Anchor Theory in Accordance To ETAG 001 Annex C

ANCHOR DESIGN IN ACCORDANCE
TO EUROPEAN TECHNICAL
APPROVAL GUIDELINES (ETAG 001)
ANNEX C
Kelly Chua
February 08, 2017
Singapore
AGENDA
1.0 Hilti Background

2.0 Introduction to European Assessment Document (EAD)
2.1 What is an European Assessment Document (EAD)?
2.2 EAD Development
2.3 Transition of European Technical Approval Guideline (ETAG 001) to EADs
3.0 Anchor Theory in accordance to EAD (ETAG 001 Annex C)
3.1 Resistance to Tension Load
3.2 Resistance to Shear Load
4.0 Hilti Fastening Technology Manual (FTM) Design 2015
4.1 Common Mistakes
5.0 Anchor Design Considerations
6.0 Questions and Answers
Hilti Anchor Design Seminar | February 08, 2017 2

THIS IS HILTI
Founded
1941 in Schaan, Liechtenstein
Family owned company
All shares and participation certificates are held by the Martin Hilti
Family Trust
Construction technology
World market leader for professional fastening and demolition
technology
Global reach
Present in more than 120 countries
International team
Some 24,000 worldwide employees
Unique characteristic
Direct sales model
Hilti Anchor Design Seminar | February 08, 2017

SYSTEM SOLUTIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONALS

AGENDA

2.2 EAD Development
4.1 Common Mistakes

WHAT IS AN
EUROPEAN
ASSESSMENT
DOCUMENT
(EAD)?
6
EUROPEAN ASSESSMENT DOCUMENT (EAD)
• The European Assessment Document (EAD) is the documentation of the methods

and criteria for the assessment of the performance of a construction product in
relation to its essential characteristics.
• It is a harmonized technical specification (hTS) in the sense of the Construction

Products Regulation (EU) No. 305/2011 (CPR).
• It contains, at least,
– a general description of the construction product and its intended use.
– the list of essential characteristics relevant for the intended use and
– methods and criteria for assessing the performance of the product.
– principles for the applicable factory production control.

EUROPEAN ASSESSMENT DOCUMENT (EAD)
(CONTINUE…)
• This technical specification is applicable as of July 1, 2013.

• The EAD is the basis for the issuing of European Technical Assessments (ETAs),
previously known as European Technical Approvals (ETAs).
• The EAD replaces the European Technical Approval Guideline (ETAG) for the
assessment of construction products not regulated in harmonized European
Standards.
Reference from www.eota.eu

EUROPEAN ASSESSMENT
DOCUMENT DEVELOPMENT
9
EAD DEVELOPMENT
• The development of an EAD follows the definition of a work and assessment programme in cases where a
manufacturer has requested a European Technical Assessment (ETA) of a construction product and no
appropriate basis for the technical assessment of such a product yet exists.
Product covered by
Application Testing and Issue
for ETA existing "guideline" (*) assessment ETA
Product not covered

by existing "guideline"
Develop Testing and Issue

EAD assessment ETA
(*) EAD or ETAG used as EAD

TRANSITION
OF EUROPEAN
TECHNICAL
APPROVAL
GUIDELINE
(ETAG 001) TO
EADS
11
EAD TO REPLACE “ETAG 001”
• Transition of ETAG 001 to EADs

– EAD for bonded fastener
– EAD for mechanical fastener
• ETAG 001 used as EAD expires January 31, 2016
Current: ETAG 001 ETA

Valid until 01/2016
Annex C, TR 029
CEN/TS 1992-4
Future: EAD bonded fastener

ETA
EAD mech. fastener
From Q1/2016 EN 1992-4

AGENDA

2.2 EAD Development
4.1 Common Mistakes

ANCHOR
THEORY –
RESISTANCE
TO TENSION
LOAD
14
ANCHOR THEORY – LOAD DIRECTION
The design must cater to the direction of the force:
Tensile Load Shear Load Combined tensile

and shear loads

ANCHOR THEORY – FAILURE MODES

ANCHOR THEORY – DESIGN METHOD
Design check according to structural concrete codes:
Sd  Rd
Design value of the Design value of

applied load the resistance

ANCHOR THEORY - TENSION
Tension
Steel Concrete
Concrete
Splitting
Pullout
cone
Find smallest
design resistance

ANCHOR THEORY – STEEL FAILURE
Characteristic steel resistance:

N Rk , s  AS  f uk N
As = stressed cross section
fuk = characteristic ultimate steel strength
Design value of tensile resistance:

N Rk , s
N Rd , s 
 Ms
Ms = partial safety factor for steel
NRk,s = data is given in the relevant European Technical Approval

ANCHOR THEORY – PULLOUT FAILURE
NRk,p = Characteristic pullout resistance

N
(given in the technical data or approval, if relevant)
N Rk , p
N Rd , p 
 Mp
Mp = partial safety factor for pullout

NRk,p = data is given in the relevant European Technical Approval

ANCHOR THEORY – CONCRETE CONE FAILURE
NRk,c = Characteristic concrete tensile capacity of an anchor group
Ac , N
N Rk ,c  N 0
Rk ,c  0
 s , N  ec, N  re, N  ucr , N
A c, N
Design value of concrete cone failure resistance:
N Rk ,c
N Rd ,c 
 Mc
Mc = partial safety factor for concrete failure

Projected failure surface definition:
Critical edge distance, ccr,N = 1.5hef

(SINGLE ANCHOR)
Characteristic concrete tensile capacity of an anchor group:
Ac , N
N Rk ,c  N 0
Rk ,c  0
 s , N  ec, N  re, N  ucr , N
A c, N
Characteristic concrete tensile capacity of a SINGLE anchor: projected failure

surface
(without edge and spacing influence, in cracked concrete)
N
0
N Rk ,c  7.2  f ck ,cube150  h1.5
ef
Formula to calculate the initial value of the characteristic resistance
hef
Ac0, N  4  ccr2 , N
Required failure surface
1.5hef

(SPACING INFLUENCE)
Characteristic concrete tensile capacity of an anchor group: Ac , N
N Rk ,c  N Rk0 ,c  0
 s , N  ec, N  re, N  ucr , N
A c, N
N N
Spacing Influence:
hef
1.5hef s 1.5hef Critical spacing, scr,N = 2 . ccr,N
Available failure surface: Ac , N  (ccr , N  s  ccr , N )  2  ccr , N

(EDGE DISTANCE INFLUENCE)
Ac , N
N Rk ,c  N 0
Rk ,c  0
 s , N  ec, N  re, N  ucr , N
A c, N
projected failure
N surface
Edge distance influence:
Ac , N  (c  ccr , N )  2  ccr , N
hef
Available failure surface
c
s , N  0.7  0.3 1 1.5hef
ccr , N c
Disturbance of the axisymmetric stress distribution in the substrate

(INFLUENCE OF THE LOAD ECCENTRICITY)
Ac , N
N Rk ,c  N 0
Rk ,c  0
 s , N  ec, N  re, N  ucr , N
A c, N
N N
Influence of the load eccentricity:
1
ec , N  1
1  2eN / scr , N
eN
Critical spacing, scr,N = 2 ccr,N .

(INFLUENCE OF REINFORCEMENT)
Ac , N
N Rk ,c  N 0
Rk ,c  0
 s , N  ec, N  re, N  ucr , N
A c, N
Influence of reinforcement: N
hef For rebar spacing < 150mm

re, N  0.5  1 Or rebar diameter ≤ 10mm spaced < 100mm
200
hef
re , N  1.0 For rebar spacing ≥ 150mm
Or rebar diameter ≤ 10mm spaced ≥ 100mm 1.5hef

(INFLUENCE OF THE CONCRETE SUBSTRATE)
Ac , N
N Rk ,c  N 0
Rk ,c  0
 s , N  ec, N  re, N  ucr , N
A c, N
Influence of the state of the concrete substrate:

The basic assumption in the calculation of NoRk,c was considering cracked concrete, with
maximum crack opening displacement 0.3mm).
ucr , N  1.0 For anchorages in cracked concrete
ucr , N  1.4 For anchorages in non-cracked concrete

ACCORDING TO BCA CIRCULAR ON BS8539 IN OCT 2014…
According to BS8539, section 5: Selection and specification of anchors

DEFINITION OF CRACKED CONCRETE IN EUROCODE
According to ETAG 001 Annex C, Section 4.1:
In the absent of national regulations the following approach may be taken in accordance with EC 2:
Non-cracked concrete may be assumed if in each case it is proved that under service conditions the anchor with
its entire anchorage depth is located in non-cracked concrete.
This proof can be taken as fulfilled if following equation is observed:
σL + σR ≤ 0
σL = stresses in concrete induced by external loads, including anchors loads

σR = stresses in the concrete due to restraint of intrinsic imposed deformations (e.g. shrinkage of concrete) or
extrinsic imposed deformations (e.g. due to displacement of support or temperature variations. If no
detailed analysis is conducted, then σR = 3 N/mm2 should be assumed, according to EC 2.

ANCHOR THEORY – SPLITTING FAILURE
NRk,sp = Characteristic resistance of splitting failure of an anchor group
Ac , N
N Rk , sp  N 0
Rk ,c  0
 s , N  ec , N  re, N  h , sp
A c, N
Design value of splitting failure resistance:
N Rk , sp
N Rd , sp 
 Msp
Mc = partial safety factor for splitting failure

N0Rk,c = data provided by the producer of the anchor

ANCHOR THEORY – SPLITTING FAILURE DUE TO LOADING
Characteristic resistance of splitting failure:

Ac , N
N Rk , sp  N 0
Rk ,c  0
 s , N  ec , N  re, N  h , sp
A c, N
Splitting failure may be omitted if:

1. The edge distance in all directions is c ≥ 1.2 ccr,sp and the member depth is h ≥ 2 hef.
2. Cracked concrete design is considered.
The influence of the actual member depth, h:
2/3
 h 
h , sp   1.5
h = actual thickness of the member
 hmin = member thickness, for which ccr,sp has been evaluated
 h min 

ANCHOR THEORY – DESIGN CONCRETE TENSILE CAPACITY
(ANCHOR GROUP)
Tensile design resistance, NRd:
N Rd  min{N Rd , s ; N Rd , p ; N Rd ,c ; N Rd , sp }
NRd,s : Resistance influenced by steel
NRd,p and NRd,c : Resistance influenced by the concrete substrate
NRd,sp : Resistance influenced by loading

ANCHOR
THEORY –
RESISTANCE
TO SHEAR
LOAD
34
ANCHOR THEORY - SHEAR
Shear
Steel Concrete
pure shear
bending
pry-out
failure
edge
Find smallest
design resistance

(SHEAR LOAD WITHOUT LEVER ARM)
VRk , s  0.5 AS  f uk
As = stressed cross section
fuk = characteristic ultimate steel strength

VRk , s
VRd , s 
 Ms
VRk,s = is given in the relevant ETA

(SHEAR LOAD WITH LEVER ARM)
No restraint (αM = 1.0) Full restraint (αM = 2.0)

 M  M Rk , s
VRk , s 

ℓ = a3 + e1 with
e1 = distance between shear load and concrete surface
a3 = 0.5 d
a3 = 0 if a washer and a nut is directly clamped to the concrete surface
d = nominal diameter of the anchor bolt or thread diameter

Bending resistance:
M Rk , s  M 0 Rk , s 1 N Sd / N Rd , s 
The characteristic bending resistance M0Rk,s shall be taken from the

relevant ETA.

N Rk , s
N Rd , s 
 Ms
NRk,s = data is given in the relevant European Technical Approval

ANCHOR THEORY – CONCRETE PRY-OUT FAILURE
Characteristic Concrete Pry-Out Resistance:

VRk,cp = k ∙ NRk,c
For anchors according to current experience failing

under tension load by concrete cone failure, the
following values are conservative.
k=1 hef < 60mm
k=2 hef ≥ 60mm

ANCHOR THEORY – CONCRETE EDGE FAILURE

Characteristic concrete shear capacity of an anchor group:

Ac ,v
VRk ,c  V 0
Rk ,c  0
 s ,V  h ,V   ,V  ec ,V  re,V
A c ,v
Design value of concrete edge failure resistance:
VRk ,c
VRd ,c 
 Mc
Mc = partial safety factor for concrete failure

Ac ,v
Characteristic concrete shear capacity of an anchor group: VRk ,c  V   s ,V  h ,V   ,V  ec ,V  re,V
0
Rk ,c 0
A c ,v
Characteristic concrete shear capacity of a SINGLE anchor: (without edge and spacing influence)

 1.5 k1 = 1.7 for applications in cracked concrete
V 0
Rk ,c  k1  d nom,  hef f ck ,cube  c
1 k1 = 2.4 for applications in non-cracked concrete
Formula to calculate the initial value of the characteristic resistance
0.5
 
  0.1  f 
 c1 
0.2
 d nom 
  0.1  
 c1 

Ac ,v
0
Rk ,c 0
A c ,v
The geometrical effect of spacing as well as of further edge distances and the effect of thickness of the
concrete member on the characteristic load is taken into account by the ratio Ac,V / A0c,V.
A0c,V = 4.5 c12 Ac,v = actual area of concrete cone

Ac ,v
VRk ,c  VRk0 ,c  0
 s ,V  h ,V   ,V  ec ,V  re,V
A c ,v
The factor ψs,V takes account of the disturbance of the distribution of stresses in the concrete due to further
edges of the concrete member on the shear resistance.
c2
s ,V  0.7  0.3  1
1.5c1

Ac ,v
VRk ,c  VRk0 ,c  0
 s ,V  h ,V   ,V  ec ,V  re,V
A c ,v
The factor ψh,V takes account of the fact that the shear resistance does not decrease proportionally to the
member thickness as assumed by the ratio Ac,V / A0c,V.
1
 1.5c1  2
h ,V   1
 h 

Ac ,v
0
Rk ,c 0
A c ,v
The factor ψα,V takes account of the angle αV between the load applied, VSd and the direction perpendicular to
the free edge of the concrete member.
1
 ,V   1.0
sin V 2
(cos V ) 2  ( )
2.5
The max. value αV to be inserted is limited to 90o

Ac ,v
0
Rk ,c 0
A c ,v
The factor ψec,V takes account of a group effect when different shear loads are acting on the individual anchors
of a group.
1
ec ,V   1.0
1  2eV /(3c1 )
eV = eccentricity of the resulting shear load

(INFLUENCE OF THE CONCRETE SUBSTRATE)
Ac ,v
VRk ,c  V 0
Rk ,c  0
 s ,V  h ,V   ,V  ec ,V  re,V
A c ,v
The factor ψre,V takes account of the effect of the type of reinforcement used in cracked concrete.
ucr , N  1.0 For anchorage in non-cracked concrete and anchorage in cracked concrete without edge reinforcement or stirrups
ucr , N  1.2 For anchorage in cracked concrete with straight edge reinforcement (≥ Ø12mm)
ucr , N  1.4 For anchorage in cracked concrete with edge reinforcement and closely spaced stirrups (a ≤ 100mm)

ANCHOR THEORY – EXAMPLES OF LOAD DISTRIBUTION
with slotted holes

ANCHOR THEORY – DESIGN SHEAR CAPACITY
(ANCHOR GROUP)
Tensile design resistance, VRd:
VRd  min{VRd , s ;VRd ,cp ;VRd ,c }

VRd,s : Resistance influenced by steel
VRd,cp : Resistance influenced by concrete pryout
VRd,c : Resistance influenced by concrete edge

AGENDA

2.2 EAD Development
4.1 Common Mistakes

FASTENING
TECHNOLOGY
MANUAL (FTM)
2015 DESIGN
METHOD
53
FTM 2015 DESIGN METHOD - TENSION
FTM checks for 4 types of failure modes as below:
For anchors with fixed embedment depth; i.e., mechanical anchors
For anchors with variable embedment depth; i.e., chemical anchors

FTM 2015 DESIGN METHOD - SHEAR
FTM checks for 3 types of failure modes as below:
For all types of anchors

FTM 2015 DESIGN METHOD – COMBINED CHECK
FTM checks for combined loading as follows:
For all types of anchors

COMMON
MISTAKES
57
INFLUENCE OF ANCHOR SPACING / EDGE DISTANCES
An anchor may be influenced by spacing and/or

edges in up to 4 directions. The factors are
independent. The stressed areas (cones of influence)
cab be visualized as circles where the circles overlap, A
or where they are cut by an edge, reduction factors
apply.
For TENSION, the spacing and edges affect the

weakest anchor. If it is not immediately clear which
anchor is the weakest, several calculations may be
necessary.

INFLUENCE OF ANCHOR SPACING
Relevant Spacing:
s1 = s2 =
f3,N1 (for s1) = f3,N2 (for s2) = A S2

f3,sp1 (for s1) = f3,sp2 (for s2) =
Formulae from FTM 2015
S1
Multiply together all individual factors for each
relevant spacing.
Hence, f3,N = f3,N1 . f3,N2

f3,sp = f3,sp1 . f3,sp2

INFLUENCE OF EDGE DISTANCE
Relevant Edge Distance:

c1 = c2 =
f1,N1 (for c1) = f1,N2 (for c2) = A C2 S2

f1,sp1 (for c1) = f1,sp2 (for c2) = C1
f2,N1 (for c1) = f2,N2 (for c2) =
S1
f2,sp1 (for c1) = f2,sp2 (for c2) =

Formulae from FTM 2015
Multiply together all individual factors for each

relevant spacing.
Hence, f1,N = f1,N1 . f1,N2 f1,sp = f1,sp1 . f1,sp2
f2,N = f2,N1 . f2,N2 f2,sp = f2,sp1 . f2,sp2

A COMMON MISTAKE IS ALSO IN ASSUMING A DIFFERENT
LOAD DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT VERIFICATION
with slotted holes

AGENDA

2.2 EAD Development
4.1 Common Mistakes

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS – BASE MATERIAL
Choose the right anchor for the right base material…
Concrete Lightweight Solid brick Hollow

concrete brick
Stone Cellular Dry wall Timber

concrete

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS – ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Choose the right material for different environmental conditions…

Environmental conditions
• Hot dipped
Galvanized Galvanised A2 Steel A4 Steel HCR
5-20μ • Sherardised
• Inside rooms • Damp inside rooms • Inside rooms • Inside rooms • Highly corrosive
without • Slightly corrosive outside with heavy with heavy surroundings
humidity atmosphere condensation condensation like road tunnels,
• Outside only • Occasional exposure to • Outside • Outside with indoor
for temporary condensation without moderate swimming pools
applications chlorides chlorides
Corrosion
Low resistance High

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS – LOAD DIRECTION
The design must cater to the direction of the force…
Tensile Load Shear Load Combined tensile

and shear loads

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS – LOAD TYPE
Test report and approval determine suitable type of anchors…
static
monotonic Normal loads
fatigue traffic loads, cyclic

dynamic loads
104 < N < 108 machine loads
low cycle
fatigue /seismic earthquakes
101 < N < 104
shock explosions, crashes

1 < N < 20 etc

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS – ANCHOR LAYOUT
Spacing between anchors, edge distance and thickness of base material must be considered…
N
M
c 2,1
s n-1
s3
s2
s1
c 2 ,2 c
h >1,5 c

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS – LOAD DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS – TYPES OF FAILURE MODE
EDGE DISTANCE
SPACING
Insufficient spacing between Edge distance too small

the anchors
Insufficient thickness Wrong

Ideal case
of the base material embedment depth

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS – BE SAFE AND AVOID FAILURES!
Pull-Out Concrete Cone Concrete Edge
Concrete Steel Failure

Splitting Tensile/Shear/Bending

Thank you!
Questions?
Liew Yong Seong

Hilti Far East Private Limited
 8683 6209
 yongseong.liew@hilti.com
 www.hilti.com.sg

Anchor Theory in Accordance To ETAG 001 Annex C

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Anchor Theory in Accordance To ETAG 001 Annex C

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ANCHOR DESIGN IN ACCORDANCE

1.0 Hilti Background

Hilti Anchor Design Seminar | February 08, 2017 2

Hilti Anchor Design Seminar | February 08, 2017

Hilti Anchor Design Seminar | February 08, 2017

1.0 Hilti Background

Hilti Anchor Design Seminar | February 08, 2017 5

• The European Assessment Document (EAD) is the documentation of the methods

• It is a harmonized technical specification (hTS) in the sense of the Construction

Hilti Anchor Design Seminar | February 08, 2017 7

• This technical specification is applicable as of July 1, 2013.

Reference from www.eota.eu

Hilti Anchor Design Seminar | February 08, 2017 8

Product not covered

Develop Testing and Issue

(*) EAD or ETAG used as EAD

Hilti Anchor Design Seminar | February 08, 2017 10

• Transition of ETAG 001 to EADs

Current: ETAG 001 ETA

Future: EAD bonded fastener

Hilti Anchor Design Seminar | February 08, 2017 12

1.0 Hilti Background

Hilti Anchor Design Seminar | February 08, 2017 13

The design must cater to the direction of the force:

Tensile Load Shear Load Combined tensile

Hilti Anchor Design Seminar | February 08, 2017 15

Hilti Anchor Design Seminar | February 08, 2017 16

Design check according to structural concrete codes:

Design value of the Design value of

Hilti Anchor Design Seminar | February 08, 2017 17

Hilti Anchor Design Seminar | February 08, 2017 18

Characteristic steel resistance:

Design value of tensile resistance:

Hilti Anchor Design Seminar | February 08, 2017 19

NRk,p = Characteristic pullout resistance

Design value of tensile resistance:

Mp = partial safety factor for pullout

Hilti Anchor Design Seminar | February 08, 2017 20

NRk,c = Characteristic concrete tensile capacity of an anchor group

Design value of concrete cone failure resistance:

Mc = partial safety factor for concrete failure

Hilti Anchor Design Seminar | February 08, 2017 21

Projected failure surface definition:

Critical edge distance, ccr,N = 1.5hef

Hilti Anchor Design Seminar | February 08, 2017 22

Characteristic concrete tensile capacity of a SINGLE anchor: projected failure

Hilti Anchor Design Seminar | February 08, 2017 23

Available failure surface: Ac , N  (ccr , N  s  ccr , N )  2  ccr , N

Hilti Anchor Design Seminar | February 08, 2017 24

Edge distance influence:

Hilti Anchor Design Seminar | February 08, 2017 25

Hilti Anchor Design Seminar | February 08, 2017 26

hef For rebar spacing < 150mm

Hilti Anchor Design Seminar | February 08, 2017 27

Influence of the state of the concrete substrate:

ucr , N  1.0 For anchorages in cracked concrete

ucr , N  1.4 For anchorages in non-cracked concrete

Hilti Anchor Design Seminar | February 08, 2017 28

According to BS8539, section 5: Selection and specification of anchors

Hilti Anchor Design Seminar | February 08, 2017

According to ETAG 001 Annex C, Section 4.1:

This proof can be taken as fulfilled if following equation is observed: