Reservoir Geosciences
- the understanding of the geology of the
reservoir essential to its development
production and management.
- Include both the external geology and
internal geology
External geology
- What created the hydrocarbon trap
Internal geology
- Nature of rocks in which the
hydrocarbon trap exists
Reservoir
- One of the elements of petroleum
system that can accumulate
hydrocarbons
Geoscience
- Incorporate sciences such as physics,
chemistry, and biology and uses them
to study the earth
Petroleum Geology
- the application of geology to the
exploration for and production of oil
and gas
Geology
- based on chemistry, physics, and
biology, involving the application of
essentially abstract concepts to
observed data
APPLICATION OF GEOSCIENCES
 Industrial Society
- modern industrial society depends on
the natural resources and the ability to
process those resources
 Exploration of Energy and Mineral
Resources
- played a major role in locating deposits
of commercially valuable minerals and
energy resources
 Natural Hazard
- played a major role in the reliability of
earthquake probability estimation on a
particular fault within a particular year
 Engineering Environmental, and
Archeological Urban Geology
- provides data for site investigation and
land use problems
Geology
- the study of rocks and Earth history
- used in exploration for deposits of
minerals, metals, and fuels essential for
our present lifestyle
 Physical Geology
- Study of the appearance of Earth’s
surface and the processes that form
surface features
 Historical Geology
- Integrates understanding of physical,
chemical, and biological processes to
interpret the history of Earth
- Include ordering and timing of events in
Earth history such as major mountain-
building, changes in sea level and
climate, and the evolution of organisms
preserved in rocks as fossil
GEOLOGIC DISCIPLINES Geomorphologist

- Study Earth’s landforms and landscapes

Geochemist
- Bring chemical methods and theory to
the study of rocks and water and also
determine the ages of rocks and on
Earth itself
Geophysicist
- Apply the concepts physics and the
measurements of physical properties of
rock to understand how processes
within Earth shape its surface features
Paleontologist
- Study fossilized organisms and the
biology of past life
in relation to the geologic and climatic
processes and human activities which
from them
Petrologist
- Determine the origin and natural
history of rocks by analyzing mineral
and grain relationship
Stratigraphers
- Investigates the time and space
relationships of rocks on a local,
regional, and worldwide scale
throughout geologic time

Mineralogist BASIC STRUCTURES OF EARTH

- Study minerals, which are the materials - 8000 miles in diameter

that make up rocks - Lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere
- Crust, mantle outer core, inner core
Structural geologists
Crust 0C 30 KM Rocky
- Study how rocks deform and are
uplifted into mountains or depressed Mantle 1000 C 2900 KM Plastic
into lowlands Mg, Fe, Al,
Si, O
Resource geologist
Core 3700 C 5200 KM Liquid
- Prospect for energy resources and Fe, S
other important resources, ranging Inner core 4300 C Solid Fe
from water to the constituents of
concrete to metal ores and gemstones
Minerals
Environmental geologists
- Formed under a wide range of physical
- Monitor and protect the environment
and chemical conditions that provide
by determining how human-caused
clues to the processes that generate
contaminants move through soil and
Earth’s lithosphere and deeper layers
rock, and how to clean up
- Naturally occurring, inorganic solid that
contaminated areas
has a definite chemical composition and
crystal structure
- > 3000 minerals are found in Earth’s
crust
 Fracture

Formation and Composition - the tendency of mineral breaks

unevenly or irregularly
 Many minerals come from magma, the
molten rock beneath the Earth’s
surface. When magma cools, mineral
 Friedrich Moh’s, a German mineralogist,
crystals are formed
worked out a scale of hardness.
- When magma cools slowly, large
crystals form
 Geologists use Mohs hardness scale to
- When magma cools rapidly, small
describe mineral hardness. It has values
crystals from
from 1 to 10, with the hardest mineral,
diamond, assigned a hardness value of
 Crystals also form from compounds
10.
dissolved in a liquid such as water.
When the liquid evaporates, or changes
 These values are consistent with the
to a gas, it leaves behind the minerals
scratch test. The Mohs scale is relative
as crystals. (Halite , rocksalt)
and allows geologists to rank minerals
according to their hardness; it is not an
absolute scale
Physical Properties of Minerals

Density
ROCKS
- Measure of the mass of a material
divided by its volume
Luster
- how mineral surfaces reflect light
Cleavage
- refers to the flat, smooth planes along
which some minerals break and also to
the shape of the resulting fragments
Igneous rock
Streak
- the color of the residue produced by
scratching a mineral on a non-glazed
porcelain plate. Different specimens of
the same mineral may vary in color, but
the streak color is always the same
Hardness
- a measure of the resistance of a mineral
surface to sratching
- Are aggregates of small grains called
minerals. It can be composed of
numerous grains of several different
minerals or numerous grains of the
same mineral
- Can be igneous, sedimentary,
metamorphic
- Crystallize from molten material called
magma
- The root word for “igneous” is the Latin
word igneus, which meaning “fiery”
- Consist mostly of silicate materials
- Has four basic types of textures:
o Glassy
o Fine-grained
o Oarse-grained
o Polyphritic
 - Two kinds of igneous rocks:

o Volcanic (extrusive) rocks

- refers to lava, ash, and pumice
extruded onto the surface at
volcanoes
o Plutonic (intrusive) rocks
- describes magma intruded
into preexisting rocks, below
the surface. Because the rocks
that surround the cooling
plutonic rocks are good

- Plutonic igneous rocks are easy to

identify because the mineral grains are
all large enough to be seen by the
naked eye

- The rapid crystallization of volcanic

igneous rocs are forms very small
crystals that are difficult to distinguish
with the naked eye

METAMORPHIC ROCK

- Come from Greek word meta means

“change” and morphe means “form”
- Result from changes to preexisting
rocks; these changes occur when the
minerals that compose the rock are
changed or rearranged or both
- The changes typically occur at
temperatures in excess of

Metamorphism

- The changing of one type into another

as a result of heat, pressure and/or
chemical reactions
- The classification for metamorphic
rocks are based on the arrangement of
the grains that make up the rocks