15/09/2022

Functions of
Management

The Manager

◉ Manager as executive
○ The most difficult and with highest degree of
responsibility
○ Bridge between
■ BoD and stockholders
■ Top management and rest of agency personnel
■ Agency and the gen public
○ Always blamed for mismanagement, oftentimes not
praised for success.
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Qualities of an Effective Manager

◉ He studies, analyzes and dissects his job

◉ Knows how to delegate the administrative details of his
job
◉ He is willing to delegate to and share with his
subordinates the credit of a job well done
◉ He trains and develops his men to prepare them to
assume delegated work
◉ He knows how to control and plan his time
◉ He institutes controls for effective performance.
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◉ How does an organization move the needle

toward achieving its goals?
◉ Who’s in charge of steering employees in the
right direction as they pursue those objectives?

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What are the 4 Main Functions of Management?

1. Planning
2. Organizing
3. Leading
4. Controlling

PLANNING

◉ It is the job of making things

happen that would otherwise not
occur.
◉ It is an actual process, the
conscious determination and
direction of action.
◉ It bridges the gap from where we
are and where we want to be.
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WHAT IS A PLAN?

◉ A plan is a future course of action.

◉ It is an exercise in problem solving and decision making.
Planning is determination of courses of action to achieve
desired goals.

Planning is a systematic thinking about ways and means

for accomplishment of pre-determined goals. Planning is
necessary to ensure proper utilization of human and non-
human resources.
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Three different types of planning in management

◉ Strategic: A long-term, high-level type of foundational

planning that emphasizes the mission, values, and vision of the
organization.
◉ Tactical: A short-term (one year or less), objective-focused
type of planning, often carried out by middle management.
◉ Operational: A plan that describes the daily roadmap of the
activities within the company.

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ORGANIZING

◉ It is the process of bringing

together physical, financial and
human resources and developing
productive relationship amongst
them for achievement of
organizational goals.
◉ A good organization structure is
necessary though not a sufficient
condition for good performance.

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“To organize a business is to

provide it with everything useful
or its functioning i.e. raw
material, tools, capital and
personnel’s”.
Henry Fayol

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Key activities in Organizing Function

◉ Identifying all of the necessary steps of the

project
◉ Determining who will complete the actions
and deploying those resources to work
◉ Establishing levels of authority and
responsibility for every individual involved

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LEADING

◉ Leadership
○ process by which an executive imaginatively
directs, guides or influences the works of others.
◉ Examples of effective leadership skills that managers
can focus on include:
○ frequent and clear communication,
○ expressing empathy,
○ being an active listener,
○ maintaining transparency, and
○ empowering the team to perform to the best of their
ability.
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CONTROLLING

◉ Control
○ the process by which an executive gets the performance
of his subordinates to correspond as closely as possible
to chosen plans, orders, objectives or policies.
○ Calls for the evaluation of results, comparison of those
with established standards, and the taking of measures to
correct discrepancies that appear.

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◉ The number of persons reporting to one executive

should be limited.
○ The larger the number, the harder it is to supervise and
coordinate.
◉ The number that can be supervised effectively depends
on the nature of delegated responsibilities
○ Common practices
■ 4 to 8 for top levels
■ 8 to 15 for bottom levels

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Policies and Procedures

◉ Policies
○ Are general statements, which guide or channel the
thinking and action of members of an organization
◉ Procedures
○ A reflection of policy
○ Involves the selection of a course of action and
applied to future activities
○ Details the manner in which certain activity must be
accomplished.
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Executive Leadership

◉ Leadership is the ability to

motivate subordinates and
other people toward the
achievement of organization
objectives.
◉ The ability to influence,
persuade and motivate
followers.

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What is Leadership?

◉ Leadership refers to the art of motivating

people in an organization to work towards a
common goal.
◉ It is based on ideas which can be a person’s
own or inspired by other leaders.

emeritus.org
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A leader is one who knows the way,

goes the way, and shows the way –
John C Maxwell

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As a leader, the manager should be…

◉ Exemplar of good personal appearance, pleasant

mannerism, friendliness, cheerfulness, good health to
command respect.
◉ A paragon of honesty, intelligence, enthusiasm,
aggressiveness, loyalty, vision, initiative, perseverance
and decisiveness to establish employees confidence.
◉ Possess adaptability, understanding, patience, and self
control to be able to see the two sides of any problem
brought to him and exercise fairness.
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As a leader, the manager should be…

◉ Must posses imagination and vision. Must be able to

think ahead and visualize and to plan beyond the
immediate present.
◉ Must have a goal, which is practical and right.

With such qualities, he will command the respect of others

and will be a true leader.

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Types of Leadership

1. Democratic Leadership
2. Autocratic Leadership
3. Laissez-faire Leadership
4. Strategic Leadership
5. Transformational Leadership
6. Transactional Leadership
7. Coach-Style Leadership
8. Bureaucratic Leadership
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1. Democratic Leadership

◉ The leaders make or break

decisions democratically,
based on their team’s
opinion and feedback.
◉ The leader makes the final
call, but every opinion
counts.
◉ One of the most effective
leadership styles since it
allows employees to have a
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2. Autocratic Leadership

◉ Exact opposite to democratic

leadership wherein the
opinions of employees are not
considered.
◉ Leaders with this style expect
others to adhere to the
decisions they take, which is
not a sustainable approach for
the long term.

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3. Laissez-faire Leadership

◉ Laissez-fire means “let them do”.

◉ This style is the least intrusive and
leaders with this approach ensure
that the authority lies with the
employees.
◉ While this leadership style can
empower, it may also limit
development, therefore, must be
kept in check.

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4. Strategic Leadership

◉ Strategic leadership acts as a

bridge between the senior team
and the employees.
◉ Leaders adopting this style ensure
that both executive interests and
working conditions for the team
are stable when a decision is
made.

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5. Transformational Leadership

◉ Always aims at transforming and

improving functions and capabilities.
◉ There may be tasks and schedules
assigned and leaders following this
style may ask employees to push
their boundaries constantly.
◉ Most growth-minded companies
tend to adopt this kind of a leadership
style.

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6. Transactional Leadership

◉ This is a very common leadership

style today based on the action-and-
reward concept.
◉ For instance, an employee or team
may receive an incentive or bonus for
achieving a target set by the
company.

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7. Coach-Style Leadership

◉ This leadership style focuses on

larger growth while encouraging
individual team members to focus on
their strengths and talent.
◉ Though this is similar to strategic and
democratic leadership styles, the
focus here is more on the individual.

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8. Bureaucratic Leadership

◉ This kind of leadership style goes by

the books.
◉ Although leaders with this approach
do listen to employees and their
opinions, they may negate or reject it,
in case they go against the company’s
ethos or policy.

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Topics

1. Functions of Management
1. Planning
2. Organizing
3. Leading
4. Staffing
5. Controlling
2. 1-13 to 1-15
3. 1-16 Scientific Management
4. 1-17 Humanistic Management
5. 1-18 Directing People on the Job
6. 1-19 to 1-20 How to give effective orders
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