Communications & Signals Processing Lab.

1/26
Communications & Signals Processing Lab. 2/26
 y2  n  , y22  n  , y23  n  , y24  n 
50

 x n
n 0
2

n 2n
 3 50
 3
50
x n    u n
1
4
 x n     
2

n 0  4 
2
 2.2857
n 0  3
1  
4
x n y2  n  y22  n  y23  n  y24  n 
System 2 : y  n    3 / 4  y  n  1    3 / 4  x  n   x  n  1
2.2857 2.2857 2.2857 2.2857 2.2855

Communications & Signals Processing Lab. 3/26

 x n System 2 ∙∙∙ System 2 y27  n 
n
 3
x n    u n System 2 : y  n    3 / 4  y  n  1    3 / 4  x  n   x  n  1
4 출력 신호의 왜곡 ↑

에너지 보존 X

Non-linear phase ☞ 신호의 왜곡 ↑ ☞ Magnitude 유지 X

Communications & Signals Processing Lab. 4/26

x n System 2 ∙∙∙ System 2 y27  n 

System 2 : y  n    3 / 4  y  n  1    3 / 4  x  n   x  n  1

에너지 보존 X

Communications & Signals Processing Lab. 5/26

x[n] N samples

DTFT
··· ···

0 N-1 n ω

 N 1
2 k
X e j
   x[n]e  j n
k  Xˆ  e jk
  X k    x[n]e  j 2 kn / N

n 
N
n 0

Communications & Signals Processing Lab. 6/26

 1,   / 2 2 k
H id  e   
j
N  9, k   0 : N  1 k 
 0,  / 2     N

Continuous frequency Discrete frequency

9개의 sample

Communications & Signals Processing Lab. 7/26

 h n

h  n  
DTFT
 H  e j  hs  n   h  n  n0  
DTFT
 H s  e j 

H  e j  H s  e j   H  e j 

H  e j   0 H  e j   n0

N 1
 N 1 N 1  N  1  DTFT
H id  e   h  n  :    
j 
j j
DTFT
n  h n    e 2
H e
 2 2   2 

N  9  H p  e j   4

Communications & Signals Processing Lab. 8/26

WN  e 2 / N
N 1
X DFT  k    x  n WNnk , k  0, 1, , N 1
n 0
N 1
1
x n   X DFT k  WNnk  ,
*
n  0, 1, , N 1
N k 0

X  WN x X , x :  N  1 matrix, WN :  N  N  square matrix

 X  0  WN WN   x  0 
0 0
WN0 WN0
  W 0 W 1 
WNN 1   x 1 
 
2
W
 X 1   N N N
 
 X  2   WN0 WN2 WN4 WN
2  N 1 
 x  2 
    
    
 X  N  1 W 0 W N 1 W 2 N 1 
WN     x  N  1
N 1 N 1
 N N N

Communications & Signals Processing Lab. 9/26

1 e  j0 e  j 20 e  j 80   h[0]  H (e j0 )  A=exp(-1j*2*pi*[0:8]'*[0:8]/9);
  j1  j 21    
1 e e e  j 81   h[1]   H (e j1 )  H=Hm(:).*exp(1j*Hp(:));

     h=A\H;
  j8     h=real(h);
1 e e  j 28 e  j 88   h[8]  H (e j8 )  H2=fft(h,1000);

A h H
sinc 범위 finite → 왜곡 일어남
sinc 형태
4 sample shift

Communications & Signals Processing Lab. 10/26

 0  n  63 X  e j  , Y  e j  0    2
2 3
n n n
 3 21 3 3 X  e j   , Y  e j  
1 1
x n     u n, y n     u n      u n 
5  5 
1  e  j 1  e  j  1  e  j  
3 1 3 1 3
 4 52 5 4 1  e  j  1  e  j 
4 2 4  2  4 

Communications & Signals Processing Lab. 11/26

 H  e j 

1
 1  j  3  j 
Y  e j   1  e  1  e  n
   1
H e  X 1
 h  n     u  n 
j 2 4
  DTFT

e 
j 1  1  j 
 1 e  2
 3  j   2 
1  e 
 4 

u=@(n) 1.*(n>=0)+0.*(n<0);
x=(-3/4).^n.*u(n);
y=(2/5)*(1/2).^n.*u(n)+(3/5)*(-3/4).^n.*u(n);

X=fft(x,N);
Y=fft(y,N);
H=Y./X;
h=ifft(H);
ha=(0.5).^n.*u(n);

Communications & Signals Processing Lab. 12/26

 0  n  63 X  e j  , Y  e j  0    2
1  e  j
n
1 1
n 1
X e  
j

x n    u n    u  n  1 1
1  e  j
2 2 2

21
n
7 3
n 2 7

y n     u n      u n  1  e  j
52 5 4 Y  e j   5  5 
1  e  j  1  e  j  
1 3 1 3
1  e  j  1  e  j 
2 4  2  4 

Communications & Signals Processing Lab. 13/26

 H  e j   Y  e j  / X  e j 

1  e  j 1  e  j 1  e  j
X e  
j
Y e  
j
1  1  j  3  j   1  j  3  j 
1  e  j  1  e  1  e  Y  e j   1  e  1  e  n
    3
H e  X
 2  4  1
 h  n      u  n 
2 j 2 4
  DTFT

X e
e 
j
1  e  j  3  j 
1  e 
 4
j0
0 Y e j0
0  1  j   4 
1  e 
 2 

>> X(1) ans=1.1102e-16

>> Y(1) ans =-8.0726e-09

Communications & Signals Processing Lab. 14/26

 n n 1
1 1
x n    u n    u  n  1 H=Y./X;
2 2 h1=ifft(H);
n n ha=(-3/4).^n.*u(n);
21 7 3
y n      u n      u n  y1=conv(h1,x);
52 5 4 ya=conv(ha,x);
n
 3
h  n      u  n   analytic
 4

Communications & Signals Processing Lab. 15/26

 H e j0   0 H e j0 
H  e j 

H=Y./X;
H2=H;
H2(1)=0;
h2=ifft(H2);
y2=conv(h2,x);
y=(-2/5)*(1/2).^n.*u(n)+(7/5)*(-3/4).^n.*u(n);

Communications & Signals Processing Lab. 16/26

 H e j0   0 H e j0 
H  e j 
H=Y./X;
H3=H;
H3(1)=0.5.*(real(H(2))+real(H(64)))
+0.5i.*(imag(H(2))+imag(H(64)));
h3=ifft(H3);
y3=conv(h3,x);
y=(-2/5)*(1/2).^n.*u(n)+(7/5)*(-3/4).^n.*u(n);

Communications & Signals Processing Lab. 17/26

 H e j0   0 H e j0 
H  e j 
H=Y./X;
H4=H;
 
H e j 
1
 3  j 
 
 H e j0 
1

 3  j0  7
4

 1 e  1  e 
H4(1)=4/7;  4   4 
h4=ifft(H4);
y4=conv(h4,x);y=(-2/5)*(1/2).^n.*u(n)+(7/5)*(-3/4).^n.*u(n);
y=(-2/5)*(1/2).^n.*u(n)+(7/5)*(-3/4).^n.*u(n);

4/7 = 0.5714

Communications & Signals Processing Lab. 18/26

N M y  n  k  
DTFT
 e  jk Y  e j 
 a y n  k    b x n  m
k 1
k
m 0
m
x  n  m  
DTFT
 e  jm X  e j 

bM e  jM    b1e  j  b0 residue
j
H (e ) 
a N e  jN    a1e  j  a0
M N b   bM bM 1 b1 b0 
N
rn
   j   k e  j m
a   a N a N 1 a1 a0 
 pn ) dn m  0
m
n 1 ( e

d n  1 unless pn is reeated root

if pn is repeated q times, pn  pn 1   pn  q 1  d n i  1  i for i  0, , q 1
km is null vector unless M  N

Communications & Signals Processing Lab. 19/26

 0  n  10

6 y  n   5 y  n  1  y  n  2  x  n   x  n  1 a=[6 -5 1];
b=[1 -1];
n=[0:10];

6Y  e j   5e  jY  e j   e  j 2Y  e j   X  e j   e  j X  e j 
x=[1 zeros(1,10)];
h=filter(b,a,x);
ha=(2/3)*(1/3).^n.*u(n)-(1/2)*(1/2).^n.*u(n);

Y  e j  1  e  j 2
H e  X
j 1
  
e 
j
6  5e  j  e  j 2 e  j  3 e  j  2

2 1
n n
21 11
 3  2 
DTFT
h n    u n    u n 
1 1
1  e  j 1  e  j 3 3 22
3 2

>> [r,p,k]
num=[-1 1];
den=[1 -5 6]; ans =
[r,p,k]=residue(num,den);
-2.0000 3.0000
1.0000 2.0000

Communications & Signals Processing Lab. 20/26

Impulse response of cascade LTI system Impulse response of parallel LTI system

직렬 LTI system의 impulse response는 병렬 LTI system의 impulse response는

각각의 시스템의 impulse response의 convolution 각각의 시스템의 impulse response의 sum

Communications & Signals Processing Lab. 21/26

 H  e j 
Use filter to determine the impulse response on interval 0  n  32 .

36 y  n   33 y  n  1  10 y  n  2  y  n  3  39 x  n  1  21x  n  2   3x  n  3 a=[36 -33 10 -1];

b=[0 39 -21 3];
n=[0:32];
Y  e j  39e  j  21e  j 2  3e  j 3 12 x=[1 zeros(1,32)]; %delta(n)
H e  X
j 3 9
   j   j  3 h=filter(b,a,x);
e  j  j
36  33e  10e  j 2
e  j 3
e  4 e  3  e  j  3 2 ha=3.*(1/4).^n.*u(n)-(1/3).^n.*u(n)
+(n+1).*(1/3).^n.*u(n)-3.*x;
3 1 1
   3
1  j 1  j  1  j 2
1 e 1 e
4 3 1  e 
 3 
n n n
1 1 1
 DTFT
h  n   3   u  n     u  n    n  1   u  n   3  n 
4  3  3

num=[3 -21 39 0]; >> [r p] >> k

den=[-1 10 -33 36];
[r,p,k]=residue(num,den); ans =
k =
-12.0000 4.0000
3.0000 3.0000 -3
9.0000 3.0000

Communications & Signals Processing Lab. 22/26

 h1  n 

n n n
1 1 1
h  n   3   u  n     u  n    n  1   u  n   3  n 
4  3  3
n
1 H1  e j  
3 12
h2  n   3   u  n  
4 1  j 4  e  j
1 e
4
n n
 4 y  n   y  n  1  12 x  n 
1 1
 h1  n      u  n    n  1   u  n   3  n 
 3  3

H 2  e j   
1 1
 3
1  j  1  j  2
1 e
3 1  e 
 3 
3 9 27  21e  j  3e  j 2
  j  3
e  3  e  j  3 2 9  6e  j  e  j 2

 9 y  n   6 y  n  1  y  n  2  27 x  n   21x  n  1  3x  n  2 

Communications & Signals Processing Lab. 23/26

 What is the difference equation satisfied by the input and output of the system
in the upper branch?
n n
1 1
h1  n      u  n    n  1   u  n   3  n 
 3  3
 9 y  n   6 y  n  1  y  n  2  27 x  n   21x  n  1  3x  n  2 
n
1
h2  n   3   u  n 
4
 4 y  n   y  n  1  12 x  n 
n n n
1 1 1
h  n   3   u  n     u  n    n  1   u  n   3  n 
4  3  3
a1=[9 -6 1];
b1=[-27 21 -3];
a2=[4 -1];
b2=12;
h1=filter(b1,a1,x);
h2=filter(b2,a2,x);
h=h1+h2;
ha=3.*(1/4).^n.*u(n)-(1/3).^n.*u(n)
+(n+1).*(1/3).^n.*u(n)-3.*x;

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For the following three inputs, state whether or not residue can be used to compute y  n  .
h  n  : frequency response can be expressed as a ratio of polynomials in 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔 ⟹ residue can be used
h  n  : finite-length signal ⟹ ifft can be used

n 1 1 n n 1  j
1 1 1 1 e e  j
x1  n       u  n     u  n  1 X 1  e      j 1 
j
 j ⟹ residue can be used
 3  3  3  3  e  3 1  13 e

1, for 0  n  10 1  e  j11

X 2 e   1  e
10
x2  n   
j  j n
 ⟹ residue can be used
0, otherwise n 0 1  e  j

sin  43  n  1, 0   3

x3  n    sinc  43 n  X 3 e   j 4
⟹ residue cannot be used
3
n 0,
3
4
  
4

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