CHEMICAL ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS

LECTURE 2.FUNDAMENTALS OF
MATERIAL BALANCES - MATERIAL
BALANCE FOR NONREACTIVE PROCESSES
Recall: Processes

■ A process refers to any operation or series of operations by which a

particular objective is accomplished.

Input/Feed Output/Product
Process unit
Recall: Classification of processes
according to mode of operation
■ Batch process: The feed is charged into a vessel at the beginning
of the process and are removed some time later. No mass crosses
the system boundary between the time the feed is charged and the
time the product is removed.
■ Continuous process: The input and output flows continuously
throughout the entire process duration.
■ Semi-batch process: Any process that is neither batch nor
continuous.
Steady state vs. unsteady state operation

■ Steady-state: occurs when the values of all process variables

(temperature, pressure, flow rates) do not change with time,
except possibly for minor fluctuations about constant mean
values.
■ Transient/unsteady-state: process variables change with time.
 General Balance Equation

■ A balance on a conserved quantity (mass, energy, momentum) in

system is generally written according to general balance equation.

input − output + generation − consumption = accumulation

Entering through Leaving through Produced within Consumed within Build-up within the system
the system the system the system the system
boundaries boundaries
Types of Balances

■ Differential balances: indicate what is happening in a system at an

instant; each term in the balance is a rate and has units of the
balanced quantity per unit time; usually applied to continuous
processes.

■ Integral balances: describe what happens between two instant of

time; each term in the balances is an amount of the balanced
quantity; usually applied to batch processes.
Material balances
■ General balance equation:

input − output + generation − consumption = accumulation

■ To simplify material/mass balance equations:

(1) If total mass is being balanced, generation and consumption
terms are zero.
(2) If the balanced substance is a nonreactive species, generation
and consumption terms are zero.
(3) If the system is at steady state, accumulation term is zero.
Material balances

■ For a continuous steady-state process:

input + generation = output + consumption

■ For a continuous steady-state process with no reactions:

input = output
■ Consider the following process:
The catalytic dehydrogenation of propane is carried out in a continuous
packed-bed reactor. One thousand kilograms per hour of pure propane is
preheated to a temperature of 670oC before it passes into the reactor. The
reactor effluent gas, which includes propane, propylene, methane, and
hydrogen, is cooled from 800oC to 110oC and fed to an adsorption tower,
where the propane and propylene are dissolved in oil. The oil then goes to
a stripping tower in which it is heated, releasing the dissolved gases; these
gases are recompressed and sent to a distillation column in which
propane and propylene are separated. The propane stream is recycled
back to join the feed to the reactor preheater. The product stream from the
distillation column contains 98% propylene and recycle stream is 97%
propane. The stripped oil is recycled to the absorption tower.

Question: How would you illustrate this process?

Process Flowchart
■ A process flowchart is a representation of processes using boxes
or other symbols to represent process units (reactors, mixers,
separation units, etc.) and lines with arrows to represent inputs
and outputs.
Drawing Process Flowcharts

(1) Identify the process units and streams described in the process.
(2) Write the values and units of all known stream variables at the
location of the streams on the chart.
(3) Assign algebraic symbols to unknown stream variables and write
these variable names and their associated units on the chart
Example 1

An ethanol/water mixture stream flowing at 1000 kg/h enters a

distillation column. The composition of ethanol in the feed is 20%
by weight. A vapor product that is 90% by weight ethanol is drawn
from the top of the column and a liquid product that is 5% by weight
ethanol is drawn from the bottom of the column. Draw the process
flowchart of the described process.
 D kg/h
90 wt% EtOH
10 wt% H2O

1000 kg/h
20 wt% EtOH
80 wt% H2O
DISTILLATION
COLUMN

B kg/h
5 wt% EtOH
95 wt% H2O
Example 2

A process is designed to concentrate an aqueous solution

containing 15% NaOH and 0.5% NaCl. A feed of this mixture is
charged to an evaporator at a rate of 6000 kg/h. The concentrated
solution is mixed with an aqueous NaOH solution entering at a rate
of 2000 kg/h in a mixer. The mixer effluent is analyzed to contain
40% NaOH and 0.85% NaCl. Draw the process flowchart of the
described process.
 W kg/h S kg/h
100% H2O xS,NaOH
xS,H2O

EVAPORATOR MIXER
6000 kg/h C kg/h 2000 kg/h
15% NaOH xC,NaOH 40% NaOH
0.5% NaCl xC,NaCl 0.85% NaCl
84.5% H2O xC,H2O 59.15% H2O
Choosing a Basis of Calculation
■ A basis of calculation is an amount (mass or moles) or flow rate
(mass or molar) of one stream or stream component in a
process.
■ Choosing a basis for calculation is an initial step in balancing a
process; all unknown variables are determined consistent to the
basis.
■ If a stream amount or flow rate is given in a problem, it is usually
most convenient to use this as the basis of calculation. If no
amounts or flow rates are known, assume one, preferably that of
a stream with known composition.
Example 1
An ethanol/water mixture stream flowing at 1000 kg/h enters a
distillation column. The composition of ethanol in the feed is 20%
by weight. A vapor product that is 90% by weight ethanol is drawn
from the top of the column and a liquid product that is 5% by weight
ethanol is drawn from the bottom of the column. What is an
appropriate basis for the balancing of this process?
Example 1
An ethanol/water mixture stream flowing at 1000 kg/h enters a
distillation column. The composition of ethanol in the feed is 20%
by weight. A vapor product that is 90% by weight ethanol is drawn
from the top of the column and a liquid product that is 5% by weight
ethanol is drawn from the bottom of the column. What is an
appropriate basis for the balancing of this process?

Answer: 1 h operation (1000 kg/h of feed)

Example 2

A gaseous mixture of a saturated hydrocarbon and nitrogen gas is

burned with 30% excess air. The combustion gases were analyzed
and its composition on a dry-basis (excluding water) were reported
as follows: 8.95% CO2, 0.99% CO, 1.99% H2, 6.46% O2 and 81.61%
N2. What is an appropriate basis for balancing this process?
Example 2

A gaseous mixture of a saturated hydrocarbon and nitrogen gas is

burned with 30% excess air. The combustion gases were analyzed
and its composition on a dry-basis (excluding water) were reported
as follows: 8.95% CO2, 0.99% CO, 1.99% H2, 6.46% O2 and 81.61%
N2. What is an appropriate basis for balancing this process?

Answer: 100 moles of dry combustion gases

Overall mass balance and component
mass balance
B
xB,1
■ An overall material/mass balance
xB,2
accounts for the masses of all xB,3
components in a process unit or
system.
Process unit
Assuming continuous steady-state A C
operation with no reaction: xA,1 xC,1
A+B=C xA,2 xC,2
xA,3 xC,3
Overall mass balance and component
mass balance
B
xB,1
■ A component material/mass balance
xB,2
accounts for the mass of a single
xB,3
component entering a process unit or
system

Process unit
Assuming continuous steady-state
operation with no reaction: A C
xA,1 xC,1
Component mass balance of component 1 xA,2 xC,2
𝑥𝐴,1 𝐴 + 𝑥𝐵,1 B = xC,1 C xA,3 xC,3
Example 1
An ethanol/water mixture stream flowing at 1000 kg/h enters a
distillation column. The composition of ethanol in the feed is 20%
by weight. A vapor product that is 90% by weight ethanol is drawn
from the top of the column and a liquid product that is 5% by weight
ethanol is drawn from the bottom of the column. What is an
appropriate basis for the balancing of this process?
 D kg/h
90 wt% EtOH
10 wt% H2O

1000 kg/h Basis: 1 h (1000 kg/h feed)

20 wt% EtOH
80 wt% H2O
Overall mass balance:
DISTILLATION 1000 = 𝐷 + 𝐵
COLUMN Ethanol mass balance:
20 90 5
1000 = D+ B
100 100 100

B kg/h
5 wt% EtOH
95 wt% H2O
Degree of Freedom Analysis

■ A degree of freedom analysis determines whether the number of

unknowns and equations for a given process is enough for its
complete specification.
■ The number of degrees of freedom ND for a given process is
given by:
ND = NU − NE
where NU: number of unknowns
NE: number of independent equations
Degree of Freedom Analysis
Case ND Classification for Solution

NU = NE 0 Exactly specified; a solution exists

NU > NE > 0 >0 Underspecified; more independent

equation required
NU < NE < 0 <0 Overspecified; in general, no solution exists
unless some constraints are eliminated or
some additional unknowns are included in
the problem
Degree of freedom analysis

■ What equations can be written?

(1) Material balances
(2) Process specifications
(3) Physical properties and laws
(4) Physical constraints
(5) Stoichiometric relations
(6) Energy balance
Example

■ 1000 kg of mixed acid of composition 40% H2SO4, 45% HNO3

and 15% H2O is to be produced by strengthening waste acid of
30% H2SO4, 36% HNO3 and 34% H2O by weight. Concentrated
sulfuric acid of strength 95% and concentrated nitric acid
containing 80% acid are available for this purpose. Do a degree
of freedom analysis for this process. Is the process exactly
specified?
■ Basis: 1000 kg of mixed acid
Sulfuric acid, S kg Nitric acid, N kg
95% H2SO4 80% HNO3
5% H2O 20% H2O

MIXER
Waste acid, W kg Mixed acid, M = 1000 kg
30% H2SO4 40% H2SO4
36% HNO3 45% HNO3
34% H2O 15% H2O
 Sulfuric acid, S kg Nitric acid, N kg
95% H2SO4 80% HNO3
5% H2O 20% H2O

MIXER
Waste acid, W kg Mixed acid, M = 1000 kg
30% H2SO4 40% H2SO4
36% HNO3 45% HNO3
34% H2O 15% H2O
Unknowns: S, N, W
Equations: 1 overall mass balance
2 component mass balance
ND = 3 – 3 = 0. Hence, the process is EXACTLY SPECIFIED.
General Procedure for Single-Unit Process
Material Balance
(1) State the assumptions for the problem.
(2) Choose a basis of calculation an amount or flow of one of the
process streams.
(3) Draw the process flowchart. Show all known variable values
and unknown stream variables on the flowchart.
(4) Do a degree of freedom analysis.
(5) If the degree of freedom is zero, write all independent
equations necessary to completely specify the process.
(6) Solve the equations. Calculate all required quantities.
Key/Tie Component
B
xB,1
■ A key/tie component is a component
xB,2
entering a process unit on one stream
and leaves on only one stream.
■ In the following example, component 3 is
the tie component. Process unit
Component mass balance for component 3 A C
xA,3 A = xC,3 C xA,1 xC,1
xA,2 xC,2
xA,3 xC,3
Drying
■ Involves removal of water or other liquids in a solid material
■ Involves blowing hot dry air over the wet solid, evaporating water,
and leaving a dry product and producing humid air

Moisture, W
100% H2O

Wet material, F Dry material, P

xF,solid DRYER xP,solid
xF,H2O xP,H2O
Example
■ A batch dryer can handle 5000 kg feed per hour. 5000 kg of a
material containing 30% moisture is to be dried. How much
moisture evaporates per hour if the dried material contains 5%
moisture?
Assume: steady-state operation
Basis: 1 hr operation (5000 kg of feed)
Water evaporated, W kg

Feed 5000 kg Dry material, P kg

DRYER
30% moisture 5% moisture
70% dry solid 95% dry solid
 Water evaporated, W kg

Feed 5000 kg Dry material, P kg

DRYER
30% moisture 5% moisture
70% dry solid 95% dry solid

■ Unknown: P, W
■ Equations
Overall mass balance: 5000 = W + P
Dry solid balance: 5000 0.70 = 0.95P
P = 3684 kg (dry material)
W = 5000 − 3684 = 1316 kg (water evaporated)
 Evaporator
Vapor (V)
■ Used to concentrate a solution
containing a non-volatile solute and Feed (F)
xF
a volatile solvent
■ Involves vaporization of a portion of EVAPORATOR
the solvent to produce a Steam (S)
concentrated solution or thick liquor.
Overall mass balance: Condensate(C)

F=V+L
Solute balance:
xF F = xL L Thick Liquor (L)

xL
 Example
Vapor (V)

Feed F 500 gpm

■ A 1oBx sugar solution at 60oF was fed 60oF
to an evaporator at a rate of 500 gpm. 1oBx
The concentrate leaving the evaporator
flows at a rate of 200 gpm. A sugar EVAPORATOR
Steam (S)
content of 12oBx was analyzed from the
concentrate. What is the mass of water
(lbm) that is evaporated in a one-hour Condensate(C)
operation?
Assumption: steady-state operation
Basis: 1 min (500 gallons of feed) Thick Liquor (L)
200 gpm
12o Bx
 ■ Recall oBx definition
Vapor (V) 𝑜 400
𝐵𝑥 = − 400
SG(60o F)
Feed F 500 gpm ■ Convert the sugar content in oBx to SG(60oF) and
60oF find the masses of the feed stream and the thick
1oBx liquor.
EVAPORATOR Feed stream: SG(60oF, 1oBx) = 0.9975
Steam (S)
lbm 1 ft 3
F = 0.9975 62.4 3 500 gal
ft 7.48 gal
Condensate(C)
F = 4160.72 lbm

Thick liquor: SG(60oF, 12oBx) = 0.9709

lb 1 ft 3
Thick Liquor L 200 gpm L = 0.9709 62.4 m
200 gal
ft 3 7.48 gal
12o Bx L = 1619.85 lbm
 ■ Overall material balance:
Vapor (V) F=L+V
V = 4160.72 − 1619.85 = 2540.87 lbm
Feed F 500 gpm
60oF
This is for a on a basis of 1 minute operation. For a
1oBx
one-hour operation of the evaporator:
EVAPORATOR lbm 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Steam (S) V = 2540.87
min 1 ℎ𝑟

lbm
Condensate(C) V = 152,452
hr

Thick Liquor (L)

12o Bx
 Distillation (D)
Distillation xD

■ Separation of mixtures based on the

differences in volatilities
■ Feed mixture of two or more component is Feed (F)
xF DISTILLATION
separated into two or more products, COLUMN
including and more often limited to, an
overhead distillate and a bottoms product
Overall mass balance:
F=D+B
Component mass balance (volatile):
Bottoms (B)
xF F = xD D + xB B
xB
Example

■ An ethanol/water mixture stream flowing at 1000 kg/h enters a

distillation column. The composition of ethanol in the feed is 20% by
weight. A vapor product that is 90% by weight ethanol is drawn from the
top of the column and a liquid product that is 5% by weight ethanol is
drawn from the bottom of the column. What is the percent recovery of
ethanol in the distillate?
Assume: steady-state operation
Basis: 1 hr. of operation (1000 kg of feed)
 D kg/h
Overall mass balance:
90 wt% EtOH 1000 = D + B
10 wt% H2O Ethanol mass balance:
1000 0.20 = 0.90D + 0.05B

D = 176.47 kg
1000 kg/h B = 823.53 kg
20 wt% EtOH DISTILLATION
80 wt% H2O COLUMN
xD D
% recovery = x100
xF F

(0.90)(176.47)
% recovery = x100
B kg/h (0.20)(1000)
5 wt% EtOH
95 wt% H2O
% recovery = 79.41%
Crystallization

■ Involves formation of solid particles with a homogenous solid phase

(i.e. liquid solution) by either cooling or removing some of the solvent
■ Two-phase mixture of mother liquor (ML) and crystals (C) occupying
the crystallizer and withdrawn as product called magma
■ Adhering mother liquor is removed either by filtration or
centrifugation and the balance is removed by washing with fresh
solvent. Crystal with most of the mother liquor removed is called the
wet crop.
Crystallization
Solvent (S)

Feed (F) Magma Wet crop

CRYSTALLIZER CENTRIFUGE OR
(WC)
FILTER

Final Mother
Liquor (ML’)
Example

■ One thousand kilograms of a 64% NaNO3 solution in water is at a

temperature of 100oC. This is sent to a crystallizer where it is
cooled to 30oC. At this temperature, the solubility of NaNO3 is 96 g
of NaNO3 per 100 g of water. Calculate the amount of crystals that
precipitate if 5% of the original water evaporates during cooling.

Basis: 1000 kg of feed

 Water evaporated in crystallizer:
Water evaporated S 5
5% of water in feed S = 1000 kg 1 − 0.64
100
S = 18 kg
1000 kg Mother liquor M Overall mass balance:
64% NaNO3 96 g NaNO3/100 g H2O 1000 = 18 + M + C
CRYSTALLIZER
NaNO3 balance:
96
1000(0.64) = M +C
Crystals C 96 + 100

Solving:
M = 670.32 kg
C = 311.68 kg
.
Material Balances on Multiple Unit
Processes
■ Material balances in a multi-unit system is similar for a single-unit
system
■ An overall mass balance and component mass balance are set
around the whole system. Then, balances around individual units
are performed. Likewise, balances around joints where mixing of
streams occur and points of splitting of streams are set up.
 Example: Multiple-effect Evaporator
■ A triple-effect evaporator concentrates 100 kg/h of a 10% NaOH
solution to 50% according to the following flowchart . Assuming
equal amounts of evaporation in each effect, calculate the flow
rates and concentration of the solution leaving each effect.
Steam S E1 kg/h E2 kg/h E3 kg/h

Effect 1 Effect 2 Effect 3

Feed F 100 kg/h P1 kg/h P2 kg/h P3 kg/h
10% NaOH xP.1 xP.2 xP.3

C1 C2 C3
Solution

■ Basis: 1 h (100 kg Feed)

■ Overall Mass Balance:
𝐹 = 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + 𝐸3 + 𝑃3 = 100
■ Around Effect 1:
𝐹 = 𝑃1 + 𝐸1 = 100
■ Around Effect 2:
𝑃1 = 𝐸2 + 𝑃2
■ Around Effect 3:
𝑃2 = 𝐸3 + 𝑃3
■ Overall component balance for NaOH:
0.1𝐹 = 0.5𝑃3 = 0.1 100 → 𝑃3 = 20 𝑘𝑔
Solution

■ From problem statement: 𝐸1 = 𝐸2 = 𝐸3 = 𝐶2 = 𝐶3 = 𝐸

■ From overall mass balance:
𝐹 = 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + 𝐸3 + 𝑃3
80
100 = 3𝐸 + 20 → 𝐸 = 𝑘𝑔
3
■ From mass balance around Effect 1:
80 𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝑃1 + 𝐸1 = 100 → 𝑃1 + = 100 → 𝑷𝟏 = 𝒌𝒈
3 𝟑
■ From mass balance around Effect 2:
200 80
𝑃1 = 𝑃2 + 𝐸2 → = 𝑃2 + → 𝑷𝟐 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝒈
3 3
Solution
■ We now have:
200
𝑃1 = 𝑘𝑔/ℎ
3
𝑘𝑔
𝑃2 = 40
ℎ
𝑘𝑔
𝑃3 = 20
ℎ
■ Since there is only 10 kg/h of NaOH for all P streams:
𝑘𝑔
10
𝑥𝑃1 = ℎ = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓
200
3 𝑘𝑔/ℎ
𝑘𝑔
10
𝑥𝑃2 = ℎ = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
40 𝑘𝑔/ℎ
𝑘𝑔
10
𝑥𝑃3 = ℎ = 𝟎. 𝟓
20 𝑘𝑔/ℎ
Example: Crystallization Unit
■ Sodium chloride crystals are to be produced from 1000 kg of a
solution containing 10% NaCl, 1% KOH, and 89% H2O. The solution is
first sent to an evaporator where 790 kg of the water from the
solution is removed. The hot concentrated solution is cooled to 20oC
and NaCl crystals precipitate. Each kg of crystals carries with it 0.1 kg
of adhering mother liquor. The wet crop is then treated into a dryer
where 95% of the water is removed. Calculate:
a) The composition of the concentrated solution from the evaporator
b) The composition of the final crystal product
c) The percent recovery of NaCl from the original solution
Data: At 20oC, the solutibility of NaCl in H2O is 36 g NaCl/100 g H2O.
KOH is non-volatile and soluble in H2O.
 Process Flowchart D kg H2O
95% of water in W
790 kg H2O

Wet crop W kg
0.1 kg mother
liquor/kg Final crystal
crystals product P kg
EVAPORATOR CRYSTALLIZER DRYER
1000 kg
10% NaCl
1% KOH
89% H2O
Saturated solution S
36 g NaCl/100 g H2O
 Recycle stream
■ Recycle stream refer to a process stream wherein part of the
material from the downstream of a process unit is returned and
mixed with the fresh feed entering the process unit.
■ Purpose of using a recycle stream
(1) Recovery and re-use of unconsumed reactants
(2) Recovery of catalysts
(3) Dilution of a process stream
(4) Control of a process variable
(5) Circulation of a working fluid
 1 E

Process unit
A B C
D
3 4
Recycle stream with separator
■ A product separator unit may separate the products of a process
unit. Some of the products from the separator unit is recycled
and mixed with the fresh feed while the other products are
withdrawn from the process.

PRODUCT
REACTOR SEPARATION
UNIT
Problem

■ 4500 kg/h of a solution that is 33.3% K2CrO4 by mass is joined by a recycle

stream containing 36.4% K2CrO4 and the combined stream is fed into an
evaporator. The concentrated stream leaving the evaporator contains 49.4%
K2CrO4; this stream is fed into a crystallizer in which it is cooled (causing
crystals of K2CrO4) to come out of the solution) and then filtered. The filter
cake consists of K2CrO4 crystals and a solution that contains 36.4% K2CrO4
by mass; the crystals account for 95% of the total mass of the filter cake.
The solution that passes through the filter, also 36.4% K2CrO4, is the recycle
stream. Calculate the rate of evaporation, the rate of production of
crystalline K2CrO4, the feed rates of the evaporator and the crystallizer must
be designed to handle and the recycle ratio (mass of recycle/mass of fresh
feed)
 Process Flowchart

Gross feed G kg/h W kg/h Filter cake

100% H2O S kg/h K2CrO4 crystal
L kg/h 36.4% K2CrO4
solution
Fresh feed F C kg/h
(filter cake is 95% crystal
49.4% K2CrO4
4500 kg/h CRYSTALLIZER by mass)
EVAPORATOR AND FILTER
33.3% K2CrO4

R kg/h
36.4% K2CrO4
■ Assumption: steady-state operation
■ Basis: 1 hr. of operation (4500 kg/h) of fresh feed
■ Specification: Filter cake is 95% crystal by mass
S = 0.95(L + S)
S = 19L
Overall mass balance (around the system)
4500 = W + S + L
K2CrO4 balance (around the system)
4500 0.333 = S + 0.364L

Solving the system of equations:

kg H2 O evaporated
W = 2952.28
h

kg entrained solution
L = 77.38
h

kg K 2 CrO4 crystals
S = 1470.33
h
Overall mass balance (around crystallizer):
C = L + S + R = 1470.33 + 77.38 + R
Water balance (around crystallizer):
0.506C = 0.636 (77.38) + 0.636 R
Solving the system of equation
kg fed to crystallizer
C = 7193.31
h
kg
R = 5645.60
h
Thus, the recycle ratio is given by:
R 5645.60
Recycle ratio = = = 1.25
F 4500

Mass balance around the recycle-fresh feed mixing point

G = R + F = 5645.60 + 4500
kg fed to evaporator
G = 10145.60
h
Bypass stream

■ Bypass stream refers to a process stream which is initially

part of the fresh feed that is mixed with the gross product of
a process unit
■ Purpose of using a bypass stream
(1) Attain precise control of process variables (concentration,
temperature, etc.)
(2) Dilution of a process stream
 1 E

Process unit
A B C
D
3 4
Purge stream

■ A purge or bleed stream is a process stream used in recycling

operations where a fraction of the recycle stream is removed
to avoid accumulation of inerts or unwanted material that
might buildup in the recycle stream
 1 E G

2
F

Process unit
A B C
D
3 4
 Make-up water M
Example 30 ppm CaCO3 Evaporation
1200 kg/h

A cooling tower cools water by contacting it with air

intimately. Some water evaporates. It gets the
latent heat required from the bulk of the liquid
water. This provides the cooling effect. This
evaporated water is replenished by addition of
make-up water. The water used normally contains Cooling
Process
CaCO3. To avoid scale formation in the process tower
pipes, the CaCO3 should be kept below 130 ppm.
This is done by providing a purge stream.
In a certain cooling tower, the make-up water
contains 30 ppm CaCO3. The evaporation is 1200
kg/h. What should be the minimum flow of the
purge stream to avoid deposition of CaCO3? Purge P
Assume no entrainment of water in the air occurs. 130 ppm CaCO3
Basis: 1 hr. of operation (1200 kg of Make-up water M
evaporated water) 30 ppm CaCO3 Evaporation
1200 kg/h

Overall mass balance:

M = P + 1200
CaCO3 balance:
30 130
M= P + (1200)(0) Cooling
106 10 6 Process
tower

kg
M = 1560
h

kg
P = 360 Purge P
h
130 ppm CaCO3