A

Micro Project Report

On

Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Computer Engineering

By
Pathare Umesh Ramchandra [2114660186]

Bhujbal Dinesh Chandrakant. [2114660187]

Haral Ajit Satish [2114660190]

Guided By
Prof.

Shree Samarth Academy's

Shree Samarth Polytechnic
Mhasane Phata , Ahmednager
Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education
(2020-2021)
 Shree Samarth Academy's
Shree Samarth Polytechnic
Department of Computer Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project works entitled
"Hospital Management System"

Is
Submitted by
Pathare Umesh Ramchandra [2114660186]

Bhujbal Dinesh Chandrakant. [2114660187]

Haral Ajit Satish [2114660190]

In the partial fulfilment of the diploma in Computer engineering has been Satisfactory carried
out under my guidance as per the requirement of Maharashtra state Board Technical
Education , Mumbai during the a cademic year 2020-2021

GUIDE HOD PRINCIPLE

(Prof. ) (Prof.Chaure.S.M) ( Prof.Anarse.B.V)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Petrol engines are mostly used in cars, scooters, machines, etc. It is an

internal combustion engine with spark ignition. It is also known as a
gasoline engine. It was 1st invented in Europe, 1876. It was a very basic
model of the petrol engine. After this many improvisations have been done
and the present model which people are using is the latest one. In petrol
engines, air and fuel are mixed before compression and then an electric
spark is used for ignition. Ignition temperature is the lowest temperature at
which a fuel or combustible substance, when heated, catches fire. It works
on the Otto cycle. Otto cycle explains how in gasoline engines, chemical
energy is converted into thermal energy and then into motion.

Car, trucks, bus and other automobiles run on engines based on fossil fuels.
The two most common types of engine are petrol engine and diesel engine.
Most of the vehicles run either on petrol engine or diesel engine. The main
difference between the petrol engine and diesel engine is that in a petrol
engine, fuel and air both are compressed with a spark, while in a diesel
engine, only air is compressed, and fuel is injected in compressed air. Petrol
engines and diesel engines work on the otto cycle and diesel cycle,
respectively.

How Does The Petrol Engine Work?

Working of petrol engine can be expressed by the following four steps
shown in the image below.

Working of a Petrol Engine

Step 1. Fuel (petrol) and air are added to the cylinder and mixed.

Step 2. The mixture of petrol and air is compressed by the use of a

crankshaft.

Step 3. Now spark is used in the mixture and the mixture forces the piston
down.

Step 4. Gases go out from the exhaust valve.

Diesel Engine
Generally, trucks and other heavy vehicles run on diesel engines. It is also
an internal combustion engine that works on diesel. In these engines, the
air is compressed, so it becomes very hot and then fuel (diesel) is injected
into it. Thus, diesel reaches its ignition temperature by the heat of
compressed air. It is also known as a compression-ignition engine. It was
1st developed by Rudolf Diesel in 1893 in Germany. Diesel engines were
mainly used in trains at that time.
How Does a Diesel Engine Work?
A diesel engine works on a diesel cycle. It can be explained by the following
steps shown in the figures below:
Step 1. Induction Stroke – Piston of the engine goes down and air comes
into the cylinder.

Step 2. Compression Stroke – Piston goes up and compresses the air. Now
the air is getting hot.

Step 3. Power Stroke – Now, fuel or diesel is added to the cylinder.

Step 4. Exhaust Stroke – Fuel or diesel starts burning due to ignition

temperature provided by hot air. Smoke goes out from the valve.

Petrol Engine vs Diesel Engine

Diesel and petrol both are fossil fuels, but the working of petrol engines and
diesel engines differ from each other. The difference between a petrol
engine and a diesel engine can be explained by the following points.

Petrol vs Diesel Engine in Tabular Form

Petrol Engine Diesel Engine

Petrol engine works on an otto Diesel engines work on diesel engine

cycle. cycle.
In this type of engine fuel and air In this type of engine fuel and air are
mixture is compressed together. not compressed together.

These engines work with highly These engines work with low volatile
volatile fuels. fuels.

In this type of engine ignition is induced

In this type of engine ignition is
by heat generated by compression of
induced by spark.
air.

This engine has low compression This engine has high compression
ratios (7-10). ratios (11-20).

This engine has lower efficiency This engine has higher efficiency than a
than a diesel engine. petrol engine.

In this type of engine fuel In this type of engine fuel consumption

consumption is higher. is lower.

While working this engine makes While working this engine makes more
less noise. noise.

This engine has a high running

This engine has low running cost.
cost.

It is mostly applicable for light It is mostly applicable for heavy duty

duty applications. applications.

In this type of engine, fuel and air In this type of engine, first air is injected
are injected together. and compressed, then fuel is added.

Even with the vast usage of the two most drivers confuse the difference
and similarities between petrol and diesel engine. well, the primary
difference between the two is that a petrol engine works on the otto
cycle whereas diesel works on the diesel cycl

Differ
ence between petrol and diesel engine
Petrol (gasoline)
engine

The petrol engine is an internal combustion engine that uses spark

ignition to burn fuel. It runs on relatively volatile fuel known as
petrol. In a petrol engine, the fuel and air mixture are done the
carburetor before entering the combustion chamber as a gas. Thus,
they are generally mixed post-compression.
Just as earlier mentioned, petrol engines work on the otto cycle which
consists of two isochoric processes and two isentropic processes.
Finally, the existence of a spark plug on the petrol engine is very
essential as it’s the device that produces spark so that the gas in the
cylinder can explode. This spark plug is powered by the engine
ignition system.

Advantages and disadvantages of a petrol engine

Advantages:

1. Petrol engines are generally more powerful, by way of horsepower

than diesel.
2. Petrol engines also typically benefit from being easier to tune and
tune up.
3. A gasoline engine, which is also known as a petrol engine has a
better ratio of cost to power and burns fuel more eco-friendly than
diesel performs.

4. Petrol is usually cheaper than diesel fuel.

Diesel engine

Also, a diesel engine is an internal combustion engine known as the

compression-ignition engine. it was patented by Rudolf Diesel. The
working of this engine is quite different from the gasoline engine as
the fuel is injected into the combustion chamber and then ignited by
the higher temperature of the air in the chamber. This causes the
elimination of the spark plug in the engine design.

The higher temperature of the air in the cylinder is due to adiabatic

compression. The fuel is not compressed in this engine but only the
air. When the diesel fuel is injected into the combustion chamber, it
undergoes spontaneous ignition.

Advantages and disadvantages of diesel

engine
Advantages:
1. It has the highest effective efficiency of all combustion engine

2. The diesel engine can combust a huge variety of fuel

3. A gasoline engine, which is also known as a petrol engine has a better

ratio of cost to power and burns fuel more eco-friendly than diesel
performs.

4. Petrol is usually cheaper than diesel fuel.

Disadvantages:
1. The disadvantage of the petrol engine is that, generally, its lifespan
is almost always shorter than that of the diesel.

2. This practically relates to the fact that diesel engines will usually
have a higher residual (resale) value.

3. Gasoline engines get fewer miles-per-gallon (sometimes

significantly) than their diesel counterparts.

Read more:

Diesel Engine
• The Diesel engine is also an internal combustion engine which is also known as the
compression-ignition engine. It is named after Rudolf Diesel.
• In these engines, the fuel is injected into a combustion chamber and is then ignited by the
high temperature of the air in the chamber.
• The high temperature of the air in the cylinder is due to the adiabatic compression. These
engines only compress the air and not the fuel.
• When injected into the combustion chamber, the Diesel fuel undergoes spontaneous
ignition.
 • These engines work on the Diesel cycle, which consists of a constant pressure process, a
constant volume process, and two isentropic

processes.

Difference between Petrol and Diesel Engine

Apart from the type of fuel used, the engines are also divided on the basis of a lot of
things, such as the presence of a spark plug in Petrol engines and a fuel injector in
Diesel engines. We also know that lighter vehicles such as motorcycles, scooters, and
cars typically use petrol in their engines whereas Diesel is used in much heavier
machinery such as tractors, trucks, and buses. Thus, the types of fuel used also plays
a major role in defining the major difference between Petrol and Diesel engines. More
differences between these types of engines are listed in the tabular column below.

Thus, the important differences between Petrol and Diesel engines are discussed
briefly in this article. To learn more about these engines, and how they can be
replaced with fuel cells, register with BYJU’S and download the mobile application on
your smartphone.

Petrol versus diesel: refinery processing

Crude oil contains hundreds of different types of hydrocarbons all mixed together
and, depending on the source of the crude oil, different impurities. In order to
produce petrol, diesel or any other oil-based products, the hydrocarbons have to be
separated, by refining of one type or another:

Different hydrocarbon chain lengths all have progressively higher boiling points the
longer the chain, so they can all be separated by a process known as fractional
distillation. During the process, crude oil is heated in a distillation column, and the
different hydrocarbon chains are extracted as a vapour according to their
vaporisation temperatures and then recondensed.

• Petrol is made of a mix of alkanes and cycloalkanes with a chain length of

between 5-12 carbon atoms. These boil between 40°C and 205°C
• Gas oil or Diesel is made alkanes containing 12 or more carbon atoms.
These have a boiling point between 250°C and 350°C

After distillation, there are various techniques that are used to convert some
fractions to others:

• cracking, which breaking large hydrocarbon chains into smaller ones

• unification – which combines smaller hydrocarbon chains to make larger
ones
• alteration – which re-arranges various isomers to make desired hydrocarbons

For example, this allows a refinery to turn diesel fuel into petrol fuel, depending on
the demand for petrol. Refineries will also combine various fractions (processed,
unprocessed) into mixtures to make desired products. For example, different
mixtures of hydrocarbon chains can create petrols with different octane ratings.

Distillated and chemically processed fractions are treated to remove impurities, such
as organic compounds containing sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen, water, dissolved metals
and inorganic salts.

Market Share
Information on the market share of diesel and petrol can be found in the ACEA
Pocket Guide and in this interactive infographic.
Important Difference between Petrol and Diesel Engine

Basis of Comparison Petrol Engine Diesel Engine

These engines Diesel engines

Functions On operate on the function on the
Otto cycle Diesel cycle

Petrol engines
have a These have a high
Compression ratio
moderately low compression ratio
compression ratio
 Diesel engines do not
They consume a
Consumption of Fuel consume that much
lot of fuel
fuel

Air and fuel mix in The fuel mixes with

Mixture
the carburettor air inside the cylinder

These require a
They have a high
Maintenance cost low maintenance
maintenance cost
cost

These produce They have a higher

Power Production comparatively low power production in
amounts of power comparison

The fuel ignites Hot compressed air

Ignition with an electric helps in achieving
spark ignition

These use highly

volatile fuels in Diesel engines work
Type of Fuels their internal with fuels having low
combustion volatilities
engines

Light vehicles like

Heavy vehicles like
motorcycles and
Vehicles trucks and buses use
cars use petrol
diesel engines
engines
Rudolf Diesel, a German inventor, invented this engine in 1893. However, they came into use in
the 1930s and got popular in the 1970s.
As it is evident from the name, petrol engines run on petrol, which we also refer to as gasoline.
Thus, we also refer to them as gasoline engines too.

Most of them pre-mix fuel and air before compression. However, some modern petrol engines
now make use of cylinder-direct petrol injection. An electronically controlled fuel injection does
this pre-mixing.

How many classes of petrol are there?

There are different types of petroleum with octane ratings available in India. These
include – 87 octane regular fuel 91 octane BPCL Speed 91 octane IOC Xtra
Premium 87 octane + additive HP Power Automobile experts suggest using petrol
based on the manufacturer's

Petrol engines have a higher rpm which provides great pick up speed to the
vehicles, hence mostly used in lighter vehicles. Petrol engines consume more fuel,
hence quite expensive running costs. But the manufacturing and maintenance cost is
comparatively lower than diesel engines. Moreover, such engines have a greater
rate of CO2 emissions but do not emit soot-like particles.