ELECTROMAGNETIC

INDUCTION
CLASS 12 PHYSICS
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 Electromagnetic Induction Chapter no . 6ᵗʰ Class 12ᵗʰ Physics
Magnetic flux : → The total number of
magnetic field lines of force passing normally through an

area placed in a
magnetic field is equal to the
magnetic flux linked with that area
"
.

"
Consider an element of area dit on an rectangular shape as shown in figure .
surface
if the magnetic field at this element is 15, the magnetic flux through the element is ↑
d∅
,
= B→•dA→ =
BDACOSO →

flux the surface

Total
Magnetic through
10ps / B→ dÑ / BDACOSO
=
= •
☒ →

¢
.

NOTE : →
Magnetic Flux is a scalar quantity .

unit of magnetic ( ITMY , called weber ( 1 Wb)

'
→ SI flux is testa metre
-
as

Electromagnetic Induction .

If the magnetic flux through a circuit changes , an emf and a current are induced in the
circuit This phenomena is called as
Electromagnetic Induction •

a
.

•
Faraday's law

il J n agnetic
n
# First Law : whenever the number of magnetic Lines of force ( * flux) passing through a

circuit changes an emf called induced emf is produced in the circuit The induced emf

gr
]
.

,
Su

persists as long as there is change or of flux cutting .

•
second Law : The
magnetic flux through
magnitude
the circuit
of induced emf in
.
Mathematically
a

,
a
circuit is equal to the time rate of
the induced emf is given by
change of

E = -

DIB or For closely wound coil of N turns E. = -

Nd-0ps
dt

PHYSICS
at
-
"

e
sign indicates the direction of E and hence direction of current in the circuit .

LENZ 'S LAH : →

9T states that the direction of the induced current is such that it
opposes the change that has induced it .

NOTE : It a current is induced

by an increasing flux it will weaken the
, original flux If .

a current
is induced by flux , it will the original flux
a
decreasing strengthen .

ago
when North Pole of Magnet
is moving

{AñayTrom]→
Forward
←
{feed coin
Then direction of induced
current in the coil is Anticlockwise
The direction of induced
current in the coil is clockwise .

Do
yourself .

_ _ _
 *=

Notional Electromotive Force : The emf induced across the ends of a conductor due to its
notion in a
magnetic field is called notional emf .

shows PQRS in which

BT Figure a
rectangular conductor
the conductor PQ is free to move ◦
The rod PQ is moved
towards the left with a constant velocity v.
The magnetic flux enclosed by the loop PQRS will be
B- Ñ
'

¢, =
•

∅B= BACOSO A =
In

so ∅, =
Blrcosci 0=0 1511 IF l in same direction)
¢13 =
Bln
And the induced emf is given by {
dad;
= -

so { = -

d-( Btn) { = -
131411
is with Time
since K
changing
•

Here dt (dt)
DI = -
V. (speed of the conductor PQ) Hence { =
13111
dᵗ
*
Another Method For Notional EMF

Jan
When the rod moves with speed V , the charge will also be moving with speed v in the magnetic Field B→

il
.

The Lorentz force on this charge is 91113 in magnitude , and its direction is towards Q All charges experience

n
.

the same force , in magnitude and direction , irrespective of their position in the rod PQ The work done .

in moving from P

gr
is
the charge to Q
Su

emf is emf is E- But

H 911131 and {
¥
work done per unit
9¥31
= =

,
charge
a
.

: : ÷÷:g÷÷
•

Energy consideration : A Quantitative study *

BE

r
consider
:::::::: PHYSICS
:::::::remaining .
The
negligible arms QR.RS and SP have

and does not PQ is The current i in the loop

change as moved .

is 7-
Eg
I
Big
Due to
magnetic field , there will
= =
,

PQ.gg#isF--ilBputva1ueoti
be a force on the arm

" "
13¥
=

B2ivTt
The
is P =
Fv
arm PQ is being pushed with a Constant speed ×
,
the power required to do this

that does this work is mechanical where does this mechanical

energy go ?
F- .

T The is : it is
answer dissipated as joule heat .

Relation between the charge flow through the circuit and the change in magnetic flux .

14 14
From
Faraday's law have learnt
1%3 However Ir
4¥ 11-01=1013
=
we = =
r

T
*
Eddy Current : When a
changing magnetic flux is applied
to a piece of conducting material , circulating currents called

Eddy current are induced in the material .

These eddy current often have large magnitudes and heat

up the conductor .

Advantages of Eddy current

•
Magnetic braking in trains
•
Electromagnetic damping -00009
•
Induction furnace go

•
Electric Power meters .
 Inductance
Self Inductance Mutual Inductance
Whenever the electric current passing through • whenever the current
passing through a coil or

a coil or circuit changes , the magnetic flux circuit changes , the magnetic flux linked with a

linked with it also

change, an emf is induced
neighbouring coil or circuit will also change .

in the coil the circuit which opposes the emf will be induced in the
or Hence an
neighbouring
that causes it This phenomenon is coil circuit This phenomenon is called mutual
change
e
•
or •

"
called self induction "
.
and the emf induced induction !
is called back emf Current .
so produced is called
induced current .

* Coefficient of self Induction * Coefficient of mutual induction .

Number of flux linkages with the coil is proportional to Total flux linked with the secondary due to current

* a. • + ii. * * i. * . * . . * .. . i
=
.
. .

1¥ coefficient of self induction Niki Mi ,

N÷z
coefficient of mutual
Hence L= =
M = =

induction

a
.

l J nNzd_
•
By Faraday's law induced emf e= NDI Acc to Faraday's law

i
-

,
dt
i.e e Idi E- ez=
Motif
=

n
-
-

dt

if di let =L if did lamp then led M

gr
=
lamp then = =
Su

dt Hence coefficient of self induction is equal to dᵗ

Hence coefficient of Mutual induction is equal
the emf induced in the coil when the rate of to the emf induced in the

a secondary coil when

of
change
current in the coil is unity . rate of
change of current in primary coil is unity .

•
si unit of L =

Henry CH)
✓

T-nductancf-asend-e-us-d-heindutaned-auni-rmywudenidhangnturnsanc.lt
engthl PHYSICS
longer windings.
Assume that I is much than the radius of the and that the core of

the solenoid is air .

Magnetic field due to a current i is uniform and given by
B Noni B i number of
no
4¥ / Ny turns per unit length
= = =

The magnetic flux through each turn is Ai where A- cross-sectional

∅, BA No
1¥ area of the solenoid
= = =
,
.

L=
¥0B 1¥ Uoi
✗ L
Uo¥A_ N=nl
L=Uon¥ L Morita A- 1=11 (volume of
= = =

the solenoid

i ( increasing )
Energy stored in an inductor
→
#

An
increasing current in an inductor causes an emf •-
MMM -
•

between its terminals .

work needs to be done
against the
back emf (E) in establishing the current .

This work done is stored as magnetic potential energy . E- Ldildt

For the current i at any instant in a circuit the rate of work done peu unit time is
,
did =
let i d¥ = Li di did Li di =

dt dt It i
" '

!
"
For Total work done fdkt =
/ Li di He =L idt H=
{ Ii
O
o

H=U Potential stored in an inductor

energy
= .

Magnetic energy density ( ie)

unit volume
a-
energy stored per

ii.=
,
U=
{ BEE .
Mutual inductance of two long co -
axial solenoid .

Figure shows a solenoid { of Na turns and Radius rz surrounding a

long solenoid

length radius r and number of turns N , ( of both solenoid is samey

of 1
, ,
•

length .

Ni ∅, =
1912-1-2 -

coil is
The resulting flux linkage with Si
N
,
∅
,
=
IN , ) B.A , Bi Moniz A ,= Mri N
,
=
nil
i -
e N , 10
,
=
nil llonzizltrih
① V09
From eq we
get
Miz Iz Nominal ¥2 tri Mii lloninzltril
@oggJO☆BfE-
=

similarly My =
tloninzltril

Ja
ñr,€EEEMeEFor
l n
also Mei Mai M= tlruoninz a medium of Relative Permeability

i
Ur i. e U = Molen

combination of inductance
n
%mmnmmÉ gr
Su

In series Then 1=4+12+13

4 Lz

In Para mirin a
"%¥¥MM#
-

moist É! +
t.tt ,

may
NOTE :
PHYSICS
If the flux from one inductance links another , mutual inductance term becomes important This mutual interaction
increase or decrease the flux due to the self induction The equivalent inductance of the pair of coils in •
.

series is L =L , + La ± 2M
,

A. C
Generator ( Dynamo) : A dynamo converts mechanical energy
( rotational kinetic energy) into electrical energy .

Gt consists of a coil rotating in a magnetic field .

Due to rotation of the
coil magnetic flux linked with it changes ,
so an emf is induced in the
coil .

strong magnetic
field
Principle : when a closed coil is rotated rapidly in a ,

the number of magnetic flux - lines

passing through
the coil
changes
induced in the coil and current flows in
emf is a
continuously .
Hence , an
the circuit connected to the coil .

working
angular speed
w
when the coil is rotated with a constant ,
•d@
B→ and
the
angle 0 between the
magnetic field vector the area

A→ coil at instant t is 0 wt
any
=
vector of the
l 0=00 at t -01
assuming
-

effective to the
As a result the area of the coil exposed
field with lime
magnetic lines
changes
.
NOTE :
armature coil rotates the
magnetic flux linked with
changes
.

As the ,

Hence ,
an emf is induced in the coil and current flow in it .

Suppose at 1--0 , plane of coil is perpendicular to the magnetic field .

The Flux linked with it at any time t will be given by .

=
NBA cos wt

% e= -
do
sinwtw
d-t dgyccoswtl
-
=

il Jan
d- (NBA coswtt

n
C = -

dᵗ

gr
Su

e. =
NBA wsinwt

or e. =
e. sinwt
a
where e.
=
NBAW PHYSICS
of induced
=
Max value emf .