Practical Research

Data is a set of information

4 Levels of measurements

1. Nominal- Lowest level of measurement

2. Ordinal- used to group, order/rank
3. Interval- Numerical data, “no arbitrary point/zero”, reference point, zero means nothing
4. Ratio- Manipulated using the operation, “has an arbitrary point/zero”

Data Statistics Information

Statistics

Descriptive
Inferential
Statistics-"Descri
Statistics-"Infer"
be"

Measures of Measures of
Parameteric Non-parametric
central tendency Variablity
Tests Tests
(mean) (variance)

If the data is -If the population size is too

nomally small
Distributed -if your data is saturated
with outliers
Mean()- Average - if data is ordinal in nature

Median()- Middle
Mode- Highest frequency (f)
- Unimodal
- Bimodal
- Multimodal
Personal development
Mental health

US National Institutes of Mental Health

Is the lead federal agency for research on mental disorders. According to the US National Institutes of
Mental Health “mental health includes our emotional, Psychological, and social well-being. It affects
how we think, feels, and act as we cope with life and make choices. It also helps determine how we
handle important at every stage of life, from childhood and adolescence through adulthood”

Mental health includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects how we think,
feels, and act as we cope with life. It also helps determine how we handle stress, relate to others, and
make choices. Mental health is important at every stage of life. From childhood and adolescence
through adulthood and aging.

1999 Surgeon General Report on Mental Health

 Mental health is fundamental to a person's overall health, indispensable to personal well-being

and instrumental to leading a balanced and productive life," - Dr. Satcher.
 In 1999, The US Surgeon General published its first report on Mental Health that aims to dispel
the myths and stigma surrounding mental illness
 The report shows that disorders like depression, schizophrenia, and eating disorders are actual
illnesses that, if untreated, can be as disabling and serious as cancer and heart disease that can
cause death and lost productivity. You may be asked to expound on your answers
 The Surgeon General's report considers mental health and mental illness from a life-span
perspective, devoting chapters to trends identified in children, adults, and the elderly
 The report examines how
- Gender
- Culture
- Age

Different Concepts (WHO) of Mental Health

THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION’S (WHO) WORLD HEALTH REPORT RELEASED IN 2001 STATED THAT
“MENTAL HEALTH IS DEFINED DIFFERENTLY BY DIFFERENT EXPERTS FROM DIFFERENT CULTURES.”
CONCEPTS OF MENTAL HEALTH INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:

1. Subjective well-being
- This may be defined as one’s personal (subjective) thoughts and feelings about one’s
overall state of being. Mental health denotes positive and healthy interpretations of a
person’s self–concept, and how a person feels about him/herself. On the other hand, a
negative self–concept will have a negative effect on one’s mental health and well–being.
2. Perceived Self – Efficacy
- Self – efficacy is one’s perception of one’s value and worth, effectiveness, and ability in
performing a task or activity. A person with a low self – esteem may exhibit types of
behavior that are self – destructive or self – sabotaging. On the other hand, a person with a
 health self – concept will move toward self–fulfillment, and self – actualization, have
healthy relationships, and live happier and more fulfilling lives.
3. Autonomy
- Autonomy deals with one’s capacity to separate one’s identity from other significant
persons like parents, lovers, and special friends. Autonomy is the capacity for self–direction
and having a clearly defined role identity. It is crucial to have autonomy since this defines
how a person interacts with other people and the environment.
4. Competence
- Competence is related to self–esteem and self–identity. Competence is the perception of
one’s capacity to effectively perform a function or activity using specific skills and
knowledge and achieving the desired results at a given time. Responsibility is a major
underlying factor for competence.
5. Intergenerational Independence
- It refers to the relationships between individuals who belong to different generations but
maybe living separately as independent, autonomous persona during a specific period of
time. An example of this that is very common among Filipinos is the relationship between
parents and their grown-up children.
6. Self – Actualization of One’s Intellectual and Emotional Potential
- Maslow’s pyramid of the human hierarchy of needs places self – actualization at the peak.
This means that once a person fulfills his or her physiological needs, security and safety
needs, emotional and social needs, and self–esteem needs, the next need to be fulfilled is
self – actualization. Self – actualization is about fulfilling one’s perceived potential and
becoming the person that one has always aspired for.

EXAMPLE OF MENTAL HEALTH AND WELL-BEING

1. Essence or Spirituality
2. Work and leisure
3. Friendship
4. Love
5. Self-direction

12 SUB-TASKS AS MAJOR COMPONENTS OF WELLNESS OR WELL-BEING That comprise the Wheel of

Wellness (Myers, Witmer, and Sweeney, 2000)

1. SENSE OF WORTH
- Our acceptance of self with our imperfections and shortcomings, our feelings of adequacy,
and the recognition of our positive qualities.
2. SENSE OF CONTROL
- Is all about feeling sufficient choice, freedom, and autonomy that encourages you to feel
motivated and act.
- Also known as “locus of control” (originally coined by rotter, 1966) refers to the “belief
about whether the outcome[s] of our actions are contingent on what we do (internal
control orientation) or on events outside our personal control (external control orientation)
(zimbardo,1985)
3. REALISTIC BELIEF
 - The viewpoint which accords to things which are known or perceived an existence or
nature which is independent of whether anyone is thinking about or perceiving them. -
related to the ability to perceive reality as it is at the moment
- “Healthy people are able to process information accurately and perceive reality as it is
rather than as they wish it to be. People who have realistic beliefs are able to accept
themselves as imperfect.” – (myers et al., 2000)
4. EMOTIONAL AWARENESS AND COPING
- EMOTIONAL AWARENESS IS ABOUT BEING MORE CONSCIOUS OF HOW YOU FEEL, AND THE
FEELINGS OF OTHERS.
- COPING SKILLS HELP YOU TO TOLERATE AND HANDLE STRESSFUL SITUATIONS IN LIFE
5. PROBLEM SOLVING AND CREATIVITY
- THE PROBLEM-SOLVING ABILITY IS PART OF COGNITION AS WELL AS MENTAL, EMOTIONAL
AND MOTIVATIONAL PROCESSES THAT FORM PART OF THE CONCEPTS OF MANAGEABILITY
AND MEANINGFULNESS OF A PERSON (MAYER & VIVIERS, 2014B) - CREATIVITY REFERS TO
CREATING AND DEVELOPING NEW IDEAS AND CONCEPTS
- “ALL THINKING INVOLVES PROBLEM SOLVING.” (MONTAGUE, 1981) CREATIVITY DEFINED
AS A “MULTIDIMENSIONAL PHENOMENON INVOLVING THE ABILITY TO DEVELOP NEW OR
DIFFERENT CONCEPTS, IDEAS, STRUCTURES, OR PRODUCTS” AND HAS A POSITIVE IMPACT
ON MENTAL HEALTH. (MYERS ET AL., 2000)
6. SENSE OF HUMOR
- REFERS TO THE ABILITY TO FIND THINGS FUNNY, GENERAL ENJOYMENT IN DOING SO, OR
THE PARTICULAR TYPES OF THINGS ONE FINDS FUNNY. A HEALTHY SENSE OF HUMOUR IS
VIEWED AS BEING THOUGHTFUL, SPONTANEOUS AND EVEN PHILOSOPHICAL (WHILE NOT
TAKING LIFE TOO SERIOUSLY (SWEENEY & WITMER, 1991).
7. NUTRITION
- HOW FOOD AFFECTS THE HEALTH OF THE BODY
- IS THE STUDY OF NUTRIENTS IN FOOD, HOW THE BODY USES THEM, AND THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIET, HEALTH, AND DISEASE.
- NUTRITION AFFECTS HEALTH, AS WELL AS PERFORMANCE AT WORK AND MOOD.
8. PHYSICAL EXERCISE
- IS THE PERFORMANCE OF SOME ACTIVITY IN ORDER TO DEVELOP OR MAINTAIN PHYSICAL
FITNESS AND OVERALL, HEALTH.
9. SELF-CARE
- AS THE PROCESS OF TAKING CARE OF ONESELF WITH BEHAVIORS THAT PROMOTE HEALTH
AND ACTIVE MANAGEMENT OF ILLNESS WHEN IT OCCURS.
10. STRESS MANAGEMENT
- THE TOOLS, STRATEGIES, OR TECHNIQUES THAT REDUCE STRESS AND REDUCE THE
NEGATIVE IMPACTS STRESS HAS ON YOUR MENTAL OR PHYSICAL WELL-BEING.
11. GENDER IDENTITY
- IS EACH PERSON'S INTERNAL AND INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCE OF GENDER.
- IT IS A PERSON'S SENSE OF BEING A WOMAN, A MAN, BOTH, NEITHER, OR ANYWHERE
ALONG THE GENDER SPECTRUM.
- A PERSON'S GENDER IDENTITY MAY BE THE SAME AS OR DIFFERENT FROM THEIR BIRTH-
ASSIGNED SEX.
 12. CULTURAL IDENTITY
- REFERS TO IDENTIFICATION WITH, OR SENSE OF BELONGING TO, A PARTICULAR GROUP
BASED ON VARIOUS CULTURAL CATEGORIES, INCLUDING NATIONALITY, ETHNICITY, RACE,
GENDER, AND RELIGION.
13. Resiliency
- IS THE CAPACITY TO ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN ONE'S BALANCE AND WELL-BEING IN THE
FACE OF DIVERSITY
- IT IS THE ABILITY TO GET BACK ON ONE'S FEET AFTER A DISASTER OR A CRISIS
14. Adaptability
- IS THE CAPACITY TO ADJUST TO CHANGES NECESSARY FOR ONE'S SURVIVAL AND BALANCE

"Happiness can be found even in the darkest of times, if one only remembers to turn on the light." —
Albus Dumbledore.

UCSP

Sources of Cultural, Social, and Political Change

The Meaning of Innovation

An innovation is an idea, translated into tangible output, which is believed to produce good service and
value, and is replicable at a reasonable economic cost.

2 types of innovation

1. Evolutionary innovation – brought about by technological advances and repetitive methods to

perfect a certain technological trend;
2. Revolutionary innovation – newly-introduced innovations which may be disruptive and risky.

The Importance of Innovation

Innovations are important factors in societal, cultural, and political change because they help develop
new ways of living. The following are reasons why innovation is important:

 Creative innovations and solutions pave the way for fostering sustainable growth, securing jobs,
and increasing competitive abilities. Realization that traditional methods of dealing with societal
issues may no longer be applicable in modern society.
 Through innovations, social problems such as education and poverty are addressed.
 Innovations may lead to an increase in demand for research and development across various
aspects of modern life.
 ·The emergence of innovations has led to a global realization that traditional methods of dealing
with societal issues may no longer be applicable in modern society.

Applying Innovation to Modern Society, Culture, and Politics:

Through information technology, innovation connects people even when they are physically separated.
Furthermore, technological platforms and other new innovations act as vehicles to spread information
across the globe.
Technology spreads knowledge and discoveries quickly—bringing in new concepts and ideas that have
socio-cultural and political impact.

Summary:

 An innovation is an idea, translated into tangible output, which is believed to produce good
service and value, and is replicable at a reasonable economic cost.
 Social, political, and cultural change could only occur when societies or groups interact with one
another. Group interaction is a common phenomenon and no group or society could ever go
about without having any interaction.

Innovation

The meaning of
innovation

the importance of
innovation

Applying innovation
in a modern society,
culture, and politics

Sources of Cultural, Social, and Political Change: Diffusion

The Meaning of Diffusion

Diffusion is the process by which a belief or activity is passed on from one group to another. Through
diffusion, practices from one culture may reach other cultures, and eventually, these receiving cultures
may adapt the practices as their own.

Because diffusion involves the spread of culture, it could also be considered as a process of social
change. Anthropologists regard diffusion as an alternative to the theory of evolution in explaining
similarities among culture.

Theories on Diffusion

Theories on diffusion have been proposed by both sociologists and anthropologists. The following are
the important points on theories on diffusion:

 Societies that borrow cultural elements from another group will fit those elements in their own
culture.
 Only elements of a foreign culture that fit to the existing culture are usually borrowed.
 Members of the social group usually reject elements that are not compatible to their cultural
practices and standards.
 Cultural elements will be accepted by society only when they are viewed as useful or beneficial.
  Social groups that borrow cultural practices and elements are more likely to engage in the same
behavior again in the future.

Agents of Diffusion

Diffusion happens among groups through different agents such as technology, globalization, and
language.

Technology

As in diffusion of innovation, technological developments pave the way for distribution of values,
cultures, and practices at a relatively faster pace.

Globalization

It is the process of aided technological interaction and integration between and among nations.

Language

Language may define cultural differences. Since it is the basic requirement for communication, the
ability to speak and understand languages is crucial in facilitating or implementing diffusion.

Summary:

 Diffusion is the process by which a belief or activity is passed on from one group to another.
 Innovations could be spread and promulgated through diffusion of cultures. 

Diffusion

The meaning
of diffusion
Agents of
diffusion