L3: The Dictionary as Product (I): Dictionaries among Other Reference Works

1. Each of the following examples is extracted from a different reference

work. Specify the source of each example choosing from the list below.

A. Thesaurus (www.thesaurus.com)
B. Index to The Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography (2008) by B. T. Sue Atkins and
Michael Rundell
C. Encyclopaedia Britannica
D. New Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (2010)
E. Concise Handbook of Linguistics. A Glossary of Terms (1967) by Daniel J. Steible
F. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (2000)
by Frederick William Danker

Source
Cubism, highly influential visual arts style of the 20th century
that was created principally by the artists Pablo Picasso and
Georges Braque in Paris between 1907 and 1914. The Cubist
style emphasized the flat, two-dimensional surface of the
picture plane, rejecting the traditional techniques of perspective,
foreshortening, modeling, and chiaroscuro, and refuting time-
honoured theories that art should imitate nature. Cubist painters
were not bound to copying form, texture, colour, and space;
instead, they presented a new reality in paintings that depicted
radically fragmented objects.
Cubism derived its name from remarks that were made by the
critic Louis Vauxcelles, who derisively described Braque’s
1908 work Houses at L’Estaque as being composed of cubes. In
1 ………
Braque’s painting, the volumes of the houses, the cylindrical
forms of the trees, and the tan-and-green colour scheme are
reminiscent of Paul Cézanne’s landscapes, which deeply
inspired the Cubists in their first stage of development (until
1909). It was, however, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, painted by
Picasso in 1907, that presaged the new style; in this work, the
forms of five female nudes become fractured, angular shapes.
As in Cézanne’s art, perspective is rendered through colour,
with the warm reddish-browns advancing and the cool blues
receding.
 entry 246–255, 318–322
abbreviation entry 196
encylopedic entry 198
function word entry 196–198
2
grammatical word entry 196–198lexical entry (standard) ………
193–195
standard lexical entry 193–195
template entry 123–128, 286,
392–394, 490

I. WORDS EXPRESSING ABSTRACT RELATIONS

VI. TIME
2. RELATIVE TIME; Time with reference to succession
Adolescence.
[Antonyms: age.] [Nouns] adolescence, pubescence, majority;
adultism; adultness; adulthood; manhood, virility, maturity, full
age, ripe age; flower of age; prime of life, meridian of life,
spring of life.
3 man; woman; adult, no chicken. ………
[Verbs] come of age, come to man's estate, come to years of
discretion; attain majority, assume the toga virilis; have cut
one's eyeteeth, have sown one's wild oats.
[Adjectives] adolescent, pubescent, of age; of full age, of ripe
age; out of one's teens, grown up, mature, full grown, in one's
prime, middle-aged, manly, virile, adult; womanly, matronly;
marriageable, nubile.

4 ………

JOY
King Saul, with tabrets, with j ………. ISa 18:6 8057
5 pipes, and rejoiced with great j ……… IKin 1:40 8057 ………
for three was j in Israel …………….... IChr 12:40 8057

synchronic description
the formulation of descriptive statements about a language as it
6 ………
stands at a given time without regard to its historical evolution
or its relationship to other languages
 2. Fill in the following paragraphs with the appropriate type of reference work
from the list.

a)
dictionary encyclopedia grammar book

A(n) 1 is a reference work about words. It is a book about language. Its nearest
cousin is the 2 , but this is a book about things, people, places and ideas, a book about
the ‘real world’, not about language. The distinction between them is not always easy to draw,
and there are often elements of one in the other, but they do not share the same headword list
[…] and they do not provide the same information for the headwords that they do have in
common.
A(n) 3 is usually arranged in alphabetical order of the headwords. Indeed the
expression ‘ 4 order’ is synonymous with ‘alphabetical order’. But there are word
books that are arranged by topic or theme, rather than by alphabet. […]
If the 5 is distinguished, as a reference book, from the 6 , on the one
hand, it is distinguished, as a linguistic description, from the 7 , on the other. A(n)
8 , as the description of the grammatical system of a language, deals with the
general rules and conventions for the structure of sentences and tends to deal with words as
classes or subclasses. A(n) 9 describes the operation of individual lexical items,
including, where relevant, how they fit into the general pattern of grammar. The 10
and the 11 are complementary parts of the description of a
language, and a(n) 12 will use terms that are defined by the 13 .
(based on Jackson 2002: 21-22)

b)
dictionary encyclopedia

To most people, the dictionary and the encyclopedia are closely linked and sometimes
considered interchangeable, but they are essentially different kinds of reference works with
different purposes. A(n) 14 is a text that describes the meanings of words,
often illustrates how they are used in context, and usually indicates how they are pronounced.
A(n) 15 in the traditional form of a book usually has its words listed in alphabetical
order. A modern one often includes information about spelling, etymology (word derivation),
usage, synonyms, and grammar, and sometimes includes illustrations as well. A(n) 16
is a collection of articles about each branch of knowledge. Although some articles
include definitions, their descriptions go far beyond the information given in a 17 .
18 definitions are usually confined to information that the reader must
have to understand an unfamiliar word. The emphasis is on the word, and all the information
given bears directly on the meaning, pronunciation, use, or history of the word. 19
articles are essentially topical, dealing with the entire subject represented by the article’s title.
A(n) 20 article on religion does not merely say what the word religion means or
has meant in the past or how it is pronounced or used; it systematically describes the religions
of the world: their histories, doctrines, and practices.
(based on Landau 1984/2001: 6-7)

c)
concordance glossary index dictionary
encyclopedia grammar book vocabulary

A(n) 21 is a list of keywords used in one book or series of books, by one or

several authors. The only microstructural information it contains is the number of the page
where the word can be found in the book, a cross-reference to the information contained in the
book itself. […] A(n) 22 does not represent a set of words outside the source text to
which it is attached.
A(n) 23 is also a list of words, but it aims at drawing together various passages
of a book where a particular word is used. The first were compiled on the text of the Bible.
Many others have been compiled in many languages since then, mostly for literary works.
The 24 is usually exhaustive, containing every single word used in the work that is
being studied.
A(n) 25 or 26 is a list of specialized terms used in a particular field,
with or without definitions. Like the 27 , they give only the terms that are
considered important; unlike it, they are not limited to a particular work, but aim to represent
the field in general. […]
Some of the differences between a 28 and a 29 are obvious enough: a
30 has a running text that is not divided into unconnected paragraphs, and thus it
can be read, not only consulted; it does not have a coded arrangement of entries; its text is
unambiguously about the language, not about the world; also, and probably as a consequence,
it is meant for a narrower public than the 31 .
The entry words of an 32 are always nouns, both common nouns and
proper nouns. But those nouns are not the subjects of the microstructural information
contained in the entries; they are only the signs indicating the contents of the entries. In other
words, the 33 article, which aims at describing the world, uses the entry-word as a
means of access to the domain of description. The entry word is not used as a sign, but only
for its contents. […] By contrast, the 34 , which aims at describing words, has
entry-words which are, as signs, the objects of description
(based on Béjoint 2000: 26-31)