GPS Training Complete

Advanced G eometrische P S
rodukt pezifikation
Marcus Grella
GPS (Geometrical Product

Specification)
GD&T (Geometric dimensioning and

tolerancing)
The standard language for technical communication
----
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Advanced G
eometrische P S
rodukt pezifikation
Marcus Grella
Workshop purpose
• create a common understanding for GPS (mind set)
• train basics (standards, concepts, principles)
• fresh up existing knowledge around GPS
• improve communication (R&D, design, manufacturing, measuring)
• communicate the most important innovations of the system for GPS standards
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Subjects
• Introducing GPS
• Deviations
• General principles for tolerancing
• Tolerancing in view of times
• Geometrical product specifications (general)
• Dimensional tolerancing (ISO 14405)
• Datums and datum systems (ISO 5459)
• Tolerance zones
• Tolerances of form, orientation and location, profile and run-out (ISO 1101)
• Material requirements (ISO 2692)
• Special association symbols on the tolerance indicator (ISO 1101:2017)

• Datum and datum systems (ISO 5459:2017 Entwurf)
• Positional and pattern tolerancing (ISO 5458:2017)
• Profile tolerancing (ISO 1660)
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Sequence – Day 1
• Introducing
• Deviations
• Ambiguities / problems
• Linear sizes according ISO 14405
• General principles and concepts in tolerancing according ISO 8015
• Tolerances of form (ISO 1101)
• Datums and datum systems (ISO 5459)
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Advanced G
eometrische P S
rodukt pezifikation
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Sequence – Day 2
• Datums and datum systems

• Positional and pattern tolerancing according ISO 5458:2018-05
• Common datums and modifiers up to ISO 5459:2013 (until 2017)
• Positional and pattern tolerancing ISO 5458 (until 2017)
• Complementary indications around the tolerance indicator (direction feature,
projected tolerance zone)
• Material requirements according ISO 2692
• Free State condition according ISO 10579
• Exercises and discussion of examples
• Surface indications according ISO 1302

• Indications for molded parts according ISO 10135
• Special criteria of association in the tolerance indicator
• Filter and reference element indications
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Terminology
Tolerare lat. tolerate, suffer, permit
„Technical meaning“
Maximum permissible deviation, which still

enables a working part / assembly
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Terminology
GPS Geometrical product specification
GD&T Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing
TPD / TPS Technical product documentation/ Technical product specification
FuLT Tolerancing of form and orientation
GPS [ISO 8015]
GD&T [ASME Y14.5]
TPD/TPS [DIN SPEC 23605:2014-02]
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ASME / ISO
• mainly same substance with regards to content

• ASME covers nearly the whole GPS in one common standard (ASME Y14.5)
• ISO GPS is highly branched (more standards)
• ASME is closer to (physical) practice
• ISO offers more possibilities to “modern” metrology
• ASME last Update 2009 (new edition in work?)

• ISO last Update 2018 → currently around 150 GPS standards
• small differences with partly massive impact (rule#1 / derive datums etc.)
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Dimensions and tolerances - Why?
• Parts need to be represented for manufacturing (2D/3D)
• Because ideal parts are not existing (beside CAD), permissible deviations, which can
be tolerated, must be specified
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Tolerances of form, orientation and location - Why?

• the deviation represents itself in different kinds
• the deviation in size is just a small part, which easily can be detected but not
ensures the technical function later on
• ISO 8015 is the tolerancing principle since 2011, so GD&T is more weighted now
• conformity to ISO 9001 (continuous improvement process, compliance to product

demands)
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Deviations
Deviations always arise during manufacturing / producing process
• wear out on manufacturing tools

• deformations on the workpieces
• general accuracy issues on machine tools (guiding, bearing space etc.)
• thermal characteristics of construction material and tool machines
• vibrations (chatter marks during milling/turning etc.)
• characteristics of construction material (warpage, shrinkage etc.)
All these appearances can occur in random combinations and it is not possible
to avoid or calculate them for 100 percent
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Advanced G
eometrische P S
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Deviation in size
Actual Nominal
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eometrische P S
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Deviation in location
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Advanced Geometrische P S
rodukt pezifikation
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Deviation in form (geometrical deviation)
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Deviations
Location Size/Dimension Form
Surface Location/orientation Form
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eometrische P S
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Verify deviations
Example: guide slide
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Advanced G
eometrische P S
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Deviations
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eometrische P S
rodukt pezifikation
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Deviations
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Measuring of deviations
Measuring using distance-method (two-point) could show a positive evaluation!
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Verify special kinds of deviation
Two point measurement always results in a positive evaluation
function (guide shaft)????
Appearance of a curve of constant width can be detected in a prism
roundness???
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Summary
• Due to different influences workpieces differ from there ideal shapes
• To ensure the function of a workpiece, deviations need to be fixed in a certain

tolerance frame
• The designer has to specify the permissible deviations from a functional,

manufacturing, feasible and economic point of view
• The influence of the measuring method “decides” about accepted or rejected
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Testing principle according Taylor
Taylor already noticed a long time before introduction tolerances of form and
location, that there is a connection between size and form. Only considering these
two characteristics the function during joining of workpieces can be established
Acceptance testing Rejected testing

(envelope gauging) (local size gauging)
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Taylor principle ≙ Envelope requirement
Acceptance testing
• Testing the workpiece by using an envelope gauge simulating the maximum

material condition. The gauge must protrude over the whole length of the
workpiece (or the specified area)
Reject test
• Testing the workpiece by using local point measurements to verify the minimum-material-
condition
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Envelope requirement (example pin)

Envelope cylinder + minimum material border (two point-measuring)
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Challenge
The connection according Taylor can only be used for simple elements of size (cylinder, coplanar
planes etc.)
In todays manufacturing engineering geometry features of workpieces getting more and more
complex and are not based on simple geometries (splines, cones and so on)
To ensure the function of these areas its often necessary to use other kinds of specification and
verification
→ Linear size or distance?
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Principles of tolerancing
There are two priciples of tolerancing:
• Independency principle (fundamental principle of ISO 8015 since 2011)
• Envelope principle (DIN 7167, withdrawn in April 2011)
Without indication of a tolerancing principle it was “automatically” used the general Envelope
principle (according ISO 7167) until 2011
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Tolerancing principle Fundamental principles of ISO 8015
• Invocation principle validity of the whole GPS system by invoking a part of it
• Principle of GPS standard hierarchy General standards always apply , unless an application standard explicit suspends
• Definitive drawing principle Demands not specified in the drawing(TPD) can not be claimed
• Feature principle Every specification applies for one feature or one relation between features
• Independency principle Every specification has to be fulfilled independent from other specifications
• Decimal principle not indicated decimals are zeros
• Default principle
• Reference condition principle ISO 1 20°C
• Rigid workpiece principle

• Duality principle Specification is independent from verification procedure
• Functional control principle Focus functionality described by GPS specifications
• General specification principle

• Responsibility principle (To avoid specification ambiguities is in responsibility of the designer, to deduce the correct
measurement is in responsibility of the measuring engineer)
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Independency principle (ISO 8015 / ASME RFS rule #2)
Every demand on a feature or its definition by size/form/direction/location have to be fulfilled

independently from each other
Simplified: Every tolerance stated is checked independently
ISO 8015 should be stated for clarification on the drawing
Without additional indications using linear sizes the default is the two-point size
Modifiers can complement, compensate (change the meaning) indications
The envelope requirement exists as such a modification ≙ Taylor principle
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Envelope principle / rule #1 (ASME)

For all simple features (Circle, cylinder, parallel planes etc.) applicable
Not applicable for cones, spheres, curves (splines) etc.
Not applicable for displaced surfaces, indirect, calculated features etc.
Was an “unwritten law” in former times (until introducing standards as DIN 7167)
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Switch off the Independency principle / Envelope principle

The “Independency principle” can be switched off on separate features of size by using
the envelope symbol
General specification by using the envelope operator behind the standard indication for
linear sizes
Examples: DIN EN ISO 14405

SIZE ISO 14405
Former practices
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Enevelope requirement
Meaning Envelope req.: GN + LP / LP + GX → Two separate characteristics!

Meaning LP-Default: LP for upper and lower tolerance
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Advanced G
eometrische P S
rodukt pezifikation
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Tolerancing trough the ages….
Quelle: Toleranzen-beratung.de
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Tolerancing trough the ages….

• Technical progress
− more accurate manufacturing possible
− more accurate measuring possible
− raised demands to the product
• Globalization
− different manufacturing locations
− different manufacturers (intercontinental)
− no or limited communication
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Issues
• Its still the standard, to mainly rely on internal Know-How. Well known daily statements:
− The manufacturer knows the function of the part and manufactures according his
knowledge
− The designer is released of its responsibility of unambiguity and completeness on to

the drawing indications (he guesses, everyone knows what to do)
− The technician in measurement knows what is important on the workpiece and

therefore where and how to measure it
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Issues
• Costs and deadline pressure and therefore the need for globalized manufacturing of
products creates a lot of challenges
− the designer does not know, where the product will be manufactured
− the manufacturer does not know the function of the part
− the technician in measurement verifies based on wrong, missing or ambiguous

indications with wrong and/or not needed measuring methods
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Causing costs and cost emergence

….Safe money at the wrong place?
The Designer generates 70-80% of the manufacturing costs but its work just costs 6-7%
of the product.
One time defined the aftermath of wrong specifications can hardly,

not at all or only with high efforts be removed
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The progress in measuring techniques

• tactile, optical, computer tomographic
− Different methods, different results (which one is the correct one)

− With or without measuring force
− All areas of the part getting visible
− Evaluation inside the parts (bubbles, sink holes)
• accuracies until the fourth place behind the comma
− Surface condition and dimensional accuracy

− Measuring area
− Number of captured areas (Tactile, Optical, CT)
− Using different filter decides about accepted an rejected
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MBD – Model Based Definition / PMI – Product manufacturing information
• Obsolescent technical drawing?
− complete evaluation as instance by CT → demand for adjustments to kind of

specifications
− specification at the 3D model creates new possibilities (layer techniques,
moved or exploded conditions)
− evaluation in 3D makes it needless to have basics in reading 2D drawings
• The need for new kind of specification
− changes in standards concerning 3D

− introducing of new specification modifiers, also to improve
the unambiguity
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What is GPS?
• GPS the geometrical product specification is a complex, connected system of different

standards
• There are around 150 Standards → Fundamental standards (ISO 17450-3), general
standards (ISO 1101) and application standards
• It’s a language to communicate profiles of requirements for technical specifications
• It establishes rules for the unambiguous evidence of conformity (ISO 9001)
• These basic rules should be unambiguous
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What is the target of GPS?
• completeness / unambiguity
• define characteristics of form, size and surface
• to guarantee the optimal function of the specified parts
• to define permissible deviations from the nominal (by ensuring function)
• technical criteria for measuring of characteristics to approximate to the specification
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Considering standards
• linear Sizes [ISO 14405]
• geometrical characteristics [ISO 1101]
• surface characteristics [ISO 1302], since 2012 [ISO 25178]
Target: Covering of all these topics by using standards

concerning specification and verification
→ ISO – GPS → ISO TC 213
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ISO 14638:2015-12 – A B C D E F G
GPS Matrixmodell
Conformity and Non-

Demands to features
Measuring devices
Characterisitcs of
Symbols and
conformity
Calibration
indications
Measuring
features
Linear sizes ISO 14405 ISO 14405 ISO 286-1 ISO 14253 ISO 463 ISO 14978 ISO 15530
Distances ISO 14405-2 ISO/TR

16015
form ISO 1101 ISO 1101
direction ISO 1101 ISO 1101
Location ISO 10360 ISO 14978
Run-Out
Surface texture: Profile ISO 1302
Surface texture: Surfce ISO 25178
Surface imperfections ISO 8785
Specification Verification
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Design, Development (R&D)
Manufacturing
GPS
• connect
• create common understanding
• completeness and unambiguity
Quality Assurance/Metrology
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Advantages of GPS?
• tolerance examinations getting more easy
• no tolerance chains
• it is possible to specify without ambiguities and closer to

function
• less reject with the same manufacturing performance by using

additional conditions, as instance Maximum-Material-
Requirement, projected tolerance zones etc.
With well thought-out GD&T manufacturing is getting less complex, but the
permissible deviations getting bigger
Reducing costs!?!..........
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GPS – The three concepts of tolerancing
• dimensional tolerancing
(sizes / distance / angles)
• zone tolerancing (form/direction/location/run-out)
• „gauge tolerancing“ → Connecting size with form/location

( envelope / MMR /LMR)
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GPS – The three concepts of tolerancing

Zone tolerancing
Dimensional
tolerancing
Gauge tolerancing
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Technical drawing
• definition of the principles (Tolerancing, standards, projection, general tolerances, labeling
field) [ISO 8015][ISO 10135]
Describing the features by….
• linear sizes [ISO 14405] with tolerances, size characteristics, ISO system (ISO 286)
• GD&T with datums, tolerance features and modifiers (ISO 1101/ASME Y14.5) as projected
tolerance zones, maximum-material-requirements, common zones
• surface indications [ISO 1302]
• additional company related indication (Company standard)
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eometrische P S
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Technical drawing – Basic assumptions for reading technical drawings

according ISO 8015 [Independency principle]
• tolerance limit = functional limit
• Within the tolerance the workpiece functions 100%, outside the tolerance 0%
→ no safety tolerances, no distrust tolerances
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Technical drawing
• All features of a product must be specified complete and unambiguous for
− the function is ensured

− the manufacturing is possible
− the measuring is possible
− all these aspects to be observed in an economic point of view
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Features
Spherical surface
Ring surface
Integral and derived features
Cylindrical surface
Center line / axis derived

Center plane derived Spline
Edge (line) integral

Torus surface
Torus surface integral
Cylindrical surface integral
Center line / axis
Ring surface integral
Cone surface integral
Free forms
Spherical surface integral Surface
Free forms/Splines integral Cone surface
Line/edge
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Linear sizes / specification modifiers [ISO 14405]
Specification modifiers are placed behind the size indication and/or behind the tolerance
(common or separate for each tolerance)
The importance of these modifiers came especially with the “official introduce” of the
Independency principle (ISO 8015)
For others than linear sizes (ISO 14405-2) the standard refers to the use of GD&T
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Sizes and specification modifiers (linear sizes) (ISO 14405)
Local sizes LP, LS, LL
• Two-point, spherical, size in specific a cross section, Size in a specific area
Global sizes – direct global GG,GX,GN,GC
• Least square size, maximum inscribed, minimum circumscribed, Min-Max
Calculated sizes CC,CA,CV
• circumferential-, areal-, volume diameter
(rank-order modifiers) - indirect global SX,SN,SA,SM,SD,SR,SQ
• maximum, minimum, average, median, width
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Examples for local sizes
Two-point size
Spherical size
Size in a cross section

(maximum inscribed)
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eometrische P S
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Examples for global sizes
Minimum circumscribed
Maximum inscribed
Least squares method (Gauss)
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Auswerten von Maßen – Ersatzelementeberechnung

Gauss – least square circle - LSC
Envelope – minimum circumscribed circle - MCC
Pferch – maximum inscribed circle – MIC
Min-Max – Tschebyscheff Kreis – minimum zone circles - MZC
MZC
LSC MCC MIC
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Spezifikations-Modifikatoren (DIN EN ISO 14405)
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General specification modifiers (Excerpt from ISO 14405-1)
E Envelope requirement (same meaning than ISO 8015)
Between …. Defines restricted areas
/length Defines length of specific areas of a feature
x [amount] Defines the specification for more than one feature
ACS Any cross section
SCS Special/Specific cross section
F Free stat condition (non rigid parts) [ISO 10579]
CT Common tolerance (not existing in ASME)
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Effect of modifier CT
The range of all captured average

Complex modifications measurements in any cross section
(rectangular to A-B) should not be bigger
than 0,01 mm
The range of all on every

longitudinal cross section
(symmetrical to A-B) measured two-
point sizes should not be bigger
than 0,007 mm
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Attention: ambiguous!
Effect of modifier UF
Attention: ambiguous!
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Tolerance value
Tolerance indicator Symbol section
Leader line Datum section
Leader arrow
Primary datum
Secondary datum
Tertiary datum
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Tolerance indicator Datum section
Symbol section Description of:

Tolerance zone (combined, unsymmetrical)
Associated toleranced feature (Filter, maximum inscribed, tangential plane)
Characteristic (Outer gaussian, Peak, Valley)
Material requirements (e.g. maximum-material)
State (e.g. Free state condition)
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Tolerance indicator Adjacent indications (above,

below or on the right side of
the indicator)
e.g. united feature
Orientation-, Intersection -,
Collection plane indicator
Direction feature indicator
All around,
All over Description for tolerance zones:
e.g. unsymmetrical tolerance
zone
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Tolerance indicator
Additional indications
e.g. between
Modifications in the datum area:

Direction only, situation features, other
modifiers to lock or unlock degrees of
freedom
e.g. orientation constraint only
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To build tolerance indicators / datums
If the tolerance feature is an integral feature, the leader arrow must be placed clearly
beside the arrow from the dimension line (min. 4mm)
If the tolerance feature is a derived feature (Axis, middle plane) the arrow of the leader line
is terminated on the extension of the dimension line (of a feature of sizes)
The direction of the leader line does basically not show the direction of the width of the
tolerance zone (ISO 1101:2017)
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Tolerances of form
• Do basically not have a datum
• Evaluate the deviation between the nominal and the actual form of the tolerance feature
• Not to mix up with dimensional check (linear sizes)! Evaluated is only the deviation of form of
the integral od derived feature
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Deviation / tolerance zone
Consider: For a tolerance of form there is no orientation or

location regarding the tolerance zone defined!
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Tolerance zones for tolerances of form
The tolerance zones includes the extracted profile of the toleranced feature.
The default reference element to define the middle of the tolerance zone is the
Chebychef element (ISO 1101)
Reference element
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ISO 1101 Tolerance of form

Straightness
For integral and derived features
The straightness deviation of a derived axis is

never bigger than the straightness of is cylinder
Straightness demand is more weak than

flatness demand (Line consideration / Surface
consideration)
In ASME a straightness specification of a

derived feature (of size) suspends the general
envelope requirement of this feature!
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Flatness
e.g. used for contact surfaces (datum planes)
Flatness contains straightness of all lines within this tolerance zone

→ Flatness deviation can get bigger than the biggest straightness
(warped in one direction)
In ASME standard only used for

integral features
(Straightness for middle planes)
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Flatness
0,02 0,02
0,02
0,02
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Flatness
CZ Combined zone
0,02
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Roundness
Not used for derived features! (not in
termination of a dimension line arrow)
Also usable for segments of a circle

and cones
Does not detect straightness, cone

shape, convexity, warpage etc.
For revolute surfaces, that are neither

cylindrical nor spherical a direction feature
shall be used (direction of the width of the
tolerance zone) ISO 1101:2017
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The circles are concentric

(Chebyshev / Minimax)
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Cylindricity
No derived features! (not in termination

of the dimension line)
Stage of extension on roundness

(expanded by length)
Attention: Cylindricity is not the

same than Roundness + Straightness
Includes Straightness, roundness an

parallelism (of the surface of the
cylinder)
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ISO 1101 Tolerance of form / orientation / location

Line profile
Tolerance zone is limited by two lines enveloping

circles of a diameter representing the tolerance value
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ISO 1101 Tolerance of form / orientation / location

Surface profile
Tolerance zone is limited by two surfaces enveloping

spheres of a diameter representing the tolerance
value
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ISO 1101 Restrictive specifications of toleranced features
Theoretically exact dimensions needed
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Datum feature indicators Datum section

with datum
identifier and
datum triangle
Back surface!
Do not use I, O, Q, X, Y, Z (can be misinterpreted)
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Datum system
Primary, secondary and tertiary datum
3 rectangular locating surfaces

(a simple physical datum system)
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The logic of simple complete datum system (3-2-1 rule)
Primary datum→ Definition by three points (stable and not overdetermined)
Secondary datum → Definition by two points (clear alignment and not overdetermined)
Tertiary datum → Definition by one point (Limit stop and not overdetermined)
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Datum system Effects to primary, secondary and tertiary

datum
B
Toleranced feature
Datum feature C
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Datum system Effects to primary, secondary and tertiary

datum
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Datums and datum systems [ISO 5459:2013]
• The Default association criterion for single datums (e.g. plane)
Objective function: Minimax – Reducing maximum distances (Minimax)

Constraint: Outside material constrained
Situation feature: Plane
Workpiece
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ISO 5459:2013
Datums and datum systems
Default association criterion for single datums
Objective function: Minimax – Minimize the maximum distance
Constraint: Outside material constrained
Internal/external: Maximum inscribed/ minimum circumscribed feature (same type than

nominal)
Example: Hole → maximum inscribed cylinder → Axis of maximum inscribed

cylinder
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ISO 5459:2017-12 draft

Default association criterion for single datums
Objective function: Total least squares (Gaussian objective function)
Constrained: 1) Outside material→ G0 (Gaussian function one time constrained

outside material, not G+)
2) without material constrained → GM (Gauss)
Explanation: 1) for variable features of size or fixed opened (segment of a

circle 120°) or opened features
2) Feature of size with fixed size, others than feature of size
Example: Hole → Gaussian cylinders established outside material→ Axis of this

G0 cylinder
Plane → Gaussian plane established with outside material constrained
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ISO 5459:2013
Notice:
• Basically the nominal feature and the associated feature are from equal type (e.g.
surface → plane)
• If not intended, either datum targets or the modifier [CF] (contacting feature) must
be used
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ISO 5459:2013
Notice:
• Basically every datum takes as much degrees of freedom, which the associated
datum feature can take (invariance classes)
• In datum systems the previous datum feature (left sided in indicator) does the
constrained for the following datum feature
• Basically it is not allowed, to choose a following datum in a datum system, which

does not lock a further degree of freedom (minimum one additional)
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ISO 5459
Common datum and datum systems
Notice:
• For sequently established datums (primary, secondary etc.) basically the orientation
is locked but not the location
• For common datums the orientation and the location are constrained to each other
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ISO 5459
Datum and datum systems
Lock and an unlock degrees of freedom
>< Orientation only – no location constraint

[PL] Situation feature of type → plane
[PT] Situation feature of type → point
[SL] Situation feature of type → straight line
[DV] Distance variable
ISO 5459:2017-12 draft
[SF] Fixed size
[SV] Variable size
[DF] Distance fixed
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ISO 5459
Datum and datum systems
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ISO 5459
Datum targets
Datum feature identifier
followed by a digit
3 types:
• Closed datum target line

• Open datum target line
• Target point TEDs!!
Datum feature identifier + number

Datum target point
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ISO 5459
Datum targets
Shape and size description
of area
Open datum target line (long

dashed dotted wide line
Closed datum target line (areal) terminated with crosses)
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ISO 5459
Moveable datum targets
Triangle shows direction of

movement
If movement is inlclined TED is

necessary!
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Theoretically exact dimensions 40
Theoretically exact dimensions are an elementary part of technical drawings, which are
defined according GPS standards
Their purpose is NOT to verify, if the dimension is fulfilled, but only the definition of a
theoretically exact area (e.g. a tolerance zone, within the toleranced features have to be)
A frequently done mistake during dimensioning technical drawings , is the insufficient

knowledge about definition of the features (toleranced features and datums)
Due to the proceeding specifications in 3D, more and more references to digital 3D file are
used (e.g. digital data file defines nominal)
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ISO 5459
Datums
There are three axis!
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ISO 5459
Common datums Common datum
Der Bezug bildet eine „gemeinsame Achse“ aus den beiden abgeleiteten Achsen A und B
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ISO 5459
Datums in 3D
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Threads (ISO 1101/ISO 5459)

LD lower/minor diameter
MD maximum/major diameter
PD Pitch diameter (default)
Toleranced feature
Datum feature
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Tolerance zones
• Especially while using tolerances of location, orientation and run-out, which always
are used with datum indications (exception position tolerance), a solid basis about
building tolerances zones is very important
• Tolerances zones are basically:
• Symmetrical around the reference feature
• The surface between two lines or in a circle

• The surface between two concentric circles
• The volume between two planes
• The volume in a cylinder
• The volume between to coaxial cylinders
• The volume in a sphere
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Tolerance zones
Tolerance zone always perpendicular to leader line (withdrawn)
Notice: ISO 1101 commits to use orientation planes
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Tolerance zones Tolerance zone perpendicular to leader line

(withdrawn)
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Tolerance zones
o.k.!
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Tolerance zones
Resulting tolerance
zone (rectangular?)
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Tolerance zones
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Example only shows the effect of orientation planes according ISO 1101
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Tolerance zones Ø-symbol creates cylindrical tolerance zone
Cylindrical tolerance zone
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Tolerance zones
Ø0,1
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Tolerance zones Ø 0,14 mm
+57% 0,1 mm
With dimensional
A cylindrical tolerance zone
tolerancing it is not possible,
increases the tolerance at least
to create this resulting zone
57%
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Tolerances of orientation
Tolerances of orientation represent the deviation of features to there ideal (toleranced)
orientation to a datum
In compare to the tolerances of form they always need a datum (or datum system)
Features used as a datum always should be toleranced in form to get a “stable”

datum of it
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ISO 1101 Tolerance of orientation

Parallelism
Includes Straightness and flatness of the toleranced feature. Additional tolerance

of form only makes sense, if the demand is smaller than the tolerance of
orientation (or certain modifiers are used to alter tolerance demands).
If used for axis of holes to pay attention for the cylindrical tolerance zone, because if not
used, the tolerance zone must be oriented unambiguous (orientation planes)
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Parallelism
Tolerance zone
No location fixed to datum plane!
Simulated datum feature
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For a “physical” stable verification basis, a wiggling workpiece must be avoided (Minmax)
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Parallelism
Not convex demand (only until ISO 1101:2014)
Oder Angabe von Bezugsstellen (Rohteile, Gußteile usw.)

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Angularity
Depending to the toleranced feature it angularity contains the flatness

or straightness
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Angularity
Relates to staight lines or flat surfaces
TED indicating the angle

needed!
Notice: Angularity just defines the direction, not the location (then Position must be used)
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Angularity
Difference angular sizes and

angularity
Tolerance zone of angular sizes and

angularity
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Angularity
Notice: Difference between using datum B or

not. (and difference to Position)
Alternatively use of orientation planes
instead secondary datum
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Perpendicularity
If cylindrical tolerance zone is used, it restrictes also the

straightness of lines/axis etc.
Example with rectangular (resulting)

tolerance zone build with
orientation planes
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Perpendicularity
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Tolerances of location
• Symmetry
• Position
• Coaxiality / Concentricity
• Profile tolerances with location restriction
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Meaning of tolerance value used in the indicator and

limit deviation
Position = 2 x
Deviation from
theoretically exact
30
location (reference
line)!
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ISO 1101 Tolerance of location

Symmetry
According ASME only used for derived features
Can not be covered using dimensional tolerancing (also not by the envelope requirement)
Includes parallelism, straightness and eventually flatness
Often used for grooves, long holes etc.
Often used with modifier ACS (any cross section) as instance for long
profiles (not straight) → specification on any cross section of the
toleranced feature
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Symmetry
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Symmetry
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Symmetry
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Symmetry
ACS specification on any cross section (example
long extruded profil)
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DIN EN ISO 1101 Tolerance of location

Coaxiality / Concentricity
Coaxiality → For derived axis (tolerance zone is a cylinder)
Concentricity → Extracted centers, tolerance zone is a circle
Tolerance zone indication always preceded by Ø
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Notice: Differ between limit deviation and tolerance value in indicator!
Deviating axis of the

toleranced feature
Tolerance zone referred to

datum axis
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Real deviation distance
Tolerance zone build

symmetrically around the
datum axis
Location = 2 x Limit
deviation!
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Position
Floating hole patterns (fixed distance between features, but floating relative to
workpiece) possible (TEDs!)
This kind of “floating” tolerancing is not possible with dimensional tolerancing
According ASME Position tolerancing shall only be used for derived features
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Position
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Position
3x i.O.
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Position TEDs to define theoretically exact location of
toleranced features!
(or reference to CAD data (ISO1101/ISO 16792)
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Position
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Position
„floating“ tolerancing → Not possible using dimensional tolerancing
→ economic aspect
Notice: CZ/SZ ISO 1101:2017 and ISO 5458:2016 draft
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Position
„Floating“ tolerance using CZ → The tolerance zones defining the hole pattern are
theoretically exact among each other. But this combined pattern can float
(perpendicular to A) on the workpiece
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Position
For e.g. hole patterns its possible to tolerance completely without datums
Composite tolerancing is an economic way to define functions
Notice: TEDs necessary! (except referring CAD according ISO 16792)
Always consider tolerances related to manufacturing (economic)
As accurate as necessary, not as accurate as possible!
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ISO 5458:2016 draft

Positional and pattern tolerancing
SIM Simultaneous requirement
>< Orientation only
SZ separate zones
UF United features
CZ Combined zone
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ISO 1101 Tolerance of run-out

Run-out
Datum is always an axis, the toleranced feature always an integral feature
Depending on specification run-out exists radial or axial
For both of these kinds of specification there exists circular and total run-out
(similar as roundness/cylindricity)
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Circular run-out radial
Deviation (difference between major and minor value) during one complete revolution
Includes roundness and concentricity
Specification applies to all areas, but separate in every area
Tolerance zone is the surface between to concentric circles
Convex or cone shapes are not detected
Direction of width of the tolerance zone can be specified separately

(TED/direction feature). Default is perpendicular to surface (for
roundness specification see ISO 1101:2017)
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Circular run-out radial
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Total run-out radial
The specification applies to the whole feature in one simultaneous step (high
demand)
The tolerance zone is the volume between to cylinders or the volume between
to parallel planes → only applicable for cylindrical or flat surfaces
Includes cylindricity, roundness, straightness, parallelism and coaxiality
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Total run-out radial
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Circular run-out axial
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Total run-out axial
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ISO 1101 Tolerance of orientation, location

Profile United feature (only ISO)
All around
Intersection plane indicator
All over
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Profile
Orientation only
Translation modifier
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Profile
ASME and ISO 1101-2012 defining unsymmetrical tolerance zones
UZ (ISO 1101) and U (ASME)
Width of tolerance
zone Plus → outside material
Minus → inside the material
The value shows the distance of the middle of
the tolerance zone to the nominal
tolerance zone moved to the

outside of the material by that
value
Width of tolerance zone (based
complete inside material)
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DIN EN ISO 1660:2017

Profiltolerierung
OZ Unspecified linear tolerance zone offset
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ISO 2692
maximum material requirement
Combines dimensional and geometrical deviation
Enables to exceed the geometrical tolerance
Ensures joinability→ Total amount of dimensional and geometrical demand
Indicated by a M,L or additional R in a circle and is placed inside the tolerance indicator
Applicable for the toleranced feature and also for the datum (gauging)
According ASME also for complex shapes applicable (Boundary)
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ISO 2692
Notice:
The specified geometrical tolerance (value) applies, if the toleranced linear size of the
feature is on its maximum material size (specified by linear size tolerance)
Example: Outer
dimension
Dim. 5,8 → admissible geom. tolerance 0,4

Dim. 5,6 → admissible geom. tolerance 0,6
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ISO 2692 terms and definitions
MMS maximum material size

➢ Outer linear sizes → maximum dimension
➢ Inner linear sizes → minimum dimension
LMS least material size

➢ Outer linear sizes → minimum dimension
➢ Inner linear sizes → maximum dimension
MMVS maximum material virtual size

➢ Outer linear sizes → MMS + geometrical tolerance value
➢ Inner linear sizes → MMS - geometrical tolerance value
LMVS least material virtual size

➢ Outer linear sizes → LMS - geometrical tolerance value
➢ Inner linear sizes → LMS +geometrical tolerance value
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ISO 2692
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ISO 2692
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ISO 2692
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ISO 2692
minimum material requirement
16,2 mm (mmb hole) / 2 = 8,1 mm

10 mm - 8,1mm = 1,9 mm
1,9 mm – 0,1mm (Pos Tol) – 0,2mm (Flatness , worst case)

→ minimum wall thickness 1,6 mm
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ISO 2692
reciprocity requirement
Virtual envelope
(assembly status)
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ISO 1101
Projected tolerance zone
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ISO 10579
Non rigid parts
Indications:
• Within or close to the title block: ISO 10579-NR
• Annotations to describe the conditions, the part is restrained
• Geometrical descriptions, which are accepted in a restrained condition, get a circled F

after the tolerance value (ISO 1101)
• Dimensional deviations, which are accepted in a free state condition, get a circled F after
the tolerance value (ISO 14405)
• Conditions under which the geometrical tolerances in free state condition are respected,
as direction of gravity, orientation of the part etc.
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ISO 10579
Non rigid parts
ISO 10579 – NR
Clamping on datum [A]

using 4 screws M6
ASME → restrained condition note
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Summaries
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Geometrisches Merkmal / geometric characteristic

Form Richtung Ort Profil Lauf
form orientation location profile run-out
als
Form
Richtung
Ort
------------
form
orientation
location
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Linear sizes - modifiers / complementary notes
Local Point – Zweipunktmessung – Default ISO 8015

Global Gauss – Least suares
Global Minimum circumsribed
Global Maximum inscribed
Global Chebychev (minimax)
Statistical Maximum
Statistical Minimum
Statistical Average
Statistical Median
Statistical Range
Statistical Mid-Range
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Größenmaße - Modifikatoren / Ergänzungen / Hinweise
TED Theoretically exact dimension
CT Combined tolerance
ACS any cross section

ALS any longitudinal section
SCS specific cross section
Envelope requirement – MaxMat GN/GX / MinMat LP
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Auxiliary feature indicators
Orientation plane indicator
Intersection plane indicator
Direction feature indicator
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Modifactions for datum section and adjacent to tolerance indicator
>< Orientation only

[PL] Situation feature of type → plane
[PT] Situation feature of type → point
[SL] Situation feature of type → straight line
t/… Tolerance on restricted length / area
All around
All over
Between
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Modifications for geometrical tolerances

Derived feature (only for features of size / revolutes)
Maximum material requirement

Minimum material requirement
Reziprozity requirement
Projected tolerance zone
Free state condition according ISO 10579
UZ Unsymmetrical tolerance zone
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Modifications for geometrical tolerances
CZ Combined zone
SZ Seperate zone
UF United feature
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Indications for associated toleranced features and filter
Toleranced feature → least squares

Toleranced feature → minimum circumscribed
Toleranced feature → maximum inscribed
Toleranced feature Chebyshev (minimax)
Toleranced feature → tangent feature
G Least square filter

S Spline filter
F Fourier analyse
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Advanced G eometrische P S

GPS (Geometrical Product

GD&T (Geometric dimensioning and

• create a common understanding for GPS (mind set)

• train basics (standards, concepts, principles)

• fresh up existing knowledge around GPS

• improve communication (R&D, design, manufacturing, measuring)

• Special association symbols on the tolerance indicator (ISO 1101:2017)

• Datums and datum systems

• Exercises and discussion of examples

• Surface indications according ISO 1302

Maximum permissible deviation, which still

GPS [ISO 8015]

GD&T [ASME Y14.5]

TPD/TPS [DIN SPEC 23605:2014-02]

• mainly same substance with regards to content

• ASME last Update 2009 (new edition in work?)

Dimensions and tolerances - Why?

• Parts need to be represented for manufacturing (2D/3D)

Tolerances of form, orientation and location - Why?

• conformity to ISO 9001 (continuous improvement process, compliance to product

• wear out on manufacturing tools

Deviation in form (geometrical deviation)

Location Size/Dimension Form

Surface Location/orientation Form

Example: guide slide

Measuring using distance-method (two-point) could show a positive evaluation!

Verify special kinds of deviation

Two point measurement always results in a positive evaluation

function (guide shaft)????

Appearance of a curve of constant width can be detected in a prism

• Due to different influences workpieces differ from there ideal shapes

• To ensure the function of a workpiece, deviations need to be fixed in a certain

• The designer has to specify the permissible deviations from a functional,

• The influence of the measuring method “decides” about accepted or rejected

Testing principle according Taylor

Acceptance testing Rejected testing

Taylor principle ≙ Envelope requirement

• Testing the workpiece by using an envelope gauge simulating the maximum

Envelope requirement (example pin)

→ Linear size or distance?

There are two priciples of tolerancing:

• Independency principle (fundamental principle of ISO 8015 since 2011)

• Envelope principle (DIN 7167, withdrawn in April 2011)

Tolerancing principle Fundamental principles of ISO 8015

• Invocation principle validity of the whole GPS system by invoking a part of it

• Decimal principle not indicated decimals are zeros

• Rigid workpiece principle

• Functional control principle Focus functionality described by GPS specifications

• General specification principle

Independency principle (ISO 8015 / ASME RFS rule #2)

Every demand on a feature or its definition by size/form/direction/location have to be fulfilled

Simplified: Every tolerance stated is checked independently

ISO 8015 should be stated for clarification on the drawing

Modifiers can complement, compensate (change the meaning) indications

The envelope requirement exists as such a modification ≙ Taylor principle

Envelope principle / rule #1 (ASME)

Not applicable for cones, spheres, curves (splines) etc.

Not applicable for displaced surfaces, indirect, calculated features etc.

Switch off the Independency principle / Envelope principle

Examples: DIN EN ISO 14405

Meaning Envelope req.: GN + LP / LP + GX → Two separate characteristics!

Tolerancing trough the ages….