DC Circuits

Second Order Circuits

Introduction
 Source Free RLC Circuits
Series RLC Circuit Parallel RLC Circuit
General Equation

d 2x dx
2
 2    0 x 0
2

dt dt

Series RLC Circuit Parallel RLC Circuit

R 1 1 1
 0   0 
2L LC 2 RC LC
General Solution

x  A1e s1t  A2 e s2t

dx
 A1s1e s1t  A2 s2 e s2t
dt
s1, 2     2  0
2

x  e t  A1t  A2 

 e t  A1   ( A1t  A2 ) 
dx
dt
x  e t  A1 cos d t  A2 sin d t 

 e t ( A2d  A1 ) cosd t  ( A1d  A2 ) sin d t 

dx
dt
d  0 2   2
 Finding Initial and Final Values

The capacitor voltage is always continuous

The inductor current is always continuous

Equivalent circuit

𝑡 = 0− 𝑡 = 0+

𝑡→∞
𝑡 = 0−

As the inductor current and the capacitor voltage cannot change

abruptly
𝑡 = 0+
The same current flows through
both the inductor and capacitor
𝑡→∞
 Step Response of RLC Circuits

The complete response of the circuit is the sum of the natural response
and the forced response.
Case Study 1
Case Study 2

𝑖(𝑡)

Find 𝑖 𝑡 for − ∞ < 𝑡 < ∞

𝑡 = 0−

𝑖 0− = 10 A
𝑖(0− )
𝑖𝐿 0− = 𝑖 0− = 10 A

𝑣𝐶 0− = 100 V

𝑖𝐿 (0− ) 𝑣𝐶 (0− )
𝑡 = 0+
𝑖𝐿 0+ = 𝑖𝐿 0− = 10 A

+ 𝑣𝐶 0+ = 𝑣𝐶 0− = 100 V
𝑖(0 )

𝑖 0+ = 𝑖𝐿 0+ = 10 A
𝑖𝐿 0+ = 10 A
+ −
𝑣𝐿 0+
− + 𝑣𝐶 0+ = 100 V

𝑑𝑖(0+ ) 𝑑𝑖𝐿 (0+ ) 𝑣𝐿 (0+ )

= =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐿
 𝑖(0+ )

𝑖𝐿 0+ = 10 A
𝑖𝐶 0+
+ −
𝑣𝐿 0+ 𝑣𝐶 0+ = 100 V
− +

50 𝑖 0+ + 𝑣𝐿 0+ + 𝑣𝐶 0+ + 200 𝑖𝐶 0+ = 0

50 10 + 𝑣𝐿 0+ + 100 + 200 0 = 0 𝑑𝑖(0+ ) 𝑣𝐿 (0+ ) −600

= =
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 5
𝑣𝐿 0+ = −600 V
𝑑𝑖(0+ )
= −120 A/s
𝑑𝑡
𝑡→∞

𝑖 ∞ = 10 A
𝑖(∞)
The natural response
𝑅 (200 + 50)
𝛼= = = 25
2𝐿 2 (5)
1 1 100
𝜔0 = = = = 20
𝐿𝐶 5 500 ∙ 10−6 5

𝛼 > 𝜔0 ⇒ Overdamped

𝑠1,2 = −𝛼 ± 𝛼 2 − 𝜔02 = −25 ± 625 − 400 = −25 ± 15

𝑠1 = −10 𝑠2 = −40

𝑖𝑛 𝑡 = 𝐴1 𝑒 −10𝑡 + 𝐴2 𝑒 −40𝑡 A
The forced response
𝑖𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑖 ∞ = 10 A
The complete response

𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑖𝑓 𝑡 + 𝑖𝑛 (𝑡)

𝑖 𝑡 = 10 + 𝐴1 𝑒 −10𝑡 + 𝐴2 𝑒 −40𝑡 A
𝑑𝑖(𝑡)
= −10 𝐴1 𝑒 −10𝑡 − 40 𝐴2 𝑒 −40𝑡 A/s
𝑑𝑡
𝑡 = 0+ 𝑖 0+ = 10 + 𝐴1 + 𝐴2
𝐴1 + 𝐴2 = 0 (1)
10 = 10 + 𝐴1 + 𝐴2
𝑑𝑖(0+ )
= −10 𝐴1 − 40 𝐴2
𝑑𝑡 𝐴1 + 4 𝐴2 = 12 (2)
−120 = −10 𝐴1 − 40 𝐴2

From equation (1) and (2) : 𝐴1 = −4 𝐴2 = 4

The complete response
𝑖 𝑡 = 10 − 4 𝑒 −10𝑡 + 4 𝑒 −40𝑡 A (𝑡 > 0)
The complete response for - < t < 
10 A 𝑡<0
𝑖 𝑡 =
10 − 4 𝑒 −10𝑡 + 4 𝑒 −40𝑡 A 𝑡>0
12

11

10

6
-0.5 0 0.5 1