!"!

# $ % &

!""£
!""£

$ % &' ()* .4? A, B 0 .4i. ..( % C-. VHZ [H % A + B = n @RO n

0 ..( % C-.B . -.V < z 4 /
o 7 ?. * 8j ¤:+ n×n7
= C %D (• ?P ‡ 4 ¤:+ . =r 4 8j G: . ..( % .
I C-. VHZ [H % ? / ( % \N,]h + E
ŽF V ( % < z 4 ; O . =r (T0 < z 4 % .4 A 7
ŽŽF V ( % < z 4 % f . =r (T0 < z 4 % .4 B 7
ŽŽŽF -.…9 $ % N 0 .. (n − 1)2 + k ; 4 8j G: RO k (T0z 4 /
% .4 A . B 7
$ % !' ()* +, œ ABC 0 = 1 %2 3 4 I 7 8 (ka ) 0 1 % -.Vn
J ; ? % % 4 A 5 + %8 .4 A q= 9: 4 0 = 1 % ( I ) % A1 7 ( % .4
B1 , C1 L M. , %O /.3 h RO 7
™F = C %D AA1 , BB1 , CC1 ?1/ %P7
›F 8 ( J a ), ( J b ), ( J c ) / 0 1 %†4 :0
U = 1 %2 3 4 4 A, B, C % +,
ABC Š .3 .4 < % BC , CA, AB 7
= C %D P 0Vn |1=(4, .4 % 1 %> h 7
$ % X' ()* +, ABC 7 i U V4 % .’ h + E
A B B C C A
cos 2 cos 2 cos 2 cos 2 cos 2 cos 2
S= 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 2
C A B
cos 2 cos 2 cos 2
2 2 2
$ % ^' ( % < I.4( .Y0 % f : → VHZ [H %E
x 1
f ( x) = f x 2 + + A: ( % x ∈ 7
3 9
$ % #' ()* A 0 .4 -.VH4 z 4 .. 2007 % .4 {1, 2,3,..., 4013, 4014}
VHZ [H % A: ( % a, b ∈ A G: a R .g %.3 b 7 8 m A 0z 4 V4 % A7
i U V4 % mA A: A VHZ [H % \N,]h 7
$ % b' ()*?q4 +,.=| ( H ) -. 9 7 ?. * +, .. RO -. ( %
? 0 ? %?q4 +, ( H ) RO .-. +,? -. ? / 7
=D (• = ? +,. =r . 1 O S)* > 3 .: o/7
 !"! # $ % &

k 1234K ' =
2 &\@< [& = _ DE ak = bk = t /
t 9 =< ` ^ ! [,!
k ( ,! ! kN ` "- ? ! &,!
k ( ,! ! k &= a: 0 P
0N / " D [,! ( ,!
! "#$ %# & ! ' ( ( ) *
+ ,! ( ,! ! "- . / N
0 ( 12345 7
6 8 9N ( ( 4
!!7 A ∩ B = ∅ O !7K + ' =! @<
/ : ; 9 = < ,! ( ,! !> ! ? @< A B MN DE
' =! @<! && =C ! DE k = 0 .
A FG > H (I!J =K ! . > T T& = + P
6 7Q LMN
LLMN LLLM B O 6P7Q LLLN RH@< A !7&( S D H (,GK n M.
* n =1N ( T ( U.
V K ( * D & =: K n − 1 ' =. A FG
* & = ! A, B : K ' = nN WX Y >Z n× n : "#$ %#
6P7Q T : !.
( T ( ( 4& = ! A = {a1 , a2 , a3 ,..., an }, B = {b1 , b2 , b3 ,..., bn } = < /
a1 < a2 < a3 < ... < an , b1 < b2 < b3 < ... < bn O& =C ! ( K ' = ! @< M.
V K a1 < b1 . 0 " D ' =
[& =C ! &\@< / K & &
# - ] i
"#$ %#
ai > b1 > b1 − a1 ai − (b1 − a1 ) > 0 .
( ( 4& = A*, B * B ^ 8
A* = {a2 , a3 ,..., ai −1 , ai − bi + a1 ,..., an },
B* = {b2 , b3 ,..., bn }
& =C ! K ' = &\@<DE n − 1
/ > HI!J
(I!J =K ! K >Z : K
 !"! # $ % &

H (K (n − 1) × ( n − 1) "#$ %# P
6 7Q T O = < >Z K b) & P0
(n − 2)2 M.
: ; 9B c2 >Z H,! ! ( 9B >Z H,! ?
! . [ ` ,d B c2 ( :"< B N P a1 N [,! i ! &
>Z O,!
,! : K " D ' = &\ A ai − b1 + a1 MN
b1 − a1 N e [D ` "- ? ! &,! ( ,! !: A :f /
P 0 C J&. / >Z K " D ' = [,! _
T& = A ( " D ' = [,! ! _T& = B N P 0 [>Z :
Y 5 ( ( T (n − 2)2 + 2(n − 1) − 1 = (n − 1)2
e / g "#$ %# 6P7Q T .
/ W ( * D & =: K n ' =: !.
> A& + HI!J
(I!J =K ! ( * D D H (,GK n.
5 Fh RH FG .
i
jk A FG lmnno B ^ 8
D34 ^7 ABC I! A p! 2 ( I ) K D T = ) ! &! 2 I! A =< =A [
BC . > M , N T & 2! & AD T ( I ) O N &;( [ / A ( M M. V K
IM ^ & AH K. FG KA = KM .
( T
> ET = ) ! & (I ) [
BC . V K IE ^ ( I ) = !
DE N ′ "- E . > N′ & /#
& T BC ^ AB ( AC !? @<
B′ ( C ′ . K q :
I : ^7 AB ′C ′ 9T
^7 ABC . q : I / W
: = ) N ′ ! &! 2 ( I ) I! A =< =
! & ∆AB ′C ′ [ B ′C ′ 9T = )
D ! &! 2 ( J ) I! A =< =! & ∆ABC .
C 5 A, N ′ , D &;( /# :
 !"! # $ % &

! EN ′ r @<T N. / ^7 IMN K Z @<T ∆KMA

O * IN || AK MN : ∆IMN & 5 I /34 ∆KAM & 5 K ! E KA = KM .
5 Fh RH FG .
> C 5 8 ! 2 K "U( &;( & = AN ^ > A ( ) T (I ) M
/34 M &;( AD . ! 2 DE K : D .
s H(
> D , E , F !? @<T = ) ! &! 2 I! A =< = A, B, C ! & ^7 ABC [
,d BC , CA, AB . > lmnno B 8 A1 ∈ AD, B1 ∈ CF , C1 ∈ BE
C 5 AA1 , BB1 , CC1 & @
2 < = >: AD, BE , CF & 2@<. (1)
v) ? 8 >
BC = a , C A = b, AB = c
AB + BC + CA
=p
2
/ X D7/5 8
DB = EC = p − c
DC = AF = p − b
AE = BF = p − a
DB EC FA
C 5 . . =1
DC EA FB
> A& + wmxo I&N 5
AD, BE , CF & 2@<. (2)
> (1) & (2) 5 AA1 , BB1 N
CC1 & 2@<.
5 Fh RH FG .
tk > A′ , B ′ !? @<T = + ! & BC , CA; A2 , B2 , C2 !? @<T"U( ! 2 I! A =<
= A, B , C ! & ∆ABC . > D′ , E ′ !? @<T = ) ! & (I ) [ BC , CA .
D c= @<T D′ 1? A = + A′ ! & BC , A2 c= @<T J a 1?
A A /34 J a D || A2 D N : J a D ′ ⊥ BC .
′ ′
A2 D ⊥ BC
/ (Ja ) ) T BC D′ .
@<: ! 5 ( Jb ) ) T CA E′ .
5 CD ′ = CE ′ / &2u D=7 = C 9 ( J a ) ( ( J b ) &\@<N DE C &;( [
Ju -&2u D=7 = ! &! 2 C ! .
 !"! # $ % &

A FG CP N W T CF : !N : T J Y yG "U( J a , J b ! &! 2 C
!DE ( J a ), ( J b ) .
> ^! 7 = Ja , Jb A′ T = + ! & A2 J a , B ′ T = +

! & B2 J b . / 2 A′ B ′ = A′ B ′ + J a J b ! E J a J b = 2 A′ B ′ − A2 B2 = BA − A2 B2 .
WK 8 CF = CC2 + C2 F
5 8 J a J b .CF = ( BA − A2 B2 )(CC2 + C2 F ) = BA.C2 F − A2 B2 .CC2 − A2 B2 .C2 F =
= BA.CC2 − A2 B2 .C2 F O * C2 F : T AB, A2 B2 : T CC2 M. (1)
v) ? A, B , C DT
E , &! & ^7 A2 B2C2 / q& &8
∆C2 AB ∆C2 B2 A2 N : C2 F T , &! & ∆C2 AB, C2C T &! & ∆C2 B2 A2
CF CC
/34 2 = 2 C2 F . A2 B2 = AB.CC2 . W 0 ! ^7C ! ∆C2 AB,
AB A2 B2
∆C2 B2 A2 K Z @< 5 8
( BA, CC2 ) = ( A2 B2 , C2 F ) . / BA.CC2 = A2 B2 .C2 F (2)
> (1) & (2) C 5 8 J a J b .C2 F = 0 ! E C2 F ⊥ J a J b
/ C 2 F DET
TJu
Ju -&2u D=7 = ! &! 2 C ! ( J a ), ( J b ) N DE P &;( [ Ju -
&2u D=7 = ! &! 2 C ! ( J a ), ( J b ) .
@< A B : ! W5 P &;( [ Ju -&2u D=7 = ! &! 2 ( J c ), ( J b ) : !.
 !"! # $ % &

> / C 5 P DET"U( &2u D=7 = ! & ( J a ), ( J b ), ( J c ) .

DET Fh RH FG .
z
A FG lmnno
* D a , b, c ( JH (,GK ( ( &\& 4 @<N D5 8
1 1 1 9
2
+ 2
+ 2
≥
(a + b) (b + c) (c + a) 4(ab + bc + ca )
&F{& y K a = b = c ! E a = b, c = 0 ( D K&! &g.
&K
RHy : ( / H (& y B RH FG 8
( 4a 5b − a 4b 2 − 3a 3b3 ) + ( a 4bc − 2a 3b 2 c + a 2b 2 c 2 ) ≥ 0 (*)
sym sym

> H (& y |}~•€ * + ( JH (,GK a , b, c 5 8

a ( a − b)( a − c ) ≥ 0 N D=7J •C ! A abc ( JH (,GK ( / 9N
sym

5 ( a 4bc − 2a 3b 2 c + a 2b 2 c 2 ) ≥ 0 (1)
sym

v) ? > H (& y wo•}~‚ 5 8

( 4a 5b − a 4b 2 − 3a 3b3 ) = ( a 5b − a 4 b 2 ) + 3( a 5b − a 3b3 ) ≥ 0 (2)
sym sym sym

J • A J • H (& y (1) & (2) 5 H (& y (*) .

& y K = < (*) = >: & y K = < (1) & (2) N DE
a = b = c ! E a = b, c = 0 ( D K&! &g. lmnno RH5 FG .
s H( 8
A 1 B C
K cos 2 = . @<: ! * cos 2 , cos 2
2 tan 2 A + 1 2 2
2
, & : B S : 34 5 8
x2 + 1 A B C
S= 2 2
N = < / x = tan , y = tan , z = tan ; x, y , z > 0
( y + 1)( z + 1) 2 2 2
O[ ( ( &
+ F{ x DET" c= > J f! x, y, z M
v) ? =< ^7 ABC : K 8
A B B C C A
tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1 xy + yz + zx = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
 !"! # $ % &

/
x2 + 1 ( x2 + xy )
S= =
( y 2 + 1)( z 2 + 1) (y +2 2
xy )( z + xy )
( x + y )( x + z ) 1
= =
( y + z )( y + x)( z + x)( z + y ) ( x + y)2
9 9
J =H + ] lmnno B 5 S≥ =
4( xy + yz + zx) 4
9
"= ! & S DE 5 x = y = z ! E ABC T ^7& u -.
4
ƒ
x 1 1 1 1 1
K x2 + + = ( x + )2 + f ( x ) = f (( x + ) 2 + ), ∀x ∈
3 9 6 12 6 12
1 1 1 1
> y = x+ ⇔ x = y− . , & Z 5 f ( y − ) = f ( y 2 + ) (*)
6 6 6 12
( ( 4J =D ] g ( x ) : → "#$ %#
1 1
g ( x + ) = f ( x ) ⇔ f ( x − ) = g ( x ), ∀x ∈ (1)
6 6
1
> (*) 5 g ( x ) = g ( x 2 + ), ∀x ∈ N q& & g ( x ) WTJ =D ]T : !.
4
A 7 J =D ] g ( x ) "#$ %# 6P7QB .
1 1
8 ∀x ∈ , g ( x ) = g ( x 2 + ) = g (( − x ) 2 + ) = g ( − x )
4 4
/34 g ( x ) TJ =D ]D.
@ : RH^!&( S x ≥ 0 . K !7 !8
1 1
„ * x0 ≤ : ( ( 4&2= 8 u1 = x0 , un +1 = un2 + , n ≥ 1 .
2 4
1
/ un +1 − un = (un − ) 2 ≥ 0 /34&2= (un ) . v) ? > H (I!J =K !
2
1
FG 5 un ≤ , ∀n N DE &2= RHC . > / C 5 gK
2
1 1
.> t T / /34 t = t 2 + ⇔ t = .
4 2
1 1
/ g ( x) = g ( ), ∀x0 ∈ 0; .
2 2
1 1
„ * x0 > : @< A B : ! ( ( 4&2= v1 = x0 , vn+1 = vn − ≥ 0, n ≥ 1 .
2 4
 !"! # $ % &

1
−(vn − ) 2
1
/ vn +1 − vn = vn − − vn = 2 < 0 / &2= : 34T&2= = .
4 1
vn − + vn
4
1
W> H (I!J =K ! : ! FG 5 vn > N DE &2= : 34 RHC ^ N
2
1 1
C 5 gK .> / 0 k /34 k = k − ⇔ k =
4 2
1 1 1
/ g ( x ) = g ( ), ∀x0 ∈ ( ; +∞ ) . > g ( ) = a ∈
2 2 2
> / C 5 g ( x ) = a, ∀x ≥ 0 ! E g ( x ) = a, ∀x ∈ (2)
> (1) & (2) 5 f ( x) = a, ∀x ∈ . DET D J = D ]: RH! .
…
: & = {1, 2,3,...., 4013, 4014} 9T 2007 :"< P1 ∪ P2 ∪ ... ∪ P2007 O& = _
K b) &' = T! && = {1, 2, 3,...4013, 4014} M "#$ %# & = Pa K
"#= D + D H (,GK : K Z 2 n (2a − 1) N = < / n T ( JH (,GK .
/ & =! A ! && = {1, 2,3,..., 4013, 4014} ( X K ' = ! &;( [ = < & =
T @< =< / & =C 2007 / * ( / DE q& &
K A : 0 A ? N "#= @< A 6P7Q ' .
v) ? N AK ' = 2007 /34 A K "#= ' = 1 ! && = Pa B .
> αi T' = ! &A : α i ∈ Pi , i = 1, 2007 .
( ( 4 + ' = α1 , α 2 , α 5 ,..., α1094 !? @< K Z 2n ,3.2n ,32.2n ,...,37.2n N q& &
' = _/ K : † : ! =) ‡ DE 2 ( 3. W &2u D=71
"= ! & 2 = < α1 RH1T &2u D=71 "= ! & 2 = < α 2 * "#= H( /34
α 2 α1 N "#= @< A 6P7Q ' .
@<: ! * + ' = "- ? = < &2= α1 , α 2 , α 5 ,..., α1094 N DE i < j / &2u
D=7! & 2 = < α i RH1T &2u D=7! & 2 = < α j . / &2u D=7! & 2 = < &2=
α1 , α 2 , α 5 ,..., α1094 DET&2= = 0 B . 0 K ' = 8 = < &2= B O RH@< A
&2u D=7! & 3 : r 0 7 M /34 ! & α1 "= DE 27 = 128 .
T 9 ? N + ' =! &&2= K ! &&2u D=7 3 T + /# O "#=
H( N ! &&2u D=7 3 f = : &2u D=7 2 Wf = : ! /34K :
0 A ? N "#= @< A 6P7Q ' M.
C 5 α 1 DET "= = < &2= B .
 !"! # $ % &

@< A B : ! * + † "- ? N W ( ( 4 : K Z 8
α i = 2 n .3n ... pkn N = < / 2,3,..., pk T
i i k
+ : † ( & 4014 . > /
C 5 α1 WT' = "= = < + ' =! && = A : !. / ' = "= m A
! && = A DET α1 N 5 FG B α1 ≥ 128 ! E mA ≥ 128 .
A FG 128 DET "= ! & m A > ^! ˆh & =! A ! &
& = {1, 2,3,..., 4013, 4014} "#$ %# 6P7Q ' .
( ( 4& =8 A = α i = 2 .(2i − 1) |1338 ≤ 3 .(2i − 1) ≤ 4014
{ }
f (i ) f (i )

q& && = K ' =: 2007 D &;( [ = < & = {1, 2,3,..., 4013, 4014} .
A FG αx : ( 0 A αy * x > y ODE & = "#$ %#
6P7Q ' M.
( T V K"#= H( K x, y "#$ %# αx α y N /
2 f ( x ) (2 x − 1) 2 f ( y ) (2 y − 1) N DE f ( x) ≥ f ( y ) ( (2 x − 1) (2 y − 1) .
> ^! 7 D x, y 5 8 (2 x − 1)
1) (2 y − 1) 2 x − 1 ≥ 3(2 y − 1) N
e ( 3 f ( y ) +1 (2 y − 1) ≥ 4014 > 3 f ( x ) (2 x − 1) ≥ 3 f ( x ) +1 (2 y − 1) f ( y ) > f ( x) .
y "#= @< ˆh D ' =! & A &= a: "#$ %# * D a, b ∈ A / a :
( 0 A b.
128 DET "= ! & m A : RH! .
‰
> ! (H ) : 34 0 e= ^7
A1 A2 A3 ... A8 A9 ! . N
:H + ,d ( J Y R C J& (H )
DEK : 4 "- @< O > R T^! 2
I! A p! & ( H ) / ˆ A D7/
π 2π
5 C / DE 2 R.sin , 2 R sin ,
9 9
3π 4π
2 R sin , 2 R sin M > g0
9 9
a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 > 0 s :H
,d . q& & + ^7: K
&;( [ + ! & (H ) A
K ,d : K :H &;( =< Z =< / Z C 5 B ^ 8
 !"! # $ % &

(a1 , a1 , a2 ), (a2 , a2 , a4 ), (a1 , a3 , a4 ), (a3 , a3 , a3 ), (a2 a3 , a4 ), (a4 , a4 , a1 ) .

V K ^7 RH5 ,& DE ∆1 , ∆ 2 , ∆ 3 .
( ( 4 + !7B ^ 8
„ =< + ^7 / K ^7& u - N q& &N ^7 HR K
3π
:H D ,d &\ A 2 R.sin N 0 ( 12345 7
6 8 9N V K / DET
9
^7 A1 A4 A7 . 0 + ^7 ∆1 , ∆ 2 , ∆ 3 ( K ! r @< / A
Y ^7 K C J&T =< / C !! & + & =
{ A2 , A3 }, { A4 , A5 }, { A7 , A8 } . A FG ^7 / RHK b)
3π
& ,d K :H &\ A 2 R.sin N DE !K P& #&- ]: K
9
& @< : A 3 . V K"#= H ( N =< ^7C !: RH Y N ( K
3π
^7 K ,d &\ A 2 R.sin N / A2 RHyG T A4 e A4
9
RHyG T A8 N : / A8 RH5 yG T A2 T !K P& &
# - ]
: : A 35 & 2 @<N "#= @<. / N =< ^7C !: Y
3π
5 N: K ,d K :H &\ A 2 R.sin .C 5 !7 : K
9
^7: "#$ %# ' T ( U.
„ =< + ^7 / ( K ^7 T ^7& u -. / +
^7: RH5 &( S ( K &;( =< & = T @< = < / & =
C B ^ 8 α1 = { A1 , A4 , A7 }, α 2 = { A2 , A5 , A8 }, α 3 = { A3 , A6 , A9 } .
J Y yG ! = W0 &;( [ = < & = ! "- @< A K =< /
C DE a1 , a2 , a4 . e ( K ^7 K :H ,d C DE (a1 , a2 , a4 )
/ 5 ^!& Y !8
OjM ^7 K D &;( [ = < & =C α1 , α 2 , α 3 B / A K ,d
! / K :H &\@<O + ,d ! &gX T ( a1 , a1 , a2 ), ( a2 , a2 , a4 ), ( a4 , a4 , a1 ) M
DE g RH: T ^7& 5 .
OtM ^7 K ! =< / C &;( [ =< & = @< /34
^7 / K + ,d :H ( a2 , a3 , a4 ) ! E ( a1 , a3 , a4 ) N DE ^7 / ( :
T ^7& 5 .
( ( 4 + H + !7 O + ^7: ( ( 4 [B ^ T ^7
& 5 : ( & u -M
 !"! # $ % &

K ^7& 5 ! ( ^7 ( & 5 8 / > ^!& Y OjMN

^7& 5 C !/ RHK &;( [ = < + & = "- @< = < & =C
α1 , α 2 , α 3 N / N q& & ^7 ? W RHK &;( [ = < +
& = "- @<: !N DE g RH: & 5 N "#= @<.
!7 ( X K .
K ^7& 5 ( ^7 ( & 5 ! / > ^!& Y OtMN
^7 ( & 5 C !/ RHK ! &;( = < & =: e ?
&;( = < & = "- ? NV K ^7 K !&;( = < α1 ( ?
&;( = < α 2 N q& & ^7 ( & 5 "- ? RHK !&;( =< α 2 N
? &;( =< α 3 N C 5 ^7 "- ? K !&;( =< α 3 N
? &;( = < α1 /34gT ^7& 5 N "#= @<.
@< A B : ! !7 ( X K .
^7C &= a: ( & 5 / > ^!& Y OtMN ^7 / &;( =<
Z =< / Z C ! (a2 , a3 , a4 ) ! E (a1 , a3 , a4 ) N DE + ^7 K ,d
K :H &\ a3 .

=< !7 RH5 0 .
^7C &= a: & 5 / + ^7K :H ,d DE (a1 , a1 , a2 ),
(a2 , a2 , a4 ), (a4 , a4 , a1 ) . q& & ( K !7: K :H + ,d !? @<
C u a ' = B / DE RHK u a ' = ! r @<N DE K
b) ( ^7& 5 ! &\@< ( ^7& 5 K =< /
C B 12T ,d N / ,&5 T ( U ^7 H ,d
&\ A ,d 5 ! E ,d B ! & ^7& 5 C !: &\@< / .

=< !7 W RH5 0 : !.

=< D !7 5 Fh RH FG T ( .
U