Course: Introduction of Ict (1431/9421) Level: Adc/Ade/Bs/Bed Semester Autumn 2021 Assignment No 1

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Course: Introduction of ICT (1431/9421)
Level: ADC/ADE/BS/BEd
Semester Autumn 2021
Assignment no 1
Q.1 (a) What is meant by ICT. Describe it with the help of proper examples.
Answer.
ICT (information and communications technology is an umbrella term that includes any communication
device or application, encompassing: radio, television, cellular phones, computer and network hardware
and software, satellite systems and so on, as well as the various services and applications associated
with them, such as videoconferencing and distance learning. ICTs are often spoken of in a particular
context, such as ICTs in education, health care, or libraries. The term is somewhat more common
outside of the United States.
Information:
Information is generally referred to data which can be recorded, organized and interpreted within a
context in order to convey meaning, For example “NADRA” (National Database & Registration Authority)
is an organization which collects data from people. This data is basically organized or compiled with the
help of computers for generating computerized National Identity Cards.
Communication:
Communication is basically the transfer of ideas and messages among people through different system,
devices or media such as computer, internet, cell phone, telephone, television or radio etc..: A figure
named as “Communication Model” (Figure 1) shows the above basic concept in a clear way:
Cell Phone
Internet
Television
Computer
Radio
Exemptions
Skilling.pk Stamflay.com Diya.pk

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As of January 2016, ATI exemptions are no longer processed for CSUSM ICT purchases. Products will be
reviewed by the level of ATI impact assessment to the campus community. If a product is high impact
and not fully accessible, an EEAAP will need to be created. If a product is verified as low impact by the
ATI team, it will be excluded from further ATI review.
Please note that this only applies to the ATI portion of the ITR and the IT Security team might not
determine the same impact based on their requirements.
ICT Exclusions
Computer Supplies:
CDs
Toner/ink
Paper
Forms
Output devices with non-transferable information:
Monitors
Displays
Projectors
Permanently mounted projectors
Speakers
Televisions
Input devices:
Mice
Keyboards of all sorts
Presenter devices
Communication/Wiring/component hardware:
Video and Audio cards
Other internal computer components including add-on processors
Adapters of all sorts

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Cables (exception: network cables because of compatibility issues)
USB Hubs
Data storage devices of all sorts (note: Departments are responsible for securing Level 1 and 2
confidential data on all devices, including those excluded from this approval process)
USB drives
SD cards
Hard drives
Power adapters and UPS backup devices
Personal devices and apps:
Cameras
Calculators
B) Write down the advantages and disadvantages of Information and Communication Technology"
Answer
ADVANTAGES
1.Communication - Speed / time – money can be saved because it’s much quicker to move information
around. With the help of ICT it has become quicker and more efficient.
2. Globalization - Video conferencing saves money on flights and accommodation. ICT has not only
brought the countries and people closer together, but it has allowed the world's economy to become a
single interdependent system to contact either a business or family member.
3. Cost effectiveness - It feels free to send an email (although it isn’t); it’s without doubt cheaper than
phone calls. ICT has also helped to automate business practices, thus restructuring businesses to make
them exceptionally cost effective.
4.Greater Availability - ICT has made it possible for businesses to be automated giving clients access to a
website or voicemail 24 hours a day, 7 days a week
5.Bridging the cultural gap – Greater access to technology has helped to bridge the cultural gap by
helping people from different cultures to communicate with one another, and allow for the exchange of
views and ideas, thus increasing awareness and reducing prejudice.

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6.Creation of new jobs - Probably, the best advantage of ICT has been the creation of new and
interesting jobs.
7.Education – Computer’s along with their programs and the Internet have created educational
opportunities not available to previous generations.
8.Through ICT , images can easily be used in teaching and improving the retentive memory of student.
9.Complex structure - through ICT, teachers can easily explain complex structure ,instruction and ensure
students comprehension.
10.Through ICT , teachers are able to create interactive classrooms and make the lesson more
enjoyable..
DISADVANTAGES
2.Lack of job security – Experts in a wide variety of fields believe that ICT has made job security a big
issue, since technology keeps on changing nearly every day. This means that individuals need to be
constantly studying or at least keeping up with changes in their profession, if they want to feel secure in
their jobs to be secure.
3.Overriding Cultures - While ICT may have made the world a global village, it has also contributed to
one culture consuming another weaker one. For example, it is now argued that teenagers in the US
influence how most young teenagers all over the world now act, dress, and behave
4.Privacy - Though information technology may have made communication quicker, easier, and more
convenient, it has also brought along privacy issues. From cell phone signal interceptions to e-mail
hacking, people are now worried about their once private information becoming public knowledge.
5. Reliance on Technology – Professor Ian Robertson, a neuropsychology expert based at Trinity College
Dublin who carried out the study, said: “People have more to remember these days, and they are relying
on technology for their memory but the less you use of your memory, the poorer it becomes. . people
don’t bother learning to spell because they use spell-checker, or need a calculator do perform minor
addition or subtraction.
6. Reliability of Information – Anyone with access to a computer and an internet connection internet
can start a blog or post something up on a website, so just because something’s on the web doesn't
mean it’s reliable. A prime example of this is the open source encyclopedia, Wikipedia, although
considered a good source of information it is not recognized by academic institutions as a trustworthy
reference.
7.Computer viruses, worms, Trojans, malware, spam, phishing- any or all can cause chaos and disrupt
our daily lives

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8.Setting - setting up the device can be very trouble some.
9.Expansive - too expansive to afford.
10.Lack of experience - hard for teachers to use with a lack of experience using ICT tools.
Question no 2
List the hardware components of a computer. Explain at least five of them in detail.
Answer.
Computer hardware (usually simply called hardware when a computing context is concerned) is the
collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer system. Computer hardware is the physical
parts or components of a computer, such as the monitor, mouse, keyboard,computer data storage, hard
disk drive (HDD), graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard, and so on, all of which are physical
objects that are tangible. In contrast, software is instructions that can be stored and run by hardware.
Software is any set of machine-readable instructions that directs a computer’s processor to perform
specific operations. A combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing system.
* A motherboard
* A Central Processing Unit (CPU)
* A Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), also known as a video card
* Random Access Memory (RAM), also known as volatile memory
* Storage: Solid State Drive (SSD) or Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
* animated diagram of computer parts
In terms of construction, each of these main components are attached to the motherboard and then put
into a protective case—resembling the clean, polished look most of us are accustomed to seeing.
Sure, most computers have their own distinct design - and different brands of hardware installed - but
the components listed above are standard across all computers.

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Important: A quick note before we dive into the details—I’m listing and talking about the different
components of a computer. This is by no means intended to be an invitation to disassemble your
computer, nor is it a set of instructions to do so. Without the proper knowledge, you can severely
damage your computer, and importantly, doing so is unsafe.
1. Motherboard
What it is: All components of a computer communicate through a circuit board called the motherboard,
as was mentioned above.
What it does: Think of the motherboard as the glue that holds everything else together.
(The Raspberry Pi, like the one featured in our summer course for kids, Build and Code Your Own Take-
Home Laptop, is a motherboard.)
The motherboard’s video card and Central Processing Unit are contained in an integrated (built-in)
chipset, shown in the picture Below
This is where input/output devices such as a keyboard, mouse, and speakers get plugged in.
2. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
What it is: The CPU is often called the "brain" of a computer, thanks to its direct plug connection to the
motherboard, and communication with all of the computer’s other components.
What it does: Whenever you write a line of code (in Python, Java, C++, or any other programming
language), it's broken down into assembly language—which is a language that the processor can
understand. It fetches, decodes, and executes these instructions.
And that’s where the CPU comes in—all the processes a computer handles are taken care of by the CPU.
3. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
What it is: It's not uncommon to hear gamers obsess over the next new graphics card, as these graphic
cards make it possible for computers to generate high-end visuals like those found in the many different
types of video games.
In addition to video games, though, good graphics cards also come in handy for those who rely on
images in order to execute their craft, like 3D modelers using resource-intensive software.
What it does: Graphics cards often communicate directly with the display monitor, meaning a $1,000
graphics card won't be of much use if there isn't a high-end monitor connected to it.

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4. Random Access Memory (RAM)
What it is: RAM, also known as volatile memory, stores data regarding frequently accessed programs
and processes. (It's called volatile memory because it gets erased every time the computer restarts.)
What it does: RAM helps programs and games start up and close quickly.
5. Storage
What it is: All computers need somewhere to store their data. Modern computers either use a Hard Disk
Drive (HDD) or Solid State Drive (SSD).
What it does: HDDs are made of an actual disk onto which data is stored. The disk is read by a
mechanical arm. (HDDs are cheaper than SSDs, but are slowly becoming more and more obsolete.)
SSDs (think SIM cards) have no moving parts and are faster than a hard drive, because no time is spent
waiting for a mechanical arm to find data on a physical location on the disk
Q.3 Differentiate between Input and Output Devices with the help of suitable examples.
Answer.
An input device sends information to a computer system for processing, and an output device
reproduces or displays the results of that processing. Input devices only allow for input of data to a
computer and output devices only receive the output of data from another device.
Most devices are only input devices or output devices, as they can only accept data input from a user or
output data generated by a computer. However, some devices can accept input and display output, and
they are referred to as I/O devices (input/output devices).

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For example, as shown in the top half of the image, a keyboard sends electrical signals, which are
received as input. Those signals are then interpreted by the computer and displayed, or output, on the
monitor as text or images. In the lower half of the image, the computer sends, or outputs, data to a
printer. Then, that data is printed onto a piece of paper, which is also considered output.
Output devices
An output device can receive data from another device and generate output with that data, but it
cannot send data to another device. Examples of output devices include the following.
Monitor - Receives data from a computer (output) and displays that information as text and images for
users to view. It cannot accept data from a user and send that data to another device.
Projector - Receives data from a computer (output) and displays, or projects, that information as text
and images onto a surface, like a wall or screen. It cannot accept data from a u
An input device can send data to another device, but it cannot receive data from another device.
Examples of input devices include the followin
Speakers - Receives sound data from a computer and plays the sounds for users to hear. It cannot
accept sound generated by users and send that sound to another device.
Input devices
Keyboard and Mouse - Accepts input from a user and sends that data (input) to the computer. They
cannot accept or reproduce information (output) from the computer.
Microphone - Receives sound generated by an input source, and sends that sound to a computer.
Webcam - Receives images generated by whatever it is pointed at (input) and sends those images to a
computer.
Imaging and Input Devices
The sensor is seen here on a TV. It works by detecting human motion visually.
Microsoft Kinect sensor
Video input devices are used to digitize images or video from the outside world into the computer. The
information can be stored in a multitude of formats depending on the user’s requirement.
Digital camera
Digital camcorder
Portable media player
Webcam

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Microsoft Kinect Sensor
Image scanner
Fingerprint scanner
Barcode reader
3D scanner
Laser rangefinder
Eye gaze tracker
Medical Imaging
Computed tomography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Positron emission tomography
Medical ultrasonography
Audio Input Devices
Audio input devices are used to capture sound. In some cases, an audio output device can be used as an
input device, in order to capture produced sound.
Microphones
MIDI keyboard or other digital musical instrument
Output Devices
An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results of
data processing carried out by an information processing system (such as a computer) which converts
the electronically generated information into human-readable form.
Display Devices
A display device is an output device that visually conveys text, graphics, and video information.
Information shown on a display device is called soft copybecause the information exists electronically
and is displayed for a temporary period of time. Display devices include CRT monitors, LCD monitors and
displays, gas plasma monitors, and televisions.
Input/Output
Inputs are processed and become outputs

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Inputs are the signals or data received by the system, and outputs are the signals or data sent from it.
There are many input and output devices such as multifunction printers and computer-based navigation
systems that are used for specialised or unique applications.[6] In computing, input/output refers to the
communication between aninformation processing system (such as a computer), and the outside world.
Examples
These examples of output devices also include input/output devices.[7][8] Printers and visual displays
are the most common type of output device for interfacing to people, but voice is becoming increasingly
available.[9]
* Speakers
>Headphones
>Screen (Monitor)
> Printer
> Voice output communication aid
> Automotive navigation system
> Braille embosser
> Projector
> Plotter
> Television
Radio
Q. 4 Write short notes on the following topics:
• Process and Memory Management
Memory management is the process of controlling and coordinating computer memory, assigning
portions called blocks to various running programs to optimize overall system performance.
portions called blocks to various running programs to optimize overall system performance. Memory
management resides in hardware, in the OS (operating system), and in programs and applications.

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In hardware, memory management involves components that physically store data, such as RAM
(random access memory) chips, memory caches, and flash-based SSDs (solid-state drives). In the OS,
memory management involves the allocation (and constant reallocation) of specific memory blocks to
individual programs as user demands change. At the application level, memory management ensures
the availability of adequate memory for the objects and data structures of each running program at all
times. Application memory management combines two related tasks, known as allocation and recycling.
When the program requests a block of memory, a part of the memory manager called the allocator
assigns that block to the program.
When a program no longer needs the data in previously allocated memory blocks, those blocks become
available for reassignment. This task can be done manually (by the programmer) or automatically (by
the memory manager).
Several methods have been devised that increase the effectiveness of memory management. Virtual
memory systems separate the memory addresses used by a process from actual physical addresses,
allowing separation of processes and increasing the size of the virtual address space beyond the
available amount of RAM using paging or swapping to secondary storage. The quality of the virtual
memory manager can have an extensive effect on overall system performance.
In some operating systems, e.g. OS/360 and successors,[2] memory is managed by the operating system.
In other operating systems, e.g. Unix-like operating systems, memory is managed at the application
level.
Memory management within an address space is generally categorized as either manual memory
management or automatic memory management.
• Unix and Linux
Unix is considered as the mother of most of the operating systems.
The design of Unix systems is based on “Unix Philosophy” which includes the following characteristics:
Usage of plain text for data storage.
Hierarchical file system.
Handling devices and some specific kinds of inter-process communication (IPC) as files.
Employing a huge number of software tools.
Multiple small, simple and modular programs which can be threaded together via a command-line
interpreter using pipes, contrasting to use a single monolithic program which comprises of all the same
functionality.
It’s worth mentioning here the below quote about Unix Philosophy:

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“Although that philosophy can’t be written down in a single sentence, as its heart is the idea that the
power of a system comes more from the relationships among programs than from the programs
themselves. Many UNIX programs do quite trivial things in isolation, but, combined with other
programs, become general and useful tools.” – Brian Kernighan & Rob Pike
UNIX ARCHITECTURE
The master control program of Unix is its Kernel. The kernel has full control over the entire system. It
has subsystems that offer services to file system handling, resource handling, memory management,
start & stop programs and few other low-level core tasks.
The kernel is the heart of the OS and acts as an interface between the user and hardware. Each kernel
subsystem has certain features like concurrency, virtual memory, paging, and a virtual file system.
In the outer layers of the architecture, we have the shell, commands and application programs. Shell is
the interface between the user and the kernel. Shell and the user types in the commands, interpret
these commands and call the computer programs accordingly.
Example of the Unix operating system is Solaris and HP-UX. The largest distributors of UNIX systems
include IBM, HP, and SUN.
Recommended Read => Free Unix Training Tutorials
What is Linux?
By now you would have got a fair idea about Unix. Let’s now explore Linux in detail.
People do confuse a lot between the terms Unix and Linux and they generally ask questions like “Is Unix
Different from Linux?” / “Are Linux and Unix the same thing?” / “Is Linux like Unix?”/ “Is Linux built on
Unix?”.
Here is the answer to all such questions. First, let me clear your confusion in a one-liner. Linux and Unix
are different but they do have a relationship with each other as Linux is derived from Unix.
Linux is not Unix, but it is a Unix-like operating system. Linux system is derived from Unix and it is a
continuation of the basis of Unix design. Linux distributions are the most famous and healthiest example
of the direct Unix derivatives. BSD (Berkley Software Distribution) is also an example of a Unix
derivative.
At this juncture, it is important for us to make you clear about what is Unix-like?
A Unix-like OS (also called as UN*X or *nix) is the one that works in a way similar to Unix systems,
however, it is not necessary that they conform to Single UNIX Specification (SUS) or similar POSIX
(Portable Operating System Interface) standard.
SUS is a standard which is required to be met for any OS to qualify for using ‘UNIX’ trademark. This
trademark is granted by ‘The Open Group’.

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Few Examples of currently registered UNIX systems include macOS, Solaris, and AIX. If we consider the
POSIX system, then Linux can be regarded as Unix-like OS.
As per Linux kernel official README file, Linux is a UNIX clone that is developed from scratch by Linus
Torvalds and team. It targets for POSIX compliance. The Linux kernel code was completely written from
scratch. It is designed in such a way so that it acts like Unix but it does not have the original Unix code in
it.
It is also significant to note that Linux is just the kernel and not the complete OS. This Linux kernel is
generally packaged in Linux distributions which thereby makes it a complete OS.
Thus, Linux is only the Kernel, while Linux distributions can be treated as the OS. On the other hand,
UNIX in itself is a complete OS as everything (all required application tied together) comes from a single
vendor. For Example, Solaris.
Linux distribution (also called as a distro in short) is an operating system that is created from a collection
of software built upon the Linux Kernel and is a package management system.
A standard Linux distribution consists of a Linux kernel, GNU system, GNU utilities, libraries, compiler,
additional software, documentation, a window system, window manager and a desktop environment.
Most of the software included in Linux distribution is free and open source. They may include some
proprietary software like binary blobs which is essential for a few device drivers.
Q5 What are important types of communication media? Differentiate between analog and digital
transmission
Answer.
The crucial difference between Analog and Digital Communication is that Analog communication uses
analog signals for transmission and reception of data while digital communication uses digital signals for
transmitting and receiving data. Analog signals are the continuous time-varying signal while digital
signals are those which consist of discrete values.
Digital communication provides various advantages such as it is immune to noise and distortion as it
possesses greater signal to noise ratio. The uses of repeaters in case of digital communication improve
the SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) further. Moreover, digital communication requires less power than
analog communication.
Difference between Analog Communication and Digital Communication :
ANALOG Digital

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In analog communication analog signal is used for In digital communication digital signal is used for
transmission. transmission. uses digital signal is of two levels either
Low i.e., o or either High i.e.,
01. information Analog

In digital
communication
communication
uses analog signal
coding is possible.
02. whose amplitude
Different coding
varies
techniques can be
continuously with
used to detect and
time from 0 to 100.
correct errors.
Separating out ŉ noise and signal in digital

It gets affected by
communication is
possible.
noise highly
Digital
communication
during
system is having
less complex
03. transmission
hardware and more flexible.
through
In Digital
communication
communication
channel.
coding is possible.
In analog communication
Different coding
only limited
techniques can be
04. number of
used to detect and
channels can be
correct errors.
broadcasted
Separating out ŉ noise and signal in digital
simultaneously.

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In analog communication is
communication possible.
error Probability is Digital
communication
05. system is having
high. less complex
In analog hardware and more flexible.
communication In Digital
noise immunity is communication for multiplexing Time Division
Multiplexing
06. Digital
poor. communication system is high
In analog communication coding is not possible. cost.
Separating out It requires high bandwidth.
08. analog Power
noise and signal in communication is not possible. consumption is
Analog low.
communication Portability is high.
09. system is having Privacy is high so it is highly
complex hardware and less flexible. _. secured.
In analog It assures a more
communication accurate data transmission. Synchronization problem

is easier.
for multiplexing Frequency.
10.
Division Multiplexing
Analog

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11.
communication system is low cost.
12.
It requires low bandwidth.
Power
13. consumption is
high.
14.
It is less portable.
No privacy or
15. privacy is less so not highly secured
Not assures an
16. accurate data
transmission.
17.
Synchronization problem.
ASSIGNMENT No. 1
Q. 1 (a) Define Information & Communication Technologies. Also write down at-least ten
practical application of ICT in the fields of education, sports, media and
entertainment.
Information and Communication Technology or “IT,” includes products that store, process,
transmit, convert, duplicate, or receive electronic information. Examples are: software applications
and operating systems; web-based information and applications such as distance learning;
telephones and other telecommunications products; video equipment and multimedia products that
may be distributed on videotapes, CDs, DVDs, email, or the World Wide Web; office products
such as photocopiers and fax machines; calculators; and computer hardware. Electronic textbooks,
instructional software, email, chat, and distance learning programs are also examples of IT.

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Assistive technology, as it relates to information and communication technology, includes special

tools or software to help people use computers, software, the Internet, telephones, or other
technology used in education. Examples are: special keyboards; software to magnify a computer
screen or audibly read the text on a computer screen; text telephones (TTYs) to help people who
are deaf communicate using the telephone.
Information and communication technology may be inaccessible to people if it provides only one
way to access the information. For example, those with visual impairments cannot read documents
presented only in a visual format; people who are deaf cannot understand content that is only
presented orally; people who have limited use of their hands or arms may not use a computer
mouse; and people who use wheelchairs may not be able to operate a fax machine if the controls
are impossible to reach.
Many of these barriers can be reduced or eliminated when the principles of "universal design" are
used to design and develop the information technology. The decision to plan ahead for accessibility
can reduce the need for special accommodations.
Most people will tell you that IT is a shortening for “information and communications
technology” – option number one above. Let’s unpack that phrase. So it is “information
technology” or “communications technology”. It is not “information” or “communication”
standing on its own. “Information” or “communication” has to go with technology – they cannot
exist independently. You could shorten information and communications technology to just
technology.
In my view, it should be “Information and technology” – option number two above. Each aspect
of the acronym can stand on its own. So it includes “information” or “communication”. It also
includes technology or “information and communications technology”. This interpretation is
wider. Another way of looking at it is that IT stands for:
1. Information – (or data) in paper or electronic format
2. Communication – in person or electronically (electronic communications), in writing or
voice, telecommunications, and broadcasting
3. Information technology (IT) – including software, hardware and electronics
4. Communications technology – including protocols, software and hardware
There are various relevant sections in the black economic empowerment charter for the IT sector,
which I have quoted below for ease of reference. The IT BEE Charter is unfortunately poorly

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drafted and contradITs itself. Have a look at the sections below. For example, the drafters have
defined IT in different ways. Initially, IT is a shortening for “Information and Technology”, but
then in the definition of IT it is defined as “Information and Communication Technology”. As
illustrated above, there is a difference in meaning between these two and therefore the IT BEE
Charter contradITs itself. In my view, they got it right initially. An example of poor drafting is
the definition of “Information Technologies Sector”. It is not clear what it means – I’m not even
going to try to interpret.
“Recognizing the cross cutting nature of Information and Technology (IT), and its role in the
social and economic development of our country.
“IT” means Information and Communication Technology and refers to the combination of
manufacturing and services industries that capture, transmit and display data and information
electronically (OECD 2002: 18; SAITIS 2000: 3)”
The “Information Technologies Sector” shall without in any way limiting the ordinary meaning
of the terms, mean the sector in which employers and employees are associated for the carrying
on of any one or more of the following activities:
marketing, manufacturing, assembling, servicing, installing, maintaining and/or repairing systems,
software, equipment, machines, devices and apparatus, whether utilizing manual, photographic,
optical mechanical, electrical, electrostatic or electronic principles or any combination of such
principles, that are primarily intended for the recording and/or processing and/or monitoring and/or
transmission of voice and /or data and/or image and/or text or any combination thereof for use in
any one or more of the following activities:
accounting, calculating, data processing, data transmission, duplicating, text processing, document
reproduction, document transmission, record keeping and record retrieval, broadcasting or
transmission for entertainment or information purposes of voice and/or image and/or text or any
combination thereof and/or; the provision of services relating to the above.
(b) What is a computer? Explain the advantages of computer in daily life.
Computer is an electronic device that is designed to work with Information. The
term computer is derived from the Latin term computer, this means to calculate or programmable
machine. Computer cannot do anything without a Program. It represents the decimal numbers
through a string of binary digits. The Word 'Computer' usually refers to the Center Processor Unit
plus Internal memory. Charles Babbage is called the "Grand Father" of the computer. The First

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mechanical computer designed by Charles Babbage was called Analytical Engine. It uses read-
only memory in the form of punch cards. Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes
raw data as input from the user and processes these data under the control of set of instructions
(called program) and gives the result (output) and saves output for the future use. It can process
both numerical and non-numerical (arithmetic and logical) calculations.
The basic components of a modern digital computer are: Input Device, Output Device, Central
Processor Unit (CPU), mass storage device and memory. A Typical modern computer uses LSI
Chips. Four Functions about computer are:
accepts data Input
processes data Processing
produces output Output
stores results Storage
Computers and electronics play an enormous role in today's society, impacting everything from
communication and medicine to science. Although computers are typically viewed as a modern
invention involving electronics, computing predates the use of electrical devices. The ancient
abacus was perhaps the first digital computing device. Later devices such as the castle clock
(1206), slide rule (c. 1624) and Babbage's Difference Engine (1822) are other examples of early
mechanical analog computers.
The presentation of the Edison Effect in 1885 provided the theoretical background for electronic
devices. Originally in the form of vacuum tubes, electronic components were rapidly integrated
into electric devices, revolutionizing radio and later television. It was in computers however, where
the full impact of electronics was felt. Analog computers used to calculate ballistics were crucial

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to the outcome of World War II, and the Colossus and the ENIAC, the two earliest electronic
digital computers, were developed during the war.
With the invention of solid-state electronics, the transistor and ultimately the integrated circuit,
computers would become much smaller and eventually affordable for the average consumer.
Today “computers” are present in nearly every aspect of everyday life, from watches to
automobiles.
Q. 2 Differentiate the following: -
(a) Image Scanner & Data Scanner
An image scanner—often abbreviated to just scanner—is a device that optically scans images,
printed text, handwriting or an object and converts it to a digital image. Commonly used in
offices are variations of the desktop flatbed scanner where the document is placed on a glass
window for scanning.
Scanner data are the data recorded by the retailers when consumers make purchases. They
include, for each article sold in a store on a given day, the quantity of articles sold and the sales
price.
(b) Drum Printer & pen Plotter
A type of pen plotter that wraps the paper around a drum with a pin feed attachment. The drum
turns to produce one direction of the plot, and the pens move to provide the other. The plotter was
the first output device to print graphics and large engineering drawings.
A drum plotter is a plotter that uses a drum revolver to move the paper during printing while
the actual pen performs the printing. A wide-format inkjet printer. The paper is taped onto a
drum for precise alignment to the nozzles. (2) An old line printer technology that used formed
character images around a cylindrical drum as its printing mechanism.
A plotter is a graphics printer that uses a pen or pencil to draw images. Plotters differ from printers
in that plotters use continuous lines to create images while printers use a collection of dots. Like
printers, plotters are connected to computers and are used to produce complex images and text. A
graphics printer that draws images with ink pens. Plotters actually draw point-to-point lines
directly from vector graphics files. The plotter was the first computer output device that could print
graphics as well as accommodate full-size engineering and architectural drawings.
(c) LCD & LED Monitors

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LED monitors are LCD monitors. But not all LCD monitors are LEDs. Kind of like all eagles are
birds, but not all birds are eagles. While the names might be confusing to those wading through
specs to find the best monitor, once you break it down it’s easier to understand than you think.
We’ll explain the tech and the naming conventions, and then highlight some HP monitors that
might be the perfect fit for your needs. Let’s figure out exactly what LCD and LED monitors are
and how to pick the right one for you.
Liquid crystal display explained
Both types of displays use liquid crystals to help create an image. The difference is in the
backlights. While a standard LCD monitor uses fluorescent backlights, an LED monitor uses light-
emitting diodes for backlights. LED monitors usually have superior picture quality, but they come
in varying backlight configurations. And some backlight configurations create better images than
others.
LCD monitor vs. LED monitor - a brief history
Until 2014, plasma displays were the most commonly manufactured displays. But then the LCD
took over. LCD stands for liquid crystal display. We’ll go over what that means in a minute. But
first, it’s important to note that an LED also uses liquid crystals, so the name is somewhat
misleading. Technically, an “LED monitor” should really go by the name, “LED LCD monitor.”
Liquid crystals
The key term here is “liquid crystal.” In high school, you might have been taught that there are
three states of matter: solids, liquids, and gases. But there are some substances that are actually a
strange blend of different states. A liquid crystal is a substance that has properties of both a solid
and a liquid. When you get to the upper tiers of science, you begin to discover that everything you
once knew is wrong.
Solid properties: The molecules in the liquid crystal can form a simple, highly geometric shape
Liquid properties: The molecules in the liquid crystal can also have a fluid, unstructured shape
Typically, the molecules in a liquid crystal are bunched up in a very dense and unstructured
arrangement. But when the liquid crystal is exposed to electricity, the molecules suddenly expand
into a very structured, interconnected shape [1].
Pixels
Pixels are the basic building blocks of a digital image. A pixel is a small dot that can emit colored
light. Your display is composed of thousands of pixels, and they’re in a variety of different colors

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to give you your computer interface and the webpage that you’re currently reading. It works like
a mosaic, but each individual piece is much less noticeable.
(d) Large Venue Projectors & Home Cinema Projectors
Large Venue projectors are generally over 7000 Lumens, have interchangeable lenses, and more
options for the professional installation. They are used in houses of worship, large conference
rooms, and auditoriums.
The Sony 3LCD[1] 720P projector costs around $900. A mid-range 1080P projector can run
$1,000 to $2,000. The Sanyo PLV-1080HD provides good performance for $1,500. High end
home theater projectors range from $2,000 to over $10,000.
LG PF50KA Portable Full HD LED Smart Home Theater. LG's projector is the most powerful
projector in a couple of significant ways: It has the highest resolution (1080p), brightest bulb (600
Lumens), and an array of ports (two HDMI, USB-A, USB-C, Coaxial, and Ethernet). The best
projectors in 2021
1. Samsung The Premiere. The next generation of living room projection. ...
2. Epson EH-TW9400. A superb long-throw home cinema projector for the price. ...
3. XGIMI Halo. ...
4. BenQ TK700STi. ...
5. Anker Nebula Capsule II Mini. ...
6. LG HU85LA CineBeam. ...
7. Vava 4K laser projector (US) ...
8. Anker Nebula Solar Portable.
Q. 3 (a) Discuss the classification of computer with examples. Also explain the types of
memory in details.
The central processing unit (CPU) of a computer is a piece of hardware that carries out the
instructions of a computer program. It performs the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output
operations of a computer system. The CPU is like the brains of the computer - every instruction,
no matter how simple, has to go through the CPU. So let's say you press the letter 'k' on your
keyboard and it appears on the screen - the CPU of your computer is what makes this possible.
The CPU is sometimes also referred to as the central processor unit, or processor for short. So
when you are looking at the specifications of a computer at your local electronics store, it typically
refers to the CPU as the processor.

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When we start to look at the various components of a CPU and how they function, remember that
this is all about speed. When we use a computer, we want the instructions to be carried out very
fast. As the instructions become more complicated (for example, creating a 3D animation or
editing a video file), we demand more from the CPU. Thus, the technological advances we have
seen in processor technology have largely been driven by the need for speed.
A typical CPU has a number of components. The first is the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which
performs simple arithmetic and logical operations. Second is the control unit (CU), which manages
the various components of the computer. It reads and interprets instructions from memory and
transforms them into a series of signals to activate other parts of the computer. The control unit
calls upon the arithmetic logic unit to perform the necessary calculations.
Third is the cache, which serves as high-speed memory where instructions can be copied to and
retrieved. Early CPUs consisted of many separate components, but since the 1970s, they have been
constructed as a single integrated unit called a microprocessor. As such, a CPU is a specific type
of microprocessor. The individual components of a CPU have become so integrated that you can't
even recognize them from the outside. This CPU is about two inches by two inches in size.
Top-view of an Intel CPU - because it is a single integrated unit, the components are not visible from the outside

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Bottom-view of an Intel CPU - the gold plated pins provide the connections to the motherboard
CPUs are located on the motherboard. Motherboards have a socket for this, which is specific for a
certain type of processor. A CPU gets very hot and therefore needs its own cooling system in the
form of a heat sink and/or fan.
CPU located on a motherboard with a heat sink and fan directly on top

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The ALU is where the calculations occur, but how do these calculations actually get carried out?
To a computer, the world consists of zeros and ones. Inside a processor, we can store zeros and
ones using transistors. These are microscopic switches that control the flow of electricity
depending on whether the switch is on or off. So the transistor contains binary information: a one
if a current passes through and a zero if a current does not pass through.
Transistors are located on a very thin slice of silicon. A single silicon chip can contain thousands
of transistors. A single CPU contains a large number of chips. Combined, these only cover about
a square inch or so. In a modern CPU, however, that square inch can hold several hundred million
transistors - the very latest high-end CPUs have over one billion! Calculations are performed by
signals turning on or off different combinations of transistors. And more transistors means more
calculations. You may be interested to know that the material, silicon, used in chips is what gave
the Silicon Valley region of California its name.
(b) What is the importance of Port in computer system? Enlist different ports of
computers.
A Computer Port is an interface or a point of connection between the computer and its peripheral
devices. Some of the common peripherals are mouse, keyboard, monitor or display unit, printer,
speaker, flash drive etc.
The main function of a computer port is to act as a point of attachment, where the cable from the
peripheral can be plugged in and allows data to flow from and to the device.
A computer port is also called as a Communication Port as it is responsible for communication
between the computer and its peripheral device. Generally, the female end of the connector is
referred to as a port and it usually sits on the motherboard.
In Computers, communication ports can be divided into two types based on the type or protocol
used for communication. They are Serial Ports and Parallel Ports.
A serial port is an interface through which peripherals can be connected using a serial protocol
which involves the transmission of data one bit at a time over a single communication line. The
most common type of serial port is a D-Subminiature or a D-sub connector that carry RS-232
signals.
A parallel port, on the other hand, is an interface through which the communication between a
computer and its peripheral device is in a parallel manner i.e. data is transferred in or out in parallel
using more than one communication line or wire. Printer port is an example of parallel port.

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PS/2
PS/2 connector is developed by IBM for connecting mouse and keyboard. It was introduced with
IBM’s Personal Systems/2 series of computers and hence the name PS/2 connector. PS/2
connectors are color coded as purple for keyboard and green for mouse.
Serial Port
Even though the communication in PS/2 and USB is serial, technically, the term Serial Port is used
to refer the interface that is compliant to RS-232 standard. There are two types of serial ports that
are commonly found on a computer: DB-25 and DE-9.
DB-25
DB-25 is a variant of D-sub connector and is the original port for RS-232 serial communication.
They were developed as the main port for serial connections using RS-232 protocol but most of
the applications did not require all the pins.
Hence, DE-9 was developed for RS-232 based serial communication while DB-25 was rarely used
as a serial port and often used as a parallel printer port as a replacement of the Centronics Parallel
36 pin connector.
DE-9 or RS-232 or COM Port
DE-9 is the main port for RS-232 serial communication. It is a D-sub connector with E shell and
is often miscalled as DB-9. A DE-9 port is also called as a COM port and allows full duplex serial
communication between the computer and it’s peripheral.
Some of the applications of DE-9 port are serial interface with mouse, keyboard, modem,
uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) and other external RS-232 compatible devices.
Parallel Port or Centronics 36 Pin Port
Parallel port is an interface between computer and peripheral devices like printers with parallel
communication. The Centronics port is a 36 pin port that was developed as an interface for printers
and scanners and hence a parallel port is also called as a Centronics port.
Before the wide use of USB ports, parallel ports are very common in printers. The Centronics port
was later replaced by DB-25 port with parallel interface.
Audio Ports
Audio ports are used to connect speakers or other audio output devices with the computer. The
audio signals can be either analogue or digital and depending on that the port and its corresponding
connector differ.

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Surround Sound Connectors or 3.5 mm TRS Connector

It is the most commonly found audio port that can be used to connect stereo headphones or
surround sound channels. A 6 connector system is included on majority of computers for audio
out as well as a microphone connection.
The 6 connectors are color coded as Blue, Lime, Pink, Orange, Black and Grey. These 6 connectors
can be used for a surround sound configuration of up to 8 channels.
Q. 4 (a) What do you mean by point and draw devices? Enlist and describe them briefly
with the help of diagrams.
A pointing device is an input interface that allows a user to input spatial (i.e., continuous and multi-
dimensional) data to a computer. CAD systems and graphical user interfaces (GUI) allow the user
to control and provide data to the computer using physical gestures by moving a hand-held mouse
or similar device across the surface of the physical desktop and activating switches on the mouse.
Movements of the pointing device are echoed on the screen by movements of the pointer (or
cursor) and other visual changes. Common gestures are point and click and drag and drop.
Mouse:
A mouse moves the graphical pointer by being slid across a smooth surface. The conventional
roller-ball mouse uses a ball to create this action: the ball is in contact with two small shafts that
are set at right angles to each other. As the ball moves these shafts rotate, and the rotation is
measured by sensors within the mouse. The distance and direction information from the sensors is
then transmitted to the computer, and the computer moves the graphical pointer on the screen by
following the movements of the mouse.

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Optical Mouse:-
Another common mouse is the optical mouse. This device is very similar to the conventional
mouse but uses visible or infrared light instead of a roller-ball to detect the changes in position.
Mini-mouse:-
A mini-mouse is a small egg-sized mouse for use with laptop computers; usually small enough for
use on a free area of the laptop body itself, it is typically optical, includes a retractable cord and
uses a USB port to save battery life.
Trackball:
A trackball is a pointing device consisting of a ball held by a socket containing sensors to detect a
rotation of the ball about two axes—like an upside-down mouse with an exposed protruding ball.
The user rolls the ball with the thumb, fingers, or the palm of the hand to move a pointer.

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Compared with a mouse, a trackball has no limits on effective travel; at times, a mouse can reach
an edge of its working area while the operator still wishes to move the screen pointer farther. With
a trackball, the operator just continues rolling, whereas a mouse would have to be lifted and re-
positioned.
Joystick:-
A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or
direction to the device it is controlling. A joystick, also known as the control column,Joysticks are
often used to control video games, and usually have one or more push-buttons whose state can also
be read by the computer. A popular variation of the joystick used on modern video game consoles
is the analog stick. Joysticks are also used for controlling machines such as cranes, trucks,
underwater unmanned vehicles, wheelchairs, surveillance cameras, and zero turning radius lawn
mowers.

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Analog Stick:-
An analog stick, sometimes called a control stick, joy stick or thumbstick, is an input device for a
controller (often a game controller) that is used for three-dimensional input. An analog stick is a
variation of a joystick, consisting of a protrusion from the controller; input is based on the position
of this protrusion in relation to the default "center" position. While digital sticks rely on single
electrical connections for movement (using internal digital electrical contacts for up, down, left
and right), analog sticks use continuous electrical activity running through potentiometers. The
analog stick has greatly overtaken the D-pad in both prominence and usage in console video games.

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Pointing Stick:-
A pointing stick is an isometric joystick used as a pointing device, as with a touchpad or trackball,
and typically mounted in a computer keyboard. Movements of the pointing stick are echoed on the
screen by movements of the pointer (or cursor) and other visual changes.
The pointing stick operates by sensing applied force, by using a pair of resistive strain gauges. A
pointing stick can be used by pushing with the fingers in the general direction the user wants the
cursor to move. The velocity of the pointer depends on the applied force so increasing pressure
causes faster movement.
Stylus:-
A stylus is a small pen-shaped instrument that is used to input commands to a computer screen,
mobile device or graphics tablet.
The stylus is the primary input device for personal digital assistants and smartphones that require
accurate input, although devices featuring multi-touch finger-input with capacitive touchscreens
are becoming more popular than stylus-driven devices in the smartphone market.

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Touch pad:-
A touchpad or trackpad is a flat surface that can detect finger contact. It is a stationary pointing
device, commonly used on laptop computers. At least one physical button normally comes with
the touchpad, but the user can also generate a mouse click by tapping on the pad. Advanced
features include pressure sensitivity and special gestures such as scrolling by moving one's finger
along an edge.
Light pen:-
A light pen is a device similar to a touch screen, but uses a special light-sensitive pen instead of
the finger, which allows for more accurate screen input. As the tip of the light pen makes contact
with the screen, it sends a signal back to the computer containing the coordinates of the pixels at

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that point. It can be used to draw on the computer screen or make menu selections, and does not
require a special touch screen because it can work with any CRT display.
Touch Screen:-
A touchscreen is a device embedded into the screen of the TV monitor, or system LCD monitor
screens of laptop computers. Users interact with the device by physically pressing items shown on
the screen, either with their fingers or some helping tool.A touchscreen is a device embedded into
the screen of the TV monitor, or system LCD monitor screens of laptop computers. Users interact
with the device by physically pressing items shown on the screen, either with their fingers or some
helping tool.
(b) Explain the purpose of speech recognition device.

Speech recognition, the ability of devices to respond to spoken commands. Speech recognition
enables hands-free control of various devices and equipment (a particular boon to many disabled
persons), provides input to automatic translation, and creates print-ready dictation. Among the
earliest applications for speech recognition were automated telephone systems and medical

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dictation software. It is frequently used for dictation, for querying databases, and for giving
commands to computer-based systems, especially in professions that rely on specialized
vocabularies. It also enables personal assistants in vehicles and smartphones, such as Apple’s Siri.
Q. 5 (a) Describe any three input and three output devices with examples.
A computer is only useful when it is able to communicate with the external environment. When
you work with the computer you feed your data and instructions through some devices to the
computer. These devices are called Input devices. Similarly, computer after processing gives
output through other devices called output devices.
I. Input Devices
Input devices are necessary to convert our information or data into a form which can be understood
by the computer. A good input device should provide timely, accurate and useful data to the main
memory of the computer for processing followings are the most useful input devices.
1.Keyboard:
This is the standard input device attached to all computers. The layout of the keyboard is just like
the traditional typewriter of the type QWERTY. It also contains some extra command keys and
function keys. It contains a total of 101 to 104 keys. You have to press correct combination of keys
to input data. The computer can recognize the electrical signals corresponding to the correct key
combination and processing is done accordingly.
2.Mouse:
The mouse is an input device which is used with your personal computer. It rolls on a small ball
and has two or three buttons on the top. When you roll the mouse across a flat surface the screen
censors the mouse in the direction of mouse movement. The cursor moves very fast with mouse
giving you more freedom to work in any direction. It is easier and faster to move through a mouse.
3. Scanner:
The keyboard can input only text through keys provided in it. If we want to input a picture the
keyboard cannot do that. The Scanner is an optical device that can input any graphical matter and
display it back.
II. Output Devices
Output devices can adopt different shapes and styles, which are used to give the output of the
processing of data. The output can be in any form i.e. typed, printed, sketched, visible, nonviable,

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audio, video etc. Output devices are those peripheral devices that allow a user to retrieve
information from a computer. Any Output devices can be divided into two basic categories
1. Hard Copy:
It is that form of output which can be read directly and immediately, stored to be read later. This
output is on paper and which is permanent.
2. Soft Copy: It is the magnetic or audio form of output which is usually unreadable directly and
which is not long-lasting
I. Hard Copy Devices:
These are those devices, which produce a permanent record of data on media like paper. These are
relatively slow in operation when compared to soft copy devices. Some of the popular devices are
Printers, Plotters, and Photographic output devices
1. Printers: Printers can be categorized into
Impact Printers
Non-impact Printers
Impact Printers
These are those types of printers which have direct mechanical contact between the head of the
printers and paper. The impact printers are
a. Dot Matrix Printers:
These Printers print characters as a combination of dots arranged in a 5 x 7 matrix. The speed of
these printers varies from about 30 to 600 characters per second. The printing head of these
printer contains a vertical array of pins, which fires the selected pins against carbon ribbon or
linked surfac e while the head moves across the paper to form a pattern of dots representing
characters. These printers can print characters in draft quality, standard quality as well near letter
quality.
b. Daisy Wheel Printers:
This printer is a solid font type character printer. The printing arms of the printer head look like
petals of the flower. This printer is very slow, it prints about 60-90 characters per second. The hub
rotates continuously, rotating at high speed and hammer strikes the appropriate character in its
position. This printer also acts as a bi-directional printer.
c. Line Printers: These printers prints the total line at a time, giving the name line printers. They
can be print 1000- 5000 lines per minute

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Non -Impact Printers:

These printers print without any direct mechanical contact between the head of the printer and
paper. These printers can be categorized into.
a. Thermal Printers:
These Printers uses heat sensitive paper in dot matrix method, on which hot needles are pressed to
form characters. These printers print slow and make a little noise. The disadvantage is that it is not
possible to print multiple copies simultaneously
b. Inkjet Printers:
These printers use a mechanism where it sprays the ink from tiny nozzles through an electric field
that arranges charged particles ink into characters. The paper absorbs the ink and it dries
instantaneously. It is capable to print about 500cps, expensive but faster and we can also have
color printing, by using ink various colors.
c. Laser Printer:
This type of printers uses laser beams which charge the drum negatively, to which black toner
powder which is positively charged is stuck. When the paper rolls by the drum, the toner powder
is transferred to the paper. These printers are very fast, quality is very good and speed about is
15,000 to 20,000 lines per minute.
(b) Differentiate LCD and LED monitors. Explain with the help of suitable examples.
One of the major difference between the LED and the LCD is that the LED uses the PN-
Junction diode which emits light when the current passing through it, whereas LCD uses liquid
crystal or plasma for visible light emission. The liquid crystals are filled between the glass
electrode and when the power is applied across it, the liquid crystal becomes energised and emits
light. The other differences between the LED and LCD are shown below in the comparison chart.
The LED and LCD both are used for displaying the images and texts. The LED using gallium
arsenide and gallium phosphide which when heated emits visible light. The LED is used for
showing the numeric and alphanumeric characters. On the other hand, the LCD has a thin layer
of liquid crystal filament between the glass electrodes. When the power is applied across the
electrodes they start emitting light energy in the form of photons. The LCD displays the text or
images in the form of dot matrix and segments.

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Basis For
LED LCD
Comparison
Definition PN-Junction device which It is an optical device used for

discharge visible lights when an displaying the information in the
electrical charge passes through it. form of text and images.
Stand For Light Emitting Diode Liquid Crystal Display
Backlight No backlight Cold cathode fluorescent lamp

provides backlight.
Resolution High Low
Power More Less

Requirement
Display Area Small Large
Cost High Low
Material Gallium arsenide phosphide. Liquid crystals and glass

electrodes.
Switching Time Fast Slow
Direct Current Do not effects. Reduces Life Span
Contrast Ratio Low High
Mercury Not used Used

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Assignment no 1
Q.1 (a) What is meant by ICT. Describe it with the help of proper examples.
Answer.
ICT (information and communications technology is an umbrella term that includes any communication
device or application, encompassing: radio, television, cellular phones, computer and network hardware
and software, satellite systems and so on, as well as the various services and applications associated
with them, such as videoconferencing and distance learning. ICTs are often spoken of in a particular
context, such as ICTs in education, health care, or libraries. The term is somewhat more common
outside of the United States.
Information:
Information is generally referred to data which can be recorded, organized and interpreted within a
context in order to convey meaning, For example “NADRA” (National Database & Registration Authority)
is an organization which collects data from people. This data is basically organized or compiled with the
help of computers for generating computerized National Identity Cards.
Communication:
Communication is basically the transfer of ideas and messages among people through different system,
devices or media such as computer, internet, cell phone, telephone, television or radio etc..: A figure
named as “Communication Model” (Figure 1) shows the above basic concept in a clear way:
Cell Phone
Internet
Television
Computer
Radio
Exemptions
As of January 2016, ATI exemptions are no longer processed for CSUSM ICT purchases. Products will be
reviewed by the level of ATI impact assessment to the campus community. If a product is high impact
and not fully accessible, an EEAAP will need to be created. If a product is verified as low impact by the
ATI team, it will be excluded from further ATI review.

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Please note that this only applies to the ATI portion of the ITR and the IT Security team might not
determine the same impact based on their requirements.
ICT Exclusions
Computer Supplies:
CDs
Toner/ink
Paper
Forms
Output devices with non-transferable information:
Monitors
Displays
Projectors
Permanently mounted projectors
Speakers
Televisions
Input devices:
Mice
Keyboards of all sorts
Presenter devices
Communication/Wiring/component hardware:
Video and Audio cards
Other internal computer components including add-on processors
Adapters of all sorts
Cables (exception: network cables because of compatibility issues)
USB Hubs

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Data storage devices of all sorts (note: Departments are responsible for securing Level 1 and 2
confidential data on all devices, including those excluded from this approval process)
USB drives
SD cards
Hard drives
Power adapters and UPS backup devices
Personal devices and apps:
Cameras
Calculators
B) Write down the advantages and disadvantages of Information and Communication Technology"
Answer
ADVANTAGES
1.Communication - Speed / time – money can be saved because it’s much quicker to move information
around. With the help of ICT it has become quicker and more efficient.
2. Globalization - Video conferencing saves money on flights and accommodation. ICT has not only
brought the countries and people closer together, but it has allowed the world's economy to become a
single interdependent system to contact either a business or family member.
3. Cost effectiveness - It feels free to send an email (although it isn’t); it’s without doubt cheaper than
phone calls. ICT has also helped to automate business practices, thus restructuring businesses to make
them exceptionally cost effective.
4.Greater Availability - ICT has made it possible for businesses to be automated giving clients access to a
website or voicemail 24 hours a day, 7 days a week
5.Bridging the cultural gap – Greater access to technology has helped to bridge the cultural gap by
helping people from different cultures to communicate with one another, and allow for the exchange of
views and ideas, thus increasing awareness and reducing prejudice.
6.Creation of new jobs - Probably, the best advantage of ICT has been the creation of new and
interesting jobs.

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8.Through ICT , images can easily be used in teaching and improving the retentive memory of student.
9.Complex structure - through ICT, teachers can easily explain complex structure ,instruction and ensure
students comprehension.
10.Through ICT , teachers are able to create interactive classrooms and make the lesson more
enjoyable..
DISADVANTAGES
2.Lack of job security – Experts in a wide variety of fields believe that ICT has made job security a big
issue, since technology keeps on changing nearly every day. This means that individuals need to be
constantly studying or at least keeping up with changes in their profession, if they want to feel secure in
their jobs to be secure.
3.Overriding Cultures - While ICT may have made the world a global village, it has also contributed to
one culture consuming another weaker one. For example, it is now argued that teenagers in the US
influence how most young teenagers all over the world now act, dress, and behave
4.Privacy - Though information technology may have made communication quicker, easier, and more
convenient, it has also brought along privacy issues. From cell phone signal interceptions to e-mail
hacking, people are now worried about their once private information becoming public knowledge.
5. Reliance on Technology – Professor Ian Robertson, a neuropsychology expert based at Trinity College
Dublin who carried out the study, said: “People have more to remember these days, and they are relying
on technology for their memory but the less you use of your memory, the poorer it becomes. . people
don’t bother learning to spell because they use spell-checker, or need a calculator do perform minor
addition or subtraction.
6. Reliability of Information – Anyone with access to a computer and an internet connection internet
can start a blog or post something up on a website, so just because something’s on the web doesn't
mean it’s reliable. A prime example of this is the open source encyclopedia, Wikipedia, although
considered a good source of information it is not recognized by academic institutions as a trustworthy
reference.
7.Computer viruses, worms, Trojans, malware, spam, phishing- any or all can cause chaos and disrupt
our daily lives
8.Setting - setting up the device can be very trouble some.
9.Expansive - too expansive to afford.
10.Lack of experience - hard for teachers to use with a lack of experience using ICT tools.

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Question no 2
List the hardware components of a computer. Explain at least five of them in detail.
Answer.
Computer hardware (usually simply called hardware when a computing context is concerned) is the
collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer system. Computer hardware is the physical
parts or components of a computer, such as the monitor, mouse, keyboard,computer data storage, hard
disk drive (HDD), graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard, and so on, all of which are physical
objects that are tangible. In contrast, software is instructions that can be stored and run by hardware.
Software is any set of machine-readable instructions that directs a computer’s processor to perform
specific operations. A combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing system.
* A motherboard
* A Central Processing Unit (CPU)
* A Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), also known as a video card
* Random Access Memory (RAM), also known as volatile memory
* Storage: Solid State Drive (SSD) or Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
* animated diagram of computer parts
In terms of construction, each of these main components are attached to the motherboard and then put
into a protective case—resembling the clean, polished look most of us are accustomed to seeing.
Sure, most computers have their own distinct design - and different brands of hardware installed - but
the components listed above are standard across all computers.
Important: A quick note before we dive into the details—I’m listing and talking about the different
components of a computer. This is by no means intended to be an invitation to disassemble your

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computer, nor is it a set of instructions to do so. Without the proper knowledge, you can severely
damage your computer, and importantly, doing so is unsafe.
1. Motherboard
What it is: All components of a computer communicate through a circuit board called the motherboard,
as was mentioned above.
What it does: Think of the motherboard as the glue that holds everything else together.
(The Raspberry Pi, like the one featured in our summer course for kids, Build and Code Your Own Take-
Home Laptop, is a motherboard.)
The motherboard’s video card and Central Processing Unit are contained in an integrated (built-in)
chipset, shown in the picture Below
This is where input/output devices such as a keyboard, mouse, and speakers get plugged in.
2. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
What it is: The CPU is often called the "brain" of a computer, thanks to its direct plug connection to the
motherboard, and communication with all of the computer’s other components.
What it does: Whenever you write a line of code (in Python, Java, C++, or any other programming
language), it's broken down into assembly language—which is a language that the processor can
understand. It fetches, decodes, and executes these instructions.
And that’s where the CPU comes in—all the processes a computer handles are taken care of by the CPU.
3. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
What it is: It's not uncommon to hear gamers obsess over the next new graphics card, as these graphic
cards make it possible for computers to generate high-end visuals like those found in the many different
types of video games.
In addition to video games, though, good graphics cards also come in handy for those who rely on
images in order to execute their craft, like 3D modelers using resource-intensive software.
What it does: Graphics cards often communicate directly with the display monitor, meaning a $1,000
graphics card won't be of much use if there isn't a high-end monitor connected to it.
4. Random Access Memory (RAM)

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What it is: RAM, also known as volatile memory, stores data regarding frequently accessed programs
and processes. (It's called volatile memory because it gets erased every time the computer restarts.)
What it does: RAM helps programs and games start up and close quickly.
5. Storage
What it is: All computers need somewhere to store their data. Modern computers either use a Hard Disk
Drive (HDD) or Solid State Drive (SSD).
What it does: HDDs are made of an actual disk onto which data is stored. The disk is read by a
mechanical arm. (HDDs are cheaper than SSDs, but are slowly becoming more and more obsolete.)
SSDs (think SIM cards) have no moving parts and are faster than a hard drive, because no time is spent
waiting for a mechanical arm to find data on a physical location on the disk
Q.3 Differentiate between Input and Output Devices with the help of suitable examples.
Answer.
An input device sends information to a computer system for processing, and an output device
reproduces or displays the results of that processing. Input devices only allow for input of data to a
computer and output devices only receive the output of data from another device.
Most devices are only input devices or output devices, as they can only accept data input from a user or
output data generated by a computer. However, some devices can accept input and display output, and
they are referred to as I/O devices (input/output devices).
For example, as shown in the top half of the image, a keyboard sends electrical signals, which are
received as input. Those signals are then interpreted by the computer and displayed, or output, on the
monitor as text or images. In the lower half of the image, the computer sends, or outputs, data to a
printer. Then, that data is printed onto a piece of paper, which is also considered output.

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Output devices
An output device can receive data from another device and generate output with that data, but it
cannot send data to another device. Examples of output devices include the following.
Monitor - Receives data from a computer (output) and displays that information as text and images for
users to view. It cannot accept data from a user and send that data to another device.
Projector - Receives data from a computer (output) and displays, or projects, that information as text
and images onto a surface, like a wall or screen. It cannot accept data from a u
An input device can send data to another device, but it cannot receive data from another device.
Examples of input devices include the followin
Speakers - Receives sound data from a computer and plays the sounds for users to hear. It cannot
accept sound generated by users and send that sound to another device.
Input devices
Keyboard and Mouse - Accepts input from a user and sends that data (input) to the computer. They
cannot accept or reproduce information (output) from the computer.
Microphone - Receives sound generated by an input source, and sends that sound to a computer.
Webcam - Receives images generated by whatever it is pointed at (input) and sends those images to a
computer.
Imaging and Input Devices
The sensor is seen here on a TV. It works by detecting human motion visually.
Microsoft Kinect sensor
Video input devices are used to digitize images or video from the outside world into the computer. The
information can be stored in a multitude of formats depending on the user’s requirement.
Digital camera
Digital camcorder
Portable media player
Webcam
Microsoft Kinect Sensor
Image scanner
Fingerprint scanner

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Barcode reader
3D scanner
Laser rangefinder
Eye gaze tracker
Medical Imaging
Computed tomography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Positron emission tomography
Medical ultrasonography
Audio Input Devices
Audio input devices are used to capture sound. In some cases, an audio output device can be used as an
input device, in order to capture produced sound.
Microphones
MIDI keyboard or other digital musical instrument
Output Devices
An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results of
data processing carried out by an information processing system (such as a computer) which converts
the electronically generated information into human-readable form.
Display Devices
A display device is an output device that visually conveys text, graphics, and video information.
Information shown on a display device is called soft copybecause the information exists electronically
and is displayed for a temporary period of time. Display devices include CRT monitors, LCD monitors and
displays, gas plasma monitors, and televisions.
Input/Output
Inputs are processed and become outputs
There are many input and output devices such as multifunction printers and computer-based navigation
systems that are used for specialised or unique applications.[6] In computing, input/output refers to the

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communication between aninformation processing system (such as a computer), and the outside world.
Examples
These examples of output devices also include input/output devices.[7][8] Printers and visual displays
are the most common type of output device for interfacing to people, but voice is becoming increasingly
available.[9]
* Speakers
>Headphones
>Screen (Monitor)
> Printer
> Voice output communication aid
> Automotive navigation system
> Braille embosser
> Projector
> Plotter
> Television
Radio
Q. 4 Write short notes on the following topics:
• Process and Memory Management
portions called blocks to various running programs to optimize overall system performance.
portions called blocks to various running programs to optimize overall system performance. Memory
management resides in hardware, in the OS (operating system), and in programs and applications.
In hardware, memory management involves components that physically store data, such as RAM
(random access memory) chips, memory caches, and flash-based SSDs (solid-state drives). In the OS,
memory management involves the allocation (and constant reallocation) of specific memory blocks to
individual programs as user demands change. At the application level, memory management ensures

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the availability of adequate memory for the objects and data structures of each running program at all
times. Application memory management combines two related tasks, known as allocation and recycling.
When the program requests a block of memory, a part of the memory manager called the allocator
assigns that block to the program.
When a program no longer needs the data in previously allocated memory blocks, those blocks become
available for reassignment. This task can be done manually (by the programmer) or automatically (by
the memory manager).
Several methods have been devised that increase the effectiveness of memory management. Virtual
memory systems separate the memory addresses used by a process from actual physical addresses,
allowing separation of processes and increasing the size of the virtual address space beyond the
available amount of RAM using paging or swapping to secondary storage. The quality of the virtual
memory manager can have an extensive effect on overall system performance.
In some operating systems, e.g. OS/360 and successors,[2] memory is managed by the operating system.
In other operating systems, e.g. Unix-like operating systems, memory is managed at the application
level.
Memory management within an address space is generally categorized as either manual memory
management or automatic memory management.
• Unix and Linux
Unix is considered as the mother of most of the operating systems.
The design of Unix systems is based on “Unix Philosophy” which includes the following characteristics:
Usage of plain text for data storage.
Hierarchical file system.
Handling devices and some specific kinds of inter-process communication (IPC) as files.
Employing a huge number of software tools.
Multiple small, simple and modular programs which can be threaded together via a command-line
interpreter using pipes, contrasting to use a single monolithic program which comprises of all the same
functionality.
It’s worth mentioning here the below quote about Unix Philosophy:
“Although that philosophy can’t be written down in a single sentence, as its heart is the idea that the
power of a system comes more from the relationships among programs than from the programs
themselves. Many UNIX programs do quite trivial things in isolation, but, combined with other
programs, become general and useful tools.” – Brian Kernighan & Rob Pike

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UNIX ARCHITECTURE
The master control program of Unix is its Kernel. The kernel has full control over the entire system. It
has subsystems that offer services to file system handling, resource handling, memory management,
start & stop programs and few other low-level core tasks.
The kernel is the heart of the OS and acts as an interface between the user and hardware. Each kernel
subsystem has certain features like concurrency, virtual memory, paging, and a virtual file system.
In the outer layers of the architecture, we have the shell, commands and application programs. Shell is
the interface between the user and the kernel. Shell and the user types in the commands, interpret
these commands and call the computer programs accordingly.
Example of the Unix operating system is Solaris and HP-UX. The largest distributors of UNIX systems
include IBM, HP, and SUN.
Recommended Read => Free Unix Training Tutorials
What is Linux?
By now you would have got a fair idea about Unix. Let’s now explore Linux in detail.
People do confuse a lot between the terms Unix and Linux and they generally ask questions like “Is Unix
Different from Linux?” / “Are Linux and Unix the same thing?” / “Is Linux like Unix?”/ “Is Linux built on
Unix?”.
Here is the answer to all such questions. First, let me clear your confusion in a one-liner. Linux and Unix
are different but they do have a relationship with each other as Linux is derived from Unix.
Linux is not Unix, but it is a Unix-like operating system. Linux system is derived from Unix and it is a
continuation of the basis of Unix design. Linux distributions are the most famous and healthiest example
of the direct Unix derivatives. BSD (Berkley Software Distribution) is also an example of a Unix
derivative.
At this juncture, it is important for us to make you clear about what is Unix-like?
A Unix-like OS (also called as UN*X or *nix) is the one that works in a way similar to Unix systems,
however, it is not necessary that they conform to Single UNIX Specification (SUS) or similar POSIX
(Portable Operating System Interface) standard.
SUS is a standard which is required to be met for any OS to qualify for using ‘UNIX’ trademark. This
trademark is granted by ‘The Open Group’.
Few Examples of currently registered UNIX systems include macOS, Solaris, and AIX. If we consider the
POSIX system, then Linux can be regarded as Unix-like OS.

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As per Linux kernel official README file, Linux is a UNIX clone that is developed from scratch by Linus
Torvalds and team. It targets for POSIX compliance. The Linux kernel code was completely written from
scratch. It is designed in such a way so that it acts like Unix but it does not have the original Unix code in
it.
It is also significant to note that Linux is just the kernel and not the complete OS. This Linux kernel is
generally packaged in Linux distributions which thereby makes it a complete OS.
Thus, Linux is only the Kernel, while Linux distributions can be treated as the OS. On the other hand,
UNIX in itself is a complete OS as everything (all required application tied together) comes from a single
vendor. For Example, Solaris.
Linux distribution (also called as a distro in short) is an operating system that is created from a collection
of software built upon the Linux Kernel and is a package management system.
A standard Linux distribution consists of a Linux kernel, GNU system, GNU utilities, libraries, compiler,
additional software, documentation, a window system, window manager and a desktop environment.
Most of the software included in Linux distribution is free and open source. They may include some
proprietary software like binary blobs which is essential for a few device drivers.
Q5 What are important types of communication media? Differentiate between analog and digital
transmission
Answer.
The crucial difference between Analog and Digital Communication is that Analog communication uses
analog signals for transmission and reception of data while digital communication uses digital signals for
transmitting and receiving data. Analog signals are the continuous time-varying signal while digital
signals are those which consist of discrete values.
Digital communication provides various advantages such as it is immune to noise and distortion as it
possesses greater signal to noise ratio. The uses of repeaters in case of digital communication improve
the SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) further. Moreover, digital communication requires less power than
analog communication.
Difference between Analog Communication and Digital Communication :
ANALOG Digital
In analog communication analog signal is used In digital communication digital signal is used for
for transmission. transmission. uses digital signal is of two levels
either Low i.e., o or either High i.e.,

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01. information Analog
communication In digital
uses analog signal communication
02. whose amplitude coding is possible.
varies Different coding
continuously with techniques can be
time from 0 to 100. used to detect and
correct errors.
It gets affected by Separating out ŉ noise and signal in digital
communication is
noise highly possible.
Digital
during communication
system is having
03. transmission less complex
through hardware and more flexible.
channel. communication
In analog communication coding is possible.
only limited Different coding
04. number of techniques can be
channels can be used to detect and
broadcasted correct errors.
simultaneously. Separating out ŉ noise and signal in digital
In analog communication is

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communication possible.
error Probability is Digital
communication
high. less complex
In analog hardware and more flexible.
noise immunity is communication for multiplexing Time Division
Multiplexing
06. Digital
poor. communication system is high
In analog communication coding is not possible. cost.
Separating out It requires high bandwidth.
08. analog Power
noise and signal in communication is not consumption is

possible.
low.
Analog
Portability is high.
communication
Privacy is high so it is highly
_. secured.
complex hardware and less flexible.
It assures a more
In analog
accurate data transmission. Synchronization
communication problem is easier.
for multiplexing Frequency.
10.
Division Multiplexing

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Analog
11.
communication system is low cost.
12.
It requires low bandwidth.
Power
13. consumption is
high.
14.
It is less portable.
No privacy or
15. privacy is less so not highly secured
Not assures an
16. accurate data
transmission.
17.
Synchronization problem.
Assignment no 2
Question no 1.

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Write down the searching procedure for a specific topic related to your course on internet using
World Wide Web.
Answer.
A search engine is a website that collects and organizes information on the internet and makes it
available for searching. Search engines use algorithms to display the most relevant search results based
on trends, your location, and sometimes even your web activity. Many search engines have their own
mobile apps that make searching easier on your phone or tablet. Check out some of the most popular
search engines:
Google is the most popular search engine in the world.[1] It's so popular that the word "Googling" is
often used in place of "searching the web." Google also has special image and video search features that
make it easy to find all sorts of media.
Bing is Microsoft's answer to Google, and the second most popular search engine. Many of Google's
functions, like image and video searching, are also available on Bing.
Yahoo used to be the largest search engine in the world. These days, it's powered by Bing and delivers
similar results.
DuckDuckGo is a privacy-focused search engine that doesn't collect or store your personal information.
In fact, this search engine is so privacy-focused that it doesn't even look at your location or IP address.
Startpage.com is another search engine focused on privacy, but it uses Google's search engine in the
background instead of its own program.[3] The benefit is that you'll get Google's excellent quality results
without sacrificing your personal data.
Swisscows is another privacy-focused search engine, but it uses its own software that gives relevant
results influence by semantics.
Yandex is one of the most popular search engines in Russia, but the English version has gained traction
in other countries, including the United States.
titled Search the Internet Step 2
Type what you're looking for into the search bar. You'll find the search bar at the top of most search
engines. You can enter a single word, a sentence, a phrase, some numbers, or anything else you wish.
If you're searching for a multi-word phrase, surround it in quotation marks so the search engine knows
to keep those words together. For example, "natural perfumers", "Trader Joe's dried mangos".
Sometimes it's helpful to phrase your search like a question, such as What is Cardi B's real name?, What
was James Baldwin's last book?, or Is there a vegan Chinese restaurant in Portland?

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Press the ↵ Enter or ⏎ Return key to run your search. This displays your search results in a list. If you're
using a smartphone or tablet, you may have to tap Search or Go instead. If you have a KaiOS-based
phone, press the center button to run your search.
Click or tap a result to view it. If you've found a website that looks like what you want, click or tap it to
open in your browser. To go back to the search results, click or tap your browser's back button.
The results display differently depending on what you're looking for. For example, if you searched for
the word "weather" in Google or Bing, you'll see a weather chart with the local conditions at the top of
your results. If you scroll down a little, you'll probably see some news articles about the weather, as well
as links to popular weather websites. If you search for an address or location, you'll usually see a map
and/or information about the business or landmark.
If you scroll down through the first page and don't find what you're looking for, click or tap the next
page number or Next at the bottom to view the next set of results.
The best results are often on the first page, but sometimes you'll need to dig a little deeper to find that
magic result.
Rephrase your query for better results. If you're not finding the right information, you might need to use
different words in your search. It's also possible that what you're searching for is too specific or too
broad.
For example, if you searched for most popular search engines and were hoping to see Canada-specific
results, try most popular search engine in Canada or most popular search engine in Canada 2020
instead.
Filter your results by date. The majority of search engines have some handy (but easy to miss) tools near
the top of the results pages, including the ability to only show results from a certain time period. Click
the Any time menu at the top of the search results page (or click the filter icon in Yandex) to choose a
date range, such as Past 24 hours or Past year.
If you're using Google and don't see the Any time menu, click the Tools tab at the top first.
You can also use dates in your search queries, such as Billboard July 2010 charts.
Filter your results by type. In general, doing a regular internet search displays a list of web links that
match what you've typed. But what if you just want to see photos, videos, or news articles instead?

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Fortunately, you can click Images, Videos, News, and sometimes other categories at the top of every
search engine's results page to filter your results.
Google and Bing both have a bunch of other options, including Maps and Shopping.
Most search engines have great photo search pages that let you specify things like photo size and colors.
Use the menus at the top of the search results page to get the best results.
Use special search engine operators. Operators are special words and symbols you can include in your
searches so they'll return more relevant results. Many operators work for all search engines, but some
occasionally vary from the standard.
If you're searching for a set of words, such as a song lyric or a sentence that appeared verbatim in a
news article, put quotes (") around the query. "I woke up like this", "Definitions belong to the definers,
not the defined".
If there's a certain word messing up your results (for example, if you're trying to find information on
cardinals but are only seeing results for the St. Louis Cardinals), type a minus sign (-) in front of the word
or phrase you want to omit. In this example, you might type cardinals -"St. Louis".
You can use the word "AND" (or the & symbol) to ensure that two different words or phrases both
appear in the same result. For example, coronavirus AND "swine flu". You can also use "NOT" to make
sure results don't include a certain word (e.g., coronavirus NOT "swine flu").[5] They can even be used
together, as well as multiple times per query. Make sure "AND" and "NOT" are capitalized, as most
search engines will ignore them otherwise.
Q.2 Compare features of Window (Operating System) OS on your computer with other
OS (use Internet).
Answer.
The operating system is the important bridge between the machine and the person using it. The two
most popular operating systems for computers are OS X and Windows. The main difference between
Windows and OS X is the computer you can use it with. OS X is exclusively for Apple computers,
commonly known as Macs, while Windows is basically for any personal computer from any company. As
a result of direct competition between manufacturers, computers that run Windows can be purchased
at a significantly lower cost compared to Macs that run OS X. You can also purchase Windows separately
if you want to build your own custom computer. OS X is only available with the purchase of a new Mac.
When it comes to usage, the two are very similar with a couple of exceptions. The first issue is the

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number of available software packages that you can install on either operating system. As Windows has
a stranglehold on roughly 90 per cent of the personal computer market, it makes more fiscal sense to
make programs towards that platform. As a result, there are more applications for the Windows
platform compared to the OS X. The most blatant example of this is in the computer gaming industry
where major games are rarely, if ever, ported to the OS X platform.
On the other side of the coin is malware. With this too, Windows has a lot more to deal with. Of course,
if you are going to write a virus or a Trojan, you would probably target a more established operating
system in order to maximize its spread. What many people incorrectly think is that OS X is impervious to
malware like viruses and Trojans. This is just not true as there are already a few examples of malware for
the OS X. It’s just not worth the time for programmers to study OS X and exploit its weaknesses because
there are relatively very few OS X users. In the end, the choice between Windows and OS X is down to
whether you want an Apple computer or not. If you only do routine stuff on your computer and it’s
within your budget, an OS X running Mac can be a reasonable purchase as you do not have to worry as
much about malware. For the rest of the world, however, Windows seems to be the logical option.
Types of Operating System (OS)
Following are the popular types of OS (Operating System):
Batch Operating System
Multitasking/Time Sharing OS
Multiprocessing OS
Real Time OS
Distributed OS
Network OS
Mobile OS
Some computer processes are very lengthy and time-consuming. To speed the same process, a job with
a similar type of needs are batched together and run as a group. The user of a batch operating system
never directly interacts with the computer. In this type of OS, every user prepares his or her job on an
offline device like a punch card and submit it to the computer operator.
Multi-Tasking/Time-sharing Operating systems

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Time-sharing operating system enables people located at a different terminal(shell) to use a single
computer system at the same time. The processor time (CPU) which is shared among multiple users is
termed as time sharing.
Real time OS
A real time operating system time interval to process and respond to inputs is very small. Examples:
Military Software Systems, Space Software Systems are the Real time OS example.
Distributed Operating System
Distributed systems use many processors located in different machines to provide very fast computation
to its users.
Network Operating System
Network Operating System runs on a server. It provides the capability to serve to manage data, user,
groups, security, application, and other networking functions.
Mobile OS
Mobile operating systems are those OS which is especially that are designed to power smartphones,
tablets, and wearables devices.
Some most famous mobile operating systems are Android and iOS, but others include BlackBerry, Web,
and watchOS.
Functions of Operating System
In an operating system software performs each of the function:
Process management:- Process management helps OS to create and delete processes. It also provides
mechanisms for synchronization and communication among processes.
Memory management:- Memory management module performs the task of allocation and de-
allocation of memory space to programs in need of this resources.
File management:- It manages all the file-related activities such as organization storage, retrieval,
naming, sharing, and protection of files.
Device Management: Device management keeps tracks of all devices. This module also responsible for
this task is known as the I/O controller. It also performs the task of allocation and de-allocation of the
devices.
I/O System Management: One of the main objects of any OS is to hide the peculiarities of that hardware
devices from the user.

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Secondary-Storage Management: Systems have several levels of storage which includes primary
storage, secondary storage, and cache storage. Instructions and data must be stored in primary storage
or cache so that a running program can reference it.
Security:- Security module protects the data and information of a computer system against malware
threat and authorized access.
Command interpretation: This module is interpreting commands given by the and acting system
resources to process that commands.
Networking: A distributed system is a group of processors which do not share memory, hardware
devices, or a clock. The processors communicate with one another through the network.
Job accounting: Keeping track of time & resource used by various job and users. Communication
management: Coordination and assignment of compilers, interpreters, and another software resource
of the various users of the computer systems.
Q3 Why High Level Language are easier to use? Explain your answer with the help of proper examples
Answer.
high-level language is a programming language designed to simplify computer programming. It is "high-

level" since it is several steps removed from the actual code run on a computer's processor. High-level
source code contains easy-to-read syntax that is later converted into a low-level language, which can be
recognized and run by a specific CPU.
Most common programming languages are considered high-level languages. Examples include:
C++
C#
Cobol
Fortran
Java
JavaScript
Objective C
Pascal

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Perl
PHP
Python
Swift
Each of these languages use different syntax. Some are designed for writing desktop software programs,
while others are best-suited for web development. But they all are considered high-level since they must
be processed by a compiler or interpreter before the code is executed. Source code written in languages
like C++ and C# must be compiled into machine code in order to run. The compilation process converts
the human-readble syntax of the high-level language into low-level code for a specific processor. Source
code written in scripting languages like Perl and PHP can be run through an interpreter, which converts
the high-level code into a low-level language on-the-fly.
Programmers find machine code difficult to learn, program in and debug. As a result, the majority of
programmers write programs in high-level programming languages. These languages are close to natural
language - the spoken and written language of humans. For example, Python uses 'print', ‘if’, 'input' and
'while' statements - all words from the English language - to form instructions. In fact, instructions often
look like abbreviated English sentences.
Compare this simple Python program with its comments that are written in English:
while count < 10:
#While the value of count is less than ten
number = int(input("Type in a number"))
#Input a number
total = total + number
#Add the number to the total
count = count + 1
#Add one to the value of count

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print("The total is ", total)
#Print out the total
Programmers write in high-level languages because they are easier to understand and are less complex
than machine code. They allow the programmer to focus on what needs to be done, rather than on how
the computer actually works.
For example, in many high-level languages, to place a message on the screen, a programmer would use
the statement 'print'. The programmer might not know how the computer actually generates the
message. They just need to know how to use the 'print' statement.
Commonly used high-level languages
Many types of high-level language exist and are in common use today, including:
Python
Java
C++
C#
Visual Basic
JavaScript
Source code
Source code is the term given to a set of instructions that are written in human readable programming
language. Source code must be translated into machine code before a computer can understand and
execute it.
Q4 What is programming language? How computer program is related with a programming language?
Explain your answer with the help of suitable examples (20)
Answer.
A programming language is a computer language programmers use to develop software programs,

scripts, or other sets of instructions for computers to execute.
Although many languages share similarities, each has its own syntax. Once a programmer learns the
languages rules, syntax, and structure, they write the source code in a text editor or IDE. Then, the
programmer often compiles the code into machine language that can be understood by the computer.
Scripting languages, which do not require a compiler, use an interpreter to execute the script.

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Types of programming languages
Each of the different programming languages mentioned in the next section can be broken into one or
more of the following types (paradigms) of languages.
High-level (most common) / low-level
Declarative / imperative / procedural
General-purpose / domain-specific
Object-oriented / concurrent
Command / Compiled / Script language
Answer set
Application and program development
Application and program development involves programs you work with on a daily basis. For example,
the Internet browser you are using to view this web page is considered a program. If you are interested
in developing a program, consider the following languages:
C#
C++
Java
Swift
Tcl
Visual Basic
A programming language is a vocabulary and set of grammatical rules for instructing a computer or
computing device to perform specific tasks. The term programming language usually refers to high-level
languages, such as BASIC, C, C++, COBOL, Java, FORTRAN, Ada, and Pascal.
Each programming language has a unique set of keywords (words that it understands) and a special
syntax for organizing program instructions.
Programming Language
HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

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High-level programming languages, while simple compared to human languages, are more complex than
the languages the computer actually understands, called machine languages. Each different type of CPU
has its own unique machine language.
Lying between machine languages and high-level languages are languages called assembly languages.
Assembly languages are similar to machine languages, but they are much easier to program in because
they allow a programmer to substitute names for numbers. Machine languages consist of numbers only.
Lying above high-level languages are languages called fourth-generation languages (usually abbreviated
4GL). 4GLs are far removed from machine languages and represent the class of computer languages
closest to human languages.
ocumenting the Program
Documenting is an ongoing, necessary process, although, as many programmers are, you may be eager
to pursue more exciting computer-centered activities. Documentation is a written detailed description
of the programming cycle and specific facts about the program. Typical program documentation
materials include the origin and nature of the problem, a brief narrative description of the program,
logic tools such as flowcharts and pseudocode, data-record descriptions, program listings, and testing
results. Comments in the program itself are also considered an essential part of documentation. Many
programmers document as they code. In a broader sense, program documentation can be part of the
documentation for an entire system.
The wise programmer continues to document the program throughout its design, development, and
testing. Documentation is needed to supplement human memory and to help organize program
planning. Also, documentation is critical to communicate with others who have an interest in the
program, especially other programmers who may be part of a programming team. And, since turnover is
high in the computer industry, written documentation is needed so that those who come after you can
make any necessary modifications in the program or track down any errors that you missed.
Programming as a Career
There is a shortage of qualified personnel in the computer field. Before you join their ranks, consider the
advantages of the computer field and what it takes to succeed in it.
The Joys of the Field
Although many people make career changes into the computer field, few choose to leave it. In fact,
surveys of computer professionals, especially programmers, consistently report a high level of job
satisfaction. There are several reasons for this contentment. One is the challenge-most jobs in the
computer industry are not routine. Another is security, since established computer professionals can
usually find work. And that work pays well-you will probably not be rich, but you should be comfortable.

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The computer industry has historically been a rewarding place for women and minorities. And, finally,
the industry holds endless fascination since it is always changing.
Benefits
Fourth-generation languages are beneficial because
They are results-oriented; they emphasize what instead of how.
They improve productivity because programs are easy to write and change.
They can be used with a minimum of training by both programmers and nonprogrammers.
They shield users from needing an awareness of hardware and program structure.
An interesting side note is that the availability of C on personal computers has greatly enhanced the
value of personal computers for budding software entrepreneurs. A cottage software industry can use
the same basic tool-the language C-used by established software companies such as Microsoft and
Borland. Today C is has been replaced by its enhanced cousin, C++. C++ in turn is being challenged by
web-aware languages like Java and Javascript, that look and act a lot like C++, but add features to
support working with networked computers, among other things
Q5 Develop your CV in Microsoft Word and Show it to your teacher.
Answer.
Teacher CV sample
Here is an example to use as inspiration when writing your own teacher CV:
Personal Statement
Effective and impactful teacher with a commitment to special education, early childhood education and
improving these experiences for children. Extensive involvement in curating new curriculums for
college-level courses, along with a passion for helping students grow and develop each semester.
Consistently voted Top Teacher because of my passion for helping students develop and learn.
Education
Master of Education | 4.0 GPA | 2013
Northern University
Dissertation: “A Case Study of Self-Concepts of Functionally Gifted Students”
Bachelor of Arts in Early Childhood Education | 3.9 GPA|2019
Northern University

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Thesis: “Childhood Educational Constructs”
Special Education Certification, K-12
Work Experience
Assistant Professor, Education Department| 2016–present
Tampa University | Tampa, Florida
Specialize in the courses "Cases in Special Education," and "Early Childhood Education"
Created new curriculum for " Roles in Modern Education Course" and more.
Assist with onboarding new assistant professors
Manage department's administrative calendar along with teaching requirements
Special Education Teacher
Taught special education classes for second grade through fifth grade.
Devised weekly feedback loop for parents
Created system for student enrichment
Skills
eCalendar software- Calendarwell
Project Management and tasking software- Management tasker
Knowledge of United Stated East Coast Testing Standards and regulations and Teaching Credential
Publications
Awards
Students' Pick Top Teacher 2016/2018/2019, Tampa, Florida
Teacher of the Year 2015, Tampa, Florida
Professional Memberships
Tampa Teachers Association
Professional Teachers of Florida
Personal interests

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I volunteer at the local Boys and Girls Club in my free time. I have started to teach some of the children
piano and it has been a joy to bring my love of music to the Club. I also spend time at my former school
to visit with some of the special education classes and volunteer with projects if need be.
A CV can be required when applying for a teaching, academic or research role. It is often a longer and
more detailed document than a resume. CVs might include more information on your educational
coursework, abilities as a teacher or researcher and a more detailed academic history. A CV for a
teacher can be three pages or more, depending on your experience and skill set. The length can enable a
recruiter or hiring manager to get a more in-depth look at your skills and abilities and see how you might
fit into an open role.
How to write a CV for teaching
A CV can be an important part of the application process for a teacher. These documents can help
teachers explain their educational background more thoroughly and highlight their other
accomplishments. Here are several steps to create an effective CV for a teaching position:
1. Write an impactful personal statement
Your personal statement can be a few short impactful sentences about who you are and why you might
be a good fit for the role. This section also usually includes mentioning any skills or relevant
achievements that directly relate to the open teaching role. The hiring committee or recruiter might
look at this section first for an overview of your skill set, so consider explaining your qualifications in a
direct but brief way.
2. Highlight your education
Your education is one of the key details on your teacher CV. Some teaching jobs might require a certain
level of education or type of degree for the role. In this section, you can highlight any relevant degrees
and certifications you hold. You might also include workshops, special courses or academic conferences
you have attended.
Use the chronological format if you have several years of teaching experience and no significant gaps in
your work history. You may opt for a chronological resume if the job posting requests "highly
experienced" applicants.
Here's a quick guide to putting together a chronological resume format for teachers:
In the Work History section, start with your most recent position and work backward.
Use bullets to emphasize roles, accomplishments, awards and recognitions for each position. These
might include:
Certifications
Licenses

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Leadership roles and training you received
Include the institution you worked for, the time span, and a few key accomplishments.
In the Skills section, briefly list your basic educator skills. Also focus on incorporating the key skills listed
in the job ad. You'll emphasize all of these skills in the bullets under your Work History.
ASSIGNMENT No. 2
Q. 1 (a) Explain utility programs and write down their purpose. Describe important steps
of installation and un-installation of software. Also elaborate the process of
software updation.
Utility software is software designed to help to analyze, configure, optimize or maintain a
computer. It is used to support the computer infrastructure - in contrast to application software,
which is aimed at directly performing tasks that benefit ordinary users. However, utilities often
form part of application systems. For example a batch job may run user-written code to update a
database and may then include a step that runs a utility to back up the database, or a job may run
a utility to compress a disk before copying files.
Although a basic set of utility programs is usually distributed with an operating system (OS), and
this first party utility software is often considered part of the operating system, users often install
replacements or additional utilities. Those utilities may provide additional facilities to carry out
tasks that are beyond the capabilities of the operating system.
Many utilities that might affect the entire computer system require the user to have
elevated privileges, while others that operate only on the user's data do not.
• Anti-virus utilities scan for computer viruses and block or remove them.
• Clipboard managers expand the clipboard functionality of an operating system.
• Computer access control software grants or denies requests for access to system resources.
• Debuggers typically permit the examination and modification of data and program instructions
in memory and on disk.
• Diagnostic programs determine and report the operational status of computer hardware and
software. Memory testers are one example.
• Network utilities analyze the computer's network connectivity, configure network settings,
check data transfer or log events.

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• Package managers are used to configure, install or keep up to date other software on a
computer.
• Registry cleaners clean and optimize the Windows Registry by removing old registry keys that
are no longer in use.
• System monitors monitor resources and performance in a computer system.
• System profilers provide detailed information about installed software and hardware.
• Backup software makes copies of all information stored on a disk and either restores the
entire disk (aka Disk cloning) in an event of disk failure or selected files that are
accidentally deleted or corrupted. Undeletion utilities are sometimes more convenient.
• Disk checkers scan an operating hard drive and check for logical (filesystem) or physical
errors.
• Disk compression utilities transparently compress/uncompress the contents of a disk,
increasing the capacity of the disk.
• Disk defragmenters detect computer files whose contents are scattered across several
locations on the hard disk and collect the fragments into one contiguous area.
• Disk formatters prepare a data storage device such as a hard disk, solid-state drive, floppy
disk or USB flash drive for initial use. These are often used to permanently erase an entire
device.
• Disk partition editors divide an individual drive into multiple logical drives, each with its
own file system which can be mounted by the operating system and treated as an individual
drive.
• Disk space analyzers provide a visualization of disk space usage by getting the size for
each folder (including sub folders) and files in folder or drive. showing the distribution of
the used space.
• Tape initializers write a label to a magnetic tape or other magnetic medium. Initializers
for DECtape formatted the tape into blocks.
• Archivers output a stream or a single file when provided with a directory or a set of files.
Archive suites may include compression and encryption capabilities. Some archive utilities
have a separate un-archive utility for the reverse operation. One nearly universal type of
archive file format is the zip file.
• Cryptographic utilities encrypt and decrypt streams and files.

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• Data compression utilities output a shorter stream or a smaller file when provided with a
stream or file.
• Data conversion utilities transform data from a source file to some other format, such as
from a text file to a PDF document.
• Data recovery utilities are used to rescue good data from corrupted files.
• Data synchronization utilities establish consistency among data from a source to a target
data storage and vice versa. There are several branches of this type of utility:
o File synchronization utilities maintain consistency between two sources. They may
be used to create redundancy or backup copies but are also used to help users carry
their digital music, photos and video in their mobile devices.
o Revision control utilities can recreate a coherent structure where multiple users
simultaneously modify the same file.
• Disk cleaners find files that are unnecessary to computer operation, or take up considerable
amounts of space.
• File comparison utilities provide a standalone capability to detect differences between files.
• File managers provide a convenient method of performing routine data management, email
recovery and management tasks, such as deleting, renaming, cataloging, uncataloging,
moving, copying, merging, setting write protection status, setting file access permissions,
generating and modifying folders and data sets.
• Data generators (e.g. IEBDG) create a file of test data according to specified patterns.
• Hex editors directly modify the text or data of a file without regard to file format. These
files can be data or programs.
• HTML checkers validate HTML code and check links.
• Installation or setup utilities are used to initialize or configure programs, usually
applications programs, for use in a specific computer environment. There are
also Uninstallers.
• Patching utilities perform alterations of files, especially object programs when program
source is unavailable.
• Screensavers prevent phosphor burn-in on CRT and plasma computer monitors.
• Sort/Merge programs arrange records (lines) of a file into a specified sequence.

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• Standalone macro recorders permit use of keyboard macros in programs that do not
natively support such a feature.
First, let's look at updating system software. You always want to keep your system updated as
much as possible as updates most often focus on bug fixes, so your system will run better, and
additional security, so your computer doesn't end up with a virus or something like that. To update
system software on a Mac, just follow these steps:
1. Click the Apple menu (up in the top left corner of your screen) and choose "Software
Update."
2. Software Update will load and check for updates. When it finishes, it'll let you know if
there are any updates to install. Click "Show Details" to see any updates Software Update
wants to install, or just click the "Install" button to install them.
The process is similar on Windows computers. To update your system software on Windows, just
follow these steps:
1. Click the Windows icon in your task bar to open up the Start menu. (If you don't already
know, this icon is in the bottom left corner of your screen.)
2. Click "All Programs."
3. Click, "Windows Update."
4. After Windows Update opens, click "Check for Updates" on the top left side of the window.
5. Once Windows finishes checking for updates, click the "Install" button.
6. When the updates have finished installing, restart your computer (if prompted).
Software Update (Mac) and Windows Update (Windows) will periodically run all by themselves
and ask you to update. Nonetheless, you may not notice this or ignore it from time to time, so it's
good to check yourself once in a while.
(b) Explain different styles available in MS Word. Also differentiate “Header” and
“Footer”
Header and footer are areas at the top and the bottom of a page. A header is at the top of the page
and footer is at the bottom of the page. This is the main difference between header and footer.
Both header and footer are set up to stay constant (the area) throughout a document. You can add
various information such as page numbers, time and date, author’s name, company name, company
logo, document title, etc. to both header and footer.

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Position
Header is at the top of the page.
Footer is at the bottom of the page.
Main Text
Header is above the main text.
Footer is below the main text.
Page Number
Header can contain page numbers.
Footer is the traditionally preferred place for page numbers.
Information
Headers usually contain information like book title, chapter title, author’s name.
Footers usually carry the page numbers.
Footnotes
Headers cannot be used for footnotes.
Footer can be used to include footnotes.
Q. 2 (a) What is meant by the term “Operating System”? Also explain the main functions
of an operating system.
An operating system (OS) is a set of programs containing instructions that work together to
coordinate all the activities among computer hardware resources. Most operating systems perform
similar functions that include starting and shutting down a computer, providing a user interface,
managing p rograms, managing memory, coordinating tasks, configuring devices, establishing an
Internet connection, monitoring performance, providing file management and other utilities, and
automatically updating itself and certain utility programs. Some operating systems also allow users
to control a network and administer security.
Although an operating system can run from an optical disc and/or flash memory mobile media, in
most cases, the operating system is installed and resides on the computer’s hard disk. On handheld
computers and many mobile devices, the operating system may reside on a ROM chip.
A stand-alone operating system is a complete operating system that works on a desktop computer,
notebook computer, or mobile computing device. Some stand-alone operating systems are called
client operating systems because they also work in conjunction with a server operating system.
Client operating systems can operate with or without a network. Other standalone operating

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systems include networking capabilities, allowing the home and small business user to set up a
small network. Examples of currently used stand-alone operating systems are Windows 7, Mac
OS X, UNIX, and Linux. Windows 7 In the mid-1980s, Microsoft developed its first version of
Windows, which provided a graphical user interface (GUI). Since then, Microsoft continually has
updated its Windows operating system, incorporating innovative features and functions with each
new version. Windows 7 is Microsoft’s fastest, most efficient operating system to date, offering
quicker program start up, built-in diagnostics, automatic recovery, improved security, enhanced
searching and organizing capabilities, and an easy-to-use interface. Most users choose one of these
Windows 7 editions: Windows 7 Starter, Windows 7 Home Premium, Windows 7 Ultimate, or
Windows 7 Professional. • Windows 7 Starter, designed for netbooks and other small notebook
computers, uses the Windows 7 Basic interface and allows users easily to search for files, connect
to printers and devices, browse the Internet, join home networks, and connect to wireless networks.
This edition of Windows typically is preinstalled on new computers and not available for purchase
in retail stores.
• Windows 7 Home Premium, which includes all the capabilities of Windows 7 Starter, also
includes Windows Aero with its Aero Flip 3D feature and provides tools to create and edit
highdefinition movies, record and watch television shows, connect to a game console, and read
from and write on Blu-ray Discs.
• Windows 7 Ultimate, which includes all features of Windows 7 Home Premium, provides
additional features designed to keep your files secure and support for 35 languages.
• With Windows 7 Professional, users in all sizes of businesses are provided a secure operating
environment that uses Windows Aero where they easily can search for files, protect their
computers from unauthorized intruders and unwanted programs, use improved backup
technologies, securely connect to Wi-Fi networks, quickly view messages on a powered-off,
specially equipped notebook computer, easily share documents and collaborate with other users,
and watch and record live television. Windows 7 adapts to the hardware configuration on which it
is installed. Thus, two users with the same edition of Windows 7 may experience different
functionality and interfaces.
(b) Write down the procedure of installing and uninstalling software in Windows
operating system.

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Step 1: Open the Windows Add or Remove Programs tool.

Click the Windows Start Menu (Windows logo in the bottom-left section of the screen) to launch
is and begin typing "add or remove programs".
Click the Add or Remove Programs result to launch the window.
Step 2: Remove the Program

In the new window, scroll down until you see the program you are looking for.

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Click the program, then select both "Uninstall" options that pop-up. The Windows UAE prompt
will appear on your screen as such; confirm the Uninstallation by selecting "Yes".
NOTE: Every program is different. Some will have a program known as an Uninstall Wizard while
others will automatically remove themselves from Windows through this process as well as some
require restarts of your computer to complete. Once your program is no longer visible on the Add
or Remove Programs window, it has been successfully uninstalled.
Step 3: Reinstalling the Program
After the program has been removed, the next step is to put it back on. If you have not been
provided with download links from a CTS member or the UWP website, please contact us
at CTSHelpDesk@uwp.edu to be redirected the correct website.

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Begin by downloading your installation file from a trusted source, making sure to uncheck extra
bloatware such as "Optional Offers" (if applicable).
Once the file has downloaded, double click it in your web browser's window to launch the
installation. Just as before, the Windows UAE prompt will appear. Simply click "Yes" to begin
the installation process.
Now, just allow the installation file to do it's thing. As with uninstallations, some programs will
require confirmation of each step and others will do it for you. Follow whatever steps it asks you
to to complete the installation process.

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Once the installation is complete, complete any further restarts (if required) and feel free to launch
the program!

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Once the program is opened, sign in with your UWP account, if applicable. Not all programs
require a sign-in and some sign-ins are only given to specific departments or staff members. Please
consult CTS (contact info below) if you have any questions about your access to software.
At this point, see if issues from before have been replicated or if your program is working as it
should! If issues persist after this process, please feel to follow up with the CTS Help Desk for
further troubleshooting. If you have any additional questions or require assistance during this
process, please do not hesitate to reach out. We can be contacted via these means:
Q. 3 (a) Identify basic elements of a communication system. Also explain assembler,
compiler, linker and interpreter.

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The crucial difference between Analog and Digital Communication is that Analog
communication uses analog signals for transmission and reception of data while digital
communication uses digital signals for transmitting and receiving data. Analog signals are the
continuous time-varying signal while digital signals are those which consist of discrete values.
Digital communication provides various advantages such as it is immune to noise and distortion
as it possesses greater signal to noise ratio. The uses of repeaters in case of digital communication
improve the SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) further. Moreover, digital communication requires less
power than analog communication.
Comparison Chart
PARAMETERS ANALOG COMMUNICATION DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
Definiton Analog Communication is the Digital Communication is the

technology which uses Analog signal technology which uses digital signal
for the transmission of information. for the transmission of information.
Noise and Get affected by Noise Immune from Noise and Distortion
Distortion
Error Probability Error Probability is high due to Error Probability is low

parallax.
Hardware Hardware is complicated and less Hardware is flexible and less

flexible than digital system. complicated than Analog system.
Cost Low Cost High Cost
Bandwidth Low bandwidth requirement High bandwidth Requirement

Requirement
Power High power is required Low Power Requirement

Requirement

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PARAMETERS ANALOG COMMUNICATION DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
Portability Less Portable as the components are More portable due to compact
heavy equipments.
Modulation Used Amplitude and Angle Modulation Pulse coded Modulation or PCM,
DPCM etc.
Representation of Analog signal can be represented by Digital signal is represented by

Signal sine wave. square wave.
Signal Values Consists of continuous values Consists of discrete values
Example of Signal Analog signal comprises of voice, Digital signals are used in computers
sound etc.
(b) Explain the purpose and responsibilities of each laser of OSI model.
The open systems interconnection (OSI) model is a conceptual model created by the International
Organization for Standardization which enables diverse communication systems to communicate
using standard protocols. In plain English, the OSI provides a standard for different computer
systems to be able to communicate with each other.
The OSI Model can be seen as a universal language for computer networking. It’s based on the
concept of splitting up a communication system into seven abstract layers, each one stacked upon
the last.

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Each layer of the OSI Model handles a specific job and communicates with the layers above and
below itself. DDoS attacks target specific layers of a network connection; application layer
attacks target layer 7 and protocol layer attacks target layers 3 and 4.
Although the modern Internet doesn’t strictly follow the OSI Model (it more closely follows the
simpler Internet protocol suite), the OSI Model is still very useful for troubleshooting network
problems. Whether it’s one person who can’t get their laptop on the Internet, or a web site being
down for thousands of users, the OSI Model can help to break down the problem and isolate the
source of the trouble. If the problem can be narrowed down to one specific layer of the model, a
lot of unnecessary work can be avoided.
Q. 4 (a) Define multimedia system with the help of a diagram and also explain itsmain
characteristics.
The word 'Multimedia' is a combination of two words, 'Multi' and 'Media'. Multi means many and
media means material through which something can be transmitted or send. Multimedia combined

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all the media elements like text and graphics to make the information more effective and attractive.
Now I am going to write about its components.
Components of Multimedia
The various components of multimedia are Text, Audio, Graphics, Video and Animation. All these
components work together to represent information in an effective and easy manner.
1) Text: Text is the most common medium of representing the information. In multimedia, text is
mostly use for titles, headlines, menu etc. The most commonly used software for viewing text files
are Microsoft Word, Notepad, Word pad etc. Mostly the text files are formatted with, DOC, TXT
etc. extension.
2) Audio: In multimedia audio means related with recording, playing etc. Audio is an important
component of multimedia because this component increases the understandability and improves
the clarity of the concept. Audio includes speech, music etc. The commonly used software for
playing audio files are: Quick Time, Real player, Windows Media Player.
3) Graphics: Every multimedia presentation is based on graphics. The used of graphics in
multimedia makes the concept more effective and presentable. The commonly used software for
viewing graphics are windows Picture, Internet Explorer etc. The commonly used graphics editing
software is Adobe Photoshop through which graphics can be edited easily and can be make
effective and attractive.
4)Video: Video means moving pictures with sound. It is the best way to communicate with each
other. In multimedia it is used to makes the information more presentable and it saves a large
amount of time. The commonly used software for viewing videos are: Quick Time, Real player,
Windows Media Player.
5)Animation: In computer animation is used to make changes to the images so that the sequence
of the images appears to be moving pictures. An animated sequence shows a number of frames per
second to produce an effect of motion in the user's eye. Some of the commonly used software for
viewing animation are:
i) Internet Explorer
ii) Windows Pictures
iii) Fax Viewer
(b) Explain the different applications of multimedia in detail with the help of
illustrations.

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Nowadays the application of Multimedia are observed in various fields such as Education,
Entertainment, and Business and so on. To communicate the message in the form of picture, sound,
video, animation is the primary role of multimedia. Some of the application of multimedia are as
follows:
1) Multimedia in Education: Multimedia is becoming popular in the field of education. It is
commonly used to prepare study material for the students and also provide them proper
understanding of different subjects. Nowadays Edutainment, a combination of Education and
Entertainment has become very popular. This system provides learning as well as provides
entertainment to the user.
2) Multimedia in Entertainment: Computer graphics techniques are now commonly used in making
movies and games. This increase the growth of multimedia.
i) Movies: Multimedia used in movies gives a special audio and video effect. Today multimedia
has totally changed the art of making movies in the world. Difficult effect, action are only possible
through multimedia.
ii) Games: Multimedia used in games by using computer graphics, animation, videos have changed
the gaming experience. Presently, games provide fast action, 3-D effects and high quality sound
effects which is only possible through multimedia.
3) Multimedia in Business: Today multimedia is used in every aspect of business. These are some
of the applications:
i) Videoconferencing: This system enables to communicate using audio and video between two
different locations through their computers. When the information is sent across the world, this
technology provides cost benefits to the business which saves their time, energy and money.
ii) Marketing and advertisement: Nowadays different advertisement and marketing ideas about
any product on television and internet is possible with multimedia.
Q. 5 (a) Highlight significant features of important High Level languages.
In computer science, a high-level programming language is a programming language with
strong abstraction from the details of the computer. In contrast to low-level programming
languages, it may use natural language elements, be easier to use, or may automate (or even hide
entirely) significant areas of computing systems (e.g. memory management), making the process
of developing a program simpler and more understandable than when using a lower-level
language. The amount of abstraction provided defines how "high-level" a programming language

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is. In the 1960s, high-level programming languages using a compiler were commonly
called autocodes. Examples of autocodes are COBOL and Fortran.
The first high-level programming language designed for computers was Plankalkül, created
by Konrad Zuse.[4] However, it was not implemented in his time, and his original contributions
were largely isolated from other developments due to World War II, aside from the language's
influence on the "Superplan" language by Heinz Rutishauser and also to some degree Algol. The
first significantly widespread high-level language was Fortran, a machine-independent
development of IBM's earlier Autocode systems. Algol, defined in 1958 and 1960 by committees
of European and American computer scientists, introduced recursion as well as nested
functions under lexical scope. It was also the first language with a clear distinction
between value and name-parameters and their corresponding semantics. Algol also introduced
several structured programming concepts, such as the while-do and if-then-else constructs and
its syntax was the first to be described in formal notation – "Backus–Naur form" (BNF). During
roughly the same period, Cobol introduced records (also called structs) and Lisp introduced a fully
general lambda abstraction in a programming language for the first time.
Difference Between Compiler and Interpreter
• Create the program.
• Compile will parse or analyses a
ll of the language statements for
its correctness. If incorrect, thro
ws an error • Create the Program
Program
• If no error, the compiler will co • No linking of files or machine code generation
ming Ste
nvert source code to machine co • Source statements executed line by line DURING
ps
de. Execution
• It links different code files into
a runnable program(know as ex
e)
• Run the Program
The program code is already translated
Advanta
into machine code. Thus, it code execut Interpreters are easier to use, especially for beginners.
ge
ion time is less.

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Disadva You can't change the program without g Interpreted programs can run on computers that have the c
ntage oing back to the source code. orresponding interpreter.
Machine Store machine language as machine co
Not saving machine code at all.
code de on the disk
Running
Compiled code run faster Interpreted code run slower
time
It is based on language translationlinkin
Model It is based on Interpretation Method.
g-loading model.
Program Generates output program (in the form
Do not generate output program. So they evaluate the sou
generatio of exe) which can be run independently
rce program at every time during execution.
n from the original program.
Program execution is separate from the
Executio Program Execution is a part ofInterpretation process, so it
compilation. It performed only after the
n is performed line by line.
entire output program is compiled.
Memory Target program execute independently
The interpreter exists in the memory during interpretation
requirem and do not require the compiler in the m
.
ent emory.
For web environments, where load times are important. D
Bounded to the specific target machine
ue to all the exhaustive analysis is done, compiles take rel
Best suit and cannot be ported. C and C++ are a
atively larger time to compile even small code that may n
ed for most popular a programming language
ot be run multiple times. In such cases, interpreters are be
which uses compilation model.
tter.
Code Op The compiler sees the entire code upfro
Interpreters see code line by line, and thus optimizations a
timizatio nt. Hence, they perform lots of optimiz
re not as robust as compilers
n ations that make code run faster
Dynamic Difficult to implement as compilers can
Interpreted languages support Dynamic Typing
Typing not predict what happens at turn time.
It is best suited for the Production Envi It is best suited for the program and developmentenviron
Usage
ronment ment.

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Compiler displays all errors and warnin

Error exe g at the compilation time. Therefore, yo The interpreter reads a single statement and shows the err
cution u can't run the program without fixing e or if any. You must correct the error to interpret next line.
rrors
Input It takes an entire program It takes a single line of code.
Compliers generates intermediate mach Interpreter never generate any intermediate machnie code
Output
nie code. .
Display all errors after, compilation, all
Errors Displays all errors of each line one by one.
at the same time.
Pertainin
g Progra C,C++,C#, Scala, Java all use complier
PHP, Perl, Ruby uses an interpreter.
mming l .
anguages
(b) What is a virus? Describe antivirus software and enlist five important
antivirus software.
A full backup (or Image), differential and incremental – these are the three methods for backing
up data. So what are the differences, and what are the pros and cons for each method?
Full Backup
With a full backup, all data is backed up to a target drive or disk with each backup. This means
that all documents and files are stored in one file, which makes working with the backups and
managing them simple.
Pros:
Creating such a backup is quicker than a differential or incremental backup.
Managing them is easier as only one file needs to be restored.
Cons:
A regular full backup requires much more space than a differential or incremental backup.
Differential backup
With a differential backup, only the changed or new data since the last full backup will be backed
up. This means of course that an initial full backup is required first so that the software knows
which documents are new or changed. When restoring such a backup both the “base” backup and
the differential backup files need to be restored.

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Pros:
A regular differential backup requires much less space than a full backup.
Cons:
Restoring such a backup is slower than a full backup.
Managing them is harder as two files are required.
Incremental backup
An incremental backup also just backs up new or changed documents, but it bases these changes
on the previous incremental backup as opposed to the initial full backup. Only the first ever
incremental backup is based on the initial “base” backup.
Pros:
A regular differential backup requires much less space than a full backup or differential backup.
Cons:
Restoring such a backup is slower than a full backup or differential backup.
Managing them is more complex as all the files from a backup “chain” are required for a
restoration.
A computer virus is a form of malicious software that piggybacks onto legitimate application
code in order to spread and reproduce itself.
Like other types of malware, a virus is deployed by attackers to damage or take control of a
computer. Its name comes from the method by which it infects its targets. A biological virus
like HIV or the flu cannot reproduce on its own; it needs to hijack a cell to do that work for it,
wreaking havoc on the infected organism in the process. Similarly, a computer virus isn't itself
a standalone program. It's a code snippet that inserts itself into some other application. When
that application runs, it executes the virus code, with results that range from the irritating to
the disastrous.
Imagine an application on your computer has been infected by a virus. (We'll discuss the
various ways that might happen in a moment, but for now, let's just take infection as a given.)
How does the virus do its dirty work? Bleeping Computer provides a good high-level overview
of how the process works. The general course goes something like this: the infected application
executes (usually at the request of the user), and the virus code is loaded into the CPU memory
before any of the legitimate code executes.

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At this point, the virus propagates itself by infecting other applications on the host computer,
inserting its malicious code wherever it can. (A resident virus does this to programs as they
open, whereas a non-resident virus can infect executable files even if they aren't running.) Boot
sector viruses use a particularly pernicious technique at this stage: they place their code in the
boot sector of the computer's system disk, ensuring that it will be executed even before the
operating system fully loads, making it impossible to run the computer in a "clean" way.
Once the virus has its hooks into your computer, it can start executing its payload, which is the
term for the part of the virus code that does the dirty work its creators built it for. These can
include all sorts of nasty things: Viruses can scan your computer hard drive for banking
credentials, log your keystrokes to steal passwords, turn your computer into a zombie that
launches a DDoS attack against the hacker's enemies, or even encrypt your data and demand a
bitcoin ransom to restore access. (Other types of malware can have similar payloads, of course:
there are ransomware worms and DDoS Trojans and so forth.)
Assignment no 2
Question no 1.
Write down the searching procedure for a specific topic related to your course on internet using
World Wide Web.
Answer.
A search engine is a website that collects and organizes information on the internet and makes it
available for searching. Search engines use algorithms to display the most relevant search results based
on trends, your location, and sometimes even your web activity. Many search engines have their own
mobile apps that make searching easier on your phone or tablet. Check out some of the most popular
search engines:

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Google is the most popular search engine in the world.[1] It's so popular that the word "Googling" is
often used in place of "searching the web." Google also has special image and video search features that
make it easy to find all sorts of media.
Bing is Microsoft's answer to Google, and the second most popular search engine. Many of Google's
functions, like image and video searching, are also available on Bing.
Yahoo used to be the largest search engine in the world. These days, it's powered by Bing and delivers
similar results.
DuckDuckGo is a privacy-focused search engine that doesn't collect or store your personal information.
In fact, this search engine is so privacy-focused that it doesn't even look at your location or IP address.
Startpage.com is another search engine focused on privacy, but it uses Google's search engine in the
background instead of its own program.[3] The benefit is that you'll get Google's excellent quality results
without sacrificing your personal data.
Swisscows is another privacy-focused search engine, but it uses its own software that gives relevant
results influence by semantics.
Yandex is one of the most popular search engines in Russia, but the English version has gained traction
in other countries, including the United States.
Type what you're looking for into the search bar. You'll find the search bar at the top of most search
engines. You can enter a single word, a sentence, a phrase, some numbers, or anything else you wish.
If you're searching for a multi-word phrase, surround it in quotation marks so the search engine knows
to keep those words together. For example, "natural perfumers", "Trader Joe's dried mangos".
Sometimes it's helpful to phrase your search like a question, such as What is Cardi B's real name?, What
was James Baldwin's last book?, or Is there a vegan Chinese restaurant in Portland?
Press the ↵ Enter or ⏎ Return key to run your search. This displays your search results in a list. If you're
using a smartphone or tablet, you may have to tap Search or Go instead. If you have a KaiOS-based
phone, press the center button to run your search.
Click or tap a result to view it. If you've found a website that looks like what you want, click or tap it to
open in your browser. To go back to the search results, click or tap your browser's back button.
The results display differently depending on what you're looking for. For example, if you searched for
the word "weather" in Google or Bing, you'll see a weather chart with the local conditions at the top of

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your results. If you scroll down a little, you'll probably see some news articles about the weather, as well
as links to popular weather websites. If you search for an address or location, you'll usually see a map
and/or information about the business or landmark.
If you scroll down through the first page and don't find what you're looking for, click or tap the next
page number or Next at the bottom to view the next set of results.
The best results are often on the first page, but sometimes you'll need to dig a little deeper to find that
magic result.
Rephrase your query for better results. If you're not finding the right information, you might need to use
different words in your search. It's also possible that what you're searching for is too specific or too
broad.
For example, if you searched for most popular search engines and were hoping to see Canada-specific
results, try most popular search engine in Canada or most popular search engine in Canada 2020
instead.
Filter your results by date. The majority of search engines have some handy (but easy to miss) tools near
the top of the results pages, including the ability to only show results from a certain time period. Click
the Any time menu at the top of the search results page (or click the filter icon in Yandex) to choose a
date range, such as Past 24 hours or Past year.
If you're using Google and don't see the Any time menu, click the Tools tab at the top first.
You can also use dates in your search queries, such as Billboard July 2010 charts.
Filter your results by type. In general, doing a regular internet search displays a list of web links that
match what you've typed. But what if you just want to see photos, videos, or news articles instead?
Fortunately, you can click Images, Videos, News, and sometimes other categories at the top of every
search engine's results page to filter your results.
Google and Bing both have a bunch of other options, including Maps and Shopping.
Most search engines have great photo search pages that let you specify things like photo size and colors.
Use the menus at the top of the search results page to get the best results.

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Use special search engine operators. Operators are special words and symbols you can include in your
searches so they'll return more relevant results. Many operators work for all search engines, but some
occasionally vary from the standard.
If you're searching for a set of words, such as a song lyric or a sentence that appeared verbatim in a
news article, put quotes (") around the query. "I woke up like this", "Definitions belong to the definers,
not the defined".
If there's a certain word messing up your results (for example, if you're trying to find information on
cardinals but are only seeing results for the St. Louis Cardinals), type a minus sign (-) in front of the word
or phrase you want to omit. In this example, you might type cardinals -"St. Louis".
You can use the word "AND" (or the & symbol) to ensure that two different words or phrases both
appear in the same result. For example, coronavirus AND "swine flu". You can also use "NOT" to make
sure results don't include a certain word (e.g., coronavirus NOT "swine flu").[5] They can even be used
together, as well as multiple times per query. Make sure "AND" and "NOT" are capitalized, as most
search engines will ignore them otherwise.
Q.2 Compare features of Window (Operating System) OS on your computer with other
OS (use Internet).
Answer.
The operating system is the important bridge between the machine and the person using it. The two
most popular operating systems for computers are OS X and Windows. The main difference between
Windows and OS X is the computer you can use it with. OS X is exclusively for Apple computers,
commonly known as Macs, while Windows is basically for any personal computer from any company. As
a result of direct competition between manufacturers, computers that run Windows can be purchased
at a significantly lower cost compared to Macs that run OS X. You can also purchase Windows separately
if you want to build your own custom computer. OS X is only available with the purchase of a new Mac.
When it comes to usage, the two are very similar with a couple of exceptions. The first issue is the
number of available software packages that you can install on either operating system. As Windows has
a stranglehold on roughly 90 per cent of the personal computer market, it makes more fiscal sense to
make programs towards that platform. As a result, there are more applications for the Windows
platform compared to the OS X. The most blatant example of this is in the computer gaming industry
where major games are rarely, if ever, ported to the OS X platform.
On the other side of the coin is malware. With this too, Windows has a lot more to deal with. Of course,
if you are going to write a virus or a Trojan, you would probably target a more established operating
system in order to maximize its spread. What many people incorrectly think is that OS X is impervious to
malware like viruses and Trojans. This is just not true as there are already a few examples of malware for
the OS X. It’s just not worth the time for programmers to study OS X and exploit its weaknesses because

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there are relatively very few OS X users. In the end, the choice between Windows and OS X is down to
whether you want an Apple computer or not. If you only do routine stuff on your computer and it’s
within your budget, an OS X running Mac can be a reasonable purchase as you do not have to worry as
much about malware. For the rest of the world, however, Windows seems to be the logical option.
Types of Operating System (OS)
Following are the popular types of OS (Operating System):
Multitasking/Time Sharing OS
Multiprocessing OS
Real Time OS
Distributed OS
Network OS
Mobile OS
Some computer processes are very lengthy and time-consuming. To speed the same process, a job with
a similar type of needs are batched together and run as a group. The user of a batch operating system
never directly interacts with the computer. In this type of OS, every user prepares his or her job on an
offline device like a punch card and submit it to the computer operator.
Multi-Tasking/Time-sharing Operating systems
Time-sharing operating system enables people located at a different terminal(shell) to use a single
computer system at the same time. The processor time (CPU) which is shared among multiple users is
termed as time sharing.
Real time OS
A real time operating system time interval to process and respond to inputs is very small. Examples:
Military Software Systems, Space Software Systems are the Real time OS example.
Distributed Operating System
Distributed systems use many processors located in different machines to provide very fast computation
to its users.

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Network Operating System
Network Operating System runs on a server. It provides the capability to serve to manage data, user,
groups, security, application, and other networking functions.
Mobile OS
Mobile operating systems are those OS which is especially that are designed to power smartphones,
tablets, and wearables devices.
Some most famous mobile operating systems are Android and iOS, but others include BlackBerry, Web,
and watchOS.
Functions of Operating System
In an operating system software performs each of the function:
Process management:- Process management helps OS to create and delete processes. It also provides
mechanisms for synchronization and communication among processes.
Memory management:- Memory management module performs the task of allocation and de-
allocation of memory space to programs in need of this resources.
File management:- It manages all the file-related activities such as organization storage, retrieval,
naming, sharing, and protection of files.
Device Management: Device management keeps tracks of all devices. This module also responsible for
this task is known as the I/O controller. It also performs the task of allocation and de-allocation of the
devices.
I/O System Management: One of the main objects of any OS is to hide the peculiarities of that hardware
devices from the user.
Secondary-Storage Management: Systems have several levels of storage which includes primary
storage, secondary storage, and cache storage. Instructions and data must be stored in primary storage
or cache so that a running program can reference it.
Security:- Security module protects the data and information of a computer system against malware
threat and authorized access.
Command interpretation: This module is interpreting commands given by the and acting system
resources to process that commands.
Networking: A distributed system is a group of processors which do not share memory, hardware
devices, or a clock. The processors communicate with one another through the network.

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Job accounting: Keeping track of time & resource used by various job and users. Communication
management: Coordination and assignment of compilers, interpreters, and another software resource
of the various users of the computer systems.
Q3 Why High Level Language are easier to use? Explain your answer with the help of proper examples
Answer.
high-level language is a programming language designed to simplify computer programming. It is "high-

level" since it is several steps removed from the actual code run on a computer's processor. High-level
source code contains easy-to-read syntax that is later converted into a low-level language, which can be
recognized and run by a specific CPU.
Most common programming languages are considered high-level languages. Examples include:
C++
C#
Cobol
Fortran
Java
JavaScript
Objective C
Pascal
Perl
PHP
Python
Swift
Each of these languages use different syntax. Some are designed for writing desktop software programs,
while others are best-suited for web development. But they all are considered high-level since they must
be processed by a compiler or interpreter before the code is executed. Source code written in languages
like C++ and C# must be compiled into machine code in order to run. The compilation process converts
the human-readble syntax of the high-level language into low-level code for a specific processor. Source

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code written in scripting languages like Perl and PHP can be run through an interpreter, which converts
the high-level code into a low-level language on-the-fly.
Programmers find machine code difficult to learn, program in and debug. As a result, the majority of
programmers write programs in high-level programming languages. These languages are close to natural
language - the spoken and written language of humans. For example, Python uses 'print', ‘if’, 'input' and
'while' statements - all words from the English language - to form instructions. In fact, instructions often
look like abbreviated English sentences.
Compare this simple Python program with its comments that are written in English:
while count < 10:
#While the value of count is less than ten
number = int(input("Type in a number"))
#Input a number
total = total + number
#Add the number to the total
count = count + 1
#Add one to the value of count
print("The total is ", total)
#Print out the total
Programmers write in high-level languages because they are easier to understand and are less complex
than machine code. They allow the programmer to focus on what needs to be done, rather than on how
the computer actually works.
For example, in many high-level languages, to place a message on the screen, a programmer would use
the statement 'print'. The programmer might not know how the computer actually generates the
message. They just need to know how to use the 'print' statement.
Commonly used high-level languages

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Many types of high-level language exist and are in common use today, including:
Python
Java
C++
C#
Visual Basic
JavaScript
Source code
Source code is the term given to a set of instructions that are written in human readable programming
language. Source code must be translated into machine code before a computer can understand and
execute it.
Q4 What is programming language? How computer program is related with a programming language?
Explain your answer with the help of suitable examples (20)
Answer.
A programming language is a computer language programmers use to develop software programs,

scripts, or other sets of instructions for computers to execute.
Although many languages share similarities, each has its own syntax. Once a programmer learns the
languages rules, syntax, and structure, they write the source code in a text editor or IDE. Then, the
programmer often compiles the code into machine language that can be understood by the computer.
Scripting languages, which do not require a compiler, use an interpreter to execute the script.
Types of programming languages
Each of the different programming languages mentioned in the next section can be broken into one or
more of the following types (paradigms) of languages.
High-level (most common) / low-level
Declarative / imperative / procedural
General-purpose / domain-specific
Object-oriented / concurrent
Command / Compiled / Script language

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Answer set
Application and program development
Application and program development involves programs you work with on a daily basis. For example,
the Internet browser you are using to view this web page is considered a program. If you are interested
in developing a program, consider the following languages:
C#
C++
Java
Swift
Tcl
Visual Basic
A programming language is a vocabulary and set of grammatical rules for instructing a computer or
computing device to perform specific tasks. The term programming language usually refers to high-level
languages, such as BASIC, C, C++, COBOL, Java, FORTRAN, Ada, and Pascal.
Each programming language has a unique set of keywords (words that it understands) and a special
syntax for organizing program instructions.
Programming Language
HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
High-level programming languages, while simple compared to human languages, are more complex than
the languages the computer actually understands, called machine languages. Each different type of CPU
has its own unique machine language.
Lying between machine languages and high-level languages are languages called assembly languages.
Assembly languages are similar to machine languages, but they are much easier to program in because
they allow a programmer to substitute names for numbers. Machine languages consist of numbers only.
Lying above high-level languages are languages called fourth-generation languages (usually abbreviated
4GL). 4GLs are far removed from machine languages and represent the class of computer languages
closest to human languages.
ocumenting the Program

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Documenting is an ongoing, necessary process, although, as many programmers are, you may be eager
to pursue more exciting computer-centered activities. Documentation is a written detailed description
of the programming cycle and specific facts about the program. Typical program documentation
materials include the origin and nature of the problem, a brief narrative description of the program,
logic tools such as flowcharts and pseudocode, data-record descriptions, program listings, and testing
results. Comments in the program itself are also considered an essential part of documentation. Many
programmers document as they code. In a broader sense, program documentation can be part of the
documentation for an entire system.
The wise programmer continues to document the program throughout its design, development, and
testing. Documentation is needed to supplement human memory and to help organize program
planning. Also, documentation is critical to communicate with others who have an interest in the
program, especially other programmers who may be part of a programming team. And, since turnover is
high in the computer industry, written documentation is needed so that those who come after you can
make any necessary modifications in the program or track down any errors that you missed.
Programming as a Career
There is a shortage of qualified personnel in the computer field. Before you join their ranks, consider the
advantages of the computer field and what it takes to succeed in it.
The Joys of the Field
Although many people make career changes into the computer field, few choose to leave it. In fact,
surveys of computer professionals, especially programmers, consistently report a high level of job
satisfaction. There are several reasons for this contentment. One is the challenge-most jobs in the
computer industry are not routine. Another is security, since established computer professionals can
usually find work. And that work pays well-you will probably not be rich, but you should be comfortable.
The computer industry has historically been a rewarding place for women and minorities. And, finally,
the industry holds endless fascination since it is always changing.
Benefits
Fourth-generation languages are beneficial because
They are results-oriented; they emphasize what instead of how.
They improve productivity because programs are easy to write and change.
They can be used with a minimum of training by both programmers and nonprogrammers.
They shield users from needing an awareness of hardware and program structure.

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An interesting side note is that the availability of C on personal computers has greatly enhanced the
value of personal computers for budding software entrepreneurs. A cottage software industry can use
the same basic tool-the language C-used by established software companies such as Microsoft and
Borland. Today C is has been replaced by its enhanced cousin, C++. C++ in turn is being challenged by
web-aware languages like Java and Javascript, that look and act a lot like C++, but add features to
support working with networked computers, among other things
Q5 Develop your CV in Microsoft Word and Show it to your teacher.
Answer.
Teacher CV sample
Here is an example to use as inspiration when writing your own teacher CV:
Personal Statement
Effective and impactful teacher with a commitment to special education, early childhood education and
improving these experiences for children. Extensive involvement in curating new curriculums for
college-level courses, along with a passion for helping students grow and develop each semester.
Consistently voted Top Teacher because of my passion for helping students develop and learn.
Education
Master of Education | 4.0 GPA | 2013
Northern University
Dissertation: “A Case Study of Self-Concepts of Functionally Gifted Students”
Bachelor of Arts in Early Childhood Education | 3.9 GPA|2019
Northern University
Thesis: “Childhood Educational Constructs”
Special Education Certification, K-12
Work Experience
Assistant Professor, Education Department| 2016–present
Tampa University | Tampa, Florida
Specialize in the courses "Cases in Special Education," and "Early Childhood Education"
Created new curriculum for " Roles in Modern Education Course" and more.
Assist with onboarding new assistant professors

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Manage department's administrative calendar along with teaching requirements
Special Education Teacher
Taught special education classes for second grade through fifth grade.
Devised weekly feedback loop for parents
Created system for student enrichment
Skills
eCalendar software- Calendarwell
Project Management and tasking software- Management tasker
Knowledge of United Stated East Coast Testing Standards and regulations and Teaching Credential
Publications
Awards
Students' Pick Top Teacher 2016/2018/2019, Tampa, Florida
Teacher of the Year 2015, Tampa, Florida
Professional Memberships
Tampa Teachers Association
Professional Teachers of Florida
Personal interests
I volunteer at the local Boys and Girls Club in my free time. I have started to teach some of the children
piano and it has been a joy to bring my love of music to the Club. I also spend time at my former school
to visit with some of the special education classes and volunteer with projects if need be.
A CV can be required when applying for a teaching, academic or research role. It is often a longer and
more detailed document than a resume. CVs might include more information on your educational
coursework, abilities as a teacher or researcher and a more detailed academic history. A CV for a
teacher can be three pages or more, depending on your experience and skill set. The length can enable a
recruiter or hiring manager to get a more in-depth look at your skills and abilities and see how you might
fit into an open role.
How to write a CV for teaching

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A CV can be an important part of the application process for a teacher. These documents can help
teachers explain their educational background more thoroughly and highlight their other
accomplishments. Here are several steps to create an effective CV for a teaching position:
1. Write an impactful personal statement
Your personal statement can be a few short impactful sentences about who you are and why you might
be a good fit for the role. This section also usually includes mentioning any skills or relevant
achievements that directly relate to the open teaching role. The hiring committee or recruiter might
look at this section first for an overview of your skill set, so consider explaining your qualifications in a
direct but brief way.
2. Highlight your education
Your education is one of the key details on your teacher CV. Some teaching jobs might require a certain
level of education or type of degree for the role. In this section, you can highlight any relevant degrees
and certifications you hold. You might also include workshops, special courses or academic conferences
you have attended.
Use the chronological format if you have several years of teaching experience and no significant gaps in
your work history. You may opt for a chronological resume if the job posting requests "highly
experienced" applicants.
Here's a quick guide to putting together a chronological resume format for teachers:
In the Work History section, start with your most recent position and work backward.
Use bullets to emphasize roles, accomplishments, awards and recognitions for each position. These
might include:
Certifications
Licenses
Leadership roles and training you received
Include the institution you worked for, the time span, and a few key accomplishments.
In the Skills section, briefly list your basic educator skills. Also focus on incorporating the key skills listed
in the job ad. You'll emphasize all of these skills in the bullets under your Work History.

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Course: Introduction of ICT (1431/9421)

Semester Autumn 2021

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Output devices with non-transferable information:

Permanently mounted projectors

Keyboards of all sorts

Video and Audio cards

Other internal computer components including add-on processors

Adapters of all sorts

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Cables (exception: network cables because of compatibility issues)

Power adapters and UPS backup devices

Personal devices and apps:

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8.Setting - setting up the device can be very trouble some.

9.Expansive - too expansive to afford.

* A Central Processing Unit (CPU)

* A Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), also known as a video card

* Random Access Memory (RAM), also known as volatile memory

* Storage: Solid State Drive (SSD) or Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

* animated diagram of computer parts

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2. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

3. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

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4. Random Access Memory (RAM)

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Imaging and Input Devices

Microsoft Kinect sensor

Portable media player

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Microsoft Kinect Sensor

Eye gaze tracker

Magnetic resonance imaging

Positron emission tomography

Audio Input Devices

MIDI keyboard or other digital musical instrument

Inputs are processed and become outputs

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> Voice output communication aid

> Automotive navigation system

> Braille embosser

Q. 4 Write short notes on the following topics:

• Process and Memory Management

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• Unix and Linux

Unix is considered as the mother of most of the operating systems.

Usage of plain text for data storage.

Hierarchical file system.

Employing a huge number of software tools.

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Recommended Read => Free Unix Training Tutorials

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Difference between Analog Communication and Digital Communication :

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