Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction
In legal definition about the crime of robbery is the unlawful taking of property

from another by force or threat of force. Without force or threat of force, robbery has not

occurred. Poverty is hunger. Poverty is a lack of shelter. Poverty is being sick and not

being able to see a doctor. Poverty is not having access to school and not knowing how

to read. Poverty is not having a job, fear for the future, and living one day at a time.

Poverty has many faces, changing from place to place and across time, and has been

describe in many ways.  Most often, poverty is a situation people want to escape. So,

poverty is a call to action -- for the poor and the wealthy alike -- a call to change the

world so that many more may have enough to eat, adequate shelter, access to

education and health, protection from violence, and a voice in what happens in their

communities.” World Bank Organization( 2008). As an example, let's look at how stress

is brought on by poverty.

Poverty can result in high levels of stress, which can then motivate people to

conduct violent crimes like robbery or theft" Journal of Human rights Taylor and Francis

(2006) stated that crime is a cycle of violence. The highest poverty rates can be found

where there are also high crime rates. Because of this, it forces individuals who don't

engage in criminal activity to conduct crimes. High crime rates make it nearly impossible

for businesses to grow, which has an impact on the number of employees that are

available. With fewer jobs, more individuals are out of money, and without money, they

can't pay their bills, which is under stress. Thus, thinking that committing robbery is their

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last option to survive. This research examines what motivates robbers to perform these

acts and could serve as a foundation for future studies to understand better and

educate the Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDL), particularly regarding robberies, which

might help in lowering the rate of this crime.

In the Study of Robert J. Fischer David C. Walters (2019), Robberies are

relatively common, and their frequency is generally consistent throughout the week.

Robberies vary only a little by geography. At 10:30 p.m. each day, robberies reach their

height. However, most robberies occur between midnight and three in the morning at

those establishments that stay up all night. More than 90% of the stolen money comes

from cash registers, and eight out of ten criminals carry weapons. 8 out of 10 attackers

are under 30, and a resounding 9 out of 10 are male. Violence is typically only used in

less than 5 out of every 100 instances, despite the usage of weapons (to threaten

damage). 80% of fatal incidents include circumstances in which store employees had no

role in provoking the attack. And whereas 60% of all robberies are committed by a lone

robber, circumstances involving two or more criminals account for 75% of all deaths or

injuries. Less than 2% of burglaries are ever solved, and the rate of recovering stolen

property is so low that burglaries have an unsolvable problem less than 4% of it is

property.

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 The Revised Penal Code Republic (Republic Act No. 3815) is the primary piece

of legislation in the Philippines that outlines criminal offenses and the associated

punishments. To develop a uniform concept of criminal classification, crimes are

separated into the index and non-index offenses for statistics purposes. Index offenses

such as homicide, rape, murder, assault, and cattle rustling. Non-index offenses, on the

other hand, are transgressions of laws, like unlawful logging or regional ordinances

Robbery studies are usually conducted utilizing broader criminological frameworks.

Therefore, before reviewing the literature relevant to robbery, a complete analysis of the

body of work in the criminology discipline must be done. 

However, the goal of this study is to determine the behavioral inclination among

persons deprived of liberty who committed a robbery in police station langihan Road,

Butuan City, and to identify the behavioral factor that influences the person to conduct a

crime which is robbery.

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Review of Literature and Studies

The behavioral inclination of offenders and victims in 116 cases of group robbery

(61 commercial, 55 personal) was examined. Four interpersonal themes were evident:

dominance, submission, co-operation and hostility. These themes are governed by the

principles of complementarity such that offender dominance elicits victim submission

(reciprocity) and vice versa, while co-operative offenders tend to elicit victim co-

operation (correspondence). Hostile offences were hypothesis as eliciting hostility in

victims, but few victims in the sample demonstrated active resistance. The existence of

behavioral themes suggests that offenders within the same group behave in a

homogenous fashion, which is explained by reference to group norms and processes of

modelling. Further, differences in interpersonal themes were evident between

commercial and personal robberies. Commercial robberies tend to involve greater levels

of co-operation than personal robberies, while personal robberies involve more hostility

than commercial robberies Alarid et al., 2009). The impact of group dynamics on

behavioral consistency and distinctiveness is as yet untested in the case linkage

literature. However, research on offending has found that group offences are more likely

to be planned to target multiple victims (Hauffe & Porter, 2009), and be more violent

than lone offences (Porter & Alison, 2006a, 2006bWoodhams, Gillett, et al., 2007).

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 The research sought to illuminate the links between the lifestyles of the offenders

and specific instances of lawbreaking. This required us to situate their decision-making

in the emotional and cultural context of street life. Criminal decision-making does not

take place in vacuum; it is embedded in an "ongoing process of human existence''

(Bottoms and Wiles, 1992: 19).

In the research conducted by Trajtenberg & Eisner (2017) In respect of criminal

physical threat and violence the study suggests that about 25% of adolescents in

Montevideo have been victims of one of the three types of violence in the past year.

Robbery victimizations are most frequent, followed by assault and sexual assault. Most

victimizations occur in public spaces or at school and are committed by peers roughly of

the same age. Some of their suggestions or the possible general strategic direction of

violence prevention policies based on the findings of risk factors in their study, enhance

parenting support, the idea is that helping parents of children with behavior difficulties or

parents in difficult psycho-social circumstances to better interact with their children can

help prevent the long-term development of serious behavior problems. Next, to improve

the legitimacy of the police, violence and crime issues in Montevideo are probably a

result of a general lack of confidence in the police's ability to do their jobs. For starters,

a lack of trust in the police may lead to fewer victims coming forward to report crimes to

the police or other authorities, which decreases the likelihood that victims will receive

assistance and that offenders will be brought to justice. Additionally, there is a risk that

citizens may turn to self-justice and that young people will feel less obligated to obey the

law in any culture where the police authorities are not perceived as working for the rule

of law and assisting in the delivery of justice and reducing access to firearms, alcohol,

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and drugs is one of the main cornerstones of the violence reduction strategies

recommended by the World Health Organization (Violence Prevention Alliance, 2012).

Philippine News Agency by Christopher Lloyd Caliwan, Robbery and theft cases

declined by 60 percent since the government imposed varying community quarantine

restrictions on March 17 to contain the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic,

Joint Task Force Covid Shield commander Lt. Gen. Guillermo Eleazar. It was also being

said that eight focus crimes such as murder, homicide, physical injury, rape, robbery,

theft, and carnapped vehicles and motorcycles dropped by 46 percent in the past 200

days. Citing a Philippine National Police (PNP) data, the task force said a total of 18,683

crimes were recorded from March 17 to October 2 this year compared to 34,768

criminal incidents from Aug. 30, 2019 to March 16, 2020.

International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology by Rudy B

Gahar, Philippine Investigation and Forensic Science Academy (PIFSA) Paranaque

City, Philippines, suggest the result of data gathered and documentary evidence

presented at hand, the study suggests that youth join gangs and delinquency because

of antisocial behavior, inadequate moral development, inconsistent parenting, lack of

communication with parents, school adjustment problems, low IQ, and low self-esteem.

Youth gangs have become a national problem through their activities in drugs and

numbers of crimes they commit. Belonging to a gang is not illegal; however, the

activities of gang members frequently are illegal. The size of their activities has created

a feeling of fear in the average citizens, especially during the nighttime hours, which

restrict normal adult activity and recreation. In addition to drug dealing, gang members

are often engaged in vandalism, robbery, theft, arson, shooting, physical injuries,

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stabbing, intimidation, and other forms of violence. In like manner, the Social Learning

Theory by Albert Bandura will attempt to clarify the reason for adolescent misconduct

Theoretical framework

Theory of social concern and crime as the strain is the most leading crime theories and

crime-control policies are based on the assumption that people are self-interested. But recent

work in a variety of fields has challenged this assumption, suggesting that people are both self-

interested and socially concerned. Social concern involves biologically based inclinations that

sometimes lead people to give more consideration to others than to their own interests. These

inclinations include caring about others, forming close ties to and cooperating with others,

following certain moral intuitions, and conforming. This article describes the nature of and

evidence for social concern, as well as the ways in which social factors shape social concern. The

article then presents a theory of social concern and crime. Social concern has direct, indirect,

mediating, and conditioning effects on crime. Although social concern generally reduces the

likelihood of crime, it has little effect on or increases crime under certain conditions. And

perhaps the core assumption of criminology is that people are naturally self-interested, focused

on the satisfaction of their needs and desires. Most theories are built on this assumption.

Crime is said to result when people have not learned to control the pursuit of their

interests or are in environments where their interests are better served through crime. Likewise,

most crime-control initiatives focus on reducing the criminogenic pursuit of interests, usually by

increasing the costs of crime. People are naturally socially concerned as well as self-interested;

that is, people have a set of biologically based inclinations that sometimes lead them to give

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more consideration to others than to their own interests. These inclinations include caring about

others, forming close ties to and cooperating with them, following certain moral intuitions, and

conforming. People follow these inclinations even when there is no extrinsic benefit and perhaps

some cost to doing so. However, individual, demographic, and circumstantial variations in the

strength of these inclinations. Social concern has direct, indirect, mediating, and conditioning

effects on crime. Although social concern generally reduces crime, it has little effect on or

increases crime in certain circumstances. The social environment also has a large impact on

social concern, influencing the level and nature of social concern, as well as its expression. These

environmental effects suggest several strategies for controlling crime (AGNEW, R. (2013).

Conceptual Framework

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Conceptual Paradigm

Strain

 Low Self-Control
 Low Social Control
 Low Social Support
 Associates with criminal peers

Crime

Social Concern
 Care for others
 Desire Close Ties
 Moral Intuitions
 Concern to others Circumstantial factors
 Interact with outgroup
members
Biological Factors  Strain, weak bonds,
Criminal others

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Statement of the problem
The study aims to determine the behavioral inclination among persons deprived
of liberty who committed robbery. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following
questions:

1. What is the respondent profiling in terms of;

 Gender
 Age
 Marital Status
2. What are the extent of behavioral inclination among the PDL?
 NEVER
 SOMETIMES
 OFTEN
 ALWAYS
3. What is the relationship of the respondent demographic profile and their
behavioral inclination?

4. What is the relationship between respondent profile and their behavioral

inclination?

Hypothesis:
There is no relationship between respondent demographic profile and their
behavioral inclination.

Significance of the study

The result of this study benefits the following groups of individuals:

Law-enforcers:
Law Enforcement. The law enforcement will be the most beneficial in this
proposed research study, output of this will be use as a recommendation to the BCPO
or any law enforcement agencies.

Community:
Citizens can act as individuals to prevent crime by serving as witnesses,
intervening in attempted offenses, taking precautions to prevent the theft of one's
property, and establishing and enforcing guidelines for the behavior of one's children.

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Immediate family of the offender:
The findings give them useful information regarding the factors that make a
family member commit robbery

Future researcher:
This will help the future researchers to have a better understanding in crime
related matters and give an exact and better solution on how to combat crime of
Robbery.

Definition of terms

The general theory of crime. This explains that self-control predicts hosts among

criminals and other people with similar behavior under relatively similar conditions. The

general theory of crime reveals that low self-control individuals are highly likely to

commit criminal conduct. The general theory of crime was started in 1990 by Hirschi

and Gottfredson. It is also known as the self-control theory. Self-control develops in the

early stages of a person's life. Parenting is the primary deciding factor in determining a

person's likelihood of committing a crime. Neglected or abused children lacking proper

parental supervision often develop low self-control.

Rational choice theory is based on the premise that people commit acts because of

rewards; since those rewards are perceived as being greater than the risks of those

acts, the acts are perceived as being rational. Those committing the acts see

themselves as an individual rather than as a part of an organization, family, or society. It

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is a self-interest decision to commit a crime versus the chance of getting caught. A good

example of the rational choice theory is white-collar crime. A bank employee may

decide to take money from customer accounts and hide the theft by creating false

invoices, debits, and credits to sustain his/her lifestyle. The banker weighs the options

of his/her choice and concludes that stealing customer money outweighs the chance of

being caught.

Social disorganization theory. Holds that the choices someone makes are made as a

result of that person's physical and social environments. The location is key in this

theory; it's theorized that areas with high crime rates are ones with a mix of cultures, are

impoverished, or contain a decaying neighborhood.

Strain theory. Centers on the idea that people may have similar ambitions, but they do

not have similar abilities or opportunities. When someone cannot achieve their

aspirations through legitimate means such as hard work, they turn to crime as a means

to achieve success. The strain theory holds that when a society has high standards,

lower-income individuals may feel they are failing to achieve social status or a certain

wealth, and as a result, may resort to crime as a means to an end.

Crime. Is an act committed or omitted in violation of a law forbidding or commanding it

and for which a punishment is imposed upon conviction. In the Philippines, the Revised

Penal Code (Republic Act No. 3815) serves as the basic law that defines criminal

offenses and provides the penalties for the commission of such.

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Inclination. It is a behavior that has a propensity for something habit of a person. A

preference or tendency, or a feeling that makes a person want to do something

General Crime.  The absence and not the emergence of crime. This leads them back to self-

control. If an individual has little self-control, and has the opportunity to commit

crime, criminal behavior becomes more likely. Since the opportunities for crime

are widespread, lack of self-control is to be seen as the main cause of crime.

Law. Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or

governmental institutions to regulate behavior,[2] with its precise definition a matter of

longstanding debate.[3][4][5] It has been variously described as a science[6][7] and as

the art of justice.[8][9][10] State-enforced laws can be made by a group legislature or by

a single legislator, resulting in statutes; by the executive through decrees and

regulations; or established by judges through precedent, usually in common law

jurisdictions. Private individuals may create legally binding contracts, including

arbitration agreements that adopt alternative ways of resolving disputes to standard

court litigation. The creation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution,

written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics, economics,

history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between

people

Person’s Deprived of Liberty. A person who has been arrested, held in lawful custody,

detained, or imprisoned in execution of a lawful sentence; Persons deprived of liberty

shall have the right of individual and collective petition and the right to a response

before judicial, administrative, or other authorities. This right may be exercised by third

parties or organizations, in accordance with the law.

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Robbery. The act of illegally removing property using force or threat of force from

person or location. In criminal law, an aggravated form of theft that involves violence or

the threat of violence against a victim in his presence. Many criminologists have long

regarded statistics on robbery to be one of the most accurate gauges of the overall

crime rate

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 CHAPTER II
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter explains the research design, locale of the study, sampling

procedure and units of analysis determination, source and data gathering technique as

well as the research instrument, data processing, and interpretation.

Research Design
This research study is a descriptive correctional research design. Because it will

define the systematic investigation of the nature of relationships, or associations

between and among variables, rather than direct cause-effect relationships. The data to

be collected from Police Station 2 Butuan city and gather data on behaviors and

phenomena without depending on the honesty and accuracy of respondents.

Descriptive correctional research design involves the manipulation of an independent

variable and measuring a dependent variable; the Descriptive Method will be applied to

determine the behavioral inclination among the person deprived of liberty who

committed robbery. Therefore, the Descriptive Correctional Research Design is

appropriate to use in statistical treatment and in analyzing the data to ensure accuracy

in drawing the study’s Recommendation.

Research Setting

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 Figure 2. Area Map of the Study
This study will be conducted in Butuan City , Agusan Del Norte

Research Respondents / Participants

The study’s data comes from police station 2, which is composed of independent

variables of the study, namely; Armed robbery, Aggravated robbery, Bank robbery,

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Burglary, Highway robbery, and Carjacking, with 800 records. The researcher will use

the stratified cluster techniques to identify what kinds of robbery it is, which is declared

as the dependent variable of the study. Cluster sampling techniques plan is inversely

correlated with its size, meaning that a large cluster has a higher probability of selection

than a small cluster. The benefit is that when clusters are chosen with a probability

proportional to their size, the same number of interviews and data should be conducted

in each sampled cluster to ensure that each unit sampled has an equal chance of being

chosen.

Research Instrument
The researchers use the data coming from the PNP police station 2 and will interpret
using the likert scale and the verbal description of the study.

No Range Verbal Description

1 4:00-5:00 Solved
2 3:00-4:00 On-going
3 2:00-3:00 Dismiss
4 1:00-2:00 Unsolved

Part 1 on the questionnaire checklist obtained the police officer’s level of observation in
the behavior of PDL by (2) possible statements and the effect of robbery in four
(4) situations. One (1) comment on the solution on how to stop committing
robbery. These were given one set of four checkboxes each. The four checkboxes
were ranked as:

Data Gathering Procedure

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 The study’s respondents will be the community of Langihan Road, Butuan city.

The study uses the cluster sampling technique in determining the robbery case status,

cluster since only the data is available at Police Station 2 that will be included in the

conduct of the study.

The researcher sent a letter of permission to the head of the Police Sation 2

conduct an interview and request for data about the robbery status of Langihan Road,

Butuan city. The researcher oriented the police officers and members for them to be

unbiased as to the purpose of the study. After the completion of the data and interview,

the researchers will conduct pre-processing of the data retrieved from the police station,

and data will be tallied and summarized. The study examines and interprets with the

use of appropriate statistical tool.

Ethical Considerations

In conducting the research, the researchers make sure that the ethics in research

are follow and strictly observe. The following are the ethics use by the researchers as

guide for conducting their study. The researchers need to have a privacy of the profile

data, where the personal identity particularly the name of those victim in the crime of

robbery and other information about them are not compulsory and confidential. On the

other hand, voluntary participation should include to their study, where the researchers

will not force the Butuan City Police Office to be partake to the researchers’ study, but

rather the researchers politely request a letter to them.

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Statistical Treatment
The following statistical tool will be used to treat the study’s problem.

Frequency This statistical tool will be used to determine the behavioral inclination who
committed robbery or crime.
Mean. Will be used to calculate the status of the robbery case status of langihan Road Butuan
City.

References
Burt CH. Self-Control and Crime: Beyond Gottfredson and Hirschi's Theory. Annu Rev
Criminol. 2020 Jan;3(1):43-73. doi: 10.1146/annurev-criminol-011419-041344. Epub 2019 Oct
4. PMID: 33954281; PMCID: PMC8095718
Craske MG, Roy-Byrne P, Stein MB, et al.: CBT intensity and outcome for panic disorder in a
primary care setting. Behav Ther 2006;37:112-119
Porter, Louise & Alison, Laurence. (2006). Behavioural coherence in group robbery: A
circumplex model of offender and victim interactions. Aggressive Behavior. 32.
10.1002/ab.20132.
AGNEW, R. (2013). SOCIAL CONCERN AND CRIME: MOVING BEYOND THE
ASSUMPTION OF SIMPLE SELF-INTEREST. Criminology, 52(1), 1–32. doi:10.1111/1745-
9125.1203

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://ocindex.net/country/uruguay
https://www.vrc.crim.cam.ac.uk/system/files/documents/uruguayreporteng.pdf

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