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Chapter 2
Chapter 2
networks
Physical layer
Sosina M.
Addis Ababa institute of technology
2012 E.C.
• Converts the stream of 0s and 1s into signals, i.e. creates a signal that
represent the stream of bits
• Digital signal
Can have only a limited number of defined values
Clock
• Polar scheme
• Three variations of polar scheme
Non return to zero –level NRZ-L and NRZ-invert (NRZ-I)
Use two (non-zero) levels of voltage amplitude
Return to zero (RTZ)
Uses three values: positive negative and zero
Data communication & computer networks 6
Line coding
RZ scheme
• Biphase
Manchester
the duration of bit is divided into halves
The voltage remain at one level during the first half and
Move to the other level in the second half
differential Manchester
There is a transition in the middle of the bit but the value is
determined at the beginning of the bit
If the next bit is zero there is a transition otherwise no transition
Extra bit are added in order to improve the reliability of the transmission
• Quantization
The result of sampling is a series of pulses with amplitude values between the
maximum and minimum amplitudes of the signal
The set of amplitudes can be infinite with non-integral values between the two limits.
These values cannot be used in the encoding process.
4
3
1
0
The number of bits for each sample is determined from the number of quantization
level
𝑁𝑏 =log 2 𝐿
Amplitude
• In analog transmission the sending device produces a high frequency signal that acts
as a base for the information signal
The base signal is called carrier signal
• Note: the receiving device has to be tuned to the frequency of the carrier signal that is
expected from the sender
Constellation diagram
Bandwidth is measured in hertz for analog and in bits per second for digital
transmission
• Bandwidth utilization is the wise use of available bandwidth to achieve specific goals
• The spreading process uses a spreading code and spreads the bandwidth
• Application
Analog and digital telephone networks
Cable TV networks
Traditional Ethernet LANs
• Characteristics
Greater capacity, lighter weight
Lower attenuation, greater repeater spacing
Immune to Electromagnetic interference
Unidirectional light propagation
• Application
Often found in backbone networks (because of its wide bandwidth)
LAN such as fast Ethernet