• The Bamboo Dancers
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• Look Stranger, on this Island Now
• Mindoro and Beyond: Twenty -One Stories
• The Bread of Salt and Other Stories
• Work on the Mountain
• The Novel of Justice: Selected Essays 1968-1994
• A Grammar of Dreams and Other Stories.
3. Nick Joaquin
1917- 2004
Nick Joaquin is the “People’s Writer.” The

Sorrows of Vaudeville, first story in 1937 by the
Sunday Tribune. He worked as a Journalist.
Pioneer of literary Journalism. Literary
Journalism reportage of actual events that
employs literary techniques. He used the pen
name Quijano de Manila in some of his works. He enriched the English
language with critics coining “Joaquinesque” to describe his baroque Spanish-
flavored English or his reinventions of English based on Filipinisms. Aside
from his handling of language, Bienvenido Lumbera writes that Nick Joaquin’s
significance in Philippine literature involves his exploration of the Philippine
colonial past under Spain and his probing into the psychology of social
changes as seen by the young, as exemplified in stories such as Doña
Jeronima, Candido’s Apocalypse and The Order of Melchizedek.
Voluminous works are:

• The Woman Who Had Two Navels
• A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino
• Manila, My Manila: A History for the Young
• The Ballad of the Five Battles
• Rizal in Saga
• Almanac for Manileños
• Cave and Shadows
4. Francisco Sionil Jose

1924
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Awarded in 2001 as a National Artist. His works
have been translated into 20 different languages. His
works represented the social underpinning of class
struggles and colonialism in the society. His most
famous work in the Rosales Sage that include The
Pretenders story about one man’s separation from
his poor background of his wife’s prosperous family. In the five-novel
masterpiece, the Rosales saga, consisting of The Pretenders, Tree, My
Brother, My Executioner, Mass, and Po-on, he captures the sweep of
Philippine history while simultaneously narrating the lives of generations of
the Samsons whose personal lives intertwine with the social struggles of the
nation. Because of their international appeal, his works, including his many
short stories, have been published and translated into various languages. F.
Sionil Jose is also a publisher, lecturer on cultural issues, and the founder of
the Philippine chapter of the international organization PEN. He was
bestowed the CCP Centennial Honors for the Arts in 1999; the Outstanding
Fulbright Award for Literature in 1988; and the Ramon Magsaysay Award for
Journalism, Literature, and Creative Communication Arts in 1980.
5. Jose Garcia Villa

1908- 1997
He awarded on August 1973 as a National

Artist in Literature. Also, a powerful literary
influence. He uses comma in every word and his
style is similar to Seurat’s architectonic and measure pointillism. The first
of his poems “Have Come, Am Here” received critical recognition when it
appeared in New York in 1942 that, soon enough honors and fellowships
were heaped on him: Guggenheim, Bollingen, the American Academy of
Arts and Letters Awards. He used Doveglion (Dove, Eagle, Lion) as
penname, the very characters he attributed to himself.
6. Amado Vera Hernandez

1903- 1970
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“Makata ng Mangagawa” He is a poet, playwright, and novelist and
among the Filipino writers who practiced “committed art”. Hernandez’s
contribution to the development of Tagalog prose is considerable — he
stripped Tagalog of its ornate character and wrote in prose closer to the
colloquial than the “official” style permitted.
His first novel Mga Ibong Mandaragit, while in prison, is the first
Filipino socio- political novel that exposes the ills of the society as evident
in the agrarian problems of the 50s.
Other works include:

• Bayang Malaya
• Isang Dipang Langit
• Luha ng Buwaya
• Tudla at Tudling: Katipunan ng mga Nalathalang Tula 1921-1970
• Langaw sa Isang Basong Gatas
• Magkabilang Mukha ng Isang Bagol
7. Carlos P. Romulo
1898- 1985
Multifaceted career spanned 50 years of public

service as educator, soldier, university president,
journalist and diplomat. It is common knowledge that
he was the first Asian president of the United Nations General Assembly,
then Philippine Ambassador to Washington, D.C., and later minister of
foreign affairs. Essentially though, Romulo was very much into writing: he
was a reporter at 16, a newspaper editor by the age of 20, and a publisher
at 32. He was the only Asian to win America’s coveted Pulitzer Prize in
Journalism for a series of articles predicting the outbreak of World War II.
Romulo, in all, wrote and published 18 books, a range of literary works
which included; The United (novel), I Walked with Heroes (autobiography),
I Saw the Fall of the Philippines, Mother America, I See the Philippines
Rise (war-time memoirs) is other books including his memoirs of his many
years’ affiliations with United Nations (UN): –Forty Years: A Third World
Soldier at the UN –The Philippine Presidents - his oral history of his
experiences serving all the Philippine presidents.
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8. Edith T. Tiempo
1919- 2011
Edith L. Tiempo’s literary works are often

described a remarkable fusion of style and
substance. This brilliant writer received several
awards during her lifetime. She received the greatest
honor as a National Artist for Literature in 1999 and a
recipient of the Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for literature for the short
story “The Black Monkey” in 1951. Her works include the following novels:
A Blade of Fern (1978), The Native Coast (1979), and The Alien Corn
(1992). Her poetry collection includes The Track of Babylon and Other
Poems (1966) and The Charmer’s Box and Other Poems (1993).
Together with her husband, fictionist and novelist Edilberto K.

Tiempo, she founded the Silliman University National Writers Workshop which
was modeled after the Iowa Writers Workshop in the University of Iowa. The
Silliman University National Writers Workshop is Asia’s longest running
writer’s workshop held in the city of Dumanguete. A writer workshop is
devoted to helping emerging writers cultivate their craft.
9. Virgilio S. Almario
1944
Also known as Rio Alma, Virgilio S. Almario is a

Filipino Poet and historian. He was born on 9 March
1944 in San Miguel de Mayumo, Bulacan. He has
translated for theater production some of the famous
plays of Nick Joaquin and international literary artists
such as Bertolt Brecht and Maxim Gorki. His translation
of Jose Rizal’s Nole Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo were considered by
the Manila Crisis Circle as the best version. His works in poetry include
Makinasyon, Peregrinasyon, the trilogy Doktrinang Anakpawis, Mga Retrato
at Rekwerdo, and Muli, sa Kundungan ng Lupa.
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10. Carlos L. Quirino
1910-1999
Carlos L. Quirino is one of the most talented

biographers of his time. He was the first Filipino to
be recognized as the National Artist in Historical
Literature in 1997. Quirino obtained his journalism
degree form the University of Wisconsin at
Madison in 1931. He wrote Man of Destiny (1935),
a biography about the second president of the Philippines, Manuel L. Quezon.
This book is a valuable addition to Philippines Literature, as its subject was
undoubtedly one of the most brilliant leaders of the country.
Quirino then spent some of his years working as an assistant to

President Elpidio Quirino, who helped him study law until he passed the bar in
1940. Most of Quirino’s topics covered war, politics, art, business, and
agriculture.
11. Alejandro R. Roces

1924-2011
Alejandro R. Roces was an exceptional

writer of comic short stories. One of his finest
literary work is “My Brother’s Peculiar Chicken.” It is
a short story that reveals how much people perceive thing around them. This
particular story won an award in the University of Arizona and was listed in
Martha Foley’s Best American Short Stories.
Roces also wrote several newspaper columns. He has always focused

on the derelict aspects of the country’s cultural heritage. His works have been
published in a variety of international publications. Roces is also a multi-
awarded ariter, receiving honors and recognitions including the Rizal Pro
Patria Award and Gawad CCP para sa Sining.
12. Lazaro Francisco
1898-1980
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Lazaro Francisco is considered to be an icon in Tagalog writing
through his nationalist and social criticism. In 1958, he founded the Kapatiran
ng mga Alagad ng Wikang Pilipino (KAWIKA). His works include the noviels
Binhi at Bunga, Cesar, Ama, Bayang Nagpatiwakal, Sa Paanan ng Krus, Ang
Pamana ng Pulubi, and Bago Lumubog ang Araw. He also wrote short stories
including “Deo,” “Ang Beterano,” “Ang Idolo,” and “Kapulungan ng mga
Pinagpala.” In 1979, the Ateneo de Manila University awarded Francisco the
Tanglaw ng Lahi Award for his works.
13. Bienvenido Lumbera

1932
Bienvenido Lumbera is an award-winning

poet, librettist, and scholar. He has published
numerous literary and creative works including
Likhang Dila, Likhang Diwa (1993); Balaybay: Mga
Tulang Lunot at Manibalang (2002); Sa Sariling
Bayan: Apat na Dulang May Musika (2004); and
“Agunyas sa Hacienda Luisita,” Pakikiramay (2004). His scholarly work in the
field of literary history and criticism are foundation texts in Philippine colleges
and universities: Tagalog Poetry. 1570-1898: Tradition and Influences in its
Development; Philippine Literature: A History and Anthology; Revaluation:
Essays on Philippine Literature; and Writing the Nation/Pag-akda ng Bansa.
14. Cirilo F. Bautista

1941
Cirilio Bautista ia a highly praise poet, fictionist,

and essayist. He is also a Palanca Hall of Famer,
winning countless awards and honors, including the
National Book Awards, Gawad Jose Corazon de Jesus,
and Gawad CCP para sa Sining. In 1998, Bautista was
named winner of the Philippine Centennial Prize for Epic Poetry. His works
include the Trilogy of Saint Lazarus (2001); Believe and Betray: New and
Collected Poems (2006); Galaw ng Asoge (2004); The House of True Desire:
Essays about Life and Literature, (2011); and Things Happen: Poems 2021
(2014). Bautista is also an academician and a scholar, and has taught for
more than 30 years.
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LESSON 14
THE ART OF FILM
Overview:
Without the brilliant and dedication of national artists, Philippine cinema

will not be as competitive ang highly spirited as it is today. The Filipino movie
industry will continue to thrive if we will continue to show support and
patronage to the craft. We should avoid buying pirated movie or downloading
films in the Internet because it can kill the movie industry in the country.
Supporting local works can be difficulty especially for those with tight budgets.
However, we can try legitimate alternatives such as renting or waiting for the
movies to be shown by local networks.
Learning Outcomes:
a. describe contemporary film in the Philippines regions;

b. identify the contemporary filmmakers and determine their contribution to
the development of cinema;
c. reflect in the famous lines in the Philippine cinema; and
d. appreciate cinema guided by the typology log cinematic form.
Lesson Content:
FILM PRODUCTION
On 1 January 1897, the Philippines exoerienced its first movies with

these four films: Un homme au chapeau (Man with a hat), Une scene de
danse Japonaise (Scene from a Japanese Dance), Les Boxers (The
Boxers), and La place de l’opera (The Place of L’Opera). The of these films
was done in Salon de Petierra on Escolta Street. These films were shown
using a Gaumont Chrono-photograph projector (60mm). this momentous
event was envisioned by a Spaniard only remembered by the name of
Pertierra.
The first movie shot in the country happened in 1898 by Antonio

Ramos using a Lumiere Cinematograph imported from Paris. Ramos shot
the following films: Panorama de Manila (Manila Landscape), Fiesta de
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Quiapo (Quiapo Fiesta), Puente de España (Bridge of Spain), and Esceñas
Callejeras (Street Scenes).
Over the years, since the arrival of cinema in the country, Filipino
artists have thrived and triumphed in the fast-paced world cinema. Without
the brilliance and talents of the people behind the art, filmmaking will not be
made possible. That is why the country continues to honor deserving in the
field of cinema.
National Artists for Film
1. Lino Brocka
1939-1991
Lino Brock In the Claws of the Light
The contribution of Lino Brocka to Philippine cinema is unparalleled,

with 66 films that "breathed life and hope for the marginalized sectors of
society," according to NCCA. Awarded the National Artist for Cinema in
1997, Lino Brocka has harvested countless awards and recognitions here
and abroad for his films that are "a bounty of stunning images, memorable
conversations that speak volumes on love, betrayal and redemption,
pestilence and plenty all pointing towards the recovery and rediscovery of
our nation."
In 1975, he directed the movie Maynila sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag.

The said film is considered as one of the classics of Filipino cinema. His
other films include Wanted: Perfect Mother (1970), Tinimbang Ka ngunit
Kulang (1974), Insiang (1976), Jaguar (1979), Bona (1980), Macho Dancer
(1988), Ora Pro Nobis (Fight for Us, 1989), and Gumapang Ka sa Lusak
(1990).
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2. Ishmael Bernal
1938-1996
Ishmael Bernal Himala
Awarded the National Artist for Film in 2001, Ishmael Bernal is

considered to be one of the pillars of Philippine cinema. In 1982, Bernal
directed the critically acclaimed Himala starring Nora Aunor, the country's
most popular celebrity at that time. Many critics consider Himala as one of
the greatest Filipino films of all time because of its provocative and
courageous depictions that has served "as social commentaries and bold
reflections on the existing realities of the struggle of the Filipino."
Some of his other famous works include the films Dalawang Pugad,
Isang Ibon (Two Nests, One Bird, 1977), Lagi na Lamang Ba Akong Babae?
(Will I Always Be Just a Woman?, 1978), Isang Gabi sa Iyo, Isang Gabi sa
Akin (A Night With You, A Night With Me, 1978), Ikaw Ay Akin (You're Mine,
1979), and Menor de Edad (Underage, 1979).
3. Gerardo “Gerry” De Leon

1913-1981
Gerardo “Gerry” De Leon Sisa in 1951
National Artist for Film Gerardo De Leon holds the sole distinction as
the most awarded film director in the country for the prestigious Filipino
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Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences (FAMAS) Awards, the country's
equivalent to the Oscars. De Leon finished medicine but did not practice it to
answer a calling in cinema. Ama't Anak was his directorial debut, but De
Leon's baptism in Philippine cinema royalty was in the film Ang Maestra
starring Rosa del Rosario and Rogelio de la Rosa.
De Leon also popularized the following films: Sawa sa Lumang
Simboryo, Noli Me Tangere, Sisa, Dyesebel, The Gold Bikini, Banque, and
The Brides of Blood Island.
4. Fernando Poe, Jr.

1939-2004
Fernando Poe, Jr. Ang Pagbabalik ng Panday
Fernando Poe, Jr. (also known as "Da King" or FPJ) has been given
the title the king of Philippine movies. He is one of the most admired Filipino
film actors of all time. He is famous for his role as Flavio in the mythical Ang
Panday series. He also starred in other famous films such as Apollo Robles
(1961), Batang Maynila (Manila Boy, 1962), Mga Alabok sa Lupa (Dusts in
Land, 1967), Ako ang Katarungan (I Am Justice, 1974), Tatak ng Alipin
(Mark of a Slave, 1975), Totoy Bato (1977), Asedillo (1971), and Partida
(Party, 1985).
FPJ is not only an exceptional actor; he is also a film producer and

politician as well. In 2004, he ran an unsuccessful bid for the presidential
election. Subsequently, his political rival, former President Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo, declared him a National Artist for Film in 2006.
5. Eddie S. Romero
1924-2013
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Eddie S. Romero Agila
National Artist for Film Eddie Romero's works, as cited, "are delivered
in an utterly simple style-minimalist, but never empty, always calculated, is
one precise and functional, but never predictable." Romero's presence in
Philippine cinema is one that is “devoted to the art and commerce of
cinema”. Perhaps his most recognized work, Ganito Kami Noon... Paano
Kayo Ngayon? is Romero's love letter to his country, as it tried to portray the
common Filipino in the backdrop of history and imagination. Another classic
by Romero is Kamakalawa, a film that probed into indigenous precolonial
Philippines. He is also responsible for bringing an on-screen adaptation of
Jose Rizal's Noli Me Tangere in a 13-part series. The list of his films also
includes Aguila, Hari sa Hari, Lahi sa Lahi, Isumpa Mo Giliw, and Faces of
Love.
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LESSON 15
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
Overview:
From the humble bahay kubo to the towering skyscrapers in the city,
the high-level craftmanship of Filipino architects are truly to be admired.
Pablo S. Antonio, Leandro V. Locsin, Juan F. Nakpil, Jose Maria Zaragosa,
and Idelfonso P. Santos are just some of the most dedicated and talented
architects that Filipinos can be proud of. Their brilliant contemporary
designs truly represent the country’s history, culture, and environment.
These famous artists have been recognized by the NCCA and the CCP for
their contributions to the industry.
Learning Outcomes:
a. identify the National Artists for Architecture;

b. describe the styles of contemporary architecture;
c. enumerate the architectural structures created by these artists;
d. explain how Philippine geography and culture play a role in architectural
design; and
e. create a contemporary architectural design that highlights Filipino
Identity.
Lesson Content:
School of Design and Arts (SDA)

Bahay Kubo Building of De La Salle University
Philippine architecture is unique and it reflects its cultural heritage and

the demand to adapt to its environment. Surveying the architectural styles in
the country reveals varieties to range from traditional Filipino dwelling, the
bahay kubo, which is a small one-room hut build using light woven materials,
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to modern and stylish architectural designs that usually see in urbanized
areas.
The architecture of the Philippines reflects its history and

tradition. Churches and mosques across the country, as well as buildings in
the metropolitan and rural areas have risen in response to the growing
demands of the Filipinos. Moreover, the country is home to the best preserved
planned Spanish colonial town. During 300 years of Spanish colonization,
architecture in the country was subjected to Spanish influences. The friars
built several grand churches all over the country that continue to stand by.
Manila Cathedral in Intramorous Grand Mosque in Cotabato City
National Artists for Architecture

1. Pablo S. Antonio
1899-1986
Pablo S. Antonio White cross orphanage in San Juan
Pablo S. Antonio is one of the leaders in modern Philippine

architecture. His works are simple and functional. Most of his designs used
clean and smooth lines. If he used curves, these were made integral to the
structure. Moreover, Antonio's forms maximized the use of natural light and
cross ventilation. Some of his famous projects include the Far Eastern
University Administration and Science buildings, Manila Polo Club, Ideal
Theater, Lyric Theater, Galaxy Theater, Capitan Luis Gonzaga Building,
White Cross Orphanage, Boulevard-Alhambra (now Bel-Air) apartments, and
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Ramon Roces Publications Building (now the Guzman Institute of
Electronics).
2. Leandro V. Locsin
1928-1994
Leandro V. Locsin Istana Nurl Iman
Are you familiar with the Istana Nurul Iman? It is the palace of the
Sultan of Brunei which has a floor area of almost 2.2 million square feet.
Leandro V. Locsin is the visionary behind this majestic structure. He also has
also changed the city with his distinguishing architecture reflective of
Philippine art and culture. His style of floating volume, and the duality of light
and heavy is unparalleled with other artists.
With the span of 30 years, Locsin has produced 75 residences and 88

buildings, which include 11 churches and chapels, 23 public buildings, 48
commercial buildings, six major hotels, and an airport terminal building. The
CCP Complex with all five buildings- the Cultural Center of the Philippines, the
Folk Arts Theater, the Philippine International Convention Center, the Phil-
CITE, and the Western Hotel are all credited to Locsin’s unequaled talent.
3. Juan F. Nakpil
1899-1986
Juan F. Nakpil Quaipo Church in Manila in 1930
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Juan F. Nakpil is another famous Filipino architect that you should be
proud of. He had a strong faith in the Filipino architect, with the "belief that
there is such a thing as Philippine Architecture, espousing architecture
reflective of Philippine traditions and culture." He designed the 1937
International Eucharistic Congress altar and reconstructed the Quiapo Church
in 1930. The additional dome and a second belfry can be credited to this
brilliant artist.
Nakpil is also known as the artistic mind behind the Geronimo de los
Reyes Building, Magsaysay Building, Rizal Theater, Capitol Theater, Captain
Pepe Building, Manila Jockey Club, Rufino Building, Philippine Village Hotel,
University of the Philippines Administration Building (Quezon Hall) and
University Library (Gonzales Hall), and the reconstructed Rizal Shrine in
Calamba, Laguna.
4. Ildefonso P. Santos, Jr.

1929-2014
Ildefonso P. Santos, Jr. Paco Park Landscape
Ildefonso Paez Santos, Jr. is one of the most recognized landscape

architects in the country. Landscape architecture enhances outdoor public
spaces, landmarks, and structures by contouring the environment. He grew
up in Malabon, and his first contribution in the industry can be found in the
busy streets of Makati. If you visit the Makati Commercial Center, the concept
of outdoor shopping with landscaped walks, fountains, and sculptures as
accents is the product of Santos's clever ideas. Some of his famous works
include the prominent landscapes in Paco Park, Tagaytay Highlands Resort,
the Mt. Malarayat Golf and Country Club in Lipa, Batangas, and Orchard Golf
and Country Club in Imus, Cavite.
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5. Jose Maria Zaragoza
1912-1994
Jose Maria Zaragoza St. John Bosco Parish in Makati City
Jose Maria Zaragoza is an architecture graduate from the University of

Santo Tomas. He is the country's 82nd licensed architect. The head of the
National Committee on Architecture and Allied Arts of the NCCA, Gerard Lico,
lauds Zaragoza's works to have "advanced the progressive ideas of
modernism in rebuilding the Philippines from the ashes of war in the mid-20th
century." His works include St. John Bosco Parish in Makati City, Santo
Domingo Church in Quezon City, National Shrine of the Miraculous Medal,
Meralco Building, Greenhills Shopping Center, and the restructuring of the
Quiapo Church interior.
Art Production
The elements of art and principles of design or organization also apply to
architecture.
1. Size- relates the structure and its parts to the human beings who occupy
the space.
2. Scale- in architecture design relates to the proportion of an object or
space to all the other objects in it and also to the human beings and their
activities held in the structure.
Principle of Organization
1. Emphasis- where the major subordinate elements are determined in the
structural design.
2. Pattern and ornament- give artistic surfaces designed by the structural
limits, edges and corners.
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Style in Contemporary Architecture
Biomorphic Architecture
Biomorphic Architecture is designed with patterns or shapes inspired
by living organisms such as trees. It combines new materials and devices
such as collapsible domes with curved metal hemispheres; shell structure
made of concrete sprayed over inflated balloons; or ribbed ceilings looking
like dinosaur skeletons.
The dome is shape associated with our wish to live inside a womb- like
enclosure, either the artificial grave mound uniting us with Mother Earth or the
curve ceiling of a church, the dome of heavens, symbolizing the benevolent,
material universe. These structures combine formal order with symbolic
meanings which are ultimately biologic and religious.
Saint Andrew the Apostle Church in

Makati was designed by National Artist for
Architecture, Leandro V. Locsin and was
constructed on a 3,494 square meter lot in
1968. The church ceiling has lines that
converge at the highest point of the roof. It
resembles coconut leaves bundled together to make a giant native salakot.
Typical of Catholic churches, there is a huge crucifix above the altar, high
enough for everyone to see. There is a giant circular chandelier over the
altar which serves as a halo over the copper cross hanging above the altar
table. The pews surround the altar, forming an octagon.
Environment-friendly Architecture
Artists promote environmental awareness

through their creative work. To create
environment-friendly structures, architects
consider factors such as energy, efficiency, the
use of sustainable, natural and recycled
materials. They also consider the connection between outdoor landscape
and the indoor environment. Instead of uprooting trees and interrupting the
river flow, architects could design a building to make in part of everyday life
by integrating nature into a structure. There are also living roofs, in which
plants are use of roofing materials.
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Eco Art
It is a kind of art that promotes environmental
awareness and protection by either depicting
nature or using it as means to reflect the beauty
of the environment and the importance of its
preservation. An example of architecture that
promotes harmony between art and ecology is the Green Canyon Resort in
Clark, Pampanga. Having in mind the Pinatubo Volcanic Eruption in
1991which had devastating effects in Pampanga. Green Canyon Resort
was designed by Felino Palafox Jr. to fit the ecology of the place and to
provide a sanctuary for the people to once again see the beauty of nature.
The main structure has pieces of furniture and sculpture by Nicollo Jose,
who also offers activities or workshops in woodworking, painting, sculpture,
and organic food cooking of vegetables grown at the resort.
Another example is the work of Architect

Francisco Maῆosa. Two decades ago, Pearl
Farm Resort in Davao made it to Architectural
Digest which noted its modern Filipino
Aesthetics Architect “Gelo” Maῆosa had built a
cluster of modern villas above the sea, much like
the house on stilts of the Badjaos and the Samals. The villas were assigned
to the children of Don Antonio Floirendo, founder of the architectural
company Tagum Architectural Development Co. and the resort. The villas
reflected the personalities of their inhabitants.
Skyscrapers
Skyscrapers are immensely tall buildings found
in densely populated cities all over the globe. In
Manila, there is growing number of skyscrapers
that serve as residences and business offices.
The 21st century skyscrapers are no integrally
connected to their urban context by integrating
mass transportation. Multi- layered pedestrian network which spans from
deep below grade to several stories above connect buildings and transport
networks. In terms of vertical
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organization, it redefines how a building functions and how people use a
building contributed to the increase in 21st century skyscraper efficiency and
sustainability.
Doors, Windows, Walls and Interior Decors
Architectural doors, windows, walls and interior decors are just as

important as the structure itself. Although they do not require the same
strength and engineering system, these parts serve the occupants and
should be aesthetically pleasing from being functional.
1. Doors can be made of wood or glass combined with metal. Wood door
surface can be carved with a design to look more appealing. The color of
the door should match the motif and color of the interior of the structure.
Artist Ed Defensor collaborated with fellow

artist to depict historical scenes on metal
sheets and then mounted these on the door.
Although the subject matter is an epic folktale,
the design is reminiscent of modern artist
Auguste Rodin’s Gates of Hell and the
bricks that surrounded the doors give it a
modern appearance used for ships. Metal slabs are arranged in collage
form, still with welding marks. An old television set is placed on a table. The
steel chairs match the carpet designed with curve lines. Overall, it has a
classic appeal combined with contemporary design.
2. Fountains are usually located outside a building but in contemporary art,

architects and engineers have devised ways of installing indoor fountains,
enhanced with lights and sounds. Such is Reg Yuson’s Eternal Fountain
3. Windows are not just openings into a structure. They serve as passage of
light, air, and sound. Modern windows are usually made of glass, which are
transparent or translucent. A window composed of colored pieces or
painted glass frequently portraying people or scenes are called stained
glass windows. Because they are colorful and transparent, the sunlight
that penetrates it is projected onto the interior parts and floor, which
enhances the beauty of the structure.
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4. Walls are usually made of concrete reinforced with steel. In some cases,
bricks or wooden panels are mounted on the wall to give it textures or a
warm and aesthetic appeal. They can be padded, painted, carved, or
covered to achieve the desired effect. In the Henry Hotel lobby, one part of
the wall is covered with metal sheets.
Francisco “Bobby” Maῆosa Coconut Palace is referred to as

“Contemporary tropical Filipino Architecture.’’ This architecture is mix of
elements that are not usually combined in architecture: coconut lumber,
rattan, shell, thatch, and even indigenous textiles are juxtaposed with
hypermodern materials: metal, glass, concrete. It is a showcase of
Maῆosa’s style, with its coconut gourd roof, coconut shell chandelier and
pineapple fibre bedcovers infused with technological innovation for the
modern era. Indoor, the furniture pieces’ bear images of coconut tree parts.
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LESSON 16
THE CONTEMPORARY IN TRADITIONAL ART: GAWAD SA
MANLILIKHA NG BAYAN (GAMABA)
Overview:
The National Living Treasures Award or Gawad sa Manlilikha ng

Bayan is a special honor to exemplary Filipinos who have lived a life in the
promotion of indigenous and folk art in the country. Many of these art forms,
such as weaving, epic literature, and casque making, are endangered due to
the lure of globalization. The works and efforts of these living treasures are
testaments to the rich cultural and artistic heritage of Filipinos, which need to
be preserved and protected.
Learning Outcomes;
a. identify national artists and national living treasure and their contributions to
the Philippine cultural heritage;
b. explain the qualifications of a national artist and a national living treasure
awardee; and
c. explains Filipino artist’s roles and identify their contribution to contemporary
arts.
Lesson Content:
The National Artists of the Philippines
The Philippines honors many significant Filipino artists who have
greatly contributed to the promotion and preservation of our cultural heritage.
Many of them have made significant contributions in their own field of
expertise, earning them the Order of National Artists.
The categories for the Order of National Artists are music, dance,
theater, visual arts, literature, film and broadcast arts, and architecture or
allied arts.
What is a National Artist?
A National Artist is a Filipino citizen who has been given the rank and
title of National Artist in recognition of his or her significant contributions to the
development of Philippine arts and letters.
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The rank and title of National Artist is conferred by means of a
Presidential Proclamation. It recognizes excellence in the fields of Music,
Dance, Theater, Visual Arts, Literature, Film and Broadcast Arts, and
Architecture or Allied Arts.
What is the Order of National Artist?
Those who have been proclaimed National Artists are given a Grand
Collar symbolizing their status. Recipients of this Grand Collar make up the
Order of National Artists. The Order of National Artists (Orden ng Gawad
Pambansang Alagad ng Sining) is thus a rank, a title, and a wearable award
that represents the highest national recognition given to Filipinos who have
made distinct contributions in the field of arts and letters. It is jointly
administered by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA)
and the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP), and is conferred by the
President of the Philippines upon recommendation by both institutions.
As one of the Honors of the Philippines, it embodies the nation's

highest ideals in humanism and aesthetic expression through the distinct
achievements of individual citizens. The Order of National Artists shares
similarities with orders, decorations, and medals of other countries
recognizing contributions to their national culture such as, the U.S. National
Medal for the Arts, and the Order of Culture of Japan.
According to the rules of the National Commission on Culture and the

Arts, the Order of the National Artists should be every on three.
The Insignia of the Order of the National Artists
The insignia of the Order of the National Artists is composed of a

Grand Collar featuring circular links portraying the arts, and an eight-pointed
conventionalized sunburst suspended from a sampaguita wreath in green and
white enamel. The central badge is a medallion divided into three equal
portions, red, white, and blue, recalling the Philippine flag, with three stylized
letter Ks-the "KKK" stands for the CCP's motto: "katotohanan, kabutihan, at
kagandahan" ("the true, the good, and the beautiful"), as coined by then first
lady Mrs. Imelda Romualdez Marcos, the CCP's founder. The composition of
the Grand Collar is silver gilt bronze. In place of a rosette there is an
enameled pin in the form of the insignia of the order.
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When was the Order of the National Artist Award Created?
It was established by virtue of Presidential Proclamation No. 1001,s.

1972, which created the Award and Decoration of National Artist, "to give
appropriate recognition and prestige to Filipinos who have distinguished
themselves and made outstanding contributions to Philippine arts and letters,"
and which posthumously conferred the award on the painter Fernando
Amorsolo, who had died earlier than that year.
PROCESS OF NOMINATION AND CONFERMENT OF THE ORDER
CRITERIA FOR THE ORDER OF NATIONAL ARTISTS
1. Living artists who are Filipino citizens at the time of nomination, as those
who died after the establishment of the award in 1972 but were Filipino
citizens at the time of their death;
2. Artists who, through the content and form of their works, have contributed
in building a Filipino sense of nationhood;
3. Artists who have pioneered in a mode of creative expression or style, thus
earning distinction and making an impact on succeeding generations of
artists;
4. Artists who have created a substantial and significant body of work and/or
consistently displayed excellence in the practice of their art form thus
enriching artistic expression or style; and
5. Artists who enjoy broad acceptance through:
✓ prestigious national and/or international recognition, such as Gawad
CCP Para sa Sining, CCP Thirteen Artists Award and Alab ng
Haraya;
✓ critical acclaim and/or reviews of their works;
✓ respect and esteem from peers.
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A member of the Order of National Artists are granted the following
honors and privileges:
1. The and rank and title of National Artist, as proclaimed by the President of
the Philippines;
2. The insignia of a National Artist and a citation;
3. A lifetime emolument and material and physical benefits of comparable in
value to those received by the highest officers of the land such as:
✓ a cash award of One Hundred Thousand Pesos (P100,000.00) net
of taxes, for living awardees;
✓ a cash award of Seventy-Five Thousand Pesos (P75,000.00) net of
taxes, for posthumous awardees, payable to legal heir/s;
✓ a monthly life pension, medical and hospitalization benefits;
✓ life insurance coverage for Awardees who are still insurable;
✓ a state funeral and burial at the Libingan ng mga Bayani;
✓ a place of honor, in line with protocular precedence, at national state
functions, and recognition at cultural events.
Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan
The Philippines also honors artists who have made significant mark in
folk or traditional arts and who have reached a high level of technical skill and
artistic excellence. This award is called the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan
(GAMABA), or National Living Treasures Award.
The categories for GAMABA are folk architecture, maritime transport,

weaving, carving, performing arts, literature, graphic and plastic arts,
ornament, textile or fiber art, pottery, and other artistic expressions of
traditional culture.
In April 1992, the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan or the National Living

Treasures Award was institutionalized through Republic Act No. 7355. Tasked
with the administration and implementation of the Award is the National
Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA), the highest policymaking and
coordinating body for culture and the arts of the State. The NCCA, through the
Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan Committee and an Ad Hoc Panel of Experts,
conducts the search for the finest traditional artists of the land, adopts a
program that will ensure the transfer of their skills to others and undertakes
measures to promote a genuine appreciation of and instill pride among our
people about the genius of the Manlilikha ng Bayan.
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First awarded in 1993 to three outstanding artists in music and poetry,
the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan has its roots in the 1988 National Folk
Artists Award organized by the Rotary Club of Makati-Ayala. As a group,
these folk and traditional artists reflect the diverse heritage and cultural
traditions that transcend their beginnings to become part of our national
character. As Filipinos, they bring age-old customs, crafts and ways of living
to the attention and appreciation of Filipino life. They provide us with a vision
of ourselves and of our nation, a vision we might be able to realize someday,
once we are given the opportunity to be true to ourselves as these artists
have remained truthful to their art.
As envisioned under R.A. 7355, "Manlilikha ng Bayan" shall mean a

citizen engaged in any traditional art uniquely Filipino whose distinctive skills
have reached such a high level of technical and artistic excellence and have
been passed on to and widely practiced by the present generation in his/ her
community with the same degree of technical and artistic competence.
Like the National Artists, an artist must have exceptional qualities to

become a Manlilikha ng Bayan. Below are the criteria.
1. The artist should be inhabitant of an indigenous/traditional cultural

community anywhere in the Philippines that has preserved indigenous
customs, beliefs, rituals, and traditions and/or has syncretized whatever
external elements that have influenced it.
2. The artist must engage in a folk-art tradition that has been in existence and
documented for at least sixty years.
3. The artist must have consistently performed or produced works of superior
and distinctive quality over a significant period.
4. The artist must possess a mastery of tools and materials needed by the art,
and must have an established reputation in the art as master and maker of
works of extraordinary technical quality.
5. The artist must have passed on and/or will pass on to other members of the
community his/her skills in the folk art for which the community is
traditionally known.
A traditional artist who possess all the qualities of a Manlilikha ng

Bayan candidate but is now incapable of teaching further his/her craft, may
still be recognized, provided that:
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1. The artist has created a significant body of works and/or has consistently
displayed excellence in the practice of his/her art, thus achieving important
contributions for its development.
2. The artist has been instrumental in the revitalization of his/her community's
artistic tradition.
3. The artist has passed on to other members of the community the skills in
the folk art for which the community is traditionally known.
4. The community of the artist has recognized him/her as master and teacher
of his/her craft.
Awards and Incentives
The awardee receives a specially designed medallion/plaque, with a

duplicate set that should be donated and displayed to a provincial museum or
the largest cultural center in the awardee’s community.
The awardee is given an initial grant of P100, 000.00 and a P14,000.00

lifetime stipend per month. The award is granted a maximum cumulative
amount of P750,000.00 medical and hospitalization benefits as well as funeral
assistance similar as those received by the National Artists.
Form Manlilikha Year of Ethnicity/Location Expertise

ng Conferment
Bayan
T’boli/ lake Sebu, Tinalak weaving
South Cotabato,
Lang Dulay 1998 Mindanao, Southern
Philippines
Tagabawa bagobo/ Inabal weaving

bansalan, Davao
Salinta 1998 del Sur,
Monon southeastern
Mindanao island,
Southern Philipines
Weaving
Darhata Tausug/parang, sulu, Pis siyabit
Sawabi southern Philippines weaving
2004
Haja Amina Sama/ Tandubas, Mat weaving

Appi Tawi-tawi, Southern
2004 philippines
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Magdalena Ilocano/ Pinili, Ilocos Inabel weaving
Gamayo Norte, Northern
2012 Luzon island,
northern
Philippines
Teofilo Garcia Ilocano/ San Quintin, Tabungaw Hat
Abra Weaver
2012
Estelita B’laan/ Malungon, Mat Weaver

Bantila Sarangani
2018
Ambalang Lamitan, Basilan Yakan Weaver

Ausalin
2018
Yabing Dulo B’laan, Polomolok, Ikat-weaver

South Cotabato
2018
Hanunoo Mangyan/ Surat Mangyan

Mansalay, Oriental and Ambahan
Ginaw Bilog 1993 Mindoro, Central poetry
Philippines
Masino Pala’wan/ Lyrical Poems

Intaray Brookes Point, (Kulilal, Basal,
1993 Palawan Island, and
central Bagit) and
Phillipines playing their
accompanying
instruments;
epic chanting
and storytelling
Samaon Magindanao/ Mama Playing the
Sulaiman sa Panao, kudyapi
1993 Maguindanao,
Literature
western Mindanao
and Island, Southern
performing Philippines
arts
Alonzo Saclag Kalinga/ lubuagan, Playing

kalinga, northern Kalinga
2000 Luzon islands, musical
northern Philippines instruments;
dance patterns
and
movements
associated with
rituals
Federico Sulod Bukidnon/ Chanting the
Caballero Calinog, Iloilo, Panay sugidanon epic
2000 Island, central of the Panay
Philippines Bukidnon
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Uwang Yakan/ lamitan, Playing Yakan
Ahadas basilan islands, musical
2000 southern Philippines instruments
CHAPTER III
DIFFERENT CONTEMPORARY ART TECHNIQUES AND
PERFORMANCE PRACTICES
Overview:
This chapter presents lessons that discuss the different contemporary

art practices in the Philippines, and the local materials used as applied to
contemporary art. It also presents lessons that discuss the traditional
techniques applied to contemporary creation.
a. researches on techniques and performance practices applied to

contemporary arts;
b. identifies local materials used in creating art;
c. critiques available materials and appropriate techniques; and
d. justifies the use of materials and application of techniques.
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LESSON 17
CONTEMPORARY ART PRACTICES IN THE PHILIPPINES
Overview:
The world is blind without art, which can transform the invisible into
visible. Preserving art forms are the major responsibility of a ruling authority
because it shows the past history of the society as well as nation. The
Philippines is known around the world not only for its stunning natural
wonders but also for the locals’ love to get together and celebrate. A proof of
this is the long list of cultural festivals in the country. Fiestas become
important avenues for artistic engagement. As artistic ventures especially in
the Philippine countryside are always wanting in venue and avenues for
artistic engagement, it is in these convergences that the artists find their
audience.
Learning Outcomes;
a. identify different contemporary art practices in the Philippines;

b. identify the festivals celebrated in each region; and
c. explain the importance of festivals and rituals in the Philippines.
Learning Content:
One way of preserving and promoting the arts in the various regions of
the Philippines is by practicing it as often as possible. Contemporary art
practices are actual practices of the arts in everyday life. (Perez, 2016)
Perez (2016) said that contemporary art practices are expressed in

different ways, by an individual or by a collaboration of several artists.
Perhaps one collaborative art that is very common to every region is the
festival. A festival may be composed of various events such as street dancing,
singing competitions, architectural decors like floats, and a lot more.
We are all aware that the Philippines have various kinds of festivals. It
is known fact that we, Filipinos, everywhere in the world love to celebrate and
get together.
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Lasting anywhere between a days to an entire month, Philippine
festivals are huge cultural celebrations that attract both local and foreign
tourists due to its colorful and a festive nature.
Because of Spain’s Catholic influence dating back to the mid-1500s,

most of these festivals are usually religious in nature while others are meant
to commemorate important events in history. Either way, attending a
Philippine festival is definitely something you have to experience in order to
witness how rich our country’s culture is.
Ati-Atihan Festival
3rd weekend of January/ Kalibo, Aklan
This Sto. Niño

festival started it all. One of
the oldest religious
celebrations in the country,
Ati-Atihan is characterized by
a parade filled with face-
painted celebrants, indigenous costumes and weapons, tribal dances, and
loud drumbeats. Tourists who flock to Kalibo for the festivities are free to
cover themselves in black soot and dance on the streets with the drum beats.
Known as the “The Filipino Mardi Gras,” it is truly an experience not to be
missed.
Sinulog Festival
3rd Week of January/ Cebu City
Cebu also has its own version of
the festival in honor of the Sto. Niño. If
you find yourself attending the Sinulog
Festival, “Pit Señor!,” a Cebuano
phrase that means to plead to the
Señor Santo Niño. It is one of the most
attended festivals in the Philippines,
attracting millions of locals and tourists
from all over the world.
Dinagyang Festival
4th Week of January/Iloilo City
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Once a year, Iloilo City transforms into one big street party- streets
closed, bands in all corners, overflowing food and drinks, and towering boom
boxes. To cap it all off, tribes representing different barangays and high
schools perform in one very competitive street dancing contest.
Panagbenga Festival
February/ Baguio City
The word “Panagbenga”
comes from Kankanaey term which
means “season of blooming.” With
the numerous parades of floral
floats and children dressed as flora
and fauna, it definitely lives up to its
name, making Baguio the perfect
destination for those who still have a hangover from the huge festivals in
January.
Moriones Festival
Holy Week/Boac, Gasan, and Mogpog, Marinduque
This week-long celebration

of the life of St. Longinus is what
makes Marinduque one of the top
destinations during Holy Week in the
Philippines. Morion is the helmet
worn by the centurions while Moriones refers to the costumed penitents
reenacting the search for St. Longinus, hunted by his fellow centurions for
converting to Christianity.
During the festival you will see Marinduqueños dressed up as

centurions (Moriones) looking for Longinus. One person acts as Longinus,
hiding from them while the townspeople play along and allow him to hide in
their houses. Via Crucis or the reenactment of the Passion of Christ also
happens during this Philippine festival.
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Aliwan Festival
Last Week of April/ Pasay City, Manila
Aliwan Fiesta is more of a
competition than it is a festival.
However, it has undeniably added great
value to the growing interest in
Philippine festivals. Although it just
started in the early 2000s, it has already
gained a strong fan-base nationwide
with more than 5,000 young men and women from all over the country joining
the competition.
Pahiyas Festival
15th of May/Lucban, Quezon
One of the Philippines’ most
colorful harvest festival, May 15th
marks that time of the year when
people in Lucban decorate their
houses with different-colored
produces in an almost competitive
manner. It is not uncommon to see
singakamas (turnip), talong (eggplant), sigarilyas (winged bean) and all the
other vegetables and fruits mentioned in the Bahay Kubo song hanging
on the exteriors of their homes. You can actually bring a basket and pick the
produce from the walls for free.
Pintados Festival
29th of June/ Tacloban City
Pintados is another festival in honor
of the Sto. Niño (yes, this is the 4th of its
kind in the list). It just goes to show how
Filipinos want to be reminded to be
childlike in their ways and to place hope in
their children. This festival has been
growing in popularity because of the contigents they send to the Aliwan Fiesta
every year. They do not fail to amaze. Leyte is also the home base of other
festivals like Alikaraw, Pasaka, and the 2009 Aliwan Fiesta champions,
Buyogan.
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Kadayawan Festival
3rd Week of August/ Davao City
Kadayawan comes from the
Dabawenyo word “madayaw”, a
friendly greeting which means good
or beautiful. Probably the biggest
festival in Mindanao, Kadayawan
has everything all other festivals
have: street dancing, beauty
pageants, fireworks display, floral floats. It is a celebration of Davao’s as well
as the rest of Mindanao’s abundance; showcasing flowers, fruits, and other
produces that abound the country’s second largest island. Just two years ago,
they even introduced a week-long street food fiesta in Freedom Park, Roxas
Avenue called Kaan sa Da’n.
MassKara Festival
19th of October/ Bacolod City
Colorful masks, street
dancing, electrical displays and
best of all… the sweet smiles of
Bacoleñas! What more could you
ask for? Mascara is a combination
of the words “mass” which means
“face”. You will see participants
wearing smiling masks signifying a multitude of smiling faces, solidifying
Bacolod’s title as the “City of Smiles.”
Like Sinulog, it is also swarmed by the younger party crowd as it is

conveniently scheduled during the semestral break.
There are still a lot of Philippine festivals not mentioned in this list. The
next you book a flight; you might want to consider scheduling it during that
destination’s festival dates.
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LESSON 18
MATERIALS USED IN THE CONTEMPORARY ARTS
Overview:
Contemporary artists need materials to be able to create their

masterpieces. Through the materials they use, they are able to express their
feelings and thoughts, and transform their ideas or experiences into
something tangible so that the audience, viewer, or listener will receive the
message of a particular work of art. In this lesson, we will discuss the concept
of materials for Filipino and the literary artists; they use pen and paper or a
typewriter; instruments and musical sheets for musicians; paint, paper, or
canvass for visual artists.
Learning Outcomes;
a. describe the materials used by contemporary artist in producing their

artworks;
b. make a creative artwork using selected materials; and
c. explain the importance of technology to the development of contemporary
art.
Learning Content:
In the past, the concept of materials for Filipino has been very
traditional. For the literary artists, they use pen and paper or a typewriter;
instruments and musical sheets for musicians; paint, paper, or canvass for
visual artists. Some artists use recycled materials, and have also
rediscovered existing indigenous materials. Some even combine indigenous
materials. It is because Filipino contemporary artists do not conform to any
fixed standard. They combine various found objects in order to create images
that portray everyday human life and depict socially relevant issues such as
identity, journey, migration and displacement.
Nowadays, contemporary artists have many choices. They can just

look around their surroundings and find possibilities. For example, the late
Levi Celerio, National Artist for Music was known for making music using a
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leaf with lips. Another best example is children singing Christmas carole with
the help of tins, sticks or stones during Christmas season.
In the Philippines music, various musicians are still fond of playing with
unconventional musical instruments that are made of alternative materials like
bamboo, wood, etc. One best example is the rondalla, a musical ensemble of
string instruments played with a pick. Until now, it is very popular in many
regions. It was the Spaniards, who brought to us this type of instrumental
music culture but because of our ancestors’ pursuit of national identity, it has
evolved with instruments made from indigenous Philippine wood. Another
example of traditional musical instruments that are still being used today in
some regions are gangsa, kalaleng or tangali (nose flute) made of bamboo;
the tongatong, a bamboo percussion instrument used by Kalinga people; the
solibao, a hollow wooden Igorot drum topped with pigskin; and the ulibaw or
most commonly known as jew’s harp.
Technology has also redefined art in many ways. Artists have to

upgrade their skills and learn the use if computer programs and its
applications to be able to produce new art. The availability and variety of
materials and the possibilities offered by technology to expand of the choices
of artists. Thus, technology is essential to the development of contemporary
art.
Filipinos are, indeed, ingenious. Experimentation and innovation are

parts of their daily life. They are skillfull at holding tools and utilizing available
materials in different ways. Also, their intuitive personality let them know that
materials can be formed and fashioned in diverse ways and applied to their
work with varying results.
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LESSON 19
TECHNIQUES IN THE CREATION OF ARTS
Overview:
Contemporary art has been defined through a series of complex

techniques. However, many contemporary Filipino artists do not have formal
studies in the fine arts. In fact, most of them are self-taught. They study on
their own the skills in art-making. In this lesson, the students can learn more
about the writing technique, acting technique, dance technique and cinematic
technique in the Philippines.
Learning Outcomes;
a. explain techniques in the creation of arts;

b. identify and describe different techniques in art making; and
c. analyze techniques used in selected artwork.
Learning Content:
Technique in the creation of arts can be defined as the process or
method that makes use of the materials on hand. It can also define as the skill
of the artists to execute his or her work and produce the effect he or she
wants to achieve.
There are diverse techniques for different art forms. In literature, there
is writing technique wherein a writer arranges words and thoughts to create
moods or atmospheres, and evoke the feeling and the artist wants to express.
In modern Philippine literature, most literary works that are being produced
usually mirror Philippine society and culture in a constantly changing
environment. Contemporary Filipino writers put emphasis on fragmentation
and paradox in the human experience which results to the disorientation or
confusion.
In theater, the manner of using facial expressions, gestures, and body

movements to portray a character is called acting technique. Also, we have
the dance technique or the way of moving one’s body to express an emotion
or desired state or condition. There is also what we call cinematic techniques
that vary from its screenplay, physical contact, contrast, positioning or
blockings, and timing.
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As discussed in the previous lesson, material is used to create an
artwork, while technique is the method of putting together the materials in an
organized manner.
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CHAPTER IV
CONTEMPORARY ARTS PRODUCTION
Overview:
This chapter presents lessons that discuss the importance of

experimentation in creating a work of art, and how technology helps in the
continuous development of contemporary Philippine’s arts. It also presents
lessons that focus on the production of contemporary arts in the Philippine.
a. conceptualizes contemporary art based on techniques and

performance practices in their locality;
b. applies artistic skills and techniques in the process of creation;
c. incorporates contemporary characteristics to one’s creation with
attention to detail; and
d. creates the intended final product using appropriate materials for the
best possible output
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LESSON 20
EXPERIMENTATIONS IN CREATING WORKS OF ART
Overview:
As discussed in the previous lesson, many contemporary artists are

self-taught. They tend to explore and experiment. Experimentation in creating
works of art is part of the creative process. It will cost the artists several trial-
and-error attempts until the desired outcome is achieved. Though, it is not
guaranteed that the outcomes will be always good, they are usually original,
unique, and innovative productions.
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, students can:
a. describe how experimentation is done in the creation of arts; and

b. explain the importance of experimentation in creating works of art and how
failure contributes to the entirety of an artwork
Learning Content:
In the sciences, it is fine to fail because failure is a natural part of
experimentation. If you want to learn how a process works, or develop a new
one yourself, the scientific method demands that you try, fail, and try again.
On the other hand, in the arts, failure is often seen as a dirty word when in
fact, it can be helpful to the creative process of art-making. If we do not take
risk and push boundaries, art would remain stagnant, and the creative spirit
would be wasted on our own fears.
In 2015, a Philippine shadow play group known as El Gamma

Penumbra, has won the hearts of the world and hailed as the Champion in the
AXN’s reality talent show, Asia’s Got Talent. Everytime the group step and
performs on stage, the audience gets carried away because of their unique
presentation, experimental visuals and movements, and powerful subject
matters and messages.
El Gamma Penumbra’s performance is also a good example of

performance art (art in action) in the aspect of visual design. Performance art
is usually done in public where an artist or a group of artist performs their
artwork on-the-spot.
118
In the field of filmmaking, the Philippines has experimental cinema.
Experimental cinema is characterized by its unconventional way of conveying
message. There are the independent films, also known as, indie films.
Independent films are movies usually produced with minimal production
budget. For independent filmmakers, an indie film is also considered as an art
film because it reflects their own personal unique artistic vision.
Too support in the promotion and development of the indie film

industry, the Cultural Center of the Philippines has created the Cinemalaya
Philippine Independent Film Festival wherein ten filmmakers compete for the
prestigious Balanghai Award. This festival showcases various indie films.
119
LESSON 21
CONTEMPORARY ARTS PRODUCTION
Overview:
This lesson will discuss about the different aspects that make up a
production one by one. It will teach us how to work as one in executing
collaborative arts or projects.
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, students can:
a. identify the different aspects that make up a production;

b. explain the responsibilities of each aspect; and
c. put up a multimedia production.
Learning Content:
As we are all very much aware, Philippine arts is still lively up to this
day. This is because of the millions of Filipino art communities who help in the
propagation of arts in the country. We have known numerous Filipino artists
and their contributions to the Philippine arts who use their God-given talents
and skills in the most creative and innovative ways to respond to the social
concerns and problem of the present time. We should be thanking them now
because they allow us to experience the celebration of life despite all the
hardships. They also teach us how to work as one in executing collaborative
arts or projects. The question now is how to successfully execute a project?
You have to learn that there are different aspects that make up a
production one by one.
• The Production Team
• The Writers
• The Director
• The Choreographer
• The Actors/Performers
• The Backstage Crew
• The Concept
120
• The Plan
• The Presentation
• The Feedback
121

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FIRST QUARTER

• Art as a skill or mastery

• Art as a process or a product of a creative skill

• Art as a representation of reality

• Art reflects the characteristics of a period

• In representational art or objective art, we can easily see identifiable

• Non-representational art or non-objective art does not depict

Medium. It is the instrument of the artist in translating his feelings and

2. Shape and Form. Shape is a two-dimensional figure (Length and Width)

3. Value or Tone. It refers to the relative lightness or darkness in anything

5. Space. It is an element of art that refers to the distance between, around,

2. Proportion. It is a principle of art concerned with the relationship of one

3. Rhythm. Similar alternation to musical rhythm, visual rhythm is

4. Emphasis and Subordination. Emphasis is the principle that makes a

The terms "traditional" and "folk" may be used interchangeably to refer

As mentioned earlier, contemporary art emerged after World War II.

Contemporary art challenges tradition. If traditional artists' art consisted

To be able to appreciate artworks that are in the contemporary style,

Contemporary art forms in the regions now include choreography,

Choreography is an arrangement or design for dance movements usually

Musical Instruments. A musical instrument is any tool or device that

Visual Design. It is a composition or layout of lines, shapes, and color to form

Theatrical Performance. It refers to the staging and execution of a

With regards to subject matter, the most common themes in the

What makes Philippine Art Filipino? To what extent is Philippine art

The questions above are merely a rephrasing of the old problem of

Genre used to be a major consideration in determining the "Filipino-

Because of the abstract language or imagery used, it is not as easy

We know for a fact that Ocampo was no espouser of "nationalistic"

How about our expatriates? Can the Spoliarium, executed by Juan

Fernando Amorsolo Palay Maiden Leonardo da Vinci La Gioconda

Meanwhile, in the Philippine music industry, Original Pinoy Music

Philippines is the home of world-class talent. In the field of dancing,

Usually, media influences play a large role in popularizing of these pop

Philippine the pop culture is easily recognized. Pinoy pop culture is an

National Commission for Culture and the Arts

National Commission for Culture and the Arts

Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP)

Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP)

National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP)

Recently, the NHCP erected and dedicated a monument in Parang,

National Museum of the Philippines

Perhaps the most valuable artwork housed in the National Museum is

National Library of the Philippines (NLP)

The cover page of the document Acta de la

The National Archives of the Philippines

An Artist for the Nation

In 1972, Presidential Proclamation No. 1001, s. 1972 created and

What Does It Take to Be a National Artist?

1. Living artists who are natural-born Filipino citizens at the time of

What Does the Award Give?

The National Artist Insignia

Year Awardee Category Notes

The power of music goes beyond

Figure A, Antonio J. Molina Figure B, Antonino R. Buenaventura

a. Antonino Buenaventura (1904-1996) (Figure B)- a conductor who

Figure C, Lucio San Pedro Figure D, Felipe Padilla de Leon

c. Lucio San Pedro (1913-1996) (Figure C)- a traditional composer and