University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore Spring 2021

LAB 2: ZENER DIODES AND LEDS

Name : ALISHA AAS Date : 21-6-21
Regd-No : 2020-MC-20
OBJECTIVES:

 To study the behavior of zener diodes in reverse bias mode.

 To study the forward characteristics of LEDs.
SUGGESTED READING:
 Class Lectures 3, 4
 Chapter 2: “p-n diodes”, introductory Electronic Devices and Circuits by
Paynter.
 Datasheet : Light Emitting Diode
 Datasheet : Zener Diode
 http://www.evilmadscientist.com/2012/basics-introduction-to-zener-diodes/
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_diode
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode
 http://www.howstuffworks.com/led.htm

Please read through all the suggested reading before you come to lab.

EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS:

 Basic Circuits Training Board
 Zener Diode
 Light Emitting Diode
 Jumper Wires
 Palm Scope / DMM
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Zener Diode:
A special kind of diode that allows current in forward bias state, just like a regular
diode, but also conducts in the reverse bias state above a certain threshold voltage
known as ‘breakdown voltage’ or ‘zener voltage’. Zener diodes are designed to
have low breakdown voltages by creating a larger p-type material which is also
heavily doped, and a much smaller n-type material. This causes the electrons to
‘tunnel’ through in reverse bias mode at low voltages.

MCT-122: ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS

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Department of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, U.E.T Lahore
LAB 2
 University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore Spring 2021

Fig 2.1: Zener diode representation

When the applied voltage in reverse bias increases from the ‘zener voltage’,
junction breakdown occurs and zener diode starts to conduct in reverse bias.

Forward Bias State:

The zener diode conducts just like a rectifier diode in the forward bias mode. It’s
the reverse bias characteristics that we are interested in. This allows for their use as
voltage regulators. A voltage regulator is a device that gives a constant voltage
output, irrespective of the input voltage.

Zener Diode Voltage Regulation:

A zener diode is used in reverse bias to regulate the voltage across a load (Fig 2.2).

Fig 2.2: Zener Diode Voltage Regulator

MCT-122: ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS

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Department of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, U.E.T Lahore
LAB 2
 University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore Spring 2021
Procedure:

Connect the zener diode to the variable power supply of the basic circuit
trainer board in the following configuration:

Don’t Forget to connect a current Limiting Resistance in the path of Zener diode,
so when you increase the voltage, the current does not exceed the limit.
Increase the voltage from the variable voltage supply by a small step and measure
the voltage at the output using palm-scope’s DMM function.
Find the values of current flowing through the Zener diode, and the load
resistance.
Repeat the process and record the values of input voltage, output voltage, current
through diode, and current through load.
Apply the reverse bias voltage up to 15 volts and record the response of the diode.
Display the readings in the form of a table below
No of Input V Output V Current Current
Observations thru through
Diode load
1 12 10 0.01 A 0
2 13 10 0.02 A 0
3 14 10 0.03A 0

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Department of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, U.E.T Lahore
LAB 2
 University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore Spring 2021
Input and Output Graph:
When both input and output are plotted on the same graph with respect to some
other independent variable (i.e. time, no of readings etc), one can observe the
change in the output at a point with respect to input. Use Microsoft Excel to plot
the input voltage and the output voltage together, but with separate colors

Light Emitting Diodes:

The best known of all diodes are those that
have the almost magical ability to emit light.
Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are available
that emit all the colors of visible spectrum
from blue to red. White LEDs are blue LEDs
with a special phosphor that glows white.
LEDs have many uses as indicators and
displays and in communications. Some emit
invisible near-infrared. These LEDs are used
in remote controls for TV sets and to link
computers with other computers. The graph
shows how a Light-Emitting Diode conducts
much like a standard diode.

A Light Emitting Diode must never be connected directly across the voltage
source. A current limiting resistor should be connected in series with the LED.

MCT-122: ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS

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Department of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, U.E.T Lahore
LAB 2
 University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore Spring 2021

Fig 2.3: Testing an LED

Procedure:
Connect the LED with a switch on the trainer board. Connect a resistor in series
with the LED for limiting the current flowing through the LED.
Use the switch to turn the LED ON or OFF.
Use the following formula to find the current when the current limiting resistor is
connected in the circuit.

Measure the current through the LED using the DMM.

Attach the following circuit and analyze the circuit.

Fig 2.4: LED test circuit

REVIEW QUESTIONS:
Q: From the circuit given in fig.2.4, which LED should turn ON? If both the LEDs don’t turn
ON, what could be the reason?
Ans: When we apply +ve DC D1 is forward bias and it’ll be ON.
If both LEDs don’t turn on it could mean that –ve DC is applied and D1 will be OFF and D2 is
fused as no current limiting resistor is used.

Q: What was the forward voltage drop of the LEDs used in the last experiment?
Ans: Typically, the forward voltage of an LED is between 1.8 and 3.3 volts.
It varies by the color of the LED.
A red LED typically drops around 1.7 to 2.0 volts

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Department of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, U.E.T Lahore
LAB 2
 University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore Spring 2021

Q: How does the brightness of the LED vary with the current flowing through the LED?
Ans: When current flows through the diode in the forward direction, some of the electrical
energy is converted into light of a specific color (i.e., wavelength). As the current through the
LED increases, the brightness also increases.

Q: Zener diodes are designed to operate between what two states?

Ans: Zener Diode operates in reverse biased when reverse voltage exceeds the zener voltage. It
conducts in the forward bias state as a usual diode.

Q: What is the breakdown voltage of your zener diode?

Ans: We used Zener Diode of breakdown voltage 10V.

Q: What happens when a zener diode is used in forward bias mode?

Ans: The Zener diode is like a general-purpose signal diode. When biased in the forward
direction it behaves just like a normal signal diode

Q: Write any three applications of a zener diode.

Ans. 1. It is used to control Voltage at an output.
2. Used as switching applications and clipper circuits
3. Used as surge suppressors.

COMMENTS:
P.S: Comments are logical observations and findings that you learned during your practical.
Zener Diode, its working and its applications.

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Department of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, U.E.T Lahore
LAB 2