BIOSTATISTICS & EPIDEMIOLOGY BSMLS-2C

ARMAN ARQUILADA RMT 2025

Data Numerical Textual (obtained

TOPIC OUTLINE Format (obtained by form audiotapes,
I. BASIC STATISTICAL CONCEPTS assigning videotapes, and
II. TYPES OF VARIABLES numerical values field notes)
to responses
III. LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
IV. NUMERICAL DESCRIPTIVE
MEASURES ASPECT QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
i. MEASURES OF LOCATION Method of Makes use of a Make use of non-
ii. MEASURES OF DISPERSION sample representative probability
selection sample through the sampling
I. BASIC STATISTICAL CONCEPTS application of designs, usually
probability sampling purposive, quota
BRANCHES OF STATISTICS design and snow-ball
sampling
DESCIPTIVE
External Result based on Limited ability to
➢ Describe, summarize and present data validity samples can be generalize results
➢ Measures of Central Tendency (mean, median,
generalized to the to a larger
mode, graphical representation)
target population population;
INFERENTIAL
with known reliability levels
➢ use values computed to arrive at certain reliability levels and cannot be
conclusion
margins of error computed
Data Information Information
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN QUANTITATIVE & Analysis collected is classified into
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS classified according categories which
to predetermined are identified in
ASPECT QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE categories the data itself
General Usually seeks to Seeks to explore (deductive process) through an
Framework confirm phenomena inductive process
hypothesis about
phenomena
Succinct, Extensive,
quantifiable, can be descriptive,
Instruments use Instruments use
presented in cannot be
more rigid more of flexible,
numerical tables succinctly
methods of iterative style of
and analyzed presented,
eliciting and eliciting and
statistically interpretation
categorizing categorizing
more subjective
responses to responses to
questions questions

Use highly Use semi- II. TYPES OF VARIABLES

structures structures methods 1. CATEGORICAL
methods of data such as in-depth ➢ describes qualities of the objects of interest
collection such as interviews, focus o 2 Types of Categorical Variables
questionnaires, group discussions,
▪ Nominal
surveys and and participant ▪ Ordinal
structures observation
observation 2. NUMERICAL
➢ describes quantities of the objects of
Analytical To qualify To describe
interest
Objectives variation variation
To predict casual To describe and o 2 Types of Numerical Variables
relationships explain ▪ Discrete
relationships • Counted items
To describe To describe ▪ Continuous
characteristics of individual • measured characteristics
a population experiences
III. LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
To describe group
norms CATEGORICAL VARIABLES
NOMINAL ORDINAL
Question Close-ended Open-ended Lowest level of Categories with inherent
Format measurement ordering

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 BIOSTATISTICS & EPIDEMIOLOGY BSMLS-2C
ARMAN ARQUILADA RMT 2025

Information that can be Information that can

obtained from processing
data is limited to
frequency counts and
percentages
No intrinsic ordering
Example: Gender, Civil
Status
be obtained from
processing data is limited
to frequency counts
with additional insight
on the rank or order of
the categories specified
Example: Socio
economic status (low,
middle, high) and student
classification

NUMERICAL VARIABLES
CONTINUOUS DISCRETE
INTERVAL RATIO Countable;
nothing in
between
Quantitative Highest level of Example:
variables with measurement Number of
differences oranges in a bag;
between two Number of
consecutive clothes
quantities
being constant

Intervals It has all the

between characteristics
categories can of a variable in
be quantified the interval scale
and have in addition to
meaning. having an
absolute zero
point
Distinguished Example: Age at
as having no last birthday (in
true starting or year); Weekly
zero point food
allowances;
Example: height (in cm);
Room ,Age weight (in kg)
Temperature
and IQ Score

IV. NUMERICAL DECRIPTIVE MEASURES

FORMULA VS. PROCESS

EXAMPLE:
Given:
i 1 2 3
x 12 32 43

FORMULAS for POPULATION:

POPULATION
➢ The entire group that you want to draw
conclusions about
FORMULAS for SAMPLES:
SAMPLE
➢ The specific group that you will collect data from

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 BIOSTATISTICS & EPIDEMIOLOGY BSMLS-2C
ARMAN ARQUILADA RMT 2025

Sample Mean ➢ 50% of the observations fall below it and other

50% are above it
➢ Data are listed from smallest to highest.
➢ applicable for Ordinal Variables

❖ If n = odd, take the middle value

Example: Given: 12, 49, 32
Arrange: 12, 32, 49
Since n= odd, median = 32

❖ if n= even, take the average of the two middle

values
Sample Variance
Example: Given: 12, 32, 49, 23
Arrange: 12, 23, 32, 49
Get the average of the two middle values
23 + 32
= 27.5
2

3. Mode
➢ The most frequent value in the data set
➢ When all the data values are equally frequent,
then the mode does not exist.
Sample Standard Deviation
o
Bimodal
▪ two most frequent values
o Multimodal
▪ three or more most frequent values.
❖ applicable in nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio
variables
Example 1:
In a 5 point likert scale where,
1- Very Low
2- Low
3- Medium
MEASURES OF LOCATION
4- High
MINIMUM 5- Very High
➢ Lowest value in the data set The data set showed: 1,1,2,3,5,4,2,4,3,5
➢ Usually denoted as MIN
First, find the frequency
MAXIMUM
LIKERT SCALE FREQUENCY
➢ Highest value in the data set 1-Very Low 2
➢ Usually denoted as MAX 2- Low 2
3- Medium 2
❖ Continuous and Ordinal Variables can be applied in
4- High 2
Minimum and Maximum
5-Very High 2

❖ All data values are frequently equal, therefore, there

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY is no mode
There are three commonly used measures of central
tendency: Example 2:
1. Mean The data set showed: 1,1,1,2,2,5,4,3,2,3
➢ The average value Find the frequency:
➢ Sum of all values divided by the total number of
data values. DATA SET FREQUENCY
Eg. Given: 12, 32, 43 1 3
12 + 32 + 43 2 3
= 29 3 1
3
➢ applicable for Interval and Ratio variables 4 1
5 1

2. Median
➢ The middle number ❖ Both 1 and 2 occurs three times, therefore the mode
➢ Single value at the middle of an array of data are 1 and 2 which are also considered as BIMODAL
observations

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 BIOSTATISTICS & EPIDEMIOLOGY BSMLS-2C
ARMAN ARQUILADA RMT 2025

MEASURES OF DISPERSION ❖ These descriptive statistics are usually used for

➢ Describe the spread of data Categorical variables.
❖ Both of these statistics play a big role for the
RANGE identification of some measures of location.
➢ Max-Min
➢ applicable for interval, ratio, and sometimes in
Ordinal Variables

STANDARD DEVIATION, denoted by σ:

➢ a measure which indicates the average distance
of the observations from the mean of the data
set
➢ applicable for Continuous variables
➢ σ= sigma
➢
Example: Given: 2, 5, 6
Compute average: 4.33
Subtract each value from the mean, square and get the
average:

VARIANCE
➢ is the square of standard deviation which is
denoted by σ2
➢ measures the precision of data
➢ the lower the variance, the closer to the
parameter, therefore more precise

NOTE: If the samples are used, for variance, and

standard deviation, use n-1 as the divisor.

PROPORTION
𝑎
𝑛
a= observational unit
n= total number of units
➢ The number of units that possess the attribute is
divided by the total number of units.
➢ usually used for Categorical variables
❖ applicable for Ordinal,Nominal, Interval and Ratio
Variables

Example: In a class with 100 students

Given: 80 male students and 20 female students
• What is the proportion of male students?
𝑎
Proportion=
𝑛
80 4
= or
100 5

OTHER DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

FREQUENCY
➢ Number/count of a certain unit of interest (Eg.
Category) on a certain variable

PERCENTAGE
➢ Proportion multiplied to 100

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